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Krappmann D, Hirsch A. Synthesis, Characterization and Interconversion of p-Tolylsulfone-Functionalized Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Couples. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401391. [PMID: 38984830 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of library of new 2,3-disubstituted norbornadiene/quadricyclane couples. For the first time, the para-tolylsulfone moiety was employed as electron-withdrawing substituent in combination with a variety of different electron donors as counterparts. Comprehensive characterization was conducted for every interconversion couple. By comparison with structurally related molecules published before we established the tosyl moiety as suitable alternative to previously investigated ester functionalities by providing similar photophysical properties. The photo-induced interconversion behavior was investigated via UV/Vis- and NMR-spectroscopy. The UV/Vis experiments were carried out exclusively in acetonitrile, whereas several solvents were investigated in the NMR studies. A detailed description and comparison of the isomerization behavior is provided, while examining relevant optical properties like λmax and λonset. Thereby, an enhanced red-shift up to λmax=394 nm combined with an λonset value of 469 nm could be generated which is necessary for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krappmann
- Department Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Hemauer F, Steinrück HP, Papp C. The Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Pair as Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System: Surface Science Investigations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300806. [PMID: 38375756 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
For the transition to renewable energy sources, novel energy storage materials are more important than ever. This review addresses so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which appear very promising since they combine light harvesting and energy storing in one-photon one-molecule processes. The focus is on norbornadiene (NBD), a particularly interesting candidate, which is converted to the strained valence isomer quadricyclane (QC) upon irradiation. The stored energy can be released on demand. The energy-releasing cycloreversion from QC to NBD can be initiated by a thermal, catalytic, or electrochemical trigger. The reversibility of the energy storage and release cycles determines the general practicality of a MOST system. In the search for derivatives, which enable large-scale applications, fundamental surface science studies help to assess the feasibility of potential substituted NBD/QC couples. We include investigations under well-defined ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions as well as experiments in liquid phase. Next to the influence of the catalytically active surfaces on the isomerization between the two valence isomers, information on adsorption geometries, thermal stability limits, and reaction pathways of the respective molecules are discussed. Moreover, laboratory-scaled test devices demonstrate the proof of concept in various areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Gimenez-Gomez A, Rollins B, Steele A, Hölzel H, Baggi N, Moth-Poulsen K, Funes-Ardoiz I, Sampedro D. Unveiling the Potential of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Molecular Solar Thermal Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303230. [PMID: 37947164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy utilization has gained considerable attention due to its abundance and renewability. However, its intermittent nature presents a challenge in harnessing its full potential. The development of energy storing compounds capable of capturing and releasing solar energy on demand has emerged as a potential solution. These compounds undergo a photochemical transformation that results in a high-energy metastable photoisomer, which stores solar energy in the form of chemical bonds and can release it as heat when required. Such systems are referred to as MOlecular Solar Thermal (MOST)-systems. Although the photoisomerization of MOST systems has been vastly studied, its back-conversion, particularly using heterogeneous catalysts, is still underexplored and the development of effective catalysts for releasing stored energy is crucial. Herein we compare the performance of 27 heterogeneous catalysts releasing the stored energy in an efficient Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane (NBD/QC) MOST system. We report the first benchmarking of heterogeneous catalysts for a MOST system using a robust comparison method of the catalysts' activity and monitoring the conversion using UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Our findings provide insights into the development of effective catalysts for MOST systems. We anticipate that our assay will reveal the necessity of further investigation on heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gimenez-Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Benjamin Rollins
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Andrew Steele
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolò Baggi
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
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4
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Zika W, Leng A, Weiß R, Pintér S, Schüßlbauer CM, Clark T, Hirsch A, Guldi DM. Driving the quadricyclane-to-norbornadiene isomerization by charge separation with perylenediimide as electron acceptor. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11096-11104. [PMID: 37860652 PMCID: PMC10583742 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03679k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Through comprehensive photo-assays, this study investigates the reaction coordinate governing the interconversion between quadricyclane (QC) and norbornadiene (NBD) upon photo-irradiation up to a wavelength of 550 nm. To harness this spectroscopic range for energy release, we link the NBD-core with a highly electron-accepting perylenediimide (PDI) with broad absorption, achieving strong electronic coupling between them. We detail the successful synthesis and present extensive DFT calculations to determine the amount of stored energy. By means of transient absorption spectroscopy, an oxidative electron transfer is observed during the QC-to-NBD isomerization following the initial PDI photoexcitation. This charge-separated state is key to triggering the back-isomerization with visible light excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Zika
