1
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Tseng YL, Zeng T, Robb MJ. Incorporation of a self-immolative spacer enables mechanically triggered dual payload release. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1472-1479. [PMID: 38274055 PMCID: PMC10806706 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc06359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Polymers that release functional small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising materials for a variety of applications including drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. While many different mechanophores have been developed that enable the triggered release of a variety of small molecule payloads, most mechanophores are limited to one specific payload molecule. Here, we leverage the unique fragmentation of a 5-aryloxy-substituted 2-furylcarbinol derivative to design a novel mechanophore capable of the mechanically triggered release of two distinct cargo molecules. Critical to the mechanophore design is the incorporation of a self-immolative spacer to facilitate the release of a second payload. By varying the relative positions of each cargo molecule conjugated to the mechanophore, dual payload release occurs either concurrently or sequentially, demonstrating the ability to fine-tune the release profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Ling Tseng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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2
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Zeng T, Ordner LA, Liu P, Robb MJ. Multimechanophore Polymers for Mechanically Triggered Small Molecule Release with Ultrahigh Payload Capacity. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:95-100. [PMID: 38157405 PMCID: PMC10786027 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising for a variety of applications including drug delivery, catalysis, and sensing. While a number of mechanophores have been developed for the release of covalently bound payloads, existing strategies are either limited in cargo scope or, in the case of more general mechanophore designs, are restricted to the release of one or two cargo molecules per polymer chain. Herein, we introduce a nonscissile mechanophore based on a masked 2-furylcarbinol derivative that enables the preparation of multimechanophore polymers with ultrahigh payload capacity. We demonstrate that polymers prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization are capable of releasing hundreds of small-molecule payloads per polymer chain upon ultrasound-induced mechanochemical activation. This nonscissile masked 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore overcomes a major challenge in cargo loading capacity associated with previous 2-furylcarbinol mechanophore designs, enabling applications that benefit from much higher concentrations of delivered cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Liam A. Ordner
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Peng Liu
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J. Robb
- Division of Chemistry and
Chemical Engineering, California Institute
of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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3
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Saengdet PM, Ogawa M. Swelling-Induced Chromotropism of Bionanocomposite Hydrogel Beads. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:1016-1023. [PMID: 38054652 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Monodispersed gelatin hydrogel beads containing smectite with adsorbed cyanine dye exhibit chromotropic responses to compression and swelling/deswelling by solvent. Photoluminescence color of the beads changes by swelling in water (blue) and deswelling in ethanol (purple) reversibly. The forces generated by swelling/deswelling are thought to induce the transition between the J-aggregate and the monomer of cyanine dye adsorbed on smectite, giving the photoluminescent color changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ploypailin Milin Saengdet
- School of Energy Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
| | - Makoto Ogawa
- School of Energy Science and Engineering Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, Wangchan, Rayong 21210, Thailand
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4
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Chang HC, Liang MC, Luc VS, Davis C, Chang CC. Mechanochemical Reactivity of a 1,2,4-Triazoline-3,5-dione-Anthracene Diels-Alder Adduct. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300850. [PMID: 37938167 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Force-responsive molecules that produce fluorescent moieties under stress provide a means for stress-sensing and material damage assessment. In this work, we report a mechanophore based on Diels-Alder adduct TAD-An of 4,4'-(4,4'-diphenylmethylene)-bis-(1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione) and initiator-substituted anthracene that can undergo retro-Diels-Alder (rDA) reaction by pulsed ultrasonication and compressive activation in bulk materials. The influence of having C-N versus C-C bonds at the sites of bond scission is elucidated by comparing the relative mechanical strength of TAD-An to another Diels-Alder adduct MAL-An obtained from maleimide and anthracene. The susceptibility to undergo rDa reaction correlates well with bond energy, such that C-N bond containing TAD-An degrades faster C-C bond containing MAL-An because C-N bond is weaker than C-C bond. Specifically, the results from polymer degradation kinetics under pulsed ultrasonication shows that polymer containing TAD-An has a rate constant of 1.59×10-5 min-1 , while MAL-An (C-C bond) has a rate constant of 1.40×10-5 min-1 . Incorporation of TAD-An in a crosslinked polymer network demonstrates the feasibility to utilize TAD-An as an alternative force-responsive probe to visualize mechanical damage where fluorescence can be "turned-on" due to force-accelerated retro-Diels-Alder reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Chun Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Min-Chieh Liang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
| | - Van-Sieu Luc
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Sustainable Chemical Science and Technology (SCST), Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP), Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chelsea Davis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, 19716, U.S.A
| | - Chia-Chih Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan, No. 1001, Daxue Rd. East Dist., Hsinchu City, 300093, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, 300093, Taiwan
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5
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Beech HK, Wang S, Sen D, Rota D, Kouznetsova TB, Arora A, Rubinstein M, Craig SL, Olsen BD. Reactivity-Guided Depercolation Processes Determine Fracture Behavior in End-Linked Polymer Networks. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1685-1691. [PMID: 38038127 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.3c00559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
The fracture of polymer networks is tied to the molecular behavior of strands within the network, yet the specific molecular-level processes that determine the mechanical limits of a network remain elusive. Here, the question of reactivity-guided fracture is explored in otherwise indistinguishable end-linked networks by tuning the relative composition of strands with two different mechanochemical reactivities. Increasing the substitution of less mechanochemically reactive ("strong") strands into a network comprising more reactive ("weak") strands has a negligible impact on the fracture energy until the strong strand content reaches approximately 45%, at which point the fracture energy sharply increases with strong strand content. This aligns with the measured strong strand percolation threshold of 48 ± 3%, revealing that depercolation, or the loss of a percolated network structure, is a necessary criterion for crack propagation in a polymer network. Coarse-grained fracture simulations agree closely with the tearing energy trend observed experimentally, confirming that weak strand scissions dominate the failure until the strong strands approach percolation. The simulations further show that twice as many strands break in a mixture than in a pure network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haley K Beech
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Devosmita Sen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Dechen Rota
