1
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Cabrera-Munguia DA, Gutiérrrez-Alejandre A, Romero-Galarza A, Morales-Martínez TK, Ríos-González LJ, Sifuentes-López J. Function of Brønsted and Lewis acid sites in xylose conversion into furfural. RSC Adv 2023; 13:30649-30664. [PMID: 37859779 PMCID: PMC10583826 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra05774g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, the xylose conversion and the selectivity to furfural were assessed over mesoporous sulfonic silica SBA-15-(X)SO3H catalysts doped with metal ions (X = Al(iii), Ti(iv) or Zr(iv)). The type and amount of acid sites were analyzed by adsorption of pivalonitrile. The SBA-15-(X)SO3H materials show Lewis acid sites (LAS) and two types of Brønsted acid sites (BAS) with different strengths. Type I (BAS I) belongs to terminal silanol groups, type II (BAS II) is ascribed to hydroxyl groups bonded to sulfur or transition metal, and the LAS is related to M-O bonds. Optimal reaction conditions for the most active catalyst (SBA-15-(Zr)SO3H) were 120 minutes of reaction at 160 °C, 20 wt% of catalyst, and 2.5% of xylose/solvent. Additionally, a kinetic study was carried out to calculate the rate constants, the activation energy, and the pre-exponential factor for the xylose dehydration reaction. It was found that the selectivity to furfural in sulfonic silica SBA-15-(X)SO3H catalysts was directly related to the BAS II fraction. While LAS negatively impacts the selectivity to furfural leading to the undesired reaction between furfural and xylose obtaining humins as secondary products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis A Cabrera-Munguia
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Ing. J. Cárdenas s/n Saltillo Coahuila 25280 Mexico +52 8441894706
| | | | - Adolfo Romero-Galarza
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Ing. J. Cárdenas s/n Saltillo Coahuila 25280 Mexico +52 8441894706
| | - Thelma K Morales-Martínez
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Ing. J. Cárdenas s/n Saltillo Coahuila 25280 Mexico +52 8441894706
| | - Leopoldo J Ríos-González
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Ing. J. Cárdenas s/n Saltillo Coahuila 25280 Mexico +52 8441894706
| | - Jesús Sifuentes-López
- Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Universidad Autónoma de Coahuila Carretera Torreón-Matamoros km 7.5 CU Torreón Coahuila 27087 Mexico
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2
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Preparation of Alkyl Levulinates from Xylose Over Modified Bifunctional Mesoporous Zirconium Phosphate Catalysts. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03792-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Hu ZT, Huo W, Chen Y, Zhang Q, Hu M, Zheng W, Shao Y, Pan Z, Li X, Zhao J. Humic Substances Derived From Biomass Waste During Aerobic Composting and Hydrothermal Treatment: A Review. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:878686. [PMID: 35646832 PMCID: PMC9133812 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.878686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humic substances (HSs) occupy 80% of organic matter in soil and have been widely applied for soil remediation agents, potential battery materials, and adsorbents. Since the HS extraction rate is very low by microbial degradation in nature, artificial humification processes such as aerobic composting (AC) and hydrothermal treatment (HT) have attracted a great deal of attention as the most important strategies in HS production. This article aims to provide a state-of-the-art review on the development of conversion of biomass waste into HSs based on AC and HT for the first time in terms of mechanisms, characteristics of HSs’ molecular structure, and influencing factors. In addition, some differences based on the aforementioned information between AC and HT are reviewed and discussed in the conversion of biomass waste into HSs in a pioneering way. For biomass waste conversion, a feasible strategy on effective humification processes by combining AC with HT is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Ting Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology (ZJUT), Hangzhou, China
- Industrial Catalysis Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weizhong Huo
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Chen
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology (ZJUT), Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Hangzhou Guotai Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mian Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology (ZJUT), Hangzhou, China
| | - Weicheng Zheng
- Hangzhou Research Institute of China Coal Technology & Engineering Group, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yuchao Shao
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yuchao Shao, ; Jun Zhao,
| | - Zhiyan Pan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology (ZJUT), Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaonian Li
- Industrial Catalysis Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Biology, Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- *Correspondence: Yuchao Shao, ; Jun Zhao,
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4
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Zha J, Fan B, He J, He YC, Ma C. Valorization of Biomass to Furfural by Chestnut Shell-based Solid Acid in Methyl Isobutyl Ketone–Water–Sodium Chloride System. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2022; 194:2021-2035. [DOI: 10.1007/s12010-021-03733-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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5
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Nowicki J, Nowakowska-Bogdan E. Ethanolysis of selected catalysis by functionalized acidic ionic liquids: an unexpected effect of ILs structural functionalization on selectivity phenomena. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04885f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Functionalization of acidic imidazolium ILs (addition of OH groups, deactivation of C2–H proton) changes the selectivity of the carbohydrate ethanolysis reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janusz Nowicki
- Lukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
| | - Ewa Nowakowska-Bogdan
- Lukasiewicz Research Network - Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis “Blachownia”, 47-225 Kędzierzyn-Koźle, Poland
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6
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A Novel Kinetic Modeling Framework for the Polycondensation of Sugars Using Monte Carlo and the Method of Moments. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9050745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of saccharides have made the subject of numerous studies, due to their importance in several industrial sectors. The present work, presents a novel kinetic modeling framework that is specifically well-suited to reacting systems under strict moisture control that favor the polycondensation reactions towards the formation of high-degree polysaccharides. The proposed model is based on an extended and generalized kinetic scheme, including also the presence of polyols, and is formulated using two different numerical approaches, namely a deterministic one in terms of the method of moments and a stochastic kinetic Monte Carlo approach. Accordingly, the most significant advantages and drawbacks of each technique are clearly demonstrated and the most fitted one (i.e., the Monte Carlo method) is implemented for the modeling of the system under different conditions, for which experimental data were available. Through these comparisons it is shown that the model can successfully follow the evolution of the reactions up to the formation of polysaccharides of very high degrees of polymerization.
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7
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Guo H, Abe Y, Qi X, Smith Jr RL. Bifunctional carbon Ni/NiO nanofiber catalyst based on 5-sulfosalicylic acid for conversion of C5/C6 carbohydrates into ethyl levulinate. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00153h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A method was developed for preparing bifunctional carbon Ni/NiO nanofiber catalysts that promote efficient one-pot conversion of C5/C6 carbohydrates into levulinate esters in alcohol solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixin Guo
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8579
- Japan
| | - Yuya Abe
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8579
- Japan
| | - Xinhua Qi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Nankai University
- Tianjin 300350
- China
| | - Richard Lee Smith Jr
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-8579
- Japan
- Research Center of Supercritical Fluid Technology
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8
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Lyu X, Zhang Z, Okejiri F, Chen H, Xu M, Chen X, Deng S, Lu X. Simultaneous Conversion of C 5 and C 6 Sugars into Methyl Levulinate with the Addition of 1,3,5-Trioxane. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:4400-4404. [PMID: 31419072 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The simultaneous conversion of C5 and C6 mixed sugars into methyl levulinate (MLE) has emerged as a versatile strategy to eliminate costly separation steps. However, the traditional upgrading of C5 sugars into MLE is very complex as it requires both acid-catalyzed and hydrogenation processes. This study concerns the development of a one-pot, hydrogenation-free conversion of C5 sugars into MLE over different acid catalysts at near-critical methanol conditions with the help of 1,3,5-trioxane. For the conversion of C5 sugars over zeolites without the addition of 1,3,5-trioxane, the MLE yield is quite low, owing to low hydrogenation activity. The addition of 1,3,5-trioxane significantly boosts the MLE yield by providing an alternative conversion pathway that does not include the hydrogenation step. A direct comparison of the catalytic performance of five different zeolites reveals that Hβ zeolite, which has high densities of both Lewis and Brønsted acid sites, affords the highest MLE yield. With the addition of 1,3,5-trioxane, the hydroxymethylation of furfural derivative and formaldehyde is a key step. Notably, the simultaneous conversion of C5 and C6 sugars catalyzed by Hβ zeolite can attain an MLE yield as high as 50.4 % when the reaction conditions are fully optimized. Moreover, the Hβ zeolite catalyst can be reused at least five times without significant change in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xilei Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Zihao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Francis Okejiri
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, 37916, USA
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Mai Xu
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Xujie Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
| | - Shuguang Deng
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, 551 E. Tyler Mall, Tempe, AZ, 85287, USA
| | - Xiuyang Lu
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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9
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The study of active sites for producing furfural and soluble oligomers in fructose conversion over HZSM-5 zeolites. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2019.110411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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10
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Xu S, Pan D, Wu Y, Fan J, Wu N, Gao L, Li W, Xiao G. Catalytic Conversion of Xylose and Xylan into Furfural Over Cr3+/P-SBA-15 Catalyst Derived from Spent Adsorbent. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b01821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Siquan Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Donghui Pan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Yuanfeng Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jingdeng Fan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Ningxin Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lijing Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Wenqi Li
- Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky United States
| | - Guomin Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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11
