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Raneberg A, MacCallum F. 'Living in two worlds': A qualitative analysis of first-time mothers' experiences of maternal ambivalence. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2024; 42:934-948. [PMID: 37158007 DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2023.2206842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this qualitative study was to examine experiences and meanings of maternal ambivalence in first-time mothers with young children. BACKGROUND In contrast with normative expectations surrounding contemporary motherhood, there is growing recognition that becoming and being a mother involves ambivalent feelings, and that these feelings are normal and have positive psychological consequences. Yet, little attention has been paid to women's subjective experiences of maternal ambivalence, and capacity to acknowledge and manage ambivalent feelings. METHODS Eleven semi-structured online interviews, with first-time mothers, were conducted and analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) methodology. RESULTS Two group experiential themes were identified: Crossing boundaries of acceptable mothering feelings and Mothering from a place of 'enough'. Ambivalent mothering feelings challenged participants' expectations about motherhood and themselves as mothers, producing anxiety, self-doubt and feelings of failure. Distress accompanying maternal ambivalence was especially acute when participants perceived their feelings to be unacceptable. Viewing conflicting feelings with compassion, however, helped participants to cope with their diverse and fluctuating emotional mothering experiences, allowing them to mother with a greater sense of equanimity, agency and competence. CONCLUSION The study's findings indicate the potential benefits of providing information about the emotional turbulence of early motherhood as part of routine maternity care, as well as the potential value of offering parenting interventions that promote self-compassion to mothers struggling to manage feelings of ambivalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agne Raneberg
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Fiona MacCallum
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Jeong YS, Lee YS. The Double Mediating Effect of Family Support and Family Relationship Satisfaction on Self-Compassion and Meaning in Life among Korean Baby Boomers. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:9806. [PMID: 36011446 PMCID: PMC9408555 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19169806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study identified the relationship between self-compassion and meaning in life among Korean baby boomers and examined the double mediating effect of family support and family relationship satisfaction on this relationship. For this purpose, data were collected from 400 baby boomers (born between 1955-1963) using the self-compassion, meaning in life, family support, and family relationship satisfaction scales. PROCESS Macro 3.5 Model 6 was used to analyze the double mediating effects. The results revealed that first, there was a significant correlation between the self-compassion, meaning in life, family support, and family relationship satisfaction of this study. Second, in the relationship between self-compassion and the meaning in life, family support, and family relationship satisfaction were found to have a partial mediating effect and a double mediating effect. The implications and limitations of these findings are also discussed.
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A model of self-criticism as a transdiagnostic mechanism of eating disorder comorbidity: A review. NEW IDEAS IN PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.newideapsych.2022.100949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Beato AF, Albuquerque S, Kömürcü Akik B, da Costa LP, Salvador Á. Do Maternal Self-Criticism and Symptoms of Postpartum Depression and Anxiety Mediate the Effect of History of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms on Mother-Infant Bonding? Parallel-Serial Mediation Models. Front Psychol 2022; 13:858356. [PMID: 35693484 PMCID: PMC9178241 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.858356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction History of depression symptoms, including before and during pregnancy, has been identified as an important risk factor for postpartum depression (PPD) symptoms. This condition has also been associated with diverse implications, namely, on the quality of mother-infant bonding. Moreover, the role of self-criticism on PPD has been recently found in several studies. However, the link between these factors has not been explored yet. Furthermore, anxiety symptoms in postpartum has been less studied. Methods This study analyzed whether the history of depression symptoms predicted mother-infant bonding, via self-criticism and PPD symptoms. The same model was repeated with a history of anxiety and postpartum anxiety symptoms. A total of 550 mothers of infants <24 months old participated in this cross-sectional study and answered an online survey. Results Through a parallel-serial mediation model, the results show that in a first step, self-criticism dimensions of inadequate-self, hated-self, and reassuring-self, and in a second step, PPD symptoms, mediate the relationship between the history of depression symptoms and mother-infant bonding. However, the relationship between the history of anxiety symptoms and bonding is not mediated by all the considered chain of mediators, being only mediated by one of the self-criticism dimensions, inadequate self. Conclusions The current study confirmed the association of history of both depression and anxiety with mother-infant bonding. While in the case of history of anxiety symptoms, the relation was only mediated by inadequate self-dimension of self-criticism, in the case of history of depression symptoms, the relation was mediated by self-criticism and postpartum depressive symptoms. The buffering effect of reassuring-self on bonding and negative affect was also evidenced. Psychological and preventive interventions should address this evidence to target interventions for mother-infant bonding problems in accordance with previous and actual current maternal risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Filipa Beato