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Akash Arora
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Departments of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Sciences, Biomedical Engineering, and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- NSF Center for the Chemistry of Molecularly Optimized Networks, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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6
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Suga K, Yamakado T, Saito S. Dual Ratiometric Fluorescence Monitoring of Mechanical Polymer Chain Stretching and Subsequent Strain-Induced Crystallization. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 38051032 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Tracking the behavior of mechanochromic molecules provides valuable insights into force transmission and associated microstructural changes in soft materials under load. Herein, we report a dual ratiometric fluorescence (FL) analysis for monitoring both mechanical polymer chain stretching and strain-induced crystallization (SIC) of polymers. SIC has recently attracted renewed attention as an effective mechanism for improving the mechanical properties of polymers. A polyurethane (PU) film incorporating a trace of a dual-emissive flapping force probe (N-FLAP, 0.008 wt %) exhibited a blue-to-green FL spectral change in a low-stress region (<20 MPa), resulting from conformational planarization of the probe in mechanically stretched polymer chains. More importantly, at higher probe concentrations (∼0.65 wt %), the PU film showed a second spectral change from green to yellow during the SIC growth (20-65 MPa) due to self-absorption of scattered FL in a short wavelength region. The reversibility of these spectral changes was demonstrated by load-unload cycles. With these results in hand, the degrees of the polymer chain stretching and the SIC were quantitatively mapped and monitored by dual ratiometric imaging based on different FL ratios (I525/I470 and I525/I600). Simultaneous analysis of these two mappings revealed a spatiotemporal gap in the distribution of the polymer chain stretching and the SIC. The combinational use of the dual-emissive force probe and the ratiometric FL imaging is a universal approach for the development of soft matter physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Suga
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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7
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Buche MR, Rimsza JM. Modeling single-molecule stretching experiments using statistical thermodynamics. Phys Rev E 2023; 108:064503. [PMID: 38243517 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.108.064503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
Single-molecule stretching experiments are widely utilized within the fields of physics and chemistry to characterize the mechanics of individual bonds or molecules, as well as chemical reactions. Analytic relations describing these experiments are valuable, and these relations can be obtained through the statistical thermodynamics of idealized model systems representing the experiments. Since the specific thermodynamic ensembles manifested by the experiments affect the outcome, primarily for small molecules, the stretching device must be included in the idealized model system. Though the model for the stretched molecule might be exactly solvable, including the device in the model often prevents analytic solutions. In the limit of large or small device stiffness, the isometric or isotensional ensembles can provide effective approximations, but the device effects are missing. Here a dual set of asymptotically correct statistical thermodynamic theories are applied to develop accurate approximations for the full model system that includes both the molecule and the device. The asymptotic theories are first demonstrated to be accurate using the freely jointed chain model and then using molecular dynamics calculations of a single polyethylene chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Buche
- Computational Solid Mechanics and Structural Dynamics, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
| | - Jessica M Rimsza
- Geochemistry, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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8
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Xuan M, Fan J, Khiêm VN, Zou M, Brenske KO, Mourran A, Vinokur R, Zheng L, Itskov M, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Polymer Mechanochemistry in Microbubbles. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2305130. [PMID: 37494284 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Polymer mechanochemistry is a promising technology to convert mechanical energy into chemical functionality by breaking covalent and supramolecular bonds site-selectively. Yet, the mechanochemical reaction rates of covalent bonds in typically used ultrasonication setups lead to reasonable conversions only after comparably long sonication times. This can be accelerated by either increasing the reactivity of the mechanoresponsive moiety or by modifying the encompassing polymer topology. Here, a microbubble system with a tailored polymer shell consisting of an N2 gas core and a mechanoresponsive disulfide-containing polymer network is presented. It is found that the mechanochemical activation of the disulfides is greatly accelerated using these microbubbles compared to commensurate solid core particles or capsules filled with liquid. Aided by computational simulations, it is found that low shell thickness, low shell stiffness and crosslink density, and a size-dependent eigenfrequency close to the used ultrasound frequency maximize the mechanochemical yield over the course of the sonication process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Xuan
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jilin Fan
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Vu Ngoc Khiêm
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstr. 18, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miancheng Zou
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kai-Oliver Brenske
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ahmed Mourran
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rostislav Vinokur
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Lifei Zheng
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, 325001, China
| | - Mikhail Itskov
- Department of Continuum Mechanics, RWTH Aachen University, Eilfschornsteinstr. 18, 52062, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz-Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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9
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Scheele T, Neudecker T. Using oriented external electric fields to manipulate rupture forces of mechanophores. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:28070-28077. [PMID: 37823201 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03965j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Oriented external electric fields (OEEFs) can facilitate chemical reactions by selectively weakening bonds. This makes them a topic of interest in mechanochemistry, where mechanical force is used to rupture specific bonds in molecules. Using electronic structure calculations based on density functional theory (DFT), we investigate the effect of OEEFs on the mechanical force required to activate mechanophores. We demonstrate that OEEFs can greatly lower the rupture force of mechanophores, and that the degree of this effect highly depends on the angle relative to the mechanical force at which the field is being applied. The greatest lowering of the rupture force does not always occur at the point of perfect alignment between OEEF and the vector of mechanical force. Using natural bond orbital analysis, we show that mechanical force amplifies the effect that an OEEF has on the scissile bond of a mechanophore. By combining methods to simulate molecules in OEEFs with methods applying mechanical force, we present an effective tool for analyzing mechanophores in OEEFs and show that computationally determining optimal OEEFs for mechanophore activation can assist in the development of future experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Scheele
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
| | - Tim Neudecker
- University of Bremen, Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Leobener Straße 6, D-28359 Bremen, Germany.
