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Zheng Z, Li M, Lai Y, Cao Y, Yin P. Decoupling Segmental Dynamics and Ionic Transport for Superionic Anhydrous Proton Conductors of Polyoxometalate-poly(ethylene glycol) Nanocomposites. Macromol Rapid Commun 2023; 44:e2200227. [PMID: 35642732 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Superionic anhydrous proton conductors can be obtained from the complexation of nanoscale polyoxometalates (POMs) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) in the "polymer in salt" regime. The reduced energy barrier of H+ hopping is facilitated from the increased H+ concentration and shortened inter-POM distances. POMs with identical structure/size (≈1 nm) but different charge densities are complexed with PEG, respectively, with concentrations ranging from 10 to 60 % wt. Increasing trends of viscosities can be observed with the rising charge densities of POMs due to the increasing confinement strength on PEG substrate from POMs. Fractional Walden rule is further applied to analyze the viscosity and proton conductivity correlations, and microscopic mechanisms of proton conduction for PEG-POM nanocomposites are revealed: 1) ion transport is highly associated with polymer chain dynamic for POMs concentrations ranging from 10 to 30 % wt.; 2) ionic conduction is largely decoupled from chain dynamic of polymer matrix for concentrations ranging from 40 to 60 % wt. with Walden plots shifted to the superionic regime. The decoupling of proton transport from polymer segment dynamics allows the simultaneous enhancements of the nanocomposites' mechanical properties and proton conductions, providing guidelines for the rational design of anhydrous proton conductors with integrated functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Zheng
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Mu Li
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuyan Lai
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Youjin Cao
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Panchao Yin
- South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology & State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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2
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Lu ZQ, Yin Z, Zhang LL, Yan Y, Jiang Z, Wu H, Wang W. Synthesis of Proton Conductive Copolymers of Inorganic Polyacid Cluster Polyelectrolytes and PEO Bottlebrush Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Qun Lu
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuoyu Yin
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lan-Lan Zhang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yukun Yan
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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3
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Gao Y, Choudhari M, Such GK, Ritchie C. Polyoxometalates as chemically and structurally versatile components in self-assembled materials. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2510-2527. [PMID: 35356680 PMCID: PMC8890132 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05879g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs) are anionic molecular metal oxides with expansive diversity in terms of their composition, structure, nuclearity and charge. Within this vast collection of compounds are dominant structural motifs (POM platforms), that are amenable to significant chemical tuning with minimal perturbation of the inorganic oxide molecular structure. Consequently, this enables the systematic investigation of these compounds as inorganic additives within materials whereby structure and charge can be tuned independently i.e. [PW12O40]3- vs. [SiW12O40]4- while also investigating the impact of varying the charge balancing cations on self-assembly. The rich surface chemistry of POMs also supports their functionalisation by organic components to yield so-called inorganic-organic hybrids which will be the key focus of this perspective. We will introduce the modifications possible for each POM platform, as well as discussing the range of nanoparticles, microparticles and surfaces that have been developed using both surfactant and polymer building blocks. We will also illustrate important examples of POM-hybrids alongside their potential utility in applications such as imaging, therapeutic delivery and energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanting Gao
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Manjiri Choudhari
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
| | - Georgina K Such
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Chris Ritchie
- School of Chemistry, Monash University Clayton Victoria 3800 Australia
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4
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Aher DS, Khillare KR, Chavan LD, Shankarwar SG. Tungsten-substituted molybdophosphoric acid impregnated with kaolin: effective catalysts for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1 H)-ones v ia biginelli reaction. RSC Adv 2021; 11:2783-2792. [PMID: 35424238 PMCID: PMC8693839 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra09811f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of highly reusable heterogeneous catalysts (10-25 wt% PMo7W5/kaolin), consisting of tungsten-substituted molybdophosphoric acid, H3PMo7W5O40·24H2O (PMo7W5) impregnated with acid treated kaolin clay was synthesized by the wetness impregnation method. The newly synthesized catalyst was fully characterized using inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis and thermal analysis (TG-DTA). The synthesized materials were shown to be efficient in the synthesis of 3,4-dihydropyrimidin-2(1H)-ones via Biginelli reaction under solvent-free conditions. The obtained results indicate that 20% PMo7W5/kaolin catalyst showed remarkably enhanced catalytic activity compared to the bulk PMo7W5 catalyst, and also the (10 and 15%) PMo7W5 catalyst supported on kaolin clay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipak S Aher
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad 431 004 M.S. India
| | - Kiran R Khillare
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad 431 004 M.S. India
| | | | - Sunil G Shankarwar
- Department of Chemistry, Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University Aurangabad 431 004 M.S. India
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5
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Visualization of Two-dimensional Single Chains of Hybrid Polyelectrolytes on Solid Surface. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-021-2520-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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6