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab (HEI-Lab), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Albuquerque
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab (HEI-Lab), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
- Research Center in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculty of Psychology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Burcu Kömürcü Akik
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Languages and History-Geography, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Ágata Salvador
- Digital Human-Environment Interaction Lab (HEI-Lab), Lusófona University, Lisbon, Portugal
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Personality traits as a risk factor for postpartum depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord 2022; 298:577-589. [PMID: 34763034 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2021.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain personality traits increase vulnerability to depression, but the evidence linking personality and postpartum depression (PPD) is less robust. This systematic review aimed to identify personality traits that increase the risk of PPD. METHODS We systematically reviewed studies retrieved from PubMed/Medline, PsycINFO, Scopus, CINAHL, and Cochrane, following the PRISMA guidelines for reporting. We carried out a meta-analysis on the association between neuroticism and PPD. RESULTS A total of 34 studies were analyzed. Of these, 31 considered at least one trait associated with PPD; 10 studies considered at least one trait not associated with PPD. The meta-analysis included 13 studies, concluding that neuroticism was associated with PPD (OR: 1.37; 95%CI: 1.22-1.53; p<0.001). LIMITATIONS Study design and approach to personality assessment influence results. Prospective longitudinal studies of persons with no prior history of mood disorder would provide stronger evidence about whether particular personality traits predict PPD. Most studies reviewed used self-report measures to assess personality. Study design and approach to personality assessment influence results, and indications of publication bias were found. CONCLUSIONS Neuroticism is the personality trait most widely studied in relation to PPD. Our meta-analysis found this trait is strongly related with PPD. Moreover, vulnerable personality style and trait anxiety are also associated with PPD. Screening for these traits might help identify women at risk, improving prevention, early detection, and possibly treatment.
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Fernandes DV, Canavarro MC, Moreira H. The role of mothers' self-compassion on mother-infant bonding during the COVID-19 pandemic: A longitudinal study exploring the mediating role of mindful parenting and parenting stress in the postpartum period. Infant Ment Health J 2021; 42:621-635. [PMID: 34407224 PMCID: PMC8426800 DOI: 10.1002/imhj.21942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The current COVID-19 pandemic is a challenging time for postpartum mothers, and associated challenges may have a negative impact on their parenting and, consequently, on mother-infant bonding. This study aimed to longitudinally explore whether mothers' self-compassion was associated with mother-infant bonding and whether this relationship was mediated by mindful parenting and parenting stress. A total of 125 Portuguese mothers of infants aged between 0 and 12 months completed an online survey at two assessment points during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic (T1: April-May 2020; T2: June-July 2020). The survey included several questionnaires assessing sociodemographic, clinical, and COVID-19 information; self-compassion; mindful parenting; parenting stress; and mother-infant bonding. Mothers presented significantly higher levels of self-compassion, less impaired mother-infant bonding, and lower levels of depressive symptoms at T2 than T1. Higher levels of self-compassion at T1 predicted less impaired mother-infant bonding at T2, and this relationship was mediated by higher levels of mindful parenting and lower levels of parenting stress (both assessed at T1). These results highlight the relevance of mothers' self-compassion to establishing mother-infant bonding in the postpartum period, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the important role of mindful parenting and parenting stress in determining this relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela V. Fernandes
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioural Intervention (CINEICC)Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Maria C. Canavarro
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioural Intervention (CINEICC)Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
| | - Helena Moreira
- Centre for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioural Intervention (CINEICC)Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of CoimbraCoimbraPortugal
