1
|
Sun L, Xu G, Tu Y, Zhang H, Zhang W, Zhu X, Liang Y, Li A, Xie X. Synergistic disinfection effects and reduction of disinfection by-products in water treatment using magnetic quaternized cyclodextrin polymer combined with chorine disinfection process. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 250:121078. [PMID: 38159540 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.121078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Disinfection is vital in ensuring water safety. However, the traditional chlorine disinfection process is prone to producing toxic and harmful disinfection by-products (DBPs). The combination of quaternary ammonium polymer and the chlorine disinfection process can solve this shortcoming. Currently, research on the control of DBPs through the combined process is not systematic and the control effect between reducing the dosage of disinfectants and DBPs remains to be studied. Quaternized cyclodextrin polymers have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent adsorption and antibacterial properties, but their synergistic effect with chlorine disinfection is still unclear. In this study, a magnetic quaternized cyclodextrin polymer (MQCDP) is synthesized in an ionic liquid green system, and a combined process of MQCDP treatment and chlorine disinfection is established. The disinfection performance of the combined process on the actual water body along with its reducing effect on the amount of chlorine disinfectant as well as the trihalomethanes (THMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs) DBPs are explored. MQCDP has a porous structure with a specific surface area of 825 m2 g-1 and is easily magnetically separated. MQCDP can remove most of the natural organic matter (UV254 absorbance decreased by 97 %) in the water at the dosage of 1 g L-1 and kill bacteria with a sterilization rate of 85 %. Compared with disinfection using chlorine alone, the combined process has higher disinfection efficiency and significantly reduces the amount of disinfectant used. A concentration of 5 mg/L of NaClO was needed to meet the standard by chlorine disinfectant alone, while only 2 mg/L of NaClO can meet the standard for the combined process, indicating 60 % of the chlorine demand was reduced. More importantly, the combined process can significantly reduce the generation potential of DBPs. When 10 mg/L of NaClO is added, the THMs and HAAs generated by the combined process decreased by 65 % and 34 %, respectively, compared with the levels produced by single chlorine disinfection. The combined process can reduce the dosage of chlorine disinfectant and MQCDP can adsorb humic acid DBP precursors in raw water, thus lowering the generation of DBPs during disinfection. In summary, MQCDP has excellent separation and antibacterial ability, and its synergistic effects combined with the chlorine disinfection process are of great significance for controlling the amount of disinfectant and the formation potential of DBPs, which has potential applications in actual water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangyin City General Administration, Jiangyin 214433, PR China
| | - Guizhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yizhou Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Huaicheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; School of the Environment Engineering, Nanjing Polytechnic Institute, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Ying Liang
- Nanjing Huachuang Institute of Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing 211106, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangxi Nanxin Environmental Protection Technology Co. Ltd, Jiujiang City, Jiangxi Province 330300, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Bie W, Zhang S, Zhang L, Li H, Sun X, Cai T, Wang Z, Kong F, Wang W. Thioether-functionalized porous β-cyclodextrin polymer for efficient removal of heavy metal ions and organic micropollutants from water. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 324:121509. [PMID: 37985051 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a thioether-functionalized porous β-cyclodextrin polymer (P(Bn-S-CD)) was prepared for efficient removal of heavy metal ions and organic micropollutants (OMPs) from water. P(Bn-S-CD) showed a surface area of 763 m2/g and a sulfur content 5.83 wt%. Based on screening studies, Hg2+ and diclofenac sodium (DS) were selected as model pollutants. P(Bn-S-CD) could adsorb Hg2+ and DS simultaneously, while the adsorbed Hg2+ afforded positive charges to the primary rims of CDs, greatly enhancing the adsorption rate and adsorption capacity of DS. Although the adsorbed DS showed no obvious effect on Hg2+ adsorption, it improved the affinity of Hg2+ upon P(Bn-S-CD). Adsorption mechanism studies confirmed the essential role of electrostatic interactions for these results. P(Bn-S-CD) also showed good selectivity towards heavy metal ions, excellent adsorption performance in real water at environmental levels and good reusability, implying great promise for water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Bie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224002, PR China
| | - Shuzhao Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224002, PR China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Comprehensive Testing Center, Yancheng Customs, Yancheng 224002, PR China
| | - Hengye Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224002, PR China.
