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Sun M, Manson ML, Guo T, de Lange ECM. CNS Viral Infections-What to Consider for Improving Drug Treatment: A Plea for Using Mathematical Modeling Approaches. CNS Drugs 2024; 38:349-373. [PMID: 38580795 PMCID: PMC11026214 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-024-01082-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses may cause meningitis, myelitis, encephalitis, or meningoencephalitis. These inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system (CNS) may have serious and devastating consequences if not treated adequately. In this review, we first summarize how neurotropic viruses can enter the CNS by (1) crossing the blood-brain barrier or blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier; (2) invading the nose via the olfactory route; or (3) invading the peripheral nervous system. Neurotropic viruses may then enter the intracellular space of brain cells via endocytosis and/or membrane fusion. Antiviral drugs are currently used for different viral CNS infections, even though their use and dosing regimens within the CNS, with the exception of acyclovir, are minimally supported by clinical evidence. We therefore provide considerations to optimize drug treatment(s) for these neurotropic viruses. Antiviral drugs should cross the blood-brain barrier/blood cerebrospinal fluid barrier and pass the brain cellular membrane to inhibit these viruses inside the brain cells. Some antiviral drugs may also require intracellular conversion into their active metabolite(s). This illustrates the need to better understand these mechanisms because these processes dictate drug exposure within the CNS that ultimately determine the success of antiviral drugs for CNS infections. Finally, we discuss mathematical model-based approaches for optimizing antiviral treatments. Thereby emphasizing the potential of CNS physiologically based pharmacokinetic models because direct measurement of brain intracellular exposure in living humans faces ethical restrictions. Existing physiologically based pharmacokinetic models combined with in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic information can be used to predict drug exposure and evaluate efficacy of antiviral drugs within the CNS, to ultimately optimize the treatments of CNS viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn L Manson
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tingjie Guo
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth C M de Lange
- Division of Systems Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Leiden Academic Center for Drug Research, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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2
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Foo IJH, Chua BY, Clemens EB, Chang SY, Jia X, McQuilten HA, Yap AHY, Cabug AF, Ashayeripanah M, McWilliam HEG, Villadangos JA, Evrard M, Mackay LK, Wakim LM, Fazakerley JK, Kedzierska K, Kedzierski L. Prior infection with unrelated neurotropic virus exacerbates influenza disease and impairs lung T cell responses. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2619. [PMID: 38521764 PMCID: PMC10960853 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46822-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Immunity to infectious diseases is predominantly studied by measuring immune responses towards a single pathogen, although co-infections are common. In-depth mechanisms on how co-infections impact anti-viral immunity are lacking, but are highly relevant to treatment and prevention. We established a mouse model of co-infection with unrelated viruses, influenza A (IAV) and Semliki Forest virus (SFV), causing disease in different organ systems. SFV infection eight days before IAV infection results in prolonged IAV replication, elevated cytokine/chemokine levels and exacerbated lung pathology. This is associated with impaired lung IAV-specific CD8+ T cell responses, stemming from suboptimal CD8+ T cell activation and proliferation in draining lymph nodes, and dendritic cell paralysis. Prior SFV infection leads to increased blood brain barrier permeability and presence of IAV RNA in brain, associated with increased trafficking of IAV-specific CD8+ T cells and establishment of long-term tissue-resident memory. Relative to lung IAV-specific CD8+ T cells, brain memory IAV-specific CD8+ T cells have increased TCR repertoire diversity within immunodominant DbNP366+CD8+ and DbPA224+CD8+ responses, featuring suboptimal TCR clonotypes. Overall, our study demonstrates that infection with an unrelated neurotropic virus perturbs IAV-specific immune responses and exacerbates IAV disease. Our work provides key insights into therapy and vaccine regimens directed against unrelated pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jia-Hui Foo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - E Bridie Clemens
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - So Young Chang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Xiaoxiao Jia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hayley A McQuilten
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ashley Huey Yiing Yap
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Aira F Cabug
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Mitra Ashayeripanah
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Hamish E G McWilliam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology; Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Maximilien Evrard
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Laura K Mackay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - John K Fazakerley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
| | - Lukasz Kedzierski
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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3