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MacMillan KK, Lewis AJ, Watson SJ, Galbally M. Maternal depression and the emotional availability of mothers at six months postpartum: Findings from the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study (MPEWS) pregnancy cohort. J Affect Disord 2020; 266:678-685. [PMID: 32056944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.01.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing research suggests maternal depression may reduce the quality of early mother-infant interaction and this might increase our understanding of how maternal mental health impacts on child development outcomes. However, most studies recruit from community samples and few include both a diagnostic measure of maternal depression together with an observational measure of the quality of the mother-infant relationship. METHODS Data was drawn from 210 women recruited in early pregnancy until 6 months postpartum within an Australian pregnancy cohort, the Mercy Pregnancy and Emotional Wellbeing Study. Those women who at six months postpartum were video recorded interacting with their infant for at least 40-minutes were included in this study, with the quality of those interactions assessed using the Emotional Availability Scales coding system. Depression was measured using the Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-IV-TR Clinician Version and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, and covariates included maternal age and education. RESULTS Whilst results showed a small negative association between antenatal depressive symptoms in trimester one of pregnancy and maternal EA, there was no effect of maternal depression diagnosis or of maternal depressive symptoms in later pregnancy or postpartum. LIMITATIONS This study focuses exclusively on mothers and does not account for the role of partners. CONCLUSIONS Maternal depression might have a smaller effect on maternal EA then some existing research implies, with that effect most prevalent in early pregnancy. Clinical intervention might not be necessary for all mother-infant dyads experiencing depressive symptomology, but instead be directed to those with additional risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J Lewis
- Psychology Discipline, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Stuart J Watson
- Psychology Discipline, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia
| | - Megan Galbally
- Psychology Discipline, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine, The University of Notre Dame, Fremantle, Australia; King Edward Memorial Hospital, Subiaco, Australia.
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Pedro L, Branquinho M, Canavarro MC, Fonseca A. Self-criticism, negative automatic thoughts and postpartum depressive symptoms: the buffering effect of self-compassion. J Reprod Infant Psychol 2019; 37:539-553. [DOI: 10.1080/02646838.2019.1597969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Pedro
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Mariana Branquinho
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Canavarro
- Research Group “Relationships, Development & Health”, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana Fonseca
- Research Group “Relationships, Development & Health”, Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive-Behavioural Intervention, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Monteiro F, Fonseca A, Pereira M, Alves S, Canavarro MC. What protects at-risk postpartum women from developing depressive and anxiety symptoms? The role of acceptance-focused processes and self-compassion. J Affect Disord 2019; 246:522-529. [PMID: 30599377 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.12.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 12/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Not all women presenting risk factors for postpartum depression (PPD) develop depressive symptoms. Research has shown that acceptance-focused processes (nonjudgmental appraisal of thought content, psychological flexibility) and self-compassion play an important protective role in the development of psychological symptoms. However, considering the perinatal period, little is known about what variables can modify the negative impact of risk. METHODS The sample consisted of 185 postpartum women at risk of developing PPD (Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory-Revised > 5.5). Data were collected regarding depressive (Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale) and anxiety symptoms (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), psychological flexibility (Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II), nonjudgmental appraisal of thought content (Postnatal Negative Thoughts Questionnaire) and self-compassion (Self-Compassion Scale-Short Form). RESULTS Women not presenting depressive and anxiety symptoms reported significantly higher levels of psychological flexibility, nonjudgmental appraisal of thought content and self-compassion than women presenting depressive and anxiety symptoms. Hierarchical logistic regression showed that women with higher levels of psychological flexibility (OR = 1.06, CI: 1.01-1.12) and nonjudgmental appraisal of thought content (OR = 1.33, CI: 1.15-1.53) had a significantly higher likelihood of not presenting depressive and anxiety symptoms. LIMITATIONS The limitations of this study were the cross-sectional design, the use of self-report questionnaires and the self-selected bias in recruitment. CONCLUSIONS This study emphasizes the important role of acceptance-based processes, suggesting that at-risk women who are more accepting of their private events may be more protected from developing psychological symptoms. Preventive interventions should consider the promotion of these processes to improve women's adjustment to this period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Monteiro