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Leng
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - René Weiß
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Simone Pintér
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christoph M Schüßlbauer
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Computer Chemistry Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Nägelsbachstraße 25 91052 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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5
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Hemauer F, Krappmann D, Schwaab V, Hussain Z, Freiberger EM, Waleska-Wellnhofer NJ, Franz E, Hampel F, Brummel O, Libuda J, Hirsch A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface science and liquid phase investigations of oxanorbornadiene/oxaquadricyclane ester derivatives as molecular solar thermal energy storage systems on Pt(111). J Chem Phys 2023; 159:074703. [PMID: 37602805 DOI: 10.1063/5.0158124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The transition to renewable energy sources comes along with the search for new energy storage solutions. Molecular solar thermal systems directly harvest and store solar energy in a chemical manner. By a suitable molecular design, a higher overall efficiency can be achieved. In this study, we investigate the surface chemistry of oxa-norbornadiene/quadricyclane derivatives on a Pt(111) surface. Specifically, we focus on the energy storage and release properties of molecules that are substituted with ester moieties of different sizes. For our model catalytic approach, synchrotron radiation-based x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements were conducted in ultra-high vacuum (UHV) and correlated with the catalytic behavior in the liquid phase monitored by photochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy. The differences in their spectral appearance enabled us to unambiguously differentiate the energy-lean and energy-rich isomers and decomposition products. Next to qualitative information on the adsorption motifs, temperature-programmed experiments allowed for the observation of thermally induced reactions and the deduction of the related reaction pathways. We analyzed the selectivity of the cycloreversion reaction from the energy-rich quadricyclane derivative to its energy-lean norbornadiene isomer and competing processes, such as desorption and decomposition. For the 2,3-bis(methylester)-substitution, the cycloreversion reaction was found to occur between 310 and 340 K, while the thermal stability limit of the compounds was determined to be 380 K. The larger 2,3-bis(benzylester) derivatives have a lower apparent adsorption energy and a decomposition onset already at 135 K. In the liquid phase (in acetonitrile), we determined the rate constants for the cycloreversion reaction on Pt(111) to k = 5.3 × 10-4 s-1 for the 2,3-bis(methylester)-substitution and k = 6.3 × 10-4 s-1 for the 2,3-bis(benzylester) derivative. The selectivities were of >99% and 98% for the two molecules, respectively. The difference in the catalytic behavior of Pt(111) for both derivatives is less pronounced in the liquid phase than in UHV, which we attribute to the passivation of the Pt(111) surface by carbonaceous species under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Valentin Schwaab
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Zarah Hussain
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Marie Freiberger
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Natalie J Waleska-Wellnhofer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evanie Franz
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Frank Hampel
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Katalytische Grenzflächenforschung, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 10, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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6
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Merino-Robledillo C, Marazzi M. Taking up the quest for novel molecular solar thermal systems: Pros and cons of storing energy with cubane and cubadiene. Front Chem 2023; 11:1171848. [PMID: 37123877 PMCID: PMC10130657 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1171848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems are working their way as a possible technology to store solar light and release it when necessary. Such systems could, in principle, constitute a solution to the energy storage problem characteristic of solar cells and are conceived, at a first instance, as simple molecular photoswitches. Nevertheless, the optimization of their different required properties is presently limiting their technological scale up. From the chemical perspective, we need to design a novel MOST system based on unconventional photoswitches. Here, by applying multi-configurational quantum chemistry methods, we unravel the potentialities of ad hoc-designed molecular photoswitches, which aim to photoproduce cubane or cubadiene as high-energy isomers that can be thermally (or eventually catalytically) reverted to the initial structure, releasing their stored energy. Specifically, while cubane can be photoproduced via different paths depending on the reactant tricycle diene conformation, an undesired bicyclic by-product limits its application to MOST systems. An evolution of this starting design toward cubadiene formation is therefore proposed, avoiding conformational equilibria and by-products, considerably red shifting the absorption to reach the visible portion of the solar spectrum and maintaining an estimated storage density that is expected to overcome the current MOST reference system (norbornadiene/quadricyclane), although consistently increasing the photoisomerization energy barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Merino-Robledillo
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá, Instituto de Investigación Química ‘‘Andrés M. del Río’’ (IQAR), Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Marco Marazzi,
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7
