Metal-free and Scalable Synthesis of Porous Hyper-cross-linked Polymers: Towards Applications in Liquid-Phase Adsorption

Synergistic disinfection effects and reduction of disinfection by-products in water treatment using magnetic quaternized cyclodextrin polymer combined with chorine disinfection process

Disinfection is vital in ensuring water safety. However, the traditional chlorine disinfection process is prone to producing toxic and harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). The combination of quaternary ammonium polymer and the chlorine disinfection process can solve this shortcoming. Currently, research on the control of DBPs through the combined process is not systematic and the control effect between reducing the dosage of disinfectants and DBPs remains to be studied. Quaternized cyclodextrin polymers have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent adsorption and antibacterial properties, but their synergistic effect with chlorine disinfection is still unclear. In this study, a magnetic quaternized cyclodextrin polymer (MQCDP) is synthesized in an ionic liquid green system, and a combined process of MQCDP treatment and chlorine disinfection is established. The disinfection performance of the combined process on the actual water body along with its reducing effect on the amount of chlorine disinfectant as well as the trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) DBPs are explored. MQCDP has a porous structure with a specific surface area of 825 m2 g-1 and is easily magnetically separated. MQCDP can remove most of the natural organic matter (UV254 absorbance decreased by 97 %) in the water at the dosage of 1 g L-1 and kill bacteria with a sterilization rate of 85 %. Compared with disinfection using chlorine alone, the combined process has higher disinfection efficiency and significantly reduces the amount of disinfectant used. A concentration of 5 mg/L of NaClO was needed to meet the standard by chlorine disinfectant alone, while only 2 mg/L of NaClO can meet the standard for the combined process, indicating 60 % of the chlorine demand was reduced. More importantly, the combined process can significantly reduce the generation potential of DBPs. When 10 mg/L of NaClO is added, the THMs and HAAs generated by the combined process decreased by 65 % and 34 %, respectively, compared with the levels produced by single chlorine disinfection. The combined process can reduce the dosage of chlorine disinfectant and MQCDP can adsorb humic acid DBP precursors in raw water, thus lowering the generation of DBPs during disinfection. In summary, MQCDP has excellent separation and antibacterial ability, and its synergistic effects combined with the chlorine disinfection process are of great significance for controlling the amount of disinfectant and the formation potential of DBPs, which has potential applications in actual water treatment.

Thioether-functionalized porous β-cyclodextrin polymer for efficient removal of heavy metal ions and organic micropollutants from water

Herein, a thioether-functionalized porous β-cyclodextrin polymer (P(Bn-S-CD)) was prepared for efficient removal of heavy metal ions and organic micropollutants (OMPs) from water. P(Bn-S-CD) showed a surface area of 763 m2/g and a sulfur content 5.83 wt%. Based on screening studies, Hg2+ and diclofenac sodium (DS) were selected as model pollutants. P(Bn-S-CD) could adsorb Hg2+ and DS simultaneously, while the adsorbed Hg2+ afforded positive charges to the primary rims of CDs, greatly enhancing the adsorption rate and adsorption capacity of DS. Although the adsorbed DS showed no obvious effect on Hg2+ adsorption, it improved the affinity of Hg2+ upon P(Bn-S-CD). Adsorption mechanism studies confirmed the essential role of electrostatic interactions for these results. P(Bn-S-CD) also showed good selectivity towards heavy metal ions, excellent adsorption performance in real water at environmental levels and good reusability, implying great promise for water treatment.

Design and Construction of an Azo-Functionalized POP for Reversibly Stimuli-Responsive CO2 Adsorption

A porous azo-functionalized organic polymer (JJU-2) was designed and prepared via oxidative coupling polymerization promoted by FeCl3. JJU-2 exhibited reversibly stimuli-responsive CO2 adsorption properties as a result of the trans/cis isomerization of the polymer’s azo-functionalized skeleton. Under UV irradiation and heat treatment, this porous material displayed various porous structures and CO2 adsorption properties. The initial Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of JJU-1 is 888 m2 g−1. After UV irradiation, the BET surface area decreases to 864 m2 g−1, along with the decrease of micropores around 0.50 nm and 1.27 nm during the trans-to-cis isomerization process. In addition, CO2 sorption isotherms demonstrate an 8%t decrease, and the calculated Qst of CO2 has decreased from 29.0 kJ mol−1 to 26.5 kJ mol−1 due to the trans to cis conversion of the azobenzene side group. It is noteworthy that JJU-2′s CO2 uptakes are nearly constant over three cycles of alternating external stimuli. Therefore, this azo-functionalized porous material was a potential carbon capture material that was responsive to stimuli.