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Xu Q, Hu X, Shao Y, Sun K, Jia P, Zhang L, Liu Q, Wang Y, Hu S, Xiang J. Structural differences of the soluble oligomers and insoluble polymers from acid-catalyzed conversion of sugars with varied structures. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 216:167-179. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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12
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Moreno-Marrodan C, Barbaro P, Caporali S, Bossola F. Low-Temperature Continuous-Flow Dehydration of Xylose Over Water-Tolerant Niobia-Titania Heterogeneous Catalysts. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3649-3660. [PMID: 30106509 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The sustainable conversion of vegetable biomass-derived feeds to useful chemicals requires innovative routes meeting environmental and economical criteria. The approach herein pursued is the synthesis of water-tolerant, unconventional solid acid monolithic catalysts based on a mixed niobia-titania skeleton building up a hierarchical open-cell network of meso- and macropores, and tailored for use under continuous-flow conditions. The materials were characterized by spectroscopic, microscopy, and diffraction techniques, showing a reproducible isotropic structure and an increasing Lewis/Brønsted acid sites ratio with increasing Nb content. The catalytic dehydration reaction of xylose to furfural was investigated as a representative application. The efficiency of the catalyst was found to be dramatically affected by the niobia content in the titania lattice. The presence of as low as 2 wt % niobium resulted in the highest furfural yield at 140 °C under continuous-flow conditions, by using H2 O/γ-valerolactone as a safe monophasic solvent system. The interception of a transient 2,5-anhydroxylose species suggested the dehydration process occurs via a cyclic intermediates mechanism. The catalytic activity and the formation of the anhydro intermediate were related to the Lewis acid sites (LAS)/Brønsted acid sites (BAS) ratio and indicated a significant contribution of xylose-xylulose isomerization. No significant catalyst deactivation was observed over 4 days usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Moreno-Marrodan
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Barbaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Chimica dei Composti Organo Metallici, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Stefano Caporali
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, Via Giusti 9, 50121, Firenze, Italy
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto dei Sistemi Complessi, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Filippo Bossola
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy
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13
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Delbecq F, Wang Y, Muralidhara A, El Ouardi K, Marlair G, Len C. Hydrolysis of Hemicellulose and Derivatives-A Review of Recent Advances in the Production of Furfural. Front Chem 2018; 6:146. [PMID: 29868554 PMCID: PMC5964623 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Biobased production of furfural has been known for decades. Nevertheless, bioeconomy and circular economy concepts is much more recent and has motivated a regain of interest of dedicated research to improve production modes and expand potential uses. Accordingly, this review paper aims essentially at outlining recent breakthroughs obtained in the field of furfural production from sugars and polysaccharides feedstocks. The review discusses advances obtained in major production pathways recently explored splitting in the following categories: (i) non-catalytic routes like use of critical solvents or hot water pretreatment, (ii) use of various homogeneous catalysts like mineral or organic acids, metal salts or ionic liquids, (iii) feedstock dehydration making use of various solid acid catalysts; (iv) feedstock dehydration making use of supported catalysts, (v) other heterogeneous catalytic routes. The paper also briefly overviews current understanding of furfural chemical synthesis and its underpinning mechanism as well as safety issues pertaining to the substance. Eventually, some remaining research topics are put in perspective for further optimization of biobased furfural production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederic Delbecq
- Ecole Superieure de Chimie Organique et Minerale, Compiègne, France
| | - Yantao Wang
- Sorbonne Universités, Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, Compiègne, France
| | - Anitha Muralidhara
- Sorbonne Universités, Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, Compiègne, France.,Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.,Avantium Chemicals, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karim El Ouardi
- Materials Science and Nano-Engineering Department, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Guy Marlair
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Christophe Len
- Sorbonne Universités, Universite de Technologie de Compiegne, Compiègne, France.,Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, PSL University, Chimie ParisTech, Paris, France
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14
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You X, van Heiningen A, Sixta H, Iakovlev M. Lignin and ash balances of sulfur dioxide-ethanol-water fractionation of sugarcane straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 244:1111-1120. [PMID: 28873513 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Lignin and ash material balances of SO2-ethanol-water (AVAP®) fractionation of sugarcane (SC) straw were thoroughly studied at various conditions. Most of straw lignin and ash dissolve in the liquor and 40-80% of lignin is precipitated after ethanol removal as a pure (∼99%) and sulfur-lean (<2%) fraction. Most of the acid-soluble ash and its elements (Na, K, Fe, Al) as well as large portion of silica are removed from the fiber phase. Straw lignin behavior exhibited differences compared to wood lignin including high apparent content in fiber, higher degree of sulfonation of dissolved lignin, and dense char-like precipitate formation upon ethanol removal. Variation in fractionation conditions did not have significant effect on lignin properties, while post-sulfonation was capable of changing its form from char-like to colloidal precipitate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang You