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Anyushin AV, Kondinski A, Parac-Vogt TN. Hybrid polyoxometalates as post-functionalization platforms: from fundamentals to emerging applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 49:382-432. [PMID: 31793568 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00854j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POMs) represent an important group of metal-oxo nanoclusters, typically comprised of early transition metals in high oxidation states (mainly V, Mo and W). Many plenary POMs exhibit good pH, solvent, thermal and redox stability, which makes them attractive components for the design of covalently integrated hybrid organic-inorganic molecules, herein referred to as hybrid-POMs. Until now, thousands of organic hybrid-POMs have been reported; however, only a small fraction can be further functionalized using other organic molecules or metal cations. This emerging class of 'post-functionalizable' hybrid-POMs constitute a valuable modular platform that permits coupling of POM properties with different organic and metal cation functionalities, thereby expanding the key physicochemical properties that are relevant for application in (photo)catalysis, bioinorganic chemistry and materials science. The post-functionalizable hybrid-POM platforms offer an opportunity to covalently link multi-electron redox responsive POM cores with virtually any (bio)organic molecule or metal cation, generating a wide range of materials with tailored properties. Over the past few years, these materials have been showcased in the preparation of framework materials, functional surfaces, surfactants, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts and light harvesting materials, among others. This review article provides an overview on the state of the art in POM post-functionalization and highlights the key design and structural features that permit the discovery of new hybrid-POM platforms. In doing so, we aim to make the subject more comprehensible, both for chemists and for scientists with different materials science backgrounds interested in the applications of hybrid (POM) materials. The review article goes beyond the realms of polyoxometalate chemistry and encompasses emerging research domains such as reticular materials, surfactants, surface functionalization, light harvesting materials, non-linear optics, charge storing materials, and homogeneous acid-base catalysis among others.
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Zhang LL, Miao WK, Ren LJ, Yan YK, Lin Y, Wang W. Twining Poly(polyoxometalate) Chains into Nanoropes. Chemistry 2019; 25:13396-13401. [PMID: 31397509 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Organic polymers and inorganic clusters belong to two different disciplines and have completely different properties and structures. When a cluster is attached to the backbone of a polymer as a pendant, the resultant hybrid polymers (polyclusters) exhibit unique behaviours totally different from those of conventional polymers owing to the nanoscale size of the cluster and its particular interactions. Herein, the aggregation of a poly(polyoxometalate)-a polynorbornene backbone with inorganic polyoxometalate cluster pendants-upon addition of a non-solvent to its dilute solution is reported. A three-dimensional network of tangled and snake-like nanothreads was observed. Direct visualisation of individual nanoscale clusters enabled identification of single chains within the nanothreads. These observations suggest that during the process of aggregation, the hybrid polymer forms curved or extended chains as a consequence of an armouring effect in which the collapsed cluster pendants wrap around the backbone. The collapse occurs because they become less soluble in the solvent/non-solvent mixture. The extended chains then become entwined and form nanoropes consisting of multiple chains wound around each other. This study provides a deeper understanding of the nature of polyclusters and should also prove useful for their future development and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Lan Zhang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of, Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of, Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Ke Miao
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of, Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of, Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jun Ren
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of, Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of, Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Kun Yan
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of, Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of, Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
| | - Yue Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of, Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of, Polymer Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, P.R. China
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8
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Zhai L, Li H. Polyoxometalate-Polymer Hybrid Materials as Proton Exchange Membranes for Fuel Cell Applications. Molecules 2019; 24:E3425. [PMID: 31547150 PMCID: PMC6803900 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As one of the most efficient pathways to provide clean energy, fuel cells have attracted great attention in both academic and industrial communities. Proton exchange membranes (PEMs) or proton-conducting electrolytes are the key components in fuel cell devices, which require the characteristics of high proton conductivity as well as high mechanical, chemical and thermal stabilities. Organic-inorganic hybrid PEMs can provide a fantastic platform to combine both advantages of two components to meet these demands. Due to their extremely high proton conductivity, good thermal stability and chemical adjustability, polyoxometalates (POMs) are regarded as promising building blocks for hybrid PEMs. In this review, we summarize a number of research works on the progress of POM-polymer hybrid materials and related applications in PEMs. Firstly, a brief background of POMs and their proton-conducting properties are introduced; then, the hybridization strategies of POMs with polymer moieties are discussed from the aspects of both noncovalent and covalent concepts; and finally, we focus on the performance of these hybrid materials in PEMs, especially the advances in the last five years. This review will provide a better understanding of the challenges and perspectives of POM-polymer hybrid PEMs for future fuel cell applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Haolong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.