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Kaur G, Pant P, Bhagat R, Seth P. Zika virus E protein modulates functions of human brain microvascular endothelial cells and astrocytes: implications on blood-brain barrier properties. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1173120. [PMID: 37545876 PMCID: PMC10399241 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1173120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurotropic viruses can cross the otherwise dynamically regulated blood-brain barrier (BBB) and affect the brain cells. Zika virus (ZIKV) is an enveloped neurotropic Flavivirus known to cause severe neurological complications, such as encephalitis and fetal microcephaly. In the present study, we employed human brain microvascular endothelial cells (hBMECs) and astrocytes derived from human progenitors to establish a physiologically relevant BBB model. We used this model to investigate the effects of ZIKV envelope (E) protein on properties of cells comprising the BBB. E protein is the principal viral protein involved in interaction with host cell surface receptors, facilitating the viral entry. Our findings show that the presence of ZIKV E protein leads to activation of both hBMECs and astrocytes. In hBMECs, we observed a decrease in the expression of crucial endothelial junction proteins such as ZO-1, Occludin and VE-Cadherin, which are vital in establishment and maintenance of the BBB. Consequently, the ZIKV E protein induced changes in BBB integrity and permeability. We also found upregulation of genes involved in leukocyte recruitment along with increased proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines upon exposure to E protein. Additionally, the E protein also led to astrogliosis, evident from the elevated expression of GFAP and Vimentin. Both cell types comprising the BBB exhibited inflammatory response upon exposure to E protein which may influence viral access into the central nervous system (CNS) and subsequent infection of other CNS cells. Overall, our study provides valuable insights into the transient changes that occur at the site of BBB upon ZIKV infection.
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4
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Daniels BP, Oberst A. Outcomes of RIP Kinase Signaling During Neuroinvasive Viral Infection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2023; 442:155-174. [PMID: 32253569 PMCID: PMC7781604 DOI: 10.1007/82_2020_204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinvasive viral diseases are a considerable and growing burden on global public health. Despite this, these infections remain poorly understood, and the molecular mechanisms that govern protective versus pathological neuroinflammatory responses to infection are a matter of intense investigation. Recent evidence suggests that necroptosis, an immunogenic form of programmed cell death, may contribute to the pathogenesis of viral encephalitis. However, the receptor-interacting protein (RIP) kinases that coordinate necroptosis, RIPK1 and RIPK3, also appear to have unexpected, cell death-independent functions in the central nervous system (CNS) that promote beneficial neuroinflammation during neuroinvasive infection. Here, we review the emerging evidence in this field, with additional discussion of recent work examining roles for RIPK signaling and necroptosis during noninfectious pathologies of the CNS, as these studies provide important additional insight into the potential for specialized neuroimmune functions for the RIP kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Daniels
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
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5
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de Rezende IM, Cenachi ARC, Costa TA, Oliveira GFG, Rabelo L, Menezes LM, Penido I, Pereira LS, Arruda MS, Gonç alves AP, Alves PA, Kroon EG, Calzavara-Silva CE, Ramalho DB, Martins-Filho OA, Teixeira-Carvalho A, LaBeaud AD, Drumond BP. Wild-type Yellow fever virus in cerebrospinal fluid from fatal cases in Brazil, 2018. FRONTIERS IN VIROLOGY (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 2:936191. [PMID: 37461745 PMCID: PMC10351615 DOI: 10.3389/fviro.2022.936191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Yellow fever virus (YFV) is the causative agent of yellow fever (YF), a hemorrhagic and viscerotropic acute disease. Severe YF has been described in approximately 15-25% of YF patients, with 20-50% of severe YF cases being fatal. Here we analyzed cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples collected during the YF outbreak in Brazil in 2018, aiming to investigate CNS neuroinvasion in fatal YFV cases. YFV RNA was screened by RT-qPCR targeting the 3'UTR region of the YFV genome in CSF. CSF samples were tested for the presence of anti-YFV IgM and neutralizing antibodies, coupled with routine laboratory examinations. Among the 13 patients studied, we detected anti-YFV IgM in CSF from eight patients and YFV RNA in CSF from five patients. YFV RNA genomic load in CSF samples ranged from 1.75×103 to 5.42×103 RNA copies/mL. We genotyped YFV from three CSF samples that grouped with other YFV samples from the 2018 outbreak in Brazil within the South-American I genotype. Even though descriptions of neurologic manifestations due to wild type YFV (WT-YFV) infection are rare, since the last YF outbreak in Brazil in 2017-2018, a few studies have demonstrated WT-YFV RNA in CSF samples from YF fatal cases. Serological tests indicated the presence of IgM and neutralizing antibodies against YFV in CSF samples from two patients. Although the presence of viral RNA, IgM and neutralizing antibodies in CSF samples could indicate neuroinvasiveness, further studies are needed to better elucidate the role of YFV neuroinvasion and possible impacts in disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Mauricio de Rezende
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | | | - Thais Alkifeles Costa
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Fernanda Garcia Oliveira
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Livia Rabelo
- Eduardo de Menezes Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | | | - Leonardo Soares Pereira
- Eduardo de Menezes Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
- Bendigo Heath Hospital, Bendigo, VIC, Australia
| | - Matheus Soares Arruda
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Augusto Alves
- Immunology of Viruses Diseases, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Erna Geessien Kroon
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Olindo Assis Martins-Filho