- Bremen Center for Computational Materials Science, University of Bremen, Am Fallturm 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
- MAPEX Center for Materials and Processes, University of Bremen, Bibliothekstraße 1, D-28359 Bremen, Germany
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10
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Li Z, Wang Z, Wang C, Li W, Fan W, Zhao R, Feng H, Peng D, Huang W. Mechanoluminescent Materials Enable Mechanochemically Controlled Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization and Polymer Mechanotransduction. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0243. [PMID: 37795336 PMCID: PMC10546606 DOI: 10.34133/research.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Organic mechanophores have been widely adopted for polymer mechanotransduction. However, most examples of polymer mechanotransduction inevitably experience macromolecular chain rupture, and few of them mimic mussel's mechanochemical regeneration, a mechanically mediated process from functional units to functional materials in a controlled manner. In this paper, inorganic mechanoluminescent (ML) materials composed of CaZnOS-ZnS-SrZnOS: Mn2+ were used as a mechanotransducer since it features both piezoelectricity and mechanolunimescence. The utilization of ML materials in polymerization enables both mechanochemically controlled radical polymerization and the synthesis of ML polymer composites. This procedure features a mechanochemically controlled manner for the design and synthesis of diverse mechanoresponsive polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Li
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Zhenhua Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Wenxi Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Wenru Fan
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Ruoqing Zhao
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Haoyang Feng
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Dengfeng Peng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Frontiers Science Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
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11
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McFadden ME, Barber RW, Overholts AC, Robb MJ. Naphthopyran molecular switches and their emergent mechanochemical reactivity. Chem Sci 2023; 14:10041-10067. [PMID: 37772118 PMCID: PMC10530568 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03729k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Naphthopyran molecular switches undergo a ring-opening reaction upon external stimulation to generate intensely colored merocyanine dyes. Their unique modularity and synthetic accessibility afford exceptional control over their properties and stimuli-responsive behavior. Commercial applications of naphthopyrans as photoswitches in photochromic ophthalmic lenses have spurred an extensive body of work exploring naphthopyran-merocyanine structure-property relationships. The recently discovered mechanochromic behavior of naphthopyrans has led to their emergent application in the field of polymer mechanochemistry, enabling advances in the design of force-responsive materials as well as fundamental insights into mechanochemical reactivity. The structure-property relationships established in the photochemical literature serve as a convenient blueprint for the design of naphthopyran molecular force probes with precisely tuned properties. On the other hand, the mechanochemical reactivity of naphthopyran diverges in many cases from the conventional photochemical pathways, resulting in unexpected properties and opportunities for deeper understanding and innovation in polymer mechanochemistry. Here, we highlight the features of the naphthopyran scaffold that render it a powerful platform for the design of mechanochromic materials and review recent advances in naphthopyran mechanochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly E McFadden
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Ross W Barber
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Anna C Overholts
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology Pasadena California 91125 USA
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12
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Willis-Fox N, Watchorn-Rokutan E, Rognin E, Daly R. Technology pull: scale-up of polymeric mechanochemical force sensors. TRENDS IN CHEMISTRY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trechm.2023.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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13
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Watabe T, Otsuka H. Swelling-induced Mechanochromism in Multinetwork Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202216469. [PMID: 36524463 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202216469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We report a novel and versatile approach to achieving swelling-induced mechanochemistry using a multinetwork (MN) strategy that enables polymer networks to repeatedly swell with monomers and solvents. The isotropic expansion of the first network (FN) provides sufficient force to drive the mechanochemical scission of a radical-based mechanophore, difluorenylsuccinonitrile (DFSN). Although prompt recombination generally occurs in such highly mobile environments, the resulting pink radicals are kinetically stabilized in the gels, probably due to limited diffusion in the extended polymer chains. Moreover, the DFSN embedded in the isotropically strained chain exhibits increased thermal reactivity, which can be reasonably explained by an entropic contribution of the FN to the dissociation. The utility of the MN polymers is demonstrated not only in terms of swelling-force-induced network modification, but also in the context of tunable reactivity of the dissociative unit through proper design of the hierarchical network architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8550, Japan.,Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI), Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, 226-8501, Japan
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14
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Yildiz D, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Sonopharmacology: controlling pharmacotherapy and diagnosis by ultrasound-induced polymer mechanochemistry. Chem Sci 2022; 13:13708-13719. [PMID: 36544723 PMCID: PMC9709924 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients are the most consequential and widely employed treatment in medicine although they suffer from many systematic limitations, particularly off-target activity and toxicity. To mitigate these effects, stimuli-responsive controlled delivery and release strategies for drugs are being developed. Fueled by the field of polymer mechanochemistry, recently new molecular technologies enabled the emergence of force as an unprecedented stimulus for this purpose by using ultrasound. In this research area, termed sonopharmacology, mechanophores bearing drug molecules are incorporated within biocompatible macromolecular scaffolds as preprogrammed, latent moieties. This review presents the novelties in controlling drug activation, monitoring, and release by ultrasound, while discussing the limitations and challenges for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Yildiz
- DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056 AachenGermany,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074 AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056 AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI–Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056 AachenGermany,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074 AachenGermany
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15
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Wu M, Li Y, Yuan W, De Bo G, Cao Y, Chen Y. Cooperative and Geometry-Dependent Mechanochromic Reactivity through Aromatic Fusion of Two Rhodamines in Polymers. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17120-17128. [PMID: 36070612 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c07015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The unique topological features of Piezo proteins underlie the lever-like cellular mechanotransduction mechanism. This knowledge inspires us to seek topological/geometric control of mechanochromophores with unprecedentedly amplified, synergistic changes in polymers to serve as ideal stress probes. Here, by judicious placement of two spirolactam rings into aminobenzopyranoxanthene, a series of stereo- and regio-isomeric rhodamine-like mechanophores are developed. With two labile bonds closely coupled into one rigidified scaffold, these π-fused bis-mechanophores enable mechanochromic polymers, featuring cooperative bond scission, low rupture force (lower than rhodamine), and geometry-controlled ring-opening reactivity. Sonication, single-molecule force spectroscopy experiments, and density functional theory calculations provide insight into the force-color relationship and rationalize how the difference in reactivity of the four isomeric mechanophores is affected by their molecular geometry and thermodynamic equilibrium. Our strategy based on the aromatic fusion of bis-mechanophore promises a modular approach to isomeric mechanophores for cooperative bond scission. Also, important insights into internal and external factors governing tandem mechanochemical reactions are gained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China.,Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Yiran Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Wei Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300354, P. R. China
| | - Guillaume De Bo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Yi Cao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Advanced Microstructures, National Laboratory of Solid State Microstructure, Department of Physics, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, P. R. China
| | - Yulan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, P. R. China
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16
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Ultrasound triggered organic mechanoluminescence materials. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114343. [PMID: 35580814 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence materials have become one of the focal topics in wireless light sources since they exhibit high spatiotemporal resolution, biocompatibility and excellent tissue penetration depth. These properties promote great potential in ultrahigh sensitive bioimaging with no background noise and noninvasive nanodevices. Recent advances in chemistry, nanotechnology and biomedical research are revolutionizing ultrasound induced organic mechanoluminescence. Herein, we try to summarize some recent researches in ultrasound induced mechanoluminescence that use various materials design strategies based on the molecular conformational changes and cycloreversion reaction. Practical applications, like noninvasive bioimaging and noninvasive optogenetics, are also presented and prospected.