Respiration-based investigation of adsorbent-bioprocess compatibility

BACKGROUND

The efficiency of downstream processes plays a crucial role in the transition from conventional petrochemical processes to sustainable biotechnological production routes. One promising candidate for product separation from fermentations with low energy demand and high selectivity is the adsorption of the target product on hydrophobic adsorbents. However, only limited knowledge exists about the interaction of these adsorbents and the bioprocess. The bioprocess could possibly be harmed by the release of inhibitory components from the adsorbent surface. Another possibility is co-adsorption of essential nutrients, especially in an in situ application, making these nutrients unavailable to the applied microorganism.

RESULTS

A test protocol investigating adsorbent-bioprocess compatibility was designed and applied on a variety of adsorbents. Inhibitor release and nutrient adsorption was studied in an isolated manner. Respiratory data recorded by a RAMOS device was used to assess the influence of the adsorbents on the cultivation in three different microbial systems for up to six different adsorbents per system. While no inhibitor release was detected in our investigations, adsorption of different essential nutrients was observed.

CONCLUSION

The application of adsorption for product recovery from the bioprocess was proven to be generally possible, but nutrient adsorption has to be assessed for each application individually. To account for nutrient adsorption, adsorptive product separation should only be applied after sufficient microbial growth. Moreover, concentrations of co-adsorbed nutrients need to be increased to compensate nutrient loss. The presented protocol enables an investigation of adsorbent-bioprocess compatibility with high-throughput and limited effort.

Evaluation of CO2 and H2O Adsorption on a Porous Polymer Using DFT and In Situ DRIFT Spectroscopy

Numerous hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs) have been developed as CO₂ adsorbents and photocatalysts. Yet, little is known of the CO₂ and H₂O adsorption mechanisms on amorphous porous polymers. Gaining a better understanding of these mechanisms and determining the adsorption sites are key to the rational design of improved adsorbents and photocatalysts. Herein, we present a unique approach that combines density functional theory (DFT), in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and multivariate spectral analysis to investigate CO₂ and H₂O adsorption sites on a triazine-biphenyl HCP. We found that CO₂ and H₂O adsorb on the same HCP sites albeit with different adsorption strengths. The primary amines of the triazines were identified as favoring strong CO₂ binding interactions. Given the potential use of HCPs for CO₂ photoreduction, we also investigated CO₂ and H₂O adsorption under transient light irradiation. Under irradiation, we observed partial CO₂ and H₂O desorption and a redistribution of interactions between the H₂O and CO₂ molecules that remain adsorbed at HCP adsorption sites.

Multifunctional porous β-cyclodextrin polymer for water purification

Keeping water clean is of vital significance for human health and environmental protection. In order to remove organic micro-pollutants and natural organic substances in water bodies and kill pathogenic microorganisms simultaneously, this study synthesized a multifunctional porous β-cyclodextrin polymer with a high specific surface area by introducing quaternary ammonium groups and rigid benzene rings, respectively, which was then polymerized with crosslinking agent-4,4'-bis (chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (BCMBP) in an ionic liquid system. The grafting of quaternary ammonium groups was beneficial for the removal of negative-charged humic acid (HA) and sterilization. The introduction of numerous rigid structures during benzylation and Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction could significantly improve the porosity and specific surface area of the polymer, conducive to the exposure of cyclodextrin binding sites and contaminant adsorption. By changing the proportions of quaternization and benzylation, the structure and surface properties of the polymer could be adjusted, thus further regulating the adsorption performance. Compared with activated carbon, the polymer named BQCD-BP with a huge surface area of 1133 m² g^-1 prepared under optimized conditions showed outstanding adsorption performance and sterilization ability. The pseudo-second-order kinetic constant of BQCD-BP reached 1.2058 g·mg^-1·min^-1, which was approximately 50 times greater than that of activated carbon (0.0256 g·mg^-1·min^-1) under the same experimental condition. The adsorption capacity of BQCD-BP to HA was twice as high as that to AC, and the antibacterial ability of BQCD-BP was significant, achieving 90% at the dosage of 1g L^-1. Moreover, the adsorption process was hardly affected by the hydrochemical conditions, and the polymer was easy to regenerate. In addition, the excellent adsorption and antibacterial performance of the polymer were also identified by natural water treatment. COD was almost completely removed, and the removal efficiency of TP reached 92% after contact with BQCD-BP. The sterilization rate of BQCD-BP to viable bacteria in complex water bodies reached 82%. Undoubtedly, BQCD-BP is a potential multifunctional water treatment material with reasonable design in the actual water purification.