- Integrated Group of Biomarkers Research, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andrea Teixeira-Carvalho
- Integrated Group of Biomarkers Research, René Rachou Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation/FIOCRUZ, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - A. Desiree LaBeaud
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Disease, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Betânia Paiva Drumond
- Laboratory of Viruses, Microbiology Department, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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6
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Garcia FJ, Sun N, Lee H, Godlewski B, Mathys H, Galani K, Zhou B, Jiang X, Ng AP, Mantero J, Tsai LH, Bennett DA, Sahin M, Kellis M, Heiman M. Single-cell dissection of the human brain vasculature. Nature 2022; 603:893-899. [PMID: 35158371 PMCID: PMC9680899 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-04521-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the importance of the cerebrovasculature in maintaining normal brain physiology and in understanding neurodegeneration and drug delivery to the central nervous system1, human cerebrovascular cells remain poorly characterized owing to their sparsity and dispersion. Here we perform single-cell characterization of the human cerebrovasculature using both ex vivo fresh tissue experimental enrichment and post mortem in silico sorting of human cortical tissue samples. We capture 16,681 cerebrovascular nuclei across 11 subtypes, including endothelial cells, mural cells and three distinct subtypes of perivascular fibroblast along the vasculature. We uncover human-specific expression patterns along the arteriovenous axis and determine previously uncharacterized cell-type-specific markers. We use these human-specific signatures to study changes in 3,945 cerebrovascular cells from patients with Huntington's disease, which reveal activation of innate immune signalling in vascular and glial cell types and a concomitant reduction in the levels of proteins critical for maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity. Finally, our study provides a comprehensive molecular atlas of the human cerebrovasculature to guide future biological and therapeutic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Garcia
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Na Sun
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hyeseung Lee
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Brianna Godlewski
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hansruedi Mathys
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kyriaki Galani
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Blake Zhou
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Xueqiao Jiang
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Ayesha P Ng
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Julio Mantero
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - David A Bennett
- Rush Alzheimer's Disease Center, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mustafa Sahin
- Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Manolis Kellis
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- MIT Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Myriam Heiman
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
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7
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Natarajan S, Govender K, Shobo A, Baijnath S, Arvidsson PI, Govender T, Lin J, Maguire GE, Naicker T, Kruger HG. Potential of brain mast cells for therapeutic application in the immune response to bacterial and viral infections. Brain Res 2021; 1767:147524. [PMID: 34015358 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2021.147524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Revised: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
A wide range of microorganisms can infect the central nervous system (CNS). The immune response of the CNS provides limited protection against microbes penetrating the blood-brain barrier. This results in a neurological deficit and sometimes leads to high morbidity and mortality rates despite advanced therapies. For the last two decades, different studies have expanded our understanding of the molecular basis of human neuroinfectious diseases, especially concerning the contributions of mast cell interactions with other central nervous system compartments. Brain mast cells are multifunctional cells derived from the bone marrow and reside in the brain. Their proximity to blood vessels, their role as "first responders" their unique receptors systems and their ability to rapidly release pathogen responsive mediators enable them to exert a crucial defensive role in the host-defense system. This review describes key biological and physiological functions of mast cells, concerning their ability to recognize pathogens via various receptor systems, followed by a coordinated and selective mediator release upon specific interactions with pathogenic stimulating factors. The goal of this review is to direct attention to the possibilities for therapeutic applications of mast cells against bacterial and viral related infections. We also focus on opportunities for future research activating mast cells via adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satheesh Natarajan
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Kamini Govender
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Adeola Shobo
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Sooraj Baijnath
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Per I Arvidsson
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa; Science for Life Laboratory, Drug Discovery and Development, Platform and Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Sweden
| | - Thavendran Govender
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zululand, Private Bag X1001, KwaDlangezwa 3886, South Africa
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa; School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa
| | - Glenn Em Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Tricia Naicker
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, E-Block, 6th Floor, Room E1-06-016, Durban, South Africa.
