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Rajoub N, Gerard CJJ, Pantuso E, Fontananova E, Caliandro R, Belviso BD, Curcio E, Nicoletta FP, Pullen J, Chen W, Heng JYY, Ruane S, Liddell J, Alvey N, Ter Horst JH, Di Profio G. A workflow for the development of template-assisted membrane crystallization downstream processing for monoclonal antibody purification. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:2998-3049. [PMID: 37697106 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00869-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are commonly used biologic drugs for the treatment of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, COVID-19 and various cancers. They are produced in Chinese hamster ovary cell lines and are purified via a number of complex and expensive chromatography-based steps, operated in batch mode, that rely heavily on protein A resin. The major drawback of conventional procedures is the high cost of the adsorption media and the extensive use of chemicals for the regeneration of the chromatographic columns, with an environmental cost. We have shown that conventional protein A chromatography can be replaced with a single crystallization step and gram-scale production can be achieved in continuous flow using the template-assisted membrane crystallization process. The templates are embedded in a membrane (e.g., porous polyvinylidene fluoride with a layer of polymerized polyvinyl alcohol) and serve as nucleants for crystallization. mAbs are flexible proteins that are difficult to crystallize, so it can be challenging to determine the optimal conditions for crystallization. The objective of this protocol is to establish a systematic and flexible approach for the design of a robust, economic and sustainable mAb purification platform to replace at least the protein A affinity stage in traditional chromatography-based purification platforms. The procedure provides details on how to establish the optimal parameters for separation (crystallization conditions, choice of templates, choice of membrane) and advice on analytical and characterization methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazer Rajoub
- CMAC Future Manufacturing Research Hub, c/o Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Charline J J Gerard
- CMAC Future Manufacturing Research Hub, c/o Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Elvira Pantuso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Tecnologia delle Membrane (ITM), Rende, Italy
| | - Enrica Fontananova
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Tecnologia delle Membrane (ITM), Rende, Italy
| | - Rocco Caliandro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Cristallografia (IC), Bari, Italy
| | - Benny D Belviso
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto di Cristallografia (IC), Bari, Italy
| | - Efrem Curcio
- Department of Environmental Engineering, University of Calabria, Rende, Italy
| | - Fiore P Nicoletta
- Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Edificio Polifunzionale, Rende, Italy
| | - James Pullen
- FUJIFILM Diosynth Biotechnologies, Billingham, UK
| | - Wenqian Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jerry Y Y Heng
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Sean Ruane
- Center for Process Innovation (CPI), Darlington, UK
| | - John Liddell
- Center for Process Innovation (CPI), Darlington, UK
| | | | - Joop H Ter Horst
- CMAC Future Manufacturing Research Hub, c/o Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Technology and Innovation Centre, Glasgow, UK
| | - Gianluca Di Profio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Istituto per la Tecnologia delle Membrane (ITM), Rende, Italy.
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McCue C, Girard HL, Varanasi KK. Enhancing Protein Crystal Nucleation Using In Situ Templating on Bioconjugate-Functionalized Nanoparticles and Machine Learning. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:12622-12630. [PMID: 36853011 PMCID: PMC10020963 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c17208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Although protein crystallization offers a promising alternative to chromatography for lower-cost protein purification, slow nucleation kinetics and high protein concentration requirements are major barriers for using crystallization as a viable strategy in downstream protein purification. Here, we demonstrate that nanoparticles functionalized with bioconjugates can result in an in situ template for inducing rapid crystallization of proteins at low protein concentration conditions. We use a microbatch crystallization setup to show that the range of successful crystallization conditions is expanded by the presence of functionalized nanoparticles. Furthermore, we use a custom machine learning-enabled emulsion crystallization setup to rigorously quantify nucleation parameters. We show that bioconjugate-functionalized nanoparticles can result in up to a 7-fold decrease in the induction time and a 3-fold increase in the nucleation rate of model proteins compared to those in control environments. We thus provide foundational insight that could enable crystallization to be used in protein manufacturing by reducing both the protein concentration and the time required to nucleate protein crystals.
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Heterogeneous Nucleation in Protein Crystallization. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010068. [PMID: 36810399 PMCID: PMC9944892 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein crystallization was first discovered in the nineteenth century and has been studied for nearly 200 years. Protein crystallization technology has recently been widely used in many fields, such as drug purification and protein structure analysis. The key to successful crystallization of proteins is the nucleation in the protein solution, which can be influenced by many factors, such as the precipitating agent, temperature, solution concentration, pH, etc., among which the role of the precipitating agent is extremely important. In this regard, we summarize the nucleation theory of protein crystallization, including classical nucleation theory, two-step nucleation theory, and heterogeneous nucleation theory. We focus on a variety of efficient heterogeneous nucleating agents and crystallization methods as well. The application of protein crystals in crystallography and biopharmaceutical fields is further discussed. Finally, the bottleneck of protein crystallization and the prospect of future technology development are reviewed.