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystem, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.
| | - Adriaan van Heiningen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Maine, 5737 Jenness Hall, Orono, ME 04469-5737, USA
| | - Herbert Sixta
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystem, Aalto University, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Mikhail Iakovlev
- American Process Inc, 750 Piedmont Av. NE, Atlanta, GA 30308, USA
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15
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Goldmann WM, Ahola J, Mikola M, Tanskanen J. Formic acid aided hot water extraction of hemicellulose from European silver birch (Betula pendula) sawdust. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 232:176-182. [PMID: 28231535 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hemicellulose has been extracted from birch (Betula pendula) sawdust by formic acid aided hot water extraction. The maximum amount of hemicellulose extracted was about 70mol% of the total hemicellulose content at 170°C, measured as the combined yield of xylose and furfural. Lower temperatures (130 and 140°C) favored hemicellulose hydrolysis rather than cellulose hydrolysis, even though the total hemicellulose yield was less than at 170°C. It was found that formic acid greatly increased the hydrolysis of hemicellulose to xylose and furfural at the experimental temperatures. The amount of lignin in the extract remained below the detection limit of the analysis (3g/L) in all cases. Formic acid aided hot water extraction is a promising technique for extracting hemicellulose from woody biomass, while leaving a solid residue with low hemicellulose content, which can be delignified to culminate in the three main isolated lignocellulosic fractions: cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner Marcelo Goldmann
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, Oulu 90014, Finland.
| | - Juha Ahola
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Marja Mikola
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, Oulu 90014, Finland
| | - Juha Tanskanen
- Chemical Process Engineering, Faculty of Technology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4300, Oulu 90014, Finland
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16
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Zheng M, Pang J, Sun R, Wang A, Zhang T. Selectivity Control for Cellulose to Diols: Dancing on Eggs. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b03469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyuan Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials),
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jifeng Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials),
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ruiyan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials),
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Aiqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials),
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis,
iChEM (Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials),
Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Zhang L, Xi G, Zhang J, Yu H, Wang X. Efficient catalytic system for the direct transformation of lignocellulosic biomass to furfural and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 224:656-661. [PMID: 27913172 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A feasible approach was developed for the co-production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) and furfural from corncob via a new porous polytriphenylamine-SO3H (SPTPA) solid acid catalyst in lactone solvents. XRD, SEM, XPS, N2 adsorption-desorption, elemental analysis, TG-DTA, acid-base titration and FTIR spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize the catalyst. This study demonstrates and optimizes the catalytic performance of SPTPA and solvent selection. SPTPA was found to exhibit superior catalytic ability in γ-valerolactone (GVL). Under the optimum reaction conditions, simultaneously encouraging yields of furfural (73.9%) and 5-HMF (32.3%) were achieved at 448K. The main advantages of this process include reasonable yields of both 5-HMF and furfural in the same reaction system, practical simplicity for the raw biomass utilization, and the use of a safe and environmentally benign solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxin Zhang
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Guoyun Xi
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Hongbing Yu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, PR China
| | - Xiaochang Wang
- College of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Shaanxi Province, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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18
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Efficient isomerization of methyl arabinofuranosides into corresponding arabinopyranosides in presence of pyridine. Carbohydr Res 2016; 433:63-6. [PMID: 27447058 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Fisher glycosylation, the oldest but efficient reaction towards alkyl glycosides, suffers nonetheless from lack of selectivity, especially when dealing with pentoses. In this case, a mixture of the four isomers, namely the furanosides and the pyranosides, is formed. According to previous studies, the rate and selectivity of the reaction depend greatly on the reaction time and the temperature. In this report, another factor was evaluated, the introduction of a weak nucleophilic base. Interestingly, addition of pyridine few hours after the reaction has started allowed rapid isomerization of the methyl pentofuranosides into its pyranoside counterparts. The reaction proceeds with great diastereoselectivity using arabinose, ribose, xylose and lyxose as starting pentoses. Corresponding methyl pyranosides were obtained as the sole isomers with yields ranging from 65% to 75%.