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9
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Kamaraj SK, Rivera AE, Murugesan S, García-Mena J, Maya O, Frausto-Reyes C, Tapia-Ramírez J, Espino HS, Caballero-Briones F. Electricity generation from Nopal biogas effluent using a surface modified clay cup ( cantarito) microbial fuel cell. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01506. [PMID: 31183413 PMCID: PMC6495065 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A modified clay cup (cantarito) microbial fuel cell (C-MFCs) was designed to digest the biomass effluent from a nopal biogas (NBE). To improve the process, commercial acrylic varnish (AV) was applied to the C-MFCs. The experiment was performed as:Both-C-MFCs, painting of AV on both sides of the clay cup; In-C-MFCs, painting of AV on the internal side, and Out-C-MFCs painting of AV on the external side. The order for the maximum volumetric power densities were Both-C-MFCs (1841.99 mW/m3)>Out-C-MFCs (1023.74 mW/m3) >In-C-MFCs (448.90 mW/m3). The control experiment without applied varnish did not show a stable potential, supporting the idea that the acryloyl group in varnish could favor the performance. Finally, a 4-digits clock was powered with two, Both-C-MFCs connected in series; the microbial diversity in this format was explored and a well-defined bacterial community including members of the phyla Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Synergistetes and candidate division TM7 was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj
- Laboratorio de medio ambiente sostenible y Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano (ITEL)/ Tecnológico Nacional de México (TecNM), Aguascalientes. Km 18 carr, Aguascalientes-San Luis Potosí, El Llano Ags., C.P. 20330, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Esqueda Rivera
- Universidad Politécnica de Aguascalientes, Ingeniería en Energía, Calle Paseo San Gerardo No. 207, Fracc. San Gerardo, Aguascalientes, Ags., 20342, Mexico
| | - Selvasankar Murugesan
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, México DF, D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - Jaime García-Mena
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, México DF, D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - Otoniel Maya
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, México DF, D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - Claudio Frausto-Reyes
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C., Unidad Aguascalientes, Prol. Constitución 607, Fracc. Reserva Loma Bonita Aguascalientes, 20200, Mexico
| | - José Tapia-Ramírez
- Departamento de Genética y Biología Molecular, Cinvestav-IPN, México DF, D.F. 07360, Mexico
| | - Hector Silos Espino
- Laboratorio de medio ambiente sostenible y Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Instituto Tecnológico El Llano (ITEL)/ Tecnológico Nacional de México (TecNM), Aguascalientes. Km 18 carr, Aguascalientes-San Luis Potosí, El Llano Ags., C.P. 20330, Mexico
| | - Felipe Caballero-Briones
- Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Materials and Technologies for Energy, Health and Environment (GESMAT), CICATA Altamira, Km 14.5 Carretera Tampico-Puerto Industrial Altamira, 89600, Altamira, Mexico
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Yan J, Zheng X, Yao J, Xu P, Miao Z, Li J, Lv Z, Zhang Q, Yan Y. Metallopolymers from organically modified polyoxometalates (MOMPs): A review. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Magnetic field alignment of stable proton-conducting channels in an electrolyte membrane. Nat Commun 2019; 10:842. [PMID: 30783091 PMCID: PMC6381100 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08622-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton exchange membranes with short-pathway through-plane orientated proton conductivity are highly desirable for use in proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Magnetic field is utilized to create oriented structure in proton exchange membranes. Previously, this has only been carried out by proton nonconductive metal oxide-based fillers. Here, under a strong magnetic field, a proton-conducting paramagnetic complex based on ferrocyanide-coordinated polymer and phosphotungstic acid is used to prepare composite membranes with highly conductive through-plane-aligned proton channels. Gratifyingly, this strategy simultaneously overcomes the high water-solubility of phosphotungstic acid in composite membranes, thereby preventing its leaching and the subsequent loss of membrane conductivity. The ferrocyanide groups in the coordinated polymer, via redox cycle, can continuously consume free radicals, thus helping to improve the long-term in situ membrane durability. The composite membranes exhibit outstanding proton conductivity, fuel cell performance and durability, compared with other types of hydrocarbon membranes and industry standard Nafion® 212. Proton exchange membranes with short-pathway through-plane proton conductivity are attractive for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. Here the authors align proton conducting channels orthogonal to the plane of composite proton exchange membranes using a magnetic field for improved fuel cell performance.