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Franz E, Krappmann D, Fromm L, Luchs T, Görling A, Hirsch A, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrocatalytic Energy Release of Norbornadiene-Based Molecular Solar Thermal Systems: Tuning the Electrochemical Stability by Molecular Design. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201483. [PMID: 36213958 PMCID: PMC10099746 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, such as the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in a simple one-photon one-molecule process. Triggering the energy release electrochemically enables high control of the process, high selectivity, and reversibility. In this work, the influence of the molecular design of the MOST couple on the electrochemically triggered back-conversion reaction was addressed for the first time. The MOST systems phenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD1/QC1) and p-methoxyphenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD2/QC2) were investigated by in-situ photoelectrochemical infrared spectroscopy, voltammetry, and density functional theory modelling. For QC1, partial decomposition (40 %) was observed upon back-conversion and along with a voltammetric peak at 0.6 Vfc , which was assigned primarily to decomposition. The back-conversion of QC2, however, occurred without detectable side products, and the corresponding peak at 0.45 Vfc was weaker by a factor of 10. It was concluded that the electrochemical stability of a NBD/QC couple is easy tunable by simple structural changes. Furthermore, the charge input and, therefore, the current for the electrochemically triggered energy release is very low, which ensures a high overall efficiency of the MOST system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Luchs
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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8
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Franz E, Stumm C, Waidhas F, Bertram M, Jevric M, Orrego-Hernández J, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Tunable Energy Release in a Reversible Molecular Solar Thermal System. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Corinna Stumm
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | | | - Helen Hölzel
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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9
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Leng A, Weiß C, Straßner N, Hirsch A. Reversible Photoinduced Conversion of Unprecedented Norbornadiene-Based Photoswitches with Redox-Active Naphthalene Diimide Functionalities. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201446. [PMID: 35776126 PMCID: PMC9796843 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
An unprecedented compound class of functional organic hybrids consisting of a photoswitchable norbornadiene building block and a redoxactive chromophore, namely naphthalene diimide, were designed and synthesized. Within these structures the capability of rylene chromophores to function as a redox active catalyst upon their photoexcitation was utilized to initiate the oxidative back-conversion of the in situ formed quadricyclane unit to its norbornadiene analogue. In this way successive photoexcitation at two different wavelengths enabled a controlled photoswitching between the two isomerical states of the hybrids. Beyond this prove of concept, the dependency of the reaction rate to the intramolecular distance of the two functional molecular building blocks as well as the concentration of the photoexcited sample was monitored. The experimental findings and interpretations were furthermore supported by quantum chemical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Leng
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Cornelius Weiß
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Nina Straßner
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Str. 1091058ErlangenGermany
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10
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Franz E, Kunz A, Oberhof N, Heindl AH, Bertram M, Fusek L, Taccardi N, Wasserscheid P, Dreuw A, Wegner HA, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrochemically Triggered Energy Release from an Azothiophene-Based Molecular Solar Thermal System. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200958. [PMID: 35762102 PMCID: PMC9796447 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in simple one-photon one-molecule processes. Here, we address the electrochemically triggered energy release from an azothiophene-based MOST system by photoelectrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PEC-IRRAS) and density functional theory (DFT). Specifically, the electrochemically triggered back-reaction from the energy rich (Z)-3-cyanophenylazothiophene to its energy lean (E)-isomer using highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) as the working electrode was studied. Theory predicts that two reaction channels are accessible, an oxidative one (hole-catalyzed) and a reductive one (electron-catalyzed). Experimentally it was found that the photo-isomer decomposes during hole-catalyzed energy release. Electrochemically triggered back-conversion was possible, however, through the electron-catalyzed reaction channel. The reaction rate could be tuned by the electrode potential within two orders of magnitude. It was shown that the MOST system withstands 100 conversion cycles without detectable decomposition of the photoswitch. After 100 cycles, the photochemical conversion was still quantitative and the electrochemically triggered back-reaction reached 94 % of the original conversion level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Anne Kunz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Nils Oberhof
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 205 A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas H. Heindl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lukas Fusek
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Nicola Taccardi
- Institute of Chemical Reaction EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Peter Wasserscheid
- Institute of Chemical Reaction EngineeringFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
- Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHHelmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable EnergyEgerlandstraße 3D-91058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific ComputingUniversität HeidelbergIm Neuenheimer Feld 205 A69120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryJustus-Liebig-UniversitätHeinrich-Buff-Ring 1735392GiessenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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11
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Urgoitia G, Herrero MT, SanMartin R. Metal-Catalyzed, Photo-Assisted Selective Transformation of Tertiary Alkylbenzenes and Polystyrenes into Carbonyl Compounds. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202200940. [PMID: 35713591 PMCID: PMC9544855 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202200940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Every year, thousands of tons of polystyrene are produced and discarded, filling landfills and polluting the marine environment. Although several degradation alternatives have been proposed, the need for an effective procedure for the chemical recycling of polystyrene still remains. Here, a vanadium-catalyzed reaction, assisted by visible light, promoted the direct, selective conversion of tertiary alkylbenzenes into acetophenone and other ketone derivatives. Likewise, standard polystyrene samples as well as polystyrenes from insulation and packaging waste could be chemically recycled into acetophenone in a scalable way regardless of their molecular weight, polydispersity, or form. Preliminary mechanistic investigations revealed the participation of singlet oxygen, superoxide, and hydroxyl radical species in this homogenously catalyzed process. Acetophenone could be used as an additive to accelerate the reaction and to increase the yields in some cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garazi Urgoitia
- Department of Organic and Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Sarriena auzoa, z/g.48940LeioaSpain
| | - María Teresa Herrero
- Department of Organic and Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Sarriena auzoa, z/g.48940LeioaSpain
| | - Raul SanMartin
- Department of Organic and Inorganic ChemistryFaculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU)Sarriena auzoa, z/g.48940LeioaSpain
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12
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Schøttler C, Vegge SK, Cacciarini M, Nielsen MB. Long‐Term Energy Storage Systems Based on the Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photo‐/Thermo‐switch. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- University of Copenhagen Department of Chemistry Universitetsparken 5 DK-2100 Copenhagen DENMARK
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13
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Kjeldal FØ, Høyer NM, Mikkelsen KV. Optimization of the thermochemical properties of the norbornadiene/quadricyclane photochromic couple for solar energy storage using nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5506-5521. [PMID: 35171973 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00226d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an investigation concerning the prospects of using nanoparticles to improve solar energy storage properties of three different norbornadiene/quadricyclane derivatives. Computationally, we study how different nanoparticles influence the properties of the systems that relate to the storage of solar energy, namely, the storage energy and the back reaction barrier. Our approach employs hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical calculations in which the molecular systems are described using density functional theory while the nanoparticles are described using molecular mechanics. The interactions between the two subsystems are determined using polarization dynamics. The results show that the influence of the nanoparticles on the thermochemical properties largely depends on the type of nanoparticle used, the relative orientation with respect to the nanoparticle, and the distance between the the nanoparticle and the molecular system. Additionally, we find indications that copper and/or titanium dioxide nanoparticles can lower the energy barrier of the back reaction for all of the studied systems without significantly lowering the storage capability of the systems. Consequently, the study shows that nanoparticles can potentially be employed in the optimization of molecular photoswitches towards solar energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Frederik Ørsted Kjeldal
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Nicolai Machholdt Høyer
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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14
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Kjeldsen ILH, Høvring JF, von Buchwald TJ, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV. The effects of solvation on the back reaction and storage capabilities of solar thermal energy storage systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:5564-5577. [PMID: 35174838 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00401a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Solvent effects on molecular solar thermal energy storage systems have been investigated using density functional theory combined with solvent models describing the effects of viscosities and dielectric constants on chemical reaction rates. We have addressed the following issues concerning how solvents influence both the thermochemical properties and the thermal relaxation kinetics of the studied systems, how the friction of the solvent influences the recrossing of the reactions along with the dynamics and force constants of the transition state. We observe that the rate constants for the chemical reactions of the molecular solar thermal energy storage systems depend strongly on the dielectric solvent properties and the viscosities of the solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Lützen Hoff Kjeldsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Julie Franck Høvring
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Theo Juncker von Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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15