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17
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Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Polymer-Network Toughening and Highly Sensitive Mechanochromism via a Dynamic Covalent Mechanophore and a Multinetwork Strategy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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18
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Wang C, Akbulatov S, Chen Q, Tian Y, Sun CL, Couty M, Boulatov R. The molecular mechanism of constructive remodeling of a mechanically-loaded polymer. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3154. [PMID: 35672410 PMCID: PMC9174275 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30947-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Large or repeated mechanical loads usually degrade polymers by accelerating fragmentation of their backbones but rarely, they can cause new backbone bonds to form. When these new bonds form faster than the original bonds break, mechanical degradation may be arrested or reversed in real time. Exploiting such constructive remodeling has proven challenging because we lack an understanding of the competition between bond-forming and bond-breaking reactions in mechanically-stressed polymers. Here we report the molecular mechanism and analysis of constructive remodeling driven by the macroradical products of mechanochemical fragmentation of a hydrocarbon backbone. By studying the changing compositions of a random copolymer of styrene and butadiene sheared at 10 °C in the presence of different additives we developed an approach to characterizing this growth/fracture competition, which is generalizable to other underlying chemistries. Our results demonstrate that constructive remodeling is achievable under practically relevant conditions, requires neither complex chemistries, elaborate macromolecular architectures or free monomers, and is amenable to detailed mechanistic interrogation and simulation. These findings constitute a quantitative framework for systematic studies of polymers capable of autonomously counteracting mechanical degradation at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Sergey Akbulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Qihan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Yancong Tian
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Cai-Li Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK
| | - Marc Couty
- Manufacture Française des Pneumatiques Michelin, Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, France.
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, L69 7ZD, UK.
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19
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A perspective on the force-induced heterolytic bond cleavage in triarylmethane mechanophores. Synlett 2022. [DOI: 10.1055/a-1854-2131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Triarylmethane derivatives and their corresponding trityl carbocations are among the oldest chemical species synthesized and studied by chemists. The carbocationic platforms are particularly interesting due to their stability, high extinction coefficient, and tunable absorption of light in the visible spectrum, which can be achieved through structural modifications. These stable cations are traditionally obtained through heterolytic cleavage of judiciously designed, parent triarylmethanes by exposure to acids or UV light (λ < 300 nm), and methods based on electrochemistry or radiolysis. Our group has recently discovered that trityl carbocations can be generated also via mechanical stimulation of solid polymer materials featuring triarylmethane units as covalent crosslinks. In this Synpacts contribution, we expand on our previous finding by discussing some intriguing research questions that we aim to tackle in the immediate future.
1 Introduction
2 The development of our first triarylmethane mechanophore
3 The potential reversibility of triarylmethane mechanophores
4 A general molecular platform for force-induced, scissile, homolytic and heterolytic bond cleavage?
5 Conclusion
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20
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Tauber J, van der Gucht J, Dussi S. Stretchy and disordered: Toward understanding fracture in soft network materials via mesoscopic computer simulations. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:160901. [PMID: 35490006 DOI: 10.1063/5.0081316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft network materials exist in numerous forms ranging from polymer networks, such as elastomers, to fiber networks, such as collagen. In addition, in colloidal gels, an underlying network structure can be identified, and several metamaterials and textiles can be considered network materials as well. Many of these materials share a highly disordered microstructure and can undergo large deformations before damage becomes visible at the macroscopic level. Despite their widespread presence, we still lack a clear picture of how the network structure controls the fracture processes of these soft materials. In this Perspective, we will focus on progress and open questions concerning fracture at the mesoscopic scale, in which the network architecture is clearly resolved, but neither the material-specific atomistic features nor the macroscopic sample geometries are considered. We will describe concepts regarding the network elastic response that have been established in recent years and turn out to be pre-requisites to understand the fracture response. We will mostly consider simulation studies, where the influence of specific network features on the material mechanics can be cleanly assessed. Rather than focusing on specific systems, we will discuss future challenges that should be addressed to gain new fundamental insights that would be relevant across several examples of soft network materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin Tauber
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Jasper van der Gucht
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Simone Dussi
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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21
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Action of Mechanical Forces on Polymerization and Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14030604. [PMID: 35160593 PMCID: PMC8839360 DOI: 10.3390/polym14030604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we summarize recent developments in the field of the mechanochemistry of polymers. The aim of the review is to consider the consequences of mechanical forces and actions on polymers and polymer synthesis. First, we review classical works on chemical reactions and polymerization processes under strong shear deformations. Then, we analyze two emerging directions of research in mechanochemistry—the role of mechanophores and, for the first time, new physical phenomena, accompanying external impulse mechanical actions on polymers. Mechanophores have been recently proposed as sensors of fatigue and cracks in polymers and composites. The effects of the high-pressure pulsed loading of polymers and composites include the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya effect, emission of superradiation and the formation of metal nanoparticles. These effects provide deeper insight into the mechanism of chemical reactions under shear deformations and pave the way for further research in the interests of modern technologies.