The mechanochemical synthesis of polymers

Mechanochemistry - the utilization of mechanical forces to induce chemical reactions - is a rarely considered tool for polymer synthesis. It offers numerous advantages such as reduced solvent consumption, accessibility of novel structures, and the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer solubility and fast precipitation. Consequently, the development of new high-performance materials based on mechanochemically synthesised polymers has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. This review covers the constructive mechanochemical synthesis of polymers, starting from early examples and progressing to the current state of the art while emphasising linear and porous polymers as well as post-polymerisation modifications.

Hypercrosslinked Polymers as a Photocatalytic Platform for Visible-Light-Driven CO2 Photoreduction Using H2 O

The design of robust, high-performance photocatalysts is key for the success of solar fuel production by CO2 conversion. In this study, hypercrosslinked polymer (HCP) photocatalysts have been developed for the selective reduction of CO2 to CO, combining excellent CO2 sorption capacities, good general stabilities, and low production costs. HCPs are active photocatalysts in the visible light range, significantly outperforming the benchmark material, TiO2 P25, using only sacrificial H2 O. It is hypothesized that superior H2 O adsorption capacities facilitate access to photoactive sites, improving photocatalytic conversion rates when compared to sacrificial H2 . These polymers are an intriguing set of organic photocatalysts, displaying no long-range order or extended π-conjugation. The as-synthesized networks are the sole photocatalytic component, requiring no added cocatalyst doping or photosensitizer, representing a highly versatile and exciting platform for solar-energy conversion.

Control of Physical Aging in Super-Glassy Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes

ConspectusSince the discovery of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) in 2004, the fast size-selective interconnected pore cavities of the polymers have caused the upper bound of membrane performance to be revised, twice. Simultaneously, porous materials have meant that mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are now a relatively simple method of enhancing transport properties. While there are now reliable routes with mixed matrices to improve the fundamental transport properties of membrane materials, many of the other properties crucial for separation applications remain largely unaddressed. Physical aging severely affects membrane performance over time, especially for those prepared from high fractional free volume polymers. Gradual densification of the glassy polymer chains causes the connected pore channels present in these materials to constrict. Studies now suggest that aging of superglassy polymer materials is a two-step process; a rapid densification occurs within the first few days, followed by a gradual rearrangement of packed chains over longer time frames toward a theoretical equilibrium state. Although advantageous in terms of size selectivity, the considerable drop in permeation over the days and weeks after manufacture greatly impacts material applicability. While often still permeating faster than traditional membrane materials, the continuous gradual collapse of cavities in these polymers are a significant challenge in the application of high free volume polymer membranes. In 2014, we discovered that the porous aromatic framework PAF-1 not only greatly improved the membrane's void space and speed of gas transport but also seemingly froze several glassy polymers in a low-density state, holding the polymer's pore channels open, a process termed as Porosity Induced Side chain Adsorption (PISA).This discovery of PISA fundamentally challenged the conventional wisdom at the time that the aging rate could only be addressed by densification of the polymer. Unlike other high-performance glassy polymers, membranes containing PAF-1 can retain their high permeability for more than a year. Several other examples of antiaging behavior have been subsequently reported by the team, where control of aging rate as a function of gas penetrant, selectivity increases, and stability at higher pressures was reported. These works also demonstrate that these mixed matrix systems had applicability for several other separations, including pervaporation, solvent nanofiltration, and as separators for energy applications. In our subsequent studies, the antiaging mechanism has been elucidated as an effect of the interaction between the polymer's accessible pendant methyl group and the aromatic pore surface of PAF-1 or other antiaging additives. In otherwise identical MMMs, where this hypothesized methyl-π interaction is either absent or interrupted, we find that the antiaging behavior expected by the fixation of the polymer chains to the pore surface and PAF-1 does not occur. As a design approach for mixed matrix membranes, targeted interfacial interactions are a promising pathway for developing other stable membranes, enabling the exciting class of PIM materials to improve industrial separation efficiency.