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Alex W, Lorenz P, Henkel C, Clark T, Hirsch A, Guldi DM. Solar Energy Storage: Competition between Delocalized Charge Transfer and Localized Excited States in the Norbornadiene to Quadricyclane Photoisomerization. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:153-162. [PMID: 34958548 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We describe for the first time the full reaction coordinate regarding the photoisomerization of red-absorbing norbornadienes (NBDs) to quadricyclanes (QCs). Our studies go beyond steady-state investigations by using an arsenal of time-resolved techniques. Importantly, the red absorption of NBDs is made possible by a different charge-transfer character; adjusting its strength enables control over the photoreversibility of the rearrangement. In the case of strong charge-transfer character (a weakly electron-withdrawing ester and a strongly electron-donating dimethylaniline), photoirradiation with visible light into the delocalized charge-transfer absorption of NBD affords QC reversibly. In stark contrast, UV photoirradiation into the NBD localized excited state leads to a photoinduced degradation and cannot be back-isomerized to NBD under any circumstances. If the charge-transfer character is weak (a weakly electron-withdrawing ester and a weakly electron-donating phenyl), reversibility is seen independently of the photoirradiation light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Alex
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Patrick Lorenz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Christian Henkel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Timothy Clark
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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16
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Ali M, Kataev E, Müller J, Park H, Halik M, Hirsch A. Host-Guest Systems on the Surface of Functionalized Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) Utilizing Hamilton Receptors and Cyanurate Derivative Molecules. Chemistry 2021; 27:16429-16439. [PMID: 34651355 PMCID: PMC9297977 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The study of hydrogen bonding interactions at the level of functionalized nanoparticles remains highly challenging and poorly explored area. In this work, superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) were orthogonally functionalized using receptors bearing multiple hydrogen bonding motifs. Pristine SPIONs were modified by wet chemical processes with Hamilton receptors (hosts), or cyanurate‐guest molecules linked to phosphonic acid moieties for monolayer functionalization. The modified surfaces were fully characterized and the number of attached ligands on the surface were determined. The host‐guest interactions on the interface of modified SPIONs were investigated by using UV‐Vis spectroscopic titrations. Functionalized SPIONs demonstrated two to three magnitudes stronger binding affinities as compared to the related molecular interactions in solution due to synergistic effects on complex surface environment. Higher supramolecular binding ratios of host‐guest interactions on the modified surface were emerged. These studies provide fundamental insights into supramolecular complexations on the surface at solid‐liquid interface systems with applications in engineered nanomaterials, nano‐sensing devices, and drug delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Evgeny Kataev
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Müller
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hyoungwon Park
- Organic Materials and Devices Department of Materials Science Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marcus Halik
- Organic Materials and Devices Department of Materials Science Interdisciplinary Center for Nanostructured Films (IZNF), Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Cauerstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmacy Chair of Organic Chemistry II, Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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17
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Greenfield JL, Gerkman MA, Gibson RSL, Han GGD, Fuchter MJ. Efficient Electrocatalytic Switching of Azoheteroarenes in the Condensed Phases. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15250-15257. [PMID: 34519491 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c06359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Azo-based photoswitches have shown promise as molecular solar-thermal (MOST) materials due to their ability to store energy in their metastable Z isomeric form. The energy is then released, in the form of heat, upon photoisomerization to the thermodynamically stable E form. However, obtaining a high energy density and recovering the stored energy with high efficiency requires the materials to be employed in the condensed phase and display a high degree of Z to E switching, both of which are challenging to engineer. Here, we show that arylazopyrazole motifs undergo efficient redox-induced Z to E switching in both the solution and the condensed phase to a higher completeness of switching than achieved photochemically. This redox-initiated pathway lowers the barrier of Z to E isomerization by 27 kJ/mol, while in the condensed phase, the efficiency of electrochemical switching is improved by over an order of magnitude relative to that in the solution state. The influence of the photoswitch's phase, electrical conductivity, and viscosity on the electrochemical switching in the condensed phase is reported, culminating in a set of design rules to facilitate further investigations. We anticipate the use of an alternative stimulus to light will facilitate the application of MOST materials in situations where phototriggered heat release is unachievable or inefficient, e.g., indoor or at night. Furthermore, exploiting the electrocatalytic mechanism, whereby a catalytic amount of charge triggers Z to E switching via a redox process, bypasses the need for fine tuning of the photoswitching chromophore to achieve complete Z to E switching, thus providing an alternative approach to photoswitch molecular design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake L Greenfield
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Mihael A Gerkman
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Rosina S L Gibson
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02453, United States
| | - Matthew J Fuchter