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22
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Yamakado T, Saito S. Ratiometric Flapping Force Probe That Works in Polymer Gels. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:2804-2815. [PMID: 35108003 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymer gels have recently attracted attention for their application in flexible devices, where mechanically robust gels are required. While there are many strategies to produce tough gels by suppressing nanoscale stress concentration on specific polymer chains, it is still challenging to directly verify the toughening mechanism at the molecular level. To solve this problem, the use of the flapping molecular force probe (FLAP) is promising because it can evaluate the nanoscale forces transmitted in the polymer chain network by ratiometric analysis of a stress-dependent dual fluorescence. A flexible conformational change of FLAP enables real-time and reversible responses to the nanoscale forces at the low force threshold, which is suitable for quantifying the percentage of the stressed polymer chains before structural damage. However, the previously reported FLAP only showed a negligible response in solvated environments because undesirable spontaneous planarization occurs in the excited state, even without mechanical force. Here, we have developed a new ratiometric force probe that functions in common organogels. Replacement of the anthraceneimide units in the flapping wings with pyreneimide units largely suppresses the excited-state planarization, leading to the force probe function under wet conditions. The FLAP-doped polyurethane organogel reversibly shows a dual-fluorescence response under sub-MPa compression. Moreover, the structurally modified FLAP is also advantageous in the wide dynamic range of its fluorescence response in solvent-free elastomers, enabling clearer ratiometric fluorescence imaging of the molecular-level stress concentration during crack growth in a stretched polyurethane film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Yamakado
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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23
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Stratigaki M, Baumann C, Göstl R. Confocal Microscopy Visualizes Particle–Crack Interactions in Epoxy Composites with Optical Force Probe-Cross-Linked Rubber Particles. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Stratigaki
- DWI─Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Baumann
- DWI─Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI─Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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24
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Kotani R, Yokoyama S, Nobusue S, Yamaguchi S, Osuka A, Yabu H, Saito S. Bridging pico-to-nanonewtons with a ratiometric force probe for monitoring nanoscale polymer physics before damage. Nat Commun 2022; 13:303. [PMID: 35027559 PMCID: PMC8758707 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-27972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the transmission of nanoscale forces in the pico-to-nanonewton range is important in polymer physics. While physical approaches have limitations in analyzing the local force distribution in condensed environments, chemical analysis using force probes is promising. However, there are stringent requirements for probing the local forces generated before structural damage. The magnitude of those forces corresponds to the range below covalent bond scission (from 200 pN to several nN) and above thermal fluctuation (several pN). Here, we report a conformationally flexible dual-fluorescence force probe with a theoretically estimated threshold of approximately 100 pN. This probe enables ratiometric analysis of the distribution of local forces in a stretched polymer chain network. Without changing the intrinsic properties of the polymer, the force distribution was reversibly monitored in real time. Chemical control of the probe location demonstrated that the local stress concentration is twice as biased at crosslinkers than at main chains, particularly in a strain-hardening region. Due to the high sensitivity, the percentage of the stressed force probes was estimated to be more than 1000 times higher than the activation rate of a conventional mechanophore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kotani
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Soichi Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Shunpei Nobusue
- Institute of Advanced Energy, Kyoto University, Uji, 611-0011, Japan
| | | | - Atsuhiro Osuka
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yabu
- WPI-Advanced Institute for Materials Research (AIMR), Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8577, Japan.
| | - Shohei Saito
- Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kyoto, 606-8502, Japan.
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25
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Kharandiuk T, Tan KH, Xu W, Weitenhagen F, Braun S, Göstl R, Pich A. Mechanoresponsive diselenide-crosslinked microgels with programmed ultrasound-triggered degradation and radical scavenging ability for protein protection. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11304-11311. [PMID: 36320583 PMCID: PMC9533411 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03153a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the context of controlled delivery and release, proteins constitute a delicate class of cargo requiring advanced delivery platforms and protection. We here show that mechanoresponsive diselenide-crosslinked microgels undergo controlled ultrasound-triggered degradation in aqueous solution for the release of proteins. Simultaneously, the proteins are protected from chemical and conformational damage by the microgels, which disintegrate to water-soluble polymer chains upon sonication. The degradation process is controlled by the amount of diselenide crosslinks, the temperature, and the sonication amplitude. We demonstrate that the ultrasound-mediated cleavage of diselenide bonds in these microgels facilitates the release and activates latent functionality preventing the oxidation and denaturation of the encapsulated proteins (cytochrome C and myoglobin) opening new application possibilities in the targeted delivery of biomacromolecules. Mechanoresponsive diselenide-crosslinked microgels undergo controlled ultrasound-triggered degradation and can be used for protein delivery due to their dual protection properties acting as radical scavengers and conformation stabilizers.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Kharandiuk
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Kok Hui Tan
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Wenjing Xu
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Fabian Weitenhagen
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Susanne Braun
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andrij Pich
- DWI – Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Aachen Maastricht Institute for Biobased Materials (AMIBM), Maastricht University, Brightlands Chemelot Campus, Urmonderbaan 22, 6167 RD Geleen, The Netherlands
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26
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Nijem S, Song Y, Schwarz R, Diesendruck CE. Flex-activated CO mechanochemical production for mechanical damage detection. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00503d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
New flex-activated mechanophore allows for mechanical damage in polymers using a simple household CO detectors, in addition to the formation of an extended and fluorescent π system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sally Nijem
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 320003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ying Song
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 320003, Haifa, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Nanning Normal University, 530001, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Rony Schwarz
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 320003, Haifa, Israel
| | - Charles E. Diesendruck
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry and Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 320003, Haifa, Israel
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27
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Kim D, Kwon MS, Lee CW. Mechanochromic polymers with a multimodal chromic transition: mechanophore design and transduction mechanism. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00435f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This review presents the recent progress in multi-chromic polymers embedded with mechanophores concentrating on transduction mechanisms and design concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daewhan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Sang Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Chung Whan Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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28