Guided Assembly of Well-Defined Hierarchical Nanoporous Polymers by Lewis Acid-Base Interactions

Three-dimensional hierarchical nanoporous polymers and carbon nanomaterials with well-defined superstructures are of great interest for various intelligent applications, whereas a facile and versatile approach to access those materials with a high surface area, stable well-defined morphology, and ordered pores still remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report a self-regulated Lewis acid-base interaction-mediated assembly strategy for the in situ synthesis of morphology-engineered hyper-cross-linked porous polymers and carbon materials. A series of functionalized aromatic compounds (FAC) is subjected to self-cross-linking via classic Friedel-Crafts chemistry to achieve stable porous polymers with a high surface area. Varying the monomer/catalyst combination had a dramatic effect on the acid-base interaction, facilitating the tailoring of the self-assembled morphologies from nanotubes to hollow nanospheres, and even nanosheets. A mechanistic study showed that the byproducts generated during cross-linking orchestrate the interactions between the catalyst (acid) and FAC (base) and simultaneously drive the self-assembly to yield specific morphologies. Based on the rigid hollow polymer framework and intrinsic hydroxyl functionality, the hyper-cross-linked hollow nanospheres were easily transformed to an acid-functionalized catalyst for efficient biodiesel production. Moreover, high-quality porous carbonaceous nanocounterparts such as carbon nanotubes, hollow carbon nanospheres, and carbon nanosheets could also be produced by direct pyrolysis of the corresponding polymer precursors. These findings may provide guidance for the facile design of morphology-controlled functionalized polymers and carbon nanomaterials for various applications.

Nitrogen-Doped Hollow Copolymer Tube via Template-Free Asynchronous Polymerization with Highly Selective Separation of Hydrophilic Dipeptide for Enhancing Inhibitory Activity of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme

A N-doped hollow copolymer tube (NHCT) was fabricated via template-free one-pot asynchronous polymerization strategy. Discrepancies of monomer polymerization speed and their hydrophilic-hydrophobic interaction resulted in the assembly of a hollow tube having inner diameter and double wall thickness of ∼230 and 40 nm, respectively. The formation and growth mechanism of NHCT analyzed via advanced characterization revealed that the unique growth processes tuned a demarcating surface layer between inner (hydrophilic) and outer (hydrophobic) layers. The screening and recognition ability of NHCT were determined for two specific dipeptides (WW and RR) possessing great discrepancies in hydrophilicity and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) activity. NHCT realized high adsorption capacity (1.57 mmol/g) and selectivity (∼1274) for hydrophilic dipeptide RR (low ACE-I activity) from the mixture of RR/WW. As a result, ACE-I activity for residual solution were enhanced about 4.1 times as compared to original solution from natural silkworm pupae protein hydrolysate. Awarding to these results and its facile and discerning ability, NHCT can be envisioned to be of great value for the separation of small functional peptides from a natural edible source.

Towards Sustainable Lactic Acid Production: Avoiding Gypsum as a Byproduct by using Selective Liquid-Phase Adsorption

The utilization of biomass is one of the major challenges for the transition from fossil to renewable resources. Often, the separation of the desired product from the reaction mixture is the most energy-intensive step. Liquid-phase adsorption is a promising separation technology that could significantly improve downstream processing in biorefineries. Highly hydrophobic adsorbents were applied for the separation of lactic acid (LA) from aqueous solutions and to avoid the formation of gypsum as a byproduct. High uptakes and selectivity were obtained in single-solute and co-adsorption experiments. Porous hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCP) and polymer-based spherical activated carbon performed best and showed excellent selectivity for the selective removal of LA. Desorption experiments revealed that HCP was the ideal adsorbent for the separation of LA from aqueous solution and enabled the production of gypsum-free LA.