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8
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Chiu CF, Chu LW, Liao IC, Simanjuntak Y, Lin YL, Juan CC, Ping YH. The Mechanism of the Zika Virus Crossing the Placental Barrier and the Blood-Brain Barrier. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:214. [PMID: 32153526 PMCID: PMC7044130 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) infection causes severe neurological symptoms in adults and fetal microcephaly and the virus is detected in the brain of microcephaly and meningoencephalitis patient. However, the mechanism of ZIKV crossing the physiological barrier to the central nervous systems (CNS) remains elusive. The placental barrier and the blood brain barrier (BBB) protect the fetus from pathogens and ensure healthy brain development during pregnancy. In this study, we used human placenta trophoblasts cells (JEG-3) and human brain-derived endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) as in vitro models of the physiological barriers. Results showed that ZIKV could infect JEG-3 cells effectively and reduce the amounts of ZO-1 and occludin between adjacent cells by the proteasomal degradation pathway, suggesting that the permeability of the barrier differentially changed in response to ZIKV infection, allowing the virus particle to cross the host barrier. In contrast, ZIKV could infect hCMEC/D3 cells without disrupting the BBB barrier permeability and tight junction protein expression. Although no disruption to the BBB was observed during ZIKV infection, ZIKV particles were released on the basal side of the BBB model and infected underlying cells. In addition, we observed that fluorescence-labeled ZIKV particles could cross the in vitro placenta barrier and BBB model by transcytosis and the action of transcytosis could be blocked by either low temperature or pharmacological inhibitors of endocytosis. In summary, the ZIKV uses a cell-type specific paracellular pathway to cross the placenta monolayer barrier by disrupting cellular tight junction. In addition, the ZIKV can also cross both the placenta barrier and the BBB by transcytosis. Our study provided new insights into on the mechanism of the cellular barrier penetration of ZIKV particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Fen Chiu
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wei Chu
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Chen Liao
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yogy Simanjuntak
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ling Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chang Juan
- Department and Institute of Physiology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yueh-Hsin Ping
- Department and Institute of Pharmacology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Institute of Biophotonics, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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9
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Beckman D, Seelke A, Morrison JH, Bliss-Moreau E. Novel approaches to study the Zika virus in the brain. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:227-228. [PMID: 31347721 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Beckman
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Adele Seelke
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California.,Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - John H Morrison
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, UC Davis, Davis, California
| | - Eliza Bliss-Moreau
- California National Primate Research Center, UC Davis, Davis, California.,Department of Psychology, UC Davis, Davis, California
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10
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Hong S, JianCheng H, JiaWen W, ShuQin Z, GuiLian Z, HaiQin W, Ru Z, Zhen G, HongWei R. Losartan inhibits development of spontaneous recurrent seizures by preventing astrocyte activation and attenuating blood-brain barrier permeability following pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus. Brain Res Bull 2019; 149:251-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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11
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Matsuzaki Y, Tanaka M, Hakoda S, Masuda T, Miyata R, Konno A, Hirai H. Neurotropic Properties of AAV-PHP.B Are Shared among Diverse Inbred Strains of Mice. Mol Ther 2019; 27:700-704. [PMID: 30842039 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Matsuzaki
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Masami Tanaka
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Sachiko Hakoda
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Masuda
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ryota Miyata
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Ayumu Konno
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Hirai
- Department of Neurophysiology & Neural Repair, Gunma University Graduate School of Medicine, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8511, Japan; Research Program for Neural Signaling, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Signal Research, Gunma University Initiative for Advanced Research, Gunma, Japan.