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Versaw BA, Zeng T, Hu X, Robb MJ. Harnessing the Power of Force: Development of Mechanophores for Molecular Release. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:21461-21473. [PMID: 34927426 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising materials for a variety of applications ranging from sensing and catalysis to targeted drug delivery. Within the rapidly growing field of polymer mechanochemistry, stress-sensitive molecules known as mechanophores are particularly attractive for enabling the release of covalently bound payloads with excellent selectivity and control. Here, we review recent progress in the development of mechanophore-based molecular release platforms and provide an optimistic, yet critical perspective on the fundamental and technological advancements that are still required for this promising research area to achieve significant impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke A Versaw
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Tian Zeng
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Xiaoran Hu
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Maxwell J Robb
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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29
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Küng R, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Release of Molecular Cargo from Polymer Systems by Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103860. [PMID: 34878679 PMCID: PMC9306765 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The design and manipulation of (multi)functional materials at the nanoscale holds the promise of fuelling tomorrow's major technological advances. In the realm of macromolecular nanosystems, the incorporation of force‐responsive groups, so called mechanophores, has resulted in unprecedented access to responsive behaviours and enabled sophisticated functions of the resulting structures and advanced materials. Among the diverse force‐activated motifs, the on‐demand release or activation of compounds, such as catalysts, drugs, or monomers for self‐healing, are sought‐after since they enable triggering pristine small molecule function from macromolecular frameworks. Here, we highlight examples of molecular cargo release systems from polymer‐based architectures in solution by means of sonochemical activation by ultrasound (ultrasound‐induced mechanochemistry). Important design concepts of these advanced materials are discussed, as well as their syntheses and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Heinrich-Heine-Univerität Düsseldorf, Department of Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI-Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien: DWI-Leibniz-Institut fur Interaktive Materialien, Department of Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Bernd M Schmidt
- Heinrich-Heine-Universitat Dusseldorf, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry, Universitätsstraße 1, 26.33.U1.R38, 40225, Düsseldorf, GERMANY
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30
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Abstract
AbstractThis Account covers the recent progress made on heterocyclic mechanophores in the field of polymer mechanochemistry. In particular, the types of such mechanophores as well as the mechanisms and applications of their force-induced structural transformations are discussed and related perspectives and future challenges proposed.1 Introduction2 Types of Mechanophores3 Methods to Incorporate Heterocycle Mechanophores into Polymer Systems4 Mechanochemical Reactions of Heterocyclic Mechanophores4.1 Three-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.2 Four-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.3 Six-Membered-Ring Mechanophores4.4 Bicyclic Mechanophores5 Applications5.1 Cross-Linking of Polymer5.2 Degradable Polymer5.3 Mechanochromic Polymer6 Concluding Remarks and Outlook
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31
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He S, Stratigaki M, Centeno SP, Dreuw A, Göstl R. Tailoring the Properties of Optical Force Probes for Polymer Mechanochemistry. Chemistry 2021; 27:15889-15897. [PMID: 34582082 PMCID: PMC9292383 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The correlation of mechanical properties of polymer materials with those of their molecular constituents is the foundation for their holistic comprehension and eventually for improved material designs and syntheses. Over the last decade, optical force probes (OFPs) were developed, shedding light on various unique mechanical behaviors of materials. The properties of polymers are diverse, ranging from soft hydrogels to ultra‐tough composites, from purely elastic rubbers to viscous colloidal solutions, and from transparent glasses to super black dyed coatings. Only very recently, researchers started to develop tailored OFP solutions that account for such material requirements in energy (both light and force), in time, and in their spatially detectable resolution. We here highlight notable recent examples and identify future challenges in this emergent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang He
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Maria Stratigaki
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Silvia P Centeno
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 205, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056, Aachen, Germany
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32
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Huo S, Zhou Y, Liao Z, Zhao P, Zou M, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Reversible regulation of metallo-base-pair interactions for DNA dehybridization by ultrasound. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:7438-7440. [PMID: 34232244 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc02402g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mechanical force applied by ultrasound in solution leads to the dissociation of DNA metallo-base-pair interactions when these motifs are functionalized with oligodeoxynucleotide sequences of sufficient length. The annealing and force-induced denaturing process is followed by the attachment of distance-sensitive fluorescent probes and is found to be reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China and DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yu Zhou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhihuan Liao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Pengkun Zhao
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Miancheng Zou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Forckenbeckstr. 50, 52056 Aachen, Germany. and Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany and Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747 AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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Kortekaas L, Simke J, Arndt NB, Böckmann M, Doltsinis NL, Ravoo BJ. Acid-catalysed liquid-to-solid transitioning of arylazoisoxazole photoswitches. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11338-11346. [PMID: 34667544 PMCID: PMC8447883 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03308e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches play a vital role in the development of responsive materials. These molecular building blocks are particularly attractive when multiple stimuli can be combined to bring about physical changes, sometimes leading to unexpected properties and functions. The arylazoisoxazole molecular switch was recently shown to be capable of efficient photoreversible solid-to-liquid phase transitions with application in photoswitchable surface adhesion. Here, we show that the arylazoisoxazole forms thermally stable and photoisomerisable protonated Z- and E-isomers in an apolar aprotic solvent when the pK a of the applied acid is sufficiently low. The tuning of isomerisation kinetics from days to seconds by the pK a of the acid not only opens up new reactivity in solution, but also the solid-state photoswitching of azoisoxazoles can be efficiently reversed with selected acid vapours, enabling acid-gated photoswitchable surface adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luuk Kortekaas
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Julian Simke
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Niklas B Arndt
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marcus Böckmann
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Germany
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Mao Y, Kubota Y, Gong J, Kurose T, Ishigami A, Seshimo K, Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H, Ito H. Mechanical Performance and Visual Fracture Warning Function of Mechanochromic Stimuli-Recovery Polymer Networks. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Mao
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Yuto Kubota
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Jin Gong
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Takashi Kurose
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Akira Ishigami
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kota Seshimo