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12
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Kobayashi J, Misawa T, Umeda C, Isono T, Ono S, Naruke H, Okamura Y, Koguchi S, Higuchi M, Nagase Y, Ito T. Controlled introduction of metal cations into polymerizable ionic liquid-polyoxomolybdate hybrid crystals. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01658e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The first syntheses of polyoxomolybdate hybrid crystals were achieved by using polymerizable ionic-liquid.
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Polymerizable Ionic Liquid Crystals Comprising Polyoxometalate Clusters toward Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Solid Electrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2017; 9:polym9070290. [PMID: 30970969 PMCID: PMC6432462 DOI: 10.3390/polym9070290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Solid electrolytes are crucial materials for lithium-ion or fuel-cell battery technology due to their structural stability and easiness for handling. Emergence of high conductivity in solid electrolytes requires precise control of the composition and structure. A promising strategy toward highly-conductive solid electrolytes is employing a thermally-stable inorganic component and a structurally-flexible organic moiety to construct inorganic-organic hybrid materials. Ionic liquids as the organic component will be advantageous for the emergence of high conductivity, and polyoxometalate, such as heteropolyacids, are well-known as inorganic proton conductors. Here, newly-designed ionic liquid imidazolium cations, having a polymerizable methacryl group (denoted as MAImC₁), were successfully hybridized with heteropolyanions of [PW12O40]3- (PW12) to form inorganic-organic hybrid monomers of MAImC₁-PW12. The synthetic procedure of MAImC₁-PW12 was a simple ion-exchange reaction, being generally applicable to several polyoxometalates, in principle. MAImC₁-PW12 was obtained as single crystals, and its molecular and crystal structures were clearly revealed. Additionally, the hybrid monomer of MAImC₁-PW12 was polymerized by a radical polymerization using AIBN as an initiator. Some of the resulting inorganic-organic hybrid polymers exhibited conductivity of 10-4 S·cm-1 order under humidified conditions at 313 K.
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14
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Thanganathan U. Synthesis and characterization of hybrid composite membranes and their properties: Single cell performances based on carbon black catalyst/proton-conducting hybrid composite membrane for H2/O2 fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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15
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Wu H, Yang HK, Wang W. Covalently-linked polyoxometalate–polymer hybrids: optimizing synthesis, appealing structures and prospective applications. NEW J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01257k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective, the field of covalent polyoxometalate–polymer hybrids has been reviewed and some perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Wu
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
| | - Hai-Kuan Yang
- Department of Chemistry
- North University of China
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education and Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300071
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16
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Yao L, Zhang L, Zhang Y, Wang R, Wongchitphimon S, Dong Z. Self-assembly of rare-earth Anderson polyoxometalates on the surface of imide polymeric hollow fiber membranes potentially for organic pollutant degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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17
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Miao WK, Yi A, Yan YK, Ren LJ, Chen D, Wang CH, Wang W. A poly(polyoxometalate)-b-poly(hexanoic acid) block copolymer: synthesis, self-assembled micelles and catalytic activity. Polym Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py00855g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A poly(polyoxometalate)-polymer hybrid block copolymer (H-BCP) was prepared via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). The H-BCP self-assembles into hybrid micelles with a poly(polyoxometalate) shell and a polymer core in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ke Miao
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Nankai University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Ang Yi
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Nankai University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Yu-Kun Yan
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Nankai University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Li-Jun Ren
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Nankai University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Da Chen
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Nankai University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Chun-Hong Wang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Nankai University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials
- Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of Ministry of Education
- Institute of Polymer Chemistry
- Nankai University
- and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)
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Kalyani V, Satyanarayana VSV, Singh V, Pradeep CP, Ghosh S, Sharma SK, Gonsalves KE. New Polyoxometalates Containing Hybrid Polymers and Their Potential for Nano-Patterning. Chemistry 2014; 21:2250-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201405369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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19
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Lan R, Tao S. New Layered Proton-Conducting Oxides LixAl0.6Co0.4O2and LixAl0.7Co0.3O2. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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20