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Macromolecular protein crystallisation with biotemplate of live cells. Sci Rep 2022; 12:3005. [PMID: 35194113 PMCID: PMC8864025 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-06999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Macromolecular protein crystallisation was one of the potential tools to accelerate the biomanufacturing of biopharmaceuticals. In this work, it was the first time to investigate the roles of biotemplates, Saccharomyces cerevisiae live cells, in the crystallisation processes of lysozyme, with different concentrations from 20 to 2.5 mg/mL lysozyme and different concentrations from 0 to 5.0 × 107 (cfu/mL) Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, during a period of 96 h. During the crystallisation period, the nucleation possibility in droplets, crystal numbers, and cell growth and cell density were observed and analysed. The results indicated the strong interaction between the lysozyme molecules and the cell wall of the S. cerevisiae, proved by the crystallization of lysozyme with fluorescent labels. The biotemplates demonstrated positive influence or negative influence on the nucleation, i.e. shorter or longer induction time, dependent on the concentrations of the lysozyme and the S. cerevisiae cells, and ratios between them. In the biomanufacturing process, target proteins were various cells were commonly mixed with various cells, and this work provides novel insights of new design and application of live cells as biotemplates for purification of macromolecules.
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Terehova M, Dzmitruk V, Abashkin V, Kirakosyan G, Ghukasyan G, Bryszewska M, Pedziwiatr-Werbicka E, Ionov M, Gómez R, de la Mata FJ, Mignani S, Shi X, Majoral JP, Sukhodola A, Shcharbin D. Comparison of the effects of dendrimer, micelle and silver nanoparticles on phospholipase A2 structure. J Biotechnol 2021; 331:48-52. [PMID: 33727080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The interaction of nanoparticles (NP) with proteins (the so-called 'protein corona') is a huge challenge in attempting to apply them in personalized nanomedicine. We have analyzed the interaction between A) two 'soft' NPs (a cationic phosphorus dendrimer of generation 3; a cationic phosphorus amphiphilic dendron of generation 2), and B) one 'hard' nanoparticle (silver NP covered with cationic carbosilane dendritic moieties); and membrane-bound protein phospholipase A2 from bovine pancreas. The hard and soft NPs have differences in the nature of their interactions with phospholipase A2. This enzyme surrounds hard AgNP, whereas dendrimer and amphiphilic dendron form aggregates/micelles with phospholipase A2. There is a difference in action of phospholipase A2 bound to the core of dendrimer, and of micelles formed from non-covalent interactions between the amphiphilic dendron. These data are important in understanding the nature of interaction between different kinds of nanoparticles and proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Terehova
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Volha Dzmitruk
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Viktar Abashkin
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus
| | | | | | - Maria Bryszewska
- Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | | | - Maksim Ionov
- Department of General Biophysics, University of Lodz, Pomorska str. 141/143, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafael Gómez
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine(CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - F Javier de la Mata
- Dpto. de Química Orgánica y Química Inorgánica, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Networking Research Center for Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine(CIBER-BBN), Spain
| | - Serge Mignani
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Biochimie Pharmacologiques et Toxicologiques CNRS UMR 860 Université Paris Descartes PRES Sorbone Paris Cité, rue des Saints Pères, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Xiangyang Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, PR China
| | - Jean-Pierre Majoral
- Laboratoire Chimie de Coordination, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077, Toulouse Cedex, France; Université de Toulouse, UPS, INP, Toulouse, 31077 Cedex 4, France
| | - Aleksandr Sukhodola
- B.I. Stepanov Institute of Physics of NASB, Skoriny str. 68, 220072, Minsk, Belarus
| | - Dzmitry Shcharbin
- Institute of Biophysics and Cell Engineering of NASB, Minsk, Belarus.