| | - Xiaoyu Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224002, PR China
| | - Tianpei Cai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224002, PR China
| | - Zhongxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224002, PR China
| | - Fenying Kong
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224002, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng 224002, PR China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yuan R, Zhang M, Sun H. Design and Construction of an Azo-Functionalized POP for Reversibly Stimuli-Responsive CO2 Adsorption. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15071709. [PMID: 37050323 PMCID: PMC10097301 DOI: 10.3390/polym15071709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A porous azo-functionalized organic polymer (JJU-2) was designed and prepared via oxidative coupling polymerization promoted by FeCl3. JJU-2 exhibited reversibly stimuli-responsive CO2 adsorption properties as a result of the trans/cis isomerization of the polymer’s azo-functionalized skeleton. Under UV irradiation and heat treatment, this porous material displayed various porous structures and CO2 adsorption properties. The initial Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of JJU-1 is 888 m2 g−1. After UV irradiation, the BET surface area decreases to 864 m2 g−1, along with the decrease of micropores around 0.50 nm and 1.27 nm during the trans-to-cis isomerization process. In addition, CO2 sorption isotherms demonstrate an 8%t decrease, and the calculated Qst of CO2 has decreased from 29.0 kJ mol−1 to 26.5 kJ mol−1 due to the trans to cis conversion of the azobenzene side group. It is noteworthy that JJU-2′s CO2 uptakes are nearly constant over three cycles of alternating external stimuli. Therefore, this azo-functionalized porous material was a potential carbon capture material that was responsive to stimuli.
Collapse
|
4
|
Pastoors J, Baltin C, Bettmer J, Deitert A, Götzen T, Michel C, Deischter J, Schroll I, Biselli A, Palkovits R, Rose M, Jupke A, Büchs J. Respiration-based investigation of adsorbent-bioprocess compatibility. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2023; 16:49. [PMID: 36934285 PMCID: PMC10024846 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02297-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficiency of downstream processes plays a crucial role in the transition from conventional petrochemical processes to sustainable biotechnological production routes. One promising candidate for product separation from fermentations with low energy demand and high selectivity is the adsorption of the target product on hydrophobic adsorbents. However, only limited knowledge exists about the interaction of these adsorbents and the bioprocess. The bioprocess could possibly be harmed by the release of inhibitory components from the adsorbent surface. Another possibility is co-adsorption of essential nutrients, especially in an in situ application, making these nutrients unavailable to the applied microorganism. RESULTS A test protocol investigating adsorbent-bioprocess compatibility was designed and applied on a variety of adsorbents. Inhibitor release and nutrient adsorption was studied in an isolated manner. Respiratory data recorded by a RAMOS device was used to assess the influence of the adsorbents on the cultivation in three different microbial systems for up to six different adsorbents per system. While no inhibitor release was detected in our investigations, adsorption of different essential nutrients was observed. CONCLUSION The application of adsorption for product recovery from the bioprocess was proven to be generally possible, but nutrient adsorption has to be assessed for each application individually. To account for nutrient adsorption, adsorptive product separation should only be applied after sufficient microbial growth. Moreover, concentrations of co-adsorbed nutrients need to be increased to compensate nutrient loss. The presented protocol enables an investigation of adsorbent-bioprocess compatibility with high-throughput and limited effort.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pastoors
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Chris Baltin
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jens Bettmer
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Alexander Deitert
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tobias Götzen
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carina Michel
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jeff Deischter
- ITMC - Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Isabel Schroll
- Chemical Technology II, Department of Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Biselli
- AVT - Fluid Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Regina Palkovits
- ITMC - Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Marcus Rose
- Chemical Technology II, Department of Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Andreas Jupke
- AVT - Fluid Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT - Biochemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Schukraft GEM, Itskou I, Woodward RT, Van Der Linden B, Petit C, Urakawa A. Evaluation of CO 2 and H 2O Adsorption on a Porous Polymer Using DFT and In Situ DRIFT Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:8048-8057. [PMID: 36170038 PMCID: PMC9574916 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c03912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Numerous hyper-cross-linked polymers (HCPs) have been developed as CO2 adsorbents and photocatalysts. Yet, little is known of the CO2 and H2O adsorption mechanisms on amorphous porous polymers. Gaining a better understanding of these mechanisms and determining the adsorption sites are key to the rational design of improved adsorbents and photocatalysts. Herein, we present a unique approach that combines density functional theory (DFT), in situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS), and multivariate spectral analysis to investigate CO2 and H2O adsorption sites on a triazine-biphenyl HCP. We found that CO2 and H2O adsorb on the same HCP sites albeit with different adsorption strengths. The primary amines of the triazines were identified as favoring strong CO2 binding interactions. Given the potential use of HCPs for CO2 photoreduction, we also investigated CO2 and H2O adsorption under transient light irradiation. Under irradiation, we observed partial CO2 and H2O desorption and a redistribution of interactions between the H2O and CO2 molecules that remain adsorbed at HCP adsorption sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia E M Schukraft