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12
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Sobue A, Ito N, Nagai T, Shan W, Hada K, Nakajima A, Murakami Y, Mouri A, Yamamoto Y, Nabeshima T, Saito K, Yamada K. Astroglial major histocompatibility complex class I following immune activation leads to behavioral and neuropathological changes. Glia 2018; 66:1034-1052. [PMID: 29380419 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system, major histocompatibility complex class I (MHCI) molecules are mainly expressed in neurons, and neuronal MHCI have roles in synapse elimination and plasticity. However, the pathophysiological significance of astroglial MHCI remains unclear. We herein demonstrate that MHCI expression is up-regulated in astrocytes in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) following systemic immune activation by an intraperitoneal injection of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C) or hydrodynamic interferon (IFN)-γ gene delivery in male C57/BL6J mice. In cultured astrocytes, MHCI/H-2D largely co-localized with exosomes. To investigate the role of astroglial MHCI, H-2D, or sH-2D was expressed in the mPFC of male C57/BL6J mice using an adeno-associated virus vector under the control of a glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter. The expression of astroglial MHCI in the mPFC impaired sociability and recognition memory in mice. Regarding neuropathological changes, MHCI expression in astrocytes significantly activated microglial cells, decreased parvalbumin-positive cell numbers, and reduced dendritic spine density in the mPFC. A treatment with GW4869 that impairs exosome synthesis ameliorated these behavioral and neuropathological changes. These results suggest that the overexpression of MHCI in astrocytes affects microglial proliferation as well as neuronal numbers and spine densities, thereby leading to social and cognitive deficits in mice, possibly via exosomes created by astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akira Sobue
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norimichi Ito
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Taku Nagai
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Wei Shan
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Hada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Nakajima
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Murakami
- Doshisha University Graduate School of Brain Science, 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Yasuko Yamamoto
- Department of Disease Control Prevention, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences & Aino University, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kuniaki Saito
- Department of Disease Control Prevention, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Japan.,Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences & Aino University, 1-98, Dengakugakubo, Kutsukake, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Kiyofumi Yamada
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 65 Tsurumai, Showa, Nagoya, Japan
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13
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Papa MP, Meuren LM, Coelho SVA, Lucas CGDO, Mustafá YM, Lemos Matassoli F, Silveira PP, Frost PS, Pezzuto P, Ribeiro MR, Tanuri A, Nogueira ML, Campanati L, Bozza MT, Paula Neto HA, Pimentel-Coelho PM, Figueiredo CP, de Aguiar RS, de Arruda LB. Zika Virus Infects, Activates, and Crosses Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells, without Barrier Disruption. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2557. [PMID: 29312238 PMCID: PMC5743735 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Zika virus (ZIKV) has been associated to central nervous system (CNS) harm, and virus was detected in the brain and cerebrospinal fluids of microcephaly and meningoencephalitis cases. However, the mechanism by which the virus reaches the CNS is unclear. Here, we addressed the effects of ZIKV replication in human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), as an in vitro model of blood brain barrier (BBB), and evaluated virus extravasation and BBB integrity in an in vivo mouse experimental model. HBMECs were productively infected by African and Brazilian ZIKV strains (ZIKVMR766 and ZIKVPE243), which induce increased production of type I and type III IFN, inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Infection with ZIKVMR766 promoted earlier cellular death, in comparison to ZIKVPE243, but infection with either strain did not result in enhanced endothelial permeability. Despite the maintenance of endothelial integrity, infectious virus particles crossed the monolayer by endocytosis/exocytosis-dependent replication pathway or by transcytosis. Remarkably, both viruses' strains infected IFNAR deficient mice, with high viral load being detected in the brains, without BBB disruption, which was only detected at later time points after infection. These data suggest that ZIKV infects and activates endothelial cells, and might reach the CNS through basolateral release, transcytosis or transinfection processes. These findings further improve the current knowledge regarding ZIKV dissemination pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle P. Papa
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lana M. Meuren
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Sharton V. A. Coelho
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Carolina G. de Oliveira Lucas
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yasmin M. Mustafá