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Carraro M, Gross S. Hybrid Materials Based on the Embedding of Organically Modified Transition Metal Oxoclusters or Polyoxometalates into Polymers for Functional Applications: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 7:3956-3989. [PMID: 28788659 PMCID: PMC5453212 DOI: 10.3390/ma7053956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The covalent incorporation of inorganic building blocks into a polymer matrix to obtain stable and robust materials is a widely used concept in the field of organic-inorganic hybrid materials, and encompasses the use of different inorganic systems including (but not limited to) nanoparticles, mono- and polynuclear metal complexes and clusters, polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), polyoxometalates (POM), layered inorganic systems, inorganic fibers, and whiskers. In this paper, we will review the use of two particular kinds of structurally well-defined inorganic building blocks, namely transition metals oxoclusters (TMO) and polyoxometalates (POM), to obtain hybrid materials with enhanced functional (e.g., optical, dielectric, magnetic, catalytic) properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Carraro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
- ITM-CNR, UOS di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Silvia Gross
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
- Istituto per l'Energetica e le Interfasi, IENI-CNR and INSTM, UdR Padova, via Marzolo 1, I-35131 Padova, Italy.
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21
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Miao WK, Yan YK, Wang XL, Xiao Y, Ren LJ, Zheng P, Wang CH, Ren LX, Wang W. Incorporation of Polyoxometalates into Polymers to Create Linear Poly(polyoxometalate)s with Catalytic Function. ACS Macro Lett 2014; 3:211-215. [PMID: 35590507 DOI: 10.1021/mz5000202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Organic polymers have been found widespread commercial applications due to their easy processing and attractive mechanical properties. Concurrently, inorganic polyoxometalates (POMs), a class of metal-oxygen anionic and nanosized clusters of early transition metals, have a wide range of attractive functions and are used in industrial catalysis. In this communication, we report a new approach to creating the first linear poly(polyoxometalate)s that combine the advantages of polymers and POM clusters. In the experiment, a POM-containing norbornene monomer was first synthesized by linking a Wells-Dawson-type POM with a norbornene derivative. The monomer was polymerized in the presence of a Grubbs catalyst under mild conditions with yields nearly 100% in a living and controllable manner. The resulting poly(polyoxometalate)s have controllable molecular weights and a well-defined hybrid structure of an organic polynorbornene backbone with large pendant groups of the nanosized POM clusters. Thus, they form good films and have a good catalytic performance. Our findings not only pave the way for incorporating the POM clusters into polymers with well-defined structures and high molecular weights, but also offer a competitive strategy for developing more novel catalytic systems by introducing the poly(polyoxometalate)s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ke Miao
- Center
for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu-Kun Yan
- Center
for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiao-Le Wang
- Center
for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yu Xiao
- Center
for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Jun Ren
- Center
for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Center
for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Chun-Hong Wang
- Center
for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Li-Xia Ren
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Center
for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer
Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tianjin 300071, China
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22
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Luo WH, Zhao LH. Inorganic–organic hybrid membranes with anhydrous proton conduction prepared from tetraethoxysilane, 3-glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, trimethyl phosphate and diethylethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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23
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Carraro M, Fiorani G, Mognon L, Caneva F, Gardan M, Maccato C, Bonchio M. Hybrid Polyoxotungstates as Functional Comonomers in New Cross-Linked Catalytic Polymers for Sustainable Oxidation with Hydrogen Peroxide. Chemistry 2012; 18:13195-202. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Xiao Y, Han YK, Xia N, Hu MB, Zheng P, Wang W. Macromolecule-to-Amphiphile Conversion Process of a Polyoxometalate-Polymer Hybrid and Assembled Hybrid Vesicles. Chemistry 2012; 18:11325-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201201187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 05/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Mishra AK, Bose S, Kuila T, Kim NH, Lee JH. Silicate-based polymer-nanocomposite membranes for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Prog Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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26
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Schlichting GJ, Horan JL, Jessop JD, Nelson SE, Seifert S, Yang Y, Herring AM. A Hybrid Organic/Inorganic Ionomer from the Copolymerization of Vinylphosphonic Acid and Zirconium Vinylphosphonate. Macromolecules 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ma300196y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sönke Seifert
- X-ray Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue,
Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
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27
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Zhang H, Shen PK. Recent Development of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes for Fuel Cells. Chem Rev 2012; 112:2780-832. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200035s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1086] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
| | - Pei Kang Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Chemistry & Energy Conservation of Guangdong Province, School of Physics and Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P.R. China