Selective Environmental Remediation of Strontium and Cesium Using Sulfonated Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers (SHCPs)

Sulfonated hyper-cross-linked polymers based on 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (BCMBP) were synthesized via metal-free (SHCP-1) and conventional Lewis acid-catalyzed (SHCP-2) Friedel-Crafts alkylation routes. The sulfonated polymers possessed BET surface areas in excess of 500 m²·g^-1. SHCP-1 was investigated for its ability to extract Sr and Cs ions from aqueous solutions via the ion-exchange reaction of the sulfonic acid moiety. Equilibrium uptake data could be accurately modeled by the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm, with maximum calculated loading values of 95.6 ± 2.8 mg·g^-1 (Sr) and 273 ± 37 mg·g^-1 (Cs). Uptake of both target ions was rapid, with pseudo second-order rate constants calculated as 7.71 ± 1.1 (×10^-2) for Sr and 0.113 ± 0.014 for Cs. Furthermore, the polymer was found to be highly selective toward the target ions over large excesses of naturally occurring competing metal ions Na, K, Mg, and Ca. We conclude that hyper-cross-linked polymers may offer intrinsic advantages over other adsorbents for the remediation of aqueous Sr and Cs contamination.

Mechanochemical synthesis of hyper-crosslinked polymers: influences on their pore structure and adsorption behaviour for organic vapors

This study elucidates a mechanochemical polymerization reaction towards a hyper-crosslinked polymer as an alternative to conventional solvent-based procedures. The swift and solvent-free Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction yields a porous polymer with surface areas of up to 1720 m2g-1 and pore volumes of up to 1.55 cm3g-1. The application of LAG (liquid-assisted grinding) revealed a profound impact of the liquid´s boiling point on the textural properties of the obtained polymer materials. Finally, the materials are characterized by vapour sorption experiments with benzene and cyclohexane.

Continuous flow knitting of a triptycene hypercrosslinked polymer

Hypercrosslinked polymers suitable for carbon capture were produced in continuous flow synthesis using 10% of the time required for typical batch reactions, precluding the need for lengthy reactions to produce microporous polymeric adsorbents.

Selective Sequestration of Aromatics from Aqueous Mixtures with Sugars by Hydrophobic Molecular Calixarene Cavities Grafted on Silica

The separation of aromatic contaminants from sugar-aromatic aqueous mixtures is required in second-generation biorefineries because aromatic compounds deactivate (bio)catalysts typically involved in upgrading lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. This separation remains challenging, however, because of the degree of molecular recognition needed to sequester dilute aromatic impurities from concentrated sugar streams. Herein, we demonstrate that hydrophobic cavities of p- tert-butylcalix[4]arene macrocycles grafted on amorphous silica (calix/SiO₂) perform this separation selectively and efficiently by acting as selective molecular hosts that adsorb aromatic compounds (5-hydroxymethylfurfural, vanillin, and vanillic acid) while excluding monomeric sugar (glucose chosen as a prototypical model) in aqueous mixtures. By comparing calix/SiO₂ to a range of organically modified SiO₂ surfaces and other porous adsorbents, we demonstrate that the organization of hydrophobic functional groups within discrete nests consisting of calixarene cavities is crucial for facilitating the adsorption of aromatics. Density functional theory calculations of the host-guest complex indicate that adsorption is brought about by weak dispersive (van der Waals) interactions between tert-butyl upper-rim substituents in calixarene hosts and aromatic guests. Calix/SiO₂ can be repeatedly reused, demonstrating its viability as an adsorbent within a continuous biorefining process. These calix/SiO₂ adsorbents expand the palette of materials available for selective sugar-aromatic separations, which until now have been limited to pyrene-based sites of metal-organic framework NU-1000, and demonstrate that sites consisting of relatively simple hydrophobic tert-butyl substituents organized around a hemispherical molecular cavity provide a sufficient degree of molecular recognition for performing this separation selectively.

Hypercrosslinked porous polymer materials: design, synthesis, and applications

Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) are a series of permanent microporous polymer materials initially reported by Davankov, and have received an increasing level of research interest. In recent years, HCPs have experienced rapid growth due to their remarkable advantages such as diverse synthetic methods, easy functionalization, high surface area, low cost reagents and mild operating conditions. Judicious selection of monomers, appropriate length crosslinkers and optimized reaction conditions yielded a well-developed polymer framework with an adjusted porous topology. Post fabrication of the as developed network facilitates the incorporation of various chemical functionalities that may lead to interesting properties and enhance the selection toward a specific application. To date, numerous HCPs have been prepared by post-crosslinking polystyrene-based precursors, one-step self-polycondensation or external crosslinking strategies. The advent of these methodologies has prompted researchers to construct well-defined porous polymer networks with customized micromorphology and functionalities. In this review, we describe not only the basic synthetic principles and strategies of HCPs, but also the advancements in the structural and morphological study as well as the frontiers of potential applications in energy and environmental fields such as gas storage, carbon capture, removal of pollutants, molecular separation, catalysis, drug delivery, sensing etc.