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Ioanna Itskou
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Robert T Woodward
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Bart Van Der Linden
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Camille Petit
- Barrer Centre, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K
| | - Atsushi Urakawa
- Catalysis Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Sun L, Xu G, Tu Y, Zhang W, Hu X, Yang P, Wu D, Liang Y, Wei D, Li A, Xie X. Multifunctional porous β-cyclodextrin polymer for water purification. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 222:118917. [PMID: 35961197 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Keeping water clean is of vital significance for human health and environmental protection. In order to remove organic micro-pollutants and natural organic substances in water bodies and kill pathogenic microorganisms simultaneously, this study synthesized a multifunctional porous β-cyclodextrin polymer with a high specific surface area by introducing quaternary ammonium groups and rigid benzene rings, respectively, which was then polymerized with crosslinking agent-4,4'-bis (chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (BCMBP) in an ionic liquid system. The grafting of quaternary ammonium groups was beneficial for the removal of negative-charged humic acid (HA) and sterilization. The introduction of numerous rigid structures during benzylation and Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction could significantly improve the porosity and specific surface area of the polymer, conducive to the exposure of cyclodextrin binding sites and contaminant adsorption. By changing the proportions of quaternization and benzylation, the structure and surface properties of the polymer could be adjusted, thus further regulating the adsorption performance. Compared with activated carbon, the polymer named BQCD-BP with a huge surface area of 1133 m2 g-1 prepared under optimized conditions showed outstanding adsorption performance and sterilization ability. The pseudo-second-order kinetic constant of BQCD-BP reached 1.2058 g·mg-1·min-1, which was approximately 50 times greater than that of activated carbon (0.0256 g·mg-1·min-1) under the same experimental condition. The adsorption capacity of BQCD-BP to HA was twice as high as that to AC, and the antibacterial ability of BQCD-BP was significant, achieving 90% at the dosage of 1g L-1. Moreover, the adsorption process was hardly affected by the hydrochemical conditions, and the polymer was easy to regenerate. In addition, the excellent adsorption and antibacterial performance of the polymer were also identified by natural water treatment. COD was almost completely removed, and the removal efficiency of TP reached 92% after contact with BQCD-BP. The sterilization rate of BQCD-BP to viable bacteria in complex water bodies reached 82%. Undoubtedly, BQCD-BP is a potential multifunctional water treatment material with reasonable design in the actual water purification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Guizhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yizhou Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wenrui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuejiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Pingping Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Daishe Wu
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Nanjing Huachuang Institute of Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, China
| | - Dongyang Wei
- Environmental Development Center of the Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Nanjing Huachuang Institute of Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, China; Jiangxi Nanxin Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 330300, China; Nanjing University and Yancheng Academy of Environment Protection Technology and Engineering, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xianchuan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Poyang Lake Environment and Resource Utilization, Ministry of Education, School of Resources and Environment, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330031, China; Jiangxi Nanxin Environmental Protection Technology Co. LTD, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 330300, China; Nanjing University and Yancheng Academy of Environment Protection Technology and Engineering, Nanjing 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Krusenbaum A, Grätz S, Tigineh GT, Borchardt L, Kim JG. The mechanochemical synthesis of polymers. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:2873-2905. [PMID: 35302564 PMCID: PMC8978534 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs01093j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mechanochemistry - the utilization of mechanical forces to induce chemical reactions - is a rarely considered tool for polymer synthesis. It offers numerous advantages such as reduced solvent consumption, accessibility of novel structures, and the avoidance of problems posed by low monomer solubility and fast precipitation. Consequently, the development of new high-performance materials based on mechanochemically synthesised polymers has drawn much interest, particularly from the perspective of green chemistry. This review covers the constructive mechanochemical synthesis of polymers, starting from early examples and progressing to the current state of the art while emphasising linear and porous polymers as well as post-polymerisation modifications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annika Krusenbaum
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Sven Grätz
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Getinet Tamiru Tigineh
- Department of Chemistry, Bahir Dar University, Peda Street 07, PO Box 79, Bahir Dar, Amhara, Ethiopia