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19
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Iglesias J, Melero JA, Morales G, Paniagua M, Hernández B. Dehydration of Xylose to Furfural in Alcohol Media in the Presence of Solid Acid Catalysts. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Iglesias
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Group. ESCET; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; C/Tulipán, s/n. Móstoles E28933 Madrid Spain
| | - Juan A. Melero
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Group. ESCET; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; C/Tulipán, s/n. Móstoles E28933 Madrid Spain
| | - Gabriel Morales
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Group. ESCET; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; C/Tulipán, s/n. Móstoles E28933 Madrid Spain
| | - Marta Paniagua
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Group. ESCET; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; C/Tulipán, s/n. Móstoles E28933 Madrid Spain
| | - Blanca Hernández
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Group. ESCET; Universidad Rey Juan Carlos; C/Tulipán, s/n. Móstoles E28933 Madrid Spain
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20
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Bhaumik P, Dhepe PL. Solid acid catalyzed synthesis of furans from carbohydrates. CATALYSIS REVIEWS-SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01614940.2015.1099894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Wu L, Hu X, Wang S, Mourant D, Song Y, Li T, Li CZ. Formation of coke during the esterification of pyrolysis bio-oil. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14939a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatics with big ring structures were formed during the esterification of bio-oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wu
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Xun Hu
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Shuai Wang
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Daniel Mourant
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Yao Song
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Tingting Li
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Chun-Zhu Li
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
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22
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Hu X, Jiang S, Kadarwati S, Dong D, Li CZ. Effects of water and alcohols on the polymerization of furan during its acid-catalyzed conversion into benzofuran. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04745a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Furan has distinct reaction pathways during acid treatment in methanol, water and dimethyl sulfoxide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Hu
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Shengjuan Jiang
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Sri Kadarwati
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Dehua Dong
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Chun-Zhu Li
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
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23
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Hu X, Kadarwati S, Song Y, Li CZ. Simultaneous hydrogenation and acid-catalyzed conversion of the biomass-derived furans in solvents with distinct polarities. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22414d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During upgrading of the biomass-derived furans, solvents affect both the reaction network and potential competition between the hydrogenation and acid-catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Hu
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Sri Kadarwati
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Yao Song
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
| | - Chun-Zhu Li
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth
- Australia
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24
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Zhang Z, Wong HH, Albertson PL, Harrison MD, Doherty WOS, O'Hara IM. Effects of glycerol on enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol production using sugarcane bagasse pretreated by acidified glycerol solution. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 192:367-73. [PMID: 26056778 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.05.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time the effects of glycerol on enzymatic hydrolysis and ethanol fermentation were investigated. Enzymatic hydrolysis was inhibited slightly with 2.0 wt% glycerol, leading to reduction in glucan digestibility from 84.9% without glycerol to 82.9% (72 h). With 5.0 wt% and 10.0 wt% glycerol, glucan digestibility was reduced by 4.5% and 11.0%, respectively. However, glycerol did not irreversibly inhibit cellulase enzymes. Ethanol fermentation was not affected by glycerol up to 5.0 wt%, but was inhibited slightly at 10.0 wt% glycerol, resulting in reduction in ethanol yield from 86.0% in the absence of glycerol to 83.7% (20 h). Based on the results of laboratory and pilot-scale experiments, it was estimated that 0.142 kg ethanol can be produced from 1.0 kg dry bagasse (a glucan content of 38.0%) after pretreatment with acidified glycerol solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanying Zhang
- Syngenta Centre for Sugarcane Biofuels Development, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2432, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2432, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia.