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Ana Fonseca
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Marco Pereira
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Stephanie Alves
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maria Cristina Canavarro
- Center for Research in Neuropsychology and Cognitive Behavioral Intervention, Faculdade de Psicologia e de Ciências da Educação da Universidade de Coimbra, 3000-115 Coimbra, Portugal
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Vandenkerckhove B, Brenning K, Vansteenkiste M, Luyten P, Soenens B. The Explanatory Role of Basic Psychological Need Experiences in the Relation between Dependency, Self-Criticism and Psychopathology in Adolescence. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10862-019-09719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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McIntyre R, Smith P, Rimes KA. The role of self-criticism in common mental health difficulties in students: A systematic review of prospective studies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mhp.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Kopala-Sibley DC, Zuroff DC. The Developmental Origins of Personality Factors from the Self-Definitional and Relatedness Domains: A Review of Theory and Research. REVIEW OF GENERAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews theory and research on the developmental origins of several widely studied personality vulnerabilities to psychopathology that represent the self-definitional (self-criticism, autonomy, and perfectionism) or relatedness (dependency and sociotropy) domains identified in Blatt's (2008) , Blatt and Shichman's (1983) , and Beck's ( Beck et al., 1983 ) 2-polarities models of personality. We examine the evidence for the effects of both parenting and peer relationships. We conclude that there is a robust relationship between negative parenting behaviors and the 5 personality vulnerabilities reviewed here which pertain to both self-definition and relatedness, with recent evidence suggesting a possible effect of peer relationships over and above parents. The available evidence suggests that all of the negative developmental experiences studied to date contribute to the development of all the personality vulnerabilities reviewed here. In light of this, we suggest possible mechanisms through which adverse developmental experiences may affect personality factors pertaining to self-definition and relatedness. We also suggest that there may be commonalities across the developmental experiences, such that they result in similar developmental consequences. Although there is now much research on the development of these personality factors, there is still relatively little research examining the roles of factors other than parents and peers, including siblings, romantic partners, environmental changes, and genetics, and we conclude by proposing a revised model of the development of self-definition and relatedness in order to outline future directions for this research field.
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Casalin S, Tang E, Vliegen N, Luyten P. Parental Personality, Stress Generation, and Infant Temperament in Emergent Parent-Child Relationships: Evidence for a Moderated Mediation Model. JOURNAL OF SOCIAL AND CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2014. [DOI: 10.1521/jscp.2014.33.3.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Casalin S, Luyten P, Besser A, Wouters S, Vliegen N. A Longitudinal Cross-Lagged Study of the Role of Parental Self-Criticism, Dependency, Depression, and Parenting Stress in the Development of Child Negative Affectivity. SELF AND IDENTITY 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/15298868.2013.873076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Vliegen N, Casalin S, Luyten P, Docx R, Lenaerts M, Tang E, Kempke S. Hospitalization-based treatment for postpartum depressed mothers and their babies: rationale, principles, and preliminary follow-up data. Psychiatry 2013; 76:150-68. [PMID: 23631545 DOI: 10.1521/psyc.2013.76.2.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the rationale and treatment principles of a mother-infant unit for severely depressed mothers and their infants in Flanders (Belgium). The unit integrates systemic, psychodynamic, and cognitive behavioral treatment approaches, and aims at improvements on three levels: (1) improving mood and interpersonal relationships in depressed mothers, (2) fostering a positive mother infant relationship, and (3) establishing a supportive environment outside the treatment setting for both mother and infant. In addition, we present preliminary data of a 3.5-year naturalistic follow-up study of postpartum depressed mothers (n = 41) admitted at this mother-infant unit between April 2003 and April 2005. Results showed that at 3.5-year follow-up a considerable subgroup of mothers (61%) were functioning relatively well, as indicated by low levels of depressive symptoms, anxiety and anger, negative affect, and relatively high levels of positive affect. Yet, in line with other studies, a relatively large subgroup of mothers (39%) continued to suffer from (severe) depression during follow-up. Using a Life History Calendar method, it was found that, compared to currently nondepressed mothers, mothers who were depressed at follow-up did not have more depressive episodes but had longer depressive episodes, received more psychotherapy after hospitalization, and experienced more negative life events during the 3.5-year follow-up period. Implications of these findings for future research and intervention strategies in postpartum depression are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Vliegen
- Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Leuven, Belgium.