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Anorganische Chemie I, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Jeung Gon Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeon-Ju, Jeollabuk-do, 54896, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang XY, Zheng Q, Zou LM, Gu Q, Tu T, You SL. Hyper-Crosslinked Porous Chiral Phosphoric Acids: Robust Solid Organocatalysts for Asymmetric Dearomatization Reactions. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Yun Huang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qingshu Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lei-Ming Zou
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Qing Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Tao Tu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, 2005 Songhu Road, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Shu-Li You
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei-Long Road, Shanghai 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Prince L, Guggenberger P, Santini E, Kleitz F, Woodward RT. Metal-Free Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers from Benzyl Methyl Ethers: A Route to Polymerization Catalyst Recycling. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Prince
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Guggenberger
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry—Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Elena Santini
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Freddy Kleitz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry—Functional Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert T. Woodward
- Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Schukraft GEM, Woodward RT, Kumar S, Sachs M, Eslava S, Petit C. Hypercrosslinked Polymers as a Photocatalytic Platform for Visible-Light-Driven CO 2 Photoreduction Using H 2 O. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:1720-1727. [PMID: 33428301 PMCID: PMC8048809 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202002824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The design of robust, high-performance photocatalysts is key for the success of solar fuel production by CO2 conversion. In this study, hypercrosslinked polymer (HCP) photocatalysts have been developed for the selective reduction of CO2 to CO, combining excellent CO2 sorption capacities, good general stabilities, and low production costs. HCPs are active photocatalysts in the visible light range, significantly outperforming the benchmark material, TiO2 P25, using only sacrificial H2 O. It is hypothesized that superior H2 O adsorption capacities facilitate access to photoactive sites, improving photocatalytic conversion rates when compared to sacrificial H2 . These polymers are an intriguing set of organic photocatalysts, displaying no long-range order or extended π-conjugation. The as-synthesized networks are the sole photocatalytic component, requiring no added cocatalyst doping or photosensitizer, representing a highly versatile and exciting platform for solar-energy conversion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia E. M. Schukraft
- Barrer CentreDepartment of Chemical EngineeringSouth Kensington CampusImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Robert T. Woodward
- Barrer CentreDepartment of Chemical EngineeringSouth Kensington CampusImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
- Current address: Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of ChemistryUniversity of ViennaWähringer Straße 421090ViennaAustria
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Michael Sachs
- Department of ChemistryWhite City CampusImperial College LondonLondonW12 0BZUK
| | - Salvador Eslava
- Department of Chemical EngineeringImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| | - Camille Petit
- Barrer CentreDepartment of Chemical EngineeringSouth Kensington CampusImperial College LondonLondonSW7 2AZUK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Smith SJD, Hou R, Konstas K, Akram A, Lau CH, Hill MR. Control of Physical Aging in Super-Glassy Polymer Mixed Matrix Membranes. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1381-1388. [PMID: 32627529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusSince the discovery of polymers of intrinsic microporosity (PIMs) in 2004, the fast size-selective interconnected pore cavities of the polymers have caused the upper bound of membrane performance to be revised, twice. Simultaneously, porous materials have meant that mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) are now a relatively simple method of enhancing transport properties. While there are now reliable routes with mixed matrices to improve the fundamental transport properties of membrane materials, many of the other properties crucial for separation applications remain largely unaddressed. Physical aging severely affects membrane performance over time, especially for those prepared from high fractional free volume polymers. Gradual densification of the glassy polymer chains causes the connected pore channels present in these materials to constrict. Studies now suggest that aging of superglassy polymer materials is a two-step process; a rapid densification occurs within the first few days, followed by a gradual rearrangement of packed chains over longer time frames toward a theoretical equilibrium state. Although advantageous in terms of size selectivity, the considerable drop in permeation over the days and weeks after manufacture greatly impacts material applicability. While often still permeating faster than traditional membrane materials, the continuous gradual collapse of cavities in these polymers are a significant challenge in the application of high free volume polymer membranes. In 2014, we discovered that the porous aromatic framework PAF-1 not only greatly improved the membrane's void space and speed of gas transport but also seemingly froze several glassy polymers in a low-density state, holding the polymer's pore channels open, a process termed as Porosity Induced Side chain Adsorption (PISA).This discovery of PISA fundamentally challenged the conventional wisdom at the time that the aging rate could only be addressed by densification of the polymer. Unlike other high-performance glassy polymers, membranes containing PAF-1 can retain their high permeability for more than a year. Several other examples of antiaging behavior have been subsequently reported by the team, where control of aging rate as a