| | - Heng H Wong
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2432, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Peter L Albertson
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2432, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Mark D Harrison
- Syngenta Centre for Sugarcane Biofuels Development, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2432, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2432, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - William O S Doherty
- Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2432, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
| | - Ian M O'Hara
- Syngenta Centre for Sugarcane Biofuels Development, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2432, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia; Centre for Tropical Crops and Biocommodities, Queensland University of Technology, GPO Box 2432, 2 George St, Brisbane, QLD 4001, Australia
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25
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Paniagua M, Saravanamurugan S, Melian-Rodriguez M, Melero JA, Riisager A. Xylose isomerization with zeolites in a two-step alcohol-water process. CHEMSUSCHEM 2015; 8:1088-1094. [PMID: 25703506 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201402965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Isomerization of xylose to xylulose was efficiently catalyzed by large-pore zeolites in a two-step methanol-water process that enhanced the product yield significantly. The reaction pathway involves xylose isomerization to xylulose, which, in part, subsequently reacts with methanol to form methyl xyluloside (step 1) followed by hydrolysis after water addition to form additional xylulose (step 2). NMR spectroscopy studies performed with (13) C-labeled xylose confirmed the proposed reaction pathway. The most active catalyst examined was zeolite Y, which proved more active than zeolite beta, ZSM-5, and mordenite. The yield of xylulose obtained over H-USY (Si/Al=6) after 1 h of reaction at 100 °C was 39%. After water hydrolysis in the second reaction step, the yield increased to 47%. Results obtained from pyridine adsorption studies confirm that H-USY (6) is a catalyst that combines Brønsted and Lewis acid sites, and isomerizes xylose in alcohol media to form xylulose at low temperature. The applied zeolites are commercially available; do not contain any auxiliary tetravalent metals, for example, tin, titanium, or zirconium; isomerize xylose efficiently; are easy to regenerate; and are prone to recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Paniagua
- Chemical and Environmental Engineering Group, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933, Móstoles, Madrid (Spain)
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26
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Abstract
The Baylis–Hillman reaction of HMF was investigated in various bio-based solvent systems and in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Neng Tan
- Université de Lyon
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- ICBMS
- UMR5246
- CNRS
| | - Mohammed Ahmar
- Université de Lyon
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- ICBMS
- UMR5246
- CNRS
| | - Yves Queneau
- Université de Lyon
- Institut de Chimie et Biochimie Moléculaires et Supramoléculaires
- ICBMS
- UMR5246
- CNRS
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27
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Hu X, Dong D, Zhang L, Lu G. Steam reforming of bio-oil derived small organics over the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst prepared by an impregnation–reduction method. CATAL COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2014.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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28
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Biradar NS, Hengne AA, Birajdar SN, Swami R, Rode CV. Tailoring the Product Distribution with Batch and Continuous Process Options in Catalytic Hydrogenation of Furfural. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500196x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Narayan S. Biradar
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008, India
| | - Amol A. Hengne
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008, India
| | - Shobha N. Birajdar
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008, India
| | - Rameshwar Swami
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008, India
| | - Chandrashekhar V. Rode
- Chemical Engineering & Process Development Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan Pune 411008, India
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29
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Liu WJ, Tian K, Jiang H, Yu HQ. Facile synthesis of highly efficient and recyclable magnetic solid acid from biomass waste. Sci Rep 2014; 3:2419. [PMID: 23939253 PMCID: PMC3741625 DOI: 10.1038/srep02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, sawdust, a biomass waste, is converted into a magnetic porous carbonaceous (MPC) solid acid catalyst by an integrated fast pyrolysis–sulfonation process. The resultant magnetic solid acid has a porous structure with high surface area of 296.4 m2 g−1, which can be attributed to the catalytic effect of Fe. The catalytic activity and recyclability of the solid acid catalyst are evaluated during three typical acid-catalyzed reactions: esterification, dehydration, and hydrolysis. The favorable catalytic performance in all three reactions is attributed to the acid's high strength with 2.57 mmol g−1 of total acid sites. Moreover, the solid acid can be reused five times without a noticeable decrease in catalytic activity, indicating the stability of the porous carbon (PC)–sulfonic acid group structure. The findings in the present work offer effective alternatives for environmentally friendly utilization of abundant biomass waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Jun Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