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Gelabert E, Subirà S, García-Esteve L, Navarro P, Plaza A, Cuyàs E, Navinés R, Gratacòs M, Valdés M, Martín-Santos R. Perfectionism dimensions in major postpartum depression. J Affect Disord 2012; 136:17-25. [PMID: 21930303 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although perfectionism from a multidimensional perspective has generally been associated with depressive illness, there are not many studies on its role in major depression in the postnatal period. The aim of the present study was to explore the relationship between perfectionism dimensions using the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (FMPS) and major postpartum depression. METHODS One-hundred-twenty-two women with major postpartum depression (SCID-I; DSM-IV) and 115 healthy postpartum women were evaluated using the FMPS, an instrument for the assessment of six perfectionism dimensions: concern over mistakes, personal standards, parental expectations, parental criticism, doubt about actions and organisation. Other variables were also considered: neuroticism, psychiatric history, social support, life events and genotype combinations according to serotonin transporter expression (5-HTTLPR and Stin2 VNTR polymorphisms). RESULTS The prevalence of high-perfectionism was higher in major postpartum depression group than in control group (34% vs. 11%; p<0.001). Multivariate models confirmed high-perfectionism as an independent factor associated with major postpartum depression. Specifically, the high-concern over mistakes dimension increased over four-fold the odds of major depression in postpartum period. (OR=4.14; 95% CI=1.24-13.81) Neuroticism, personal psychiatric history and 5-HTT low-expressing genotypes at one of the loci were also identified as independent factors. CONCLUSIONS High-perfectionism, and particularly high-concern over mistakes is a personality dimension associated with major postpartum depression. The inclusion of perfectionism assessment, together with others factors, may be considered in order to improve the detection of women at risk of postpartum depression, in whom early intervention may be of benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estel Gelabert
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Neuropsychopharmacology Programe, IMIM-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Susana Subirà
- Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Lluisa García-Esteve
- Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Purificación Navarro
- Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Plaza
- Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Neuropsychopharmacology Programe, IMIM-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricard Navinés
- Neuropsychopharmacology Programe, IMIM-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Gratacòs
- Genes and Disease Program, Center for Genomic Regulation (CRG-UPF), CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Valdés
- Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rocío Martín-Santos
- Neuropsychopharmacology Programe, IMIM-Parc de Salut Mar, Barcelona, Spain; Neuroscience Institute, Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain; CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain.
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Vliegen N, Luyten P, Besser A, Casalin S, Kempke S, Tang E. Stability and change in levels of depression and personality: a follow-up study of postpartum depressed mothers that were hospitalized in a mother-infant unit. J Nerv Ment Dis 2010; 198:45-51. [PMID: 20061869 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0b013e3181c8aa57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This prospective longitudinal study investigated the role of the personality dimensions of dependency and self-criticism in the course of depressive symptoms in a sample of inpatient severely postpartum depressed mothers (n = 55). Depressive symptoms and personality were measured during hospitalization and on average 3 1/2 years later. In line with previous research, a considerable subgroup of mothers (39%) reported moderate to severe symptoms of depression at time 2. In addition, although these mothers did not exhibit more depressive episodes during follow-up period compared with mothers with a less chronic course of depression, their depressive episodes were considerably longer, and they had higher levels of severity of depression as well as of dependency and self-criticism at Time 1. Finally, self-criticism, but not dependency, assessed at Time 1, predicted both depression diagnosis and levels of depression at follow-up, supporting a vulnerability model positing that self-criticism confers vulnerability for depression over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Vliegen
- Department of Psychology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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