function of gas penetrant, selectivity increases, and stability at higher pressures was reported. These works also demonstrate that these mixed matrix systems had applicability for several other separations, including pervaporation, solvent nanofiltration, and as separators for energy applications. In our subsequent studies, the antiaging mechanism has been elucidated as an effect of the interaction between the polymer's accessible pendant methyl group and the aromatic pore surface of PAF-1 or other antiaging additives. In otherwise identical MMMs, where this hypothesized methyl-π interaction is either absent or interrupted, we find that the antiaging behavior expected by the fixation of the polymer chains to the pore surface and PAF-1 does not occur. As a design approach for mixed matrix membranes, targeted interfacial interactions are a promising pathway for developing other stable membranes, enabling the exciting class of PIM materials to improve industrial separation efficiency.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan J. D. Smith
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag
33, Clayton South MDC, VIC 3169, Australia
- Monash Centre for Membrane Innovation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Rujing Hou
- Monash Centre for Membrane Innovation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Kristina Konstas
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag
33, Clayton South MDC, VIC 3169, Australia
| | - Ammara Akram
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K
| | - Cher Hon Lau
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag
33, Clayton South MDC, VIC 3169, Australia
- School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, The King’s Buildings, Robert Stevenson Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FB, U.K
| | - Matthew R. Hill
- CSIRO Manufacturing, Private Bag
33, Clayton South MDC, VIC 3169, Australia
- Monash Centre for Membrane Innovation, Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Hock S, Rose M. 3D‐Structured Monoliths of Nanoporous Polymers by Additive Manufacturing. CHEM-ING-TECH 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201900149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Hock
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Marcus Rose
- Technische Universität Darmstadt Ernst-Berl-Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Song W, Zhang Y, Varyambath A, Kim I. Guided Assembly of Well-Defined Hierarchical Nanoporous Polymers by Lewis Acid-Base Interactions. ACS NANO 2019; 13:11753-11769. [PMID: 31560521 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b05727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional hierarchical nanoporous polymers and carbon nanomaterials with well-defined superstructures are of great interest for various intelligent applications, whereas a facile and versatile approach to access those materials with a high surface area, stable well-defined morphology, and ordered pores still remains a significant challenge. Herein, we report a self-regulated Lewis acid-base interaction-mediated assembly strategy for the in situ synthesis of morphology-engineered hyper-cross-linked porous polymers and carbon materials. A series of functionalized aromatic compounds (FAC) is subjected to self-cross-linking via classic Friedel-Crafts chemistry to achieve stable porous polymers with a high surface area. Varying the monomer/catalyst combination had a dramatic effect on the acid-base interaction, facilitating the tailoring of the self-assembled morphologies from nanotubes to hollow nanospheres, and even nanosheets. A mechanistic study showed that the byproducts generated during cross-linking orchestrate the interactions between the catalyst (acid) and FAC (base) and simultaneously drive the self-assembly to yield specific morphologies. Based on the rigid hollow polymer framework and intrinsic hydroxyl functionality, the hyper-cross-linked hollow nanospheres were easily transformed to an acid-functionalized catalyst for efficient biodiesel production. Moreover, high-quality porous carbonaceous nanocounterparts such as carbon nanotubes, hollow carbon nanospheres, and carbon nanosheets could also be produced by direct pyrolysis of the corresponding polymer precursors. These findings may provide guidance for the facile design of morphology-controlled functionalized polymers and carbon nanomaterials for various applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Song
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Pusan National University , Pusan 609-735 , Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Zhang
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Pusan National University , Pusan 609-735 , Republic of Korea
| | - Anuraj Varyambath
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Pusan National University , Pusan 609-735 , Republic of Korea
| | - Il Kim
- BK21 PLUS Center for Advanced Chemical Technology, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering , Pusan National University , Pusan 609-735 , Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Chang Q, Wang R, Wang J, Muhammad Y, Zhao Z, Feng Z, Huang Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Z. Nitrogen-Doped Hollow Copolymer Tube via Template-Free Asynchronous Polymerization with Highly Selective Separation of Hydrophilic Dipeptide for Enhancing Inhibitory Activity of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:31700-31708. [PMID: 31404498 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A N-doped hollow copolymer tube (NHCT) was fabricated via template-free one-pot asynchronous polymerization strategy. Discrepancies of monomer polymerization speed and their hydrophilic-hydrophobic interaction resulted in the assembly of a hollow tube having inner diameter and double wall thickness of ∼230 and 40 nm, respectively. The formation and growth mechanism of NHCT analyzed via advanced characterization revealed that the unique growth processes tuned a demarcating surface layer between inner (hydrophilic) and outer (hydrophobic) layers. The screening and recognition ability of NHCT were determined for two specific dipeptides (WW and RR) possessing great discrepancies in hydrophilicity and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitory (ACE-I) activity. NHCT realized high adsorption capacity (1.57 