A Review of Biorefinery Separations for Bioproduct Production via Thermocatalytic Processing

With technological advancement of thermocatalytic processes for valorizing renewable biomass carbon, development of effective separation technologies for selective recovery of bioproducts from complex reaction media and their purification becomes essential. The high thermal sensitivity of biomass intermediates and their low volatility and high reactivity, along with the use of dilute solutions, make the bioproducts separations energy intensive and expensive. Novel separation techniques, including solvent extraction in biphasic systems and reactive adsorption using zeolite and carbon sorbents, membranes, and chromatography, have been developed. In parallel with experimental efforts, multiscale simulations have been reported for predicting solvent selection and adsorption separation. We discuss various separations that are potentially valuable to future biorefineries and the factors controlling separation performance. Particular emphasis is given to current gaps and opportunities for future development.

Microporous Organic Polymers Based on Hyper-Crosslinked Coal Tar: Preparation and Application for Gas Adsorption

Hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) are promising materials for gas capture and storage, but high cost and complicated preparation limit their practical application. In this paper, a new type of HCPs (CTHPs) was synthesized through a one-step mild Friedel-Crafts reaction with low-cost coal tar as the starting material. Chloroform was utilized as both solvent and crosslinker to generate a three-dimensional crosslinked network with abundant micropores. The maximum BET surface area of the prepared CTHPs could reach up to 929 m²  g^-1 . Owing to the high affinity between the heteroatoms on the coal-tar building blocks and the CO₂ molecules, the adsorption capacity of CTHPs towards CO₂ reached up to 14.2 wt % (1.0 bar, 273 K) with a high selectivity (CO₂ /N₂ =32.3). Furthermore, the obtained CTHPs could adsorb 1.27 wt % H₂ at 1.0 bar and 77.3 K, and also showed capacity for the capture of high organic vapors at room temperature. In comparison with other reported porous organic polymers, CTHPs have the advantages of low-cost, easy preparation, and high gas-adsorption performance, making them suitable for mass production and practical use in the future.

Swellable functional hypercrosslinked polymer networks for the uptake of chemical warfare agents

Porous materials can be used as sorbents for the bulk uptake (and potential deactivation) of chemical warfare agents (CWAs).

Superacid-promoted synthesis of highly porous hypercrosslinked polycarbazoles for efficient CO2 capture

A superacid-promoted “knitting” strategy has been developed for the generation of hypercrosslinked nanoporous polycarbazoles for efficient CO₂ capture.

Hyper-Cross-Linked Organic Microporous Polymers Based on Alternating Copolymerization of Bismaleimide

A novel type of hyper-cross-linked organic microporous polymer (HOMP) has been successfully prepared based on the radical copolymerization of bismaleimides and divinylbenzene. In comparison with the HOMPs prepared with cross-linking techniques, the new radical strategy circumvents some intractable problems, such as low atom economy, structure irregularity and corrosive byproducts. The obtained HOMPs have defined molecular structures due to the intrinsic alternating copolymerization properties of the two monomers. A maximum BET surface area of 841 m² g^-1 and high gas capture capacity (CO₂, 11.22 wt %, 273 K/1.0 bar; H₂, 0.82 wt %, 77.3 K/1.0 bar; benzene, 545 mg g^-1, room temperature/0.6 bar; and cyclohexane, 1736 mg g^-1, room temperature/0.6 bar) were achieved. In addition, the polymers also displayed good chemical and thermal stability, which is critical for the practical application.

Complete furanics–sugar separations with metal–organic framework NU-1000

Metal–organic framework NU-1000 exhibits complete selectivity in separating furanics from an aqueous mixture that also contains excess sugars that the furanics are derived from.

Hyper-crosslinked cyclodextrin porous polymer: an efficient CO2 capturing material with tunable porosity

Several cyclodextrin (CD)-based hyper-crosslinked porous polymers (HCPPs) were designed and synthesized for selective CO₂ adsorption and storage. A feasible way to tailor the porosity of the materials was also established.