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8
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Park J, Kang TH, Choi I, Choe J. Induction of crystal nucleation by orientation-controlled binding of His 6-tagged proteins to functionalized gold nanoparticles. CrystEngComm 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce01786k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functionalized gold nanoparticles can induce crystal nucleation by orientation-controlled NTA–Ni2+– His6-tagged protein binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Park
- Department of Life Science
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kang
- Department of Life Science
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
| | - Inhee Choi
- Department of Life Science
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwoo Choe
- Department of Life Science
- University of Seoul
- Seoul 02504
- Republic of Korea
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Li X, Liu H, Tong X, Dai S, Zhang J, Li W. Charged polymeric additives affect the nucleation of lysozyme crystals. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce02169d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Charged polymers (PGA and PL) interact with lysozyme and then promote the heterogeneous nucleation of the crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuechao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
| | - Han Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
| | - Xinmeng Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
| | - Sirui Dai
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
| | - Jinli Zhang
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Chemical Engineering & Technology
- Tianjin University
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Chemical Engineering (Tianjin)
- Tianjin 300350
- PR China
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Artusio F, Pisano R. Surface-induced crystallization of pharmaceuticals and biopharmaceuticals: A review. Int J Pharm 2018; 547:190-208. [PMID: 29859921 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide occurrence of crystallization in the pharmaceutical industry, deep understanding and fine control of the process remain a tricky issue. Nevertheless, the successful manufacturing of finished pharmaceutical products, as well as the structural determination of biopharmaceuticals, depend on the size, form, shape and purity of the crystals. The ability of substrates with precise chemistry and topological features to induce nucleation has been thoroughly assessed during the recent years. This paper reviews the major advances and discoveries in controlling small molecule drug and protein crystallization by means of engineered surfaces. By designing superficial properties and morphology, it has been possible to tune the polymorph outcome, shorten the nucleation induction time, impose specific crystal shapes, control the crystal size and carry out crystallization at very low supersaturation levels. Such achievements underline the potential of surface-induced crystallization to provide an ideal platform for the study of the nucleation process and gain control over its stochastic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiora Artusio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy
| | - Roberto Pisano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 24 corso Duca degli Abruzzi, Torino 10129, Italy.
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Pedziwiatr-Werbicka E, Serchenya T, Shcharbin D, Terekhova M, Prokhira E, Dzmitruk V, Shyrochyna I, Sviridov O, Peña-González CE, Gómez R, Sánchez-Nieves J, Javier de la Mata F, Bryszewska M. Dendronization of gold nanoparticles decreases their effect on human alpha-1-microglobulin. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 108:936-941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2017.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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12
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Couto C, Vitorino R, Daniel-da-Silva AL. Gold nanoparticles and bioconjugation: a pathway for proteomic applications. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:238-250. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1141392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Couto
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal,
| | - Rui Vitorino
- Mass Spectrometry Center, Organic Chemistry, Natural and Agro-Food Products Research Unit (QOPNA), Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal,
- Department of Medical Sciences, iBiMED - Institute for Biomedicine, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal and
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana L. Daniel-da-Silva
- CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal,
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Wei H, Wang Z, Zhang J, House S, Gao YG, Yang L, Robinson H, Tan LH, Xing H, Hou C, Robertson IM, Zuo JM, Lu Y. Time-dependent, protein-directed growth of gold nanoparticles within a single crystal of lysozyme. NATURE NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 6:93-97. [PMID: 21278750 DOI: 10.1038/nnano.2010.280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 12/13/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles are useful in biomedical applications due to their distinct optical properties and high chemical stability. Reports of the biogenic formation of gold colloids from gold complexes has also led to an increased level of interest in the biomineralization of gold. However, the mechanism responsible for biomolecule-directed gold nanoparticle formation remains unclear due to the lack of structural information about biological systems and the fast kinetics of biomimetic chemical systems in solution. Here we show that intact single crystals of lysozyme can be used to study the time-dependent, protein-directed growth of gold nanoparticles. The protein crystals slow down the growth of the gold nanoparticles, allowing detailed kinetic studies to be carried out, and permit a three-dimensional structural characterization that would be difficult to achieve in solution. Furthermore, we show that additional chemical species can be used to fine-tune the growth rate of the gold nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
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Kallio JM, Rouvinen J. Amphiphilic nanotubes in the crystal structure of a biosurfactant protein hydrophobin HFBII. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:9843-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13139g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Asanithi P, Saridakis E, Govada L, Jurewicz I, Brunner EW, Ponnusamy R, Cleaver JAS, Dalton AB, Chayen NE, Sear RP. Carbon-nanotube-based materials for protein crystallization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2009; 1:1203-10. [PMID: 20355914 DOI: 10.1021/am9000858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on the first use of carbon-nanotube-based films to produce crystals of proteins. The crystals nucleate on the surface of the film. The difficulty of crystallizing proteins is a major bottleneck in the determination of the structure and function of biological molecules. The crystallization of two model proteins and two medically relevant proteins was studied. Quantitative data on the crystallization times of the model protein lysozyme are also presented. Two types of nanotube films, one made with the surfactant Triton X-100 (TX-100) and one with gelatin, were tested. Both induce nucleation of the crystal phase at supersaturations at which the protein solution would otherwise remain clear; however, the gelatin-based film induced nucleation down to much lower supersaturations for the two model proteins with which it was used. It appears that the interactions of gelatin with the protein molecules are particularly favorable to nucleation. Crystals of the C1 domain of the human cardiac myosin-binding protein-C that diffracted to a resolution of 1.6 A were obtained on the TX-100 film. This is far superior to the best crystals obtained using standard techniques, which only diffracted to 3.0 A. Thus, both of our nanotube-based films are very promising candidates for future work on crystallizing difficult-to-crystallize target proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyapong Asanithi
- Department of Physics and Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU27XH, United Kingdom
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