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30
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Hu X, Zhang L, Dong D, Lu G. High-temperature steam reforming of bio-oil derived light organics and methane to hydrogen-rich gas with trace CO via rational temperature control. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A reactor with constant-temperature and stepwise decreasing-temperature zones is developed, which can catalyze steam reforming of bio-oil derived organics and methane to produce hydrogen-rich gas with only trace CO in a wide temperature region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Hu
- National Engineering Research Centre for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- Lanzhou University
- Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
| | - Dehua Dong
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute
- Curtin University of Technology
- Perth, Australia
| | - Gongxuan Lu
- National Engineering Research Centre for Fine Petrochemical Intermediates
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation
- Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Lanzhou 730000, P. R. China
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31
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Neves P, Lima S, Pillinger M, Rocha SM, Rocha J, Valente AA. Conversion of furfuryl alcohol to ethyl levulinate using porous aluminosilicate acid catalysts. Catal Today 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Hu X, Wu L, Wang Y, Song Y, Mourant D, Gunawan R, Gholizadeh M, Li CZ. Acid-catalyzed conversion of mono- and poly-sugars into platform chemicals: effects of molecular structure of sugar substrate. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 133:469-74. [PMID: 23454803 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.01.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Hydrolysis/pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass always produces a mixture of sugars with distinct structures as intermediates or products. This study tried to elucidate the effects of molecular structure of sugars on their acid-catalyzed conversions in ethanol/water. Location of carbonyl group in sugars (fructose versus glucose) and steric configuration of hydroxyl groups (glucose versus galactose) significantly affected yields of levulinic acid/ester (fructose>glucose>galactose). The dehydration of fructose to 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural produces much less soluble polymer than that from glucose and galactose, which results in high yields of levulinic acid/ester from fructose. Anhydrate sugar such as levoglucosan tends to undergo the undesirable decomposition to form less levulinic acid/ester. Catalytic behaviors of the poly-sugars (sucrose, maltose, raffinose, β-cyclodextrins) were determined much by their basic units. However, their big molecular sizes create the steric hindrance that significantly affects their followed conversion over solid acid catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Hu
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University of Technology, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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33
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Hu X, Gunawan R, Mourant D, Wang Y, Lievens C, Chaiwat W, Wu L, Li CZ. Esterification of bio-oil from mallee (Eucalyptus loxophleba ssp. gratiae) leaves with a solid acid catalyst: Conversion of the cyclic ether and terpenoids into hydrocarbons. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2012; 123:249-255. [PMID: 22940326 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bio-oil from pyrolysis of mallee (Eucalyptus loxophleba ssp. gratiae) leaves differs from that obtained with wood by its content of cyclic ethers, terpenoids and N-containing organic compounds. Upgrading of the leaf bio-oil in methanol with a solid acid catalyst was investigated and it was found that the N-containing organics in the bio-oil lead to deactivation of the catalyst in the initial stage of exposure and have to be removed via employing high catalyst loading to allow the occurrence of other acid-catalysed reactions. Eucalyptol, the main cyclic ether in the bio-oil, could be converted into the aromatic hydrocarbon, p-cymene, through a series of intermediates including α-terpineol, terpinolene, and α-terpinene. Various steps such as ring-opening, dehydration, isomerisation, and aromatization were involved in the conversion of eucalyptol. The terpenoids in bio-oil could also be converted into aromatic hydrocarbons that can serve as starting materials for the synthesis of fine chemicals, via the similar processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Hu
- Fuels and Energy Technology Institute, Curtin University of Technology, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
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