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Flavio Lemos Matassoli
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paola P. Silveira
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula S. Frost
- Núcleo de Neurociências da Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Paula Pezzuto
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Milene R. Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Amilcar Tanuri
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Mauricio L. Nogueira
- Laboratório de Pesquisas em Virologia, Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto, São José do Rio Preto, Brazil
| | - Loraine Campanati
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Marcelo T. Bozza
- Departamento de Imunologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Heitor A. Paula Neto
- Laboratório de Alvos Moleculares, Departamento de Biotecnologia Farmacêutica, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Pimentel-Coelho
- Instituto de Biofísica Carlos Chagas Filho, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Claudia P. Figueiredo
- Núcleo de Neurociências da Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renato S. de Aguiar
- Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luciana B. de Arruda
- Departamento de Virologia, Instituto de Microbiologia Paulo de Góes, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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14
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Daniels BP, Snyder AG, Olsen TM, Orozco S, Oguin TH, Tait SWG, Martinez J, Gale M, Loo YM, Oberst A. RIPK3 Restricts Viral Pathogenesis via Cell Death-Independent Neuroinflammation. Cell 2017; 169:301-313.e11. [PMID: 28366204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Revised: 01/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinase-3 (RIPK3) is an activator of necroptotic cell death, but recent work has implicated additional roles for RIPK3 in inflammatory signaling independent of cell death. However, while necroptosis has been shown to contribute to antiviral immunity, death-independent roles for RIPK3 in host defense have not been demonstrated. Using a mouse model of West Nile virus (WNV) encephalitis, we show that RIPK3 restricts WNV pathogenesis independently of cell death. Ripk3-/- mice exhibited enhanced mortality compared to wild-type (WT) controls, while mice lacking the necroptotic effector MLKL, or both MLKL and caspase-8, were unaffected. The enhanced susceptibility of Ripk3-/- mice arose from suppressed neuronal chemokine expression and decreased central nervous system (CNS) recruitment of T lymphocytes and inflammatory myeloid cells, while peripheral immunity remained intact. These data identify pleiotropic functions for RIPK3 in the restriction of viral pathogenesis and implicate RIPK3 as a key coordinator of immune responses within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Daniels
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Annelise G Snyder
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Tayla M Olsen
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Susana Orozco
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Thomas H Oguin
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Stephen W G Tait
- Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jennifer Martinez
- Immunity, Inflammation, and Disease Laboratory, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Michael Gale
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Yueh-Ming Loo
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Andrew Oberst
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA; Center for Innate Immunity and Immune Disease, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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15
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Daniels BP, Jujjavarapu H, Durrant DM, Williams JL, Green RR, White JP, Lazear HM, Gale M, Diamond MS, Klein RS. Regional astrocyte IFN signaling restricts pathogenesis during neurotropic viral infection. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:843-856. [PMID: 28134626 DOI: 10.1172/jci88720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Type I IFNs promote cellular responses to viruses, and IFN receptor (IFNAR) signaling regulates the responses of endothelial cells of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) during neurotropic viral infection. However, the role of astrocytes in innate immune responses of the BBB during viral infection of the CNS remains to be fully elucidated. Here, we have demonstrated that type I IFNAR signaling in astrocytes regulates BBB permeability and protects the cerebellum from infection and immunopathology. Mice with astrocyte-specific loss of IFNAR signaling showed decreased survival after West Nile virus infection. Accelerated mortality was not due to expanded viral tropism or increased replication. Rather, viral entry increased specifically in the hindbrain of IFNAR-deficient mice, suggesting that IFNAR signaling critically regulates BBB permeability in this brain region. Pattern recognition receptors and IFN-stimulated genes had higher basal and IFN-induced expression in human and mouse cerebellar astrocytes than did cerebral cortical astrocytes, suggesting that IFNAR signaling has brain region-specific roles in CNS immune responses. Taken together, our data identify cerebellar astrocytes as key responders to viral infection and highlight the existence of distinct innate immune programs in astrocytes from evolutionarily disparate regions of the CNS.