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ito
- Research Center for GREEN Materials & Advanced Processing, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
- Department of Organic Materials Science, Graduate School of Organic Materials Science, Yamagata University, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi T. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu Incheon 22012 Republic of Korea
| | - Tae‐Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry Seoul National University Seoul 08826 Republic of Korea
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Noh J, Peterson GI, Choi TL. Mechanochemical Reactivity of Bottlebrush and Dendronized Polymers: Solid vs. Solution States. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:18651-18659. [PMID: 34101320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202104447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
We explored the mechanochemical degradation of bottlebrush and dendronized polymers in solution (with ultrasonication, US) and solid states (with ball-mill grinding, BMG). Over 50 polymers were prepared with varying backbone length and arm architecture, composition, and size. With US, we found that bottlebrush and dendronized polymers exhibited consistent backbone scission behavior, which was related to their elongated conformations in solution. Considerably different behavior was observed with BMG, as arm architecture and composition had a significant impact on backbone scission rates. Arm scission was also observed for bottlebrush polymers in both solution and solid states, but only in the solid state for dendronized polymers. Motivated by these results, multi-mechanophore polymers with bottlebrush and dendronized polymer architectures were prepared and their reactivity was compared. Although dendronized polymers showed slower arm-scission, the selectivity for mechanophore activation was much higher. Overall, these results have important implications to the development of new mechanoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Gregory I Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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Zhao P, Huo S, Fan J, Chen J, Kiessling F, Boersma AJ, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Activation of the Catalytic Activity of Thrombin for Fibrin Formation by Ultrasound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14707-14714. [PMID: 33939872 PMCID: PMC8252103 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of enzyme activity is a method to control biological function. We report two systems enabling the ultrasound-induced activation of thrombin, which is vital for secondary hemostasis. First, we designed polyaptamers, which can specifically bind to thrombin, inhibiting its catalytic activity. With ultrasound generating inertial cavitation and therapeutic medical focused ultrasound, the interactions between polyaptamer and enzyme are cleaved, restoring the activity to catalyze the conversion of fibrinogen into fibrin. Second, we used split aptamers conjugated to the surface of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). In the presence of thrombin, these assemble into an aptamer tertiary structure, induce AuNP aggregation, and deactivate the enzyme. By ultrasonication, the AuNP aggregates reversibly disassemble releasing and activating the enzyme. We envision that this approach will be a blueprint to control the function of other proteins by mechanical stimuli in the sonogenetics field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengkun Zhao
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical ScienceXiamen University361102XiamenChina
| | - Jilin Fan
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Junlin Chen
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingUniversity Hospital AachenForckenbeckstr. 5552074AachenGermany
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institute for Experimental Molecular ImagingUniversity Hospital AachenForckenbeckstr. 5552074AachenGermany
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstr. 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
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Zhao P, Huo S, Fan J, Chen J, Kiessling F, Boersma AJ, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Aktivierung der katalytischen Aktivität von Thrombin für die Bildung von Fibrin durch Ultraschall. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202105404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pengkun Zhao
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Science Xiamen University 361102 Xiamen China
| | - Jilin Fan
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Junlin Chen
- Institut für Experimentelle Molekulare Bildgebung Uniklinik Aachen Forckenbeckstr. 55 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Fabian Kiessling
- Institut für Experimentelle Molekulare Bildgebung Uniklinik Aachen Forckenbeckstr. 55 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstr. 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
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40
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Traeger H, Sagara Y, Kiebala DJ, Schrettl S, Weder C. Folded Perylene Diimide Loops as Mechanoresponsive Motifs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:16191-16199. [PMID: 33961723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202105219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A supramolecular mechanophore that can be integrated into polymers and indicates deformation by a fluorescence color change is reported. Two perylene diimides (PDIs) were connected by a short spacer and equipped with peripheral atom transfer polymerization initiators. In the idle state, the motif folds into a loop and its emission is excimer dominated. Poly(methyl acrylate) (PMA) chains were grown from the motif and the mechanophore-containing polymer was blended with unmodified PMA to afford materials that display a visually discernible fluorescence color change upon deformation, which causes the loops to unfold. The response is instant, and correlates linearly with the applied strain. Experiments with a reference polymer containing only one PDI moiety show that looped mechanophores that display intramolecular excimer formation offer considerable advantages over intermolecular dye aggregates, including a concentration-independent response, direct signaling of mechanical processes, and a more pronounced optical change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanna Traeger
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yoshimitsu Sagara
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo, 152-8552, Japan
| | - Derek J Kiebala
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Schrettl
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Weder
- Adolphe Merkle Institute (AMI), University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, 1700, Fribourg, Switzerland
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemische Freisetzung nichtkovalent gebundener Gäste aus einem mit Polymerketten dekorierten supramolekularen Käfig. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Universitätsstraße 1 40225 Düsseldorf Deutschland
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42
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Küng R, Pausch T, Rasch D, Göstl R, Schmidt BM. Mechanochemical Release of Non-Covalently Bound Guests from a Polymer-Decorated Supramolecular Cage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:13626-13630. [PMID: 33729649 PMCID: PMC8251918 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular coordination cages show a wide range of useful properties including, but not limited to, complex molecular machine-like operations, confined space catalysis, and rich host-guest chemistries. Here we report the uptake and release of non-covalently encapsulated, pharmaceutically-active cargo from an octahedral Pd cage bearing polymer chains on each vertex. Six poly(ethylene glycol)-decorated bipyridine ligands are used to assemble an octahedral PdII6 (TPT)4 cage. The supramolecular container encapsulates progesterone and ibuprofen within its hydrophobic nanocavity and is activated by shear force produced by ultrasonication in aqueous solution entailing complete cargo release upon rupture, as shown by NMR and GPC analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Küng
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Tobias Pausch
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
| | - Dustin Rasch
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Bernd M. Schmidt
- Institut für Organische Chemie und Makromolekulare ChemieHeinrich-Heine-Universität DüsseldorfUniversitätsstrasse 140225DüsseldorfGermany
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43
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Peterson GI, Noh J, Ha MY, Yang S, Lee WB, Choi TL. Influence of Grafting Density on Ultrasound-Induced Backbone and Arm Scission of Graft Copolymers. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory I. Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, Incheon National University, 119 Academy-ro,
Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinkyung Noh
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Young Ha
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghee Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Lim Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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44
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Qian H, Purwanto NS, Ivanoff DG, Halmes AJ, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Fast, reversible mechanochromism of regioisomeric oxazine mechanophores: Developing in situ responsive force probes for polymeric materials. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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45
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Watabe T, Aoki D, Otsuka H. Enhancement of Mechanophore Activation in Mechanochromic Dendrimers by Functionalization of Their Surface. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Watabe
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Aoki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Otsuka
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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46
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O’Neill RT, Boulatov R. The many flavours of mechanochemistry and its plausible conceptual underpinnings. Nat Rev Chem 2021; 5:148-167. [PMID: 37117533 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry describes diverse phenomena in which mechanical load affects chemical reactivity. The fuzziness of this definition means that it includes processes as seemingly disparate as motor protein function, organic synthesis in a ball mill, reactions at a propagating crack, chemical actuation, and polymer fragmentation in fast solvent flows and in mastication. In chemistry, the rate of a reaction in a flask does not depend on how fast the flask moves in space. In mechanochemistry, the rate at which a material is deformed affects which and how many bonds break. In other words, in some manifestations of mechanochemistry, macroscopic motion powers otherwise endergonic reactions. In others, spontaneous chemical reactions drive mechanical motion. Neither requires thermal or electrostatic gradients. Distinct manifestations of mechanochemistry are conventionally treated as being conceptually independent, which slows the field in its transformation from being a collection of observations to a rigorous discipline. In this Review, we highlight observations suggesting that the unifying feature of mechanochemical phenomena may be the coupling between inertial motion at the microscale to macroscale and changes in chemical bonding enabled by transient build-up and relaxation of strains, from macroscopic to molecular. This dynamic coupling across multiple length scales and timescales also greatly complicates the conceptual understanding of mechanochemistry.
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47
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Huo S, Zhao P, Shi Z, Zou M, Yang X, Warszawik E, Loznik M, Göstl R, Herrmann A. Mechanochemical bond scission for the activation of drugs. Nat Chem 2021; 13:131-139. [PMID: 33514936 DOI: 10.1038/s41557-020-00624-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical drug therapy is often hindered by issues caused by poor drug selectivity, including unwanted side effects and drug resistance. Spatial and temporal control over drug activation in response to stimuli is a promising strategy to attenuate and circumvent these problems. Here we use ultrasound to activate drugs from inactive macromolecules or nano-assemblies through the controlled scission of mechanochemically labile covalent bonds and weak non-covalent bonds. We show that a polymer with a disulfide motif at the centre of the main chain releases an alkaloid-based anticancer drug from its β-carbonate linker by a force-induced intramolecular 5-exo-trig cyclization. Second, aminoglycoside antibiotics complexed by a multi-aptamer RNA structure are activated by the mechanochemical opening and scission of the nucleic acid backbone. Lastly, nanoparticle-polymer and nanoparticle-nanoparticle assemblies held together by hydrogen bonds between the peptide antibiotic vancomycin and its complementary peptide target are activated by force-induced scission of hydrogen bonds. This work demonstrates the potential of ultrasound to activate mechanoresponsive prodrug systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaidong Huo
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China.,DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Pengkun Zhao
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Zhiyuan Shi
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Miancheng Zou
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xintong Yang
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eliza Warszawik
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Loznik
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI - Leibniz Institute for Interactive Materials, Aachen, Germany. .,Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany. .,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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48
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Zhou Y, Huo S, Loznik M, Göstl R, Boersma AJ, Herrmann A. Kontrolle über die optische und katalytische Aktivität gentechnisch hergestellter Proteine mit Ultraschall. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target Research School of Pharmaceutical Science Xiamen University 361102 Xiamen China
| | - Mark Loznik
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI – Leibniz-Institut für Interaktive Materialien Forckenbeckstraße 50 52056 Aachen Deutschland
- Institut für Technische Chemie und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen Worringerweg 1 52074 Aachen Deutschland
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen Niederlande
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49
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Zhou Y, Huo S, Loznik M, Göstl R, Boersma AJ, Herrmann A. Controlling Optical and Catalytic Activity of Genetically Engineered Proteins by Ultrasound. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:1493-1497. [PMID: 33104261 PMCID: PMC7839785 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ultrasound (US) produces cavitation-induced mechanical forces stretching and breaking polymer chains in solution. This type of polymer mechanochemistry is widely used for synthetic polymers, but not biomacromolecules, even though US is biocompatible and commonly used for medical therapy as well as in vivo imaging. The ability to control protein activity by US would thus be a major stepping-stone for these disciplines. Here, we provide the first examples of selective protein activation and deactivation by means of US. Using GFP as a model system, we engineer US sensitivity into proteins by design. The incorporation of long and highly charged domains enables the efficient transfer of force to the protein structure. We then use this principle to activate the catalytic activity of trypsin by inducing the release of its inhibitor. We expect that this concept to switch "on" and "off" protein activity by US will serve as a blueprint to remotely control other bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhou
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Shuaidong Huo
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Target ResearchSchool of Pharmaceutical ScienceXiamen University361102XiamenChina
| | - Mark Loznik
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
| | - Robert Göstl
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Arnold J. Boersma
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
| | - Andreas Herrmann
- DWI—Leibniz Institute for Interactive MaterialsForckenbeckstrasse 5052056AachenGermany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityWorringerweg 152074AachenGermany
- Zernike Institute for Advanced MaterialsUniversity of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenThe Netherlands
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50
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Chen Y, Mellot G, van Luijk D, Creton C, Sijbesma RP. Mechanochemical tools for polymer materials. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4100-4140. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00940g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This review aims to provide a field guide for the implementation of mechanochemistry in synthetic polymers by summarizing the molecules, materials, and methods that have been developed in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjun Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Gaëlle Mellot
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Diederik van Luijk
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Costantino Creton
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle
- ESPCI Paris
- PSL University
- Sorbonne Université
- CNRS
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Chemistry and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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