- Molecular Sciences Research Hub, Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, London W12 0BZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Hirsch A, Lorenz P, Wullschläger F, Rüter A, Meyer B. Tunable Photoswitching in Norbornadiene (NBD)/Quadricyclane (QC) - Fullerene Hybrids. Chemistry 2021; 27:14501-14507. [PMID: 34328641 PMCID: PMC8596871 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202102109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
With respect to molecular switches, initializing the quadricyclane (QC) to norbornadiene (NBD) back‐reaction by light is highly desirable. Our previous publication provided a unique solution for this purpose by utilizing covalently bound C60. In this work, the fundamental processes within these hybrids has been investigated. Variation of the linker unit connecting the NBD/QC moiety with the fullerene core is used as a tool to tune the properties of the resulting hybrids. Utilizing the Prato reaction, two unprecedented NBD/QC – fullerene hybrids having a long‐rigid and a short‐rigid linker were synthesized. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that this results in an average QC–C60 distance of up to 14.2 Å. By comparing the NBD–QC switching of these derivatives with the already established one having a flexible linker, valuable mechanistic insights were gained. Most importantly, spatial convergence of the QC moiety and the fullerene core is inevitable for an efficient back‐reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hirsch
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, GERMANY
| | - Patrick Lorenz
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Florian Wullschläger
- Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Antonia Rüter
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Chemistry, GERMANY
| | - Bernd Meyer
- Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen Nuremberg: Friedrich-Alexander-Universitat Erlangen-Nurnberg, Chemistry, GERMANY
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19
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Johansen MB, Mikkelsen KV. Promoting the thermal back reaction of vinylheptafulvene to dihydroazulene by physisorbtion on nanoparticles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12889-12899. [PMID: 34075905 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02893b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effects of nanoparticles on molecular solar thermal energy storage systems and how one can tune chemical reactivities of a molecular photo- and thermoswitch by changing the nanoparticles. We have selected the dihydroazulene/vinylheptafulvene system to illustrate the effects of the nanoparticles on the chemical reactivities of the molecular photo- and thermoswitch. We have utilized the following nanoparticles: a TiO2 nanoparticle along with nanoparticles of gold, silver and copper. We calculate the rate constants for the release of the thermal energy utilizing a QM/MM method coupled to a transition state method. The molecular systems are described by density functional theory whereas the nanoparticles are given by molecular mechanics including electrostatic and polarization dynamics. In order to investigate whether the significant stabilization of the transitions state provided by the nanoparticles is general to the DHA/VHF system, we calculated the transition state rate constant of the parent- and 3-amino-substituted-DHA/VHF systems at 298.15 K in the four different orientations and at the three different separations. We observe that the transition state rate constant of the parent system is only increased as the cyano groups are oriented towards the nanoparticle while the presence of the nanoparticle actually impedes the reactions using the three other orientations. On the other hand, for the substituted system the nanoparticle generally leads to a significant increase in the rate of the reaction. We find that the nanoparticles can have a substantial effect on the calculated rate constants. We observe, depending on the nanoparticle and the molecular orientation, increases of the rate constants by a factor of 106. This illustrates the prospects of utilizing nanoparticles for controlling the release of the stored thermal energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
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20
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Luchs T, Zieleniewska A, Kunzmann A, Schol PR, Guldi DM, Hirsch A. Non-Covalent Postfunctionalization of Dye Layers on TiO 2 - A Tool for Enhancing Injection in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chemistry 2021; 27:5041-5050. [PMID: 33428285 PMCID: PMC7986074 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We report on newly tailored dye layers, which were employed, on one hand, for covalent deposition and, on the other hand, for non-covalently post-functionalizing TiO2 nanoparticle films. Our functionalization concept enabled intermixing a stable covalent attachment of a first layer with a highly versatile and reversible hydrogen bonding through the Hamilton receptor-cyanuric acid binding motif as a second layer. Following this concept, we integrated step-by-step a first porphyrin layer and a second porphyrin/BODIPY layer. The individual building blocks and their corresponding combinations were probed with regard to their photophysical properties, and the most promising combinations were implemented in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Relative to the first porphyrin layer adding the second porphyrin/BODIPY layers increased the overall DSSC efficiency by up to 43 %.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Luchs
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIDepartment of Chemistry & PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Anna Zieleniewska
- Chair of Physical Chemistry IDepartment of Chemistry & PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität ErlangenEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Kunzmann
- Chair of Physical Chemistry IDepartment of Chemistry & PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität ErlangenEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Peter R. Schol
- Chair of Physical Chemistry IDepartment of Chemistry & PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität ErlangenEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Chair of Physical Chemistry IDepartment of Chemistry & PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität ErlangenEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIDepartment of Chemistry & PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