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16
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Sun L, Wang X, Zhou Y, Zhou RH, Ho WZ, Li JL. Exosomes contribute to the transmission of anti-HIV activity from TLR3-activated brain microvascular endothelial cells to macrophages. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:167-171. [PMID: 27496004 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMECs), the major cell type in the blood-brain barrier (BBB), play a key role in maintaining brain homeostasis. However, their role in the BBB innate immunity against HIV invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) remains to be determined. Our early work showed that TLR3 signaling of HBMECs could produce the antiviral factors that inhibit HIV replication in macrophages. The present study examined whether exosomes from TLR3-activated HBMECs mediate the intercellular transfer of antiviral factors to macrophages. Primary human macrophages could take up exosomes from TLR3-activated HBMECs. HBMECs-derived exosomes contained multiple antiviral factors, including several key IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs; ISG15, ISG56, and Mx2) at mRNA and protein levels. The depletion of exosomes from TLR3-activated HBMECs culture supernatant diminished HBMECs-mediated anti-HIV activity in macrophages. In conclusion, we demonstrate that exosomes shed by HBMECs are able to transport the antiviral molecules to macrophages. This finding suggests the possibility that HIV nonpermissive BBB cells (HBMECs) can help to restore the antiviral state in HIV-infected macrophages, which may be a defense mechanism against HIV neuroinvasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Xu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Run-Hong Zhou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Wen-Zhe Ho
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Jie-Liang Li
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Temple University, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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17
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Hou J, Baker LA, Zhou L, Klein RS. Viral interactions with the blood-brain barrier: old dog, new tricks. Tissue Barriers 2016; 4:e1142492. [PMID: 27141421 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1142492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain endothelial cells form a unique cellular structure known as the tight junction to regulate the exchanges between the blood and the parenchyma by limiting the paracellular diffusion of blood-borne substance. Together with the restricted pathway of transcytosis, the tight junction in the brain endothelial cells provides the central nervous system (CNS) with effective protection against both the foreign pathogens and the host immune cells, which is also termed the "blood-brain barrier." The blood-brain barrier is particularly important for defending against neurotropic viral infections that have become a major source of diseases worldwide. Many neurotropic viruses are able to cross the BBB and infect the CNS through very poorly understood processes. This review focuses upon the structural and functional changes of the brain endothelial tight junction in response to viral infections in the CNS and how the tight junction changes may be studied with advanced imaging and recording approaches to reveal novel processes used by the viruses to cross the barrier system. Additional emphasis is placed upon new countermeasures that can act directly upon the tight junction to improve the pathogen clearance and minimize the inflammatory damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianghui Hou
- Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA; Center for Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University ; Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Lushan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry; Indiana University ; Bloomington, IN USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA; Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA; Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis; St. Louis, MO USA
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18
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Infiltration Pattern of Blood Monocytes into the Central Nervous System during Experimental Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145773. [PMID: 26700486 PMCID: PMC4689369 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics and distribution of infiltrating blood monocytes into the central nervous system and their involvement in the cerebral immune response together with resident macrophages, namely microglia, were evaluated in experimental herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE). To distinguish microglia from blood monocyte-derived macrophages, chimeras were generated by conditioning C57BL/6 recipient mice with chemotherapy regimen followed by transplantation of bone morrow-derived cells that expressed the green fluorescent protein. Mice were infected intranasally with a sub-lethal dose of HSV-1 (1.2x106 plaque forming units). Brains were harvested prior to and on days 4, 6, 8 and 10 post-infection for flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry analysis. The amounts of neutrophils (P<0.05) and «Ly6Chi» inflammatory monocytes (P<0.001) significantly increased in the CNS compared to non-infected controls on day 6 post-infection, which corresponded to more severe clinical signs of HSE. Levels decreased on day 8 for both leukocytes subpopulations (P<0.05 for inflammatory monocytes compared to non-infected controls) to reach baseline levels on day 10 following infection. The percentage of «Ly6Clow» patrolling monocytes significantly increased (P<0.01) at a later time point (day 8), which correlated with the resolution phase of HSE. Histological analysis demonstrated that blood leukocytes colonized mostly the olfactory bulb and the brainstem, which corresponded to regions where HSV-1 particles were detected. Furthermore, infiltrating cells from the monocytic lineage could differentiate into activated local tissue macrophages that express the microglia marker, ionized calcium-binding adaptor molecule 1. The lack of albumin detection in the brain parenchyma of infected mice showed that the infiltration of blood leukocytes was not necessarily related to a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier but could be the result of a functional recruitment. Thus, our findings suggest that blood monocyte-derived macrophages infiltrate the central nervous system and may contribute, with resident microglia, to the innate immune response seen during experimental HSE.
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19
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Daniels BP, Klein RS. Knocking on Closed Doors: Host Interferons Dynamically Regulate Blood-Brain Barrier Function during Viral Infections of the Central Nervous System. PLoS Pathog 2015; 11:e1005096. [PMID: 26379171 PMCID: PMC4574746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brian P Daniels
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America; Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
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