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28
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Hu MB, Xia N, Yu W, Ma C, Tang J, Hou ZY, Zheng P, Wang W. A click chemistry approach to the efficient synthesis of polyoxometalate–polymer hybrids with well-defined structures. Polym Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2py00546h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Zhang H, Shen PK. Advances in the high performance polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cells. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2382-94. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs15269j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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30
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Nomiya K, Togashi Y, Kasahara Y, Aoki S, Seki H, Noguchi M, Yoshida S. Synthesis and Structure of Dawson Polyoxometalate-Based, Multifunctional, Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Compounds: Organogermyl Complexes with One Terminal Functional Group and Organosilyl Analogues with Two Terminal Functional Groups. Inorg Chem 2011; 50:9606-19. [DOI: 10.1021/ic201336v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Nomiya
- Department of Chemistry (formerly Department of Materials Science), Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Togashi
- Department of Chemistry (formerly Department of Materials Science), Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Yuhki Kasahara
- Department of Chemistry (formerly Department of Materials Science), Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Shotaro Aoki
- Department of Chemistry (formerly Department of Materials Science), Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Hideaki Seki
- Department of Chemistry (formerly Department of Materials Science), Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Marie Noguchi
- Department of Chemistry (formerly Department of Materials Science), Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
| | - Shoko Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry (formerly Department of Materials Science), Faculty of Science, Kanagawa University, Hiratsuka, Kanagawa 259-1293, Japan
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31
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Inserting polyoxomolybdate cluster into poly(ɛ-caprolactone) to create a class of new heteropolymer: Synthesis and supramolecular structures. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2011.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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32
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Li H, Jackson AB, Kirk NJ, Mauritz KA, Storey RF. Poly(arylene ether sulfone) Statistical Copolymers Bearing Perfluoroalkylsulfonic Acid Moieties. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102717d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Li
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Andrew B. Jackson
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Nathan J. Kirk
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Kenneth A. Mauritz
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
| | - Robson F. Storey
- School of Polymers and High Performance Materials, The University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg, Mississippi 39406, United States
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33
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Aoki S, Kurashina T, Kasahara Y, Nishijima T, Nomiya K. Polyoxometalate (POM)-based, multi-functional, inorganic–organic, hybrid compounds: syntheses and molecular structures of silanol- and/or siloxane bond-containing species grafted on mono- and tri-lacunary Keggin POMs. Dalton Trans 2011; 40:1243-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c0dt01185a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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35
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Han YK, Zhang ZJ, Wang YL, Xia N, Liu B, Xiao Y, Jin LX, Zheng P, Wang W. An Intriguing Morphology Evolution of Polyoxometalate-Polystyrene Hybrid Amphiphiles from Vesicles to Tubular Aggregates. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201000410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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36
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Wang Y, Wang X, Zhang X, Xia N, Liu B, Yang J, Yu W, Hu M, Yang M, Wang W. Manipulation of Ordered Nanostructures of Protonated Polyoxometalate through Covalently Bonded Modification. Chemistry 2010; 16:12545-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Wang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China), Fax: (+86) 22‐23498126
| | - Xiaole Wang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China), Fax: (+86) 22‐23498126
| | - Xinjun Zhang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China), Fax: (+86) 22‐23498126
| | - Nan Xia
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China), Fax: (+86) 22‐23498126
| | - Bo Liu
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China), Fax: (+86) 22‐23498126
| | - Jie Yang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China), Fax: (+86) 22‐23498126
| | - Wei Yu
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China), Fax: (+86) 22‐23498126
| | - Minbiao Hu
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China), Fax: (+86) 22‐23498126
| | - Miao Yang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China), Fax: (+86) 22‐23498126
| | - Wei Wang
- Center for Synthetic Soft Materials, Key Laboratory of Functional Polymer Materials of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071 (China), Fax: (+86) 22‐23498126
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37
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Lakshminarayana G, Nogami M. Inorganic–organic hybrid membranes with anhydrous proton conduction prepared from tetramethoxysilane/methyl-trimethoxysilane/trimethylphosphate and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide for H2/O2 fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2009.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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