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21
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Lorenz P, Luchs T, Hirsch A. Molecular Solar Thermal Batteries through Combination of Magnetic Nanoparticle Catalysts and Tailored Norbornadiene Photoswitches. Chemistry 2021; 27:4993-5002. [PMID: 33449419 PMCID: PMC7986914 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202005427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt catalysts are immobilized on the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles for the preparation of highly active quasi-homogeneous catalysts toward an efficient release of photochemically stored energy in norbornadiene-based photoswitches. The facile separation of the iron oxide nanoparticles through exploitation of the intrinsic magnetic properties of this material enables efficient cyclization of energy storage and release. Through the transition from cobalt (II) salphen to cobalt porphyrins, a 22.6-fold increase in the catalytic efficiency of the QC-NBD back-conversion is achieved, with an initial TOF of up to 3.64 s-1 and excellent TON of over 3305. In addition, a series of novel "push-pull" functionalized norbornadiene derivatives is prepared, featuring excellent absorption properties with maxima up to 366 nm, quantum yields around 70 %, high energy storage capacities of up to 98.0 kJ mol-1 , and outstanding thermal stability with t1/2 (25 °C) over 100 days. Finally, the energy storage potential of these molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems is harnessed in a heat release experiment. This demonstrates the potential of norbornadiene-based photoswitches in combination with efficient magnetic catalysts for the generation of environmentally benign process heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Lorenz
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of Organic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Luchs
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of Organic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry and PharmacyInstitute of Organic ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Strasse 1091058ErlangenGermany
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22
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Stiegler LMS, Luchs T, Hirsch A. Shell-by-Shell Functionalization of Inorganic Nanoparticles. Chemistry 2020; 26:8483-8498. [PMID: 32167598 PMCID: PMC7687223 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The current state of the hierarchical chemical functionalization of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs) by shell-by-shell (SbS)-assembly of organic layers around the NP cores is summarized. This supramolecular functionalization concept is based on two steps: 1) the covalent grafting of a first ligand-shell consisting of, for example, long chain phosphonic acids and 2) the noncovalent interdigitation of amphiphiles forming the second ligand shell. The latter process is guaranteed predominantly by solvophobic interactions. These highly order organic-inorganic hybrid architectures are currently an emerging field at the interface of synthetic chemistry, nanotechnology, and materials science. The doubly functionalized NPs display tunable materials properties, such a controlled dispersibility and stability in various solvents, highly efficient trapping of guest molecules in between the ligand shells (water cleaning) as well as compartmentalization and modification of electronic interactions between photoactive components integrated in such complex nano-architectures. Such SbS-functionalized NPs have a high potential as water-cleaning materials and also some first prototype applications as biomedicinal therapeutics have been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa M. S. Stiegler
- Department of Chemistry & PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Luchs
- Department of Chemistry & PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department of Chemistry & PharmacyFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
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23
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Bertram M, Waidhas F, Jevric M, Fromm L, Schuschke C, Kastenmeier M, Görling A, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Norbornadiene photoswitches anchored to well-defined oxide surfaces: From ultrahigh vacuum into the liquid and the electrochemical environment. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044708. [PMID: 32007072 DOI: 10.1063/1.5137897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing molecular photoswitches, we can combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in an extremely simple single molecule system. In order to release the stored energy as electricity, the photoswitch has to interact with a semiconducting electrode surface. In this work, we explore a solar-energy-storing model system, consisting of a molecular photoswitch anchored to an atomically defined oxide surface in a liquid electrolyte and under potential control. Previously, this model system has been proven to be operational under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. We used the tailor-made norbornadiene derivative 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)norbornadiene (CNBD) and characterized its photochemical and electrochemical properties in an organic electrolyte. Next, we assembled a monolayer of CNBD on a well-ordered Co3O4(111) surface by physical vapor deposition in UHV. This model interface was then transferred into the liquid electrolyte and investigated by photoelectrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy experiments. We demonstrate that the anchored monolayer of CNBD can be converted photochemically to its energy-rich counterpart 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)quadricyclane (CQC) under potential control. However, the reconversion potential of anchored CQC overlaps with the oxidation and decomposition potential of CNBD, which limits the electrochemically triggered reconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schuschke
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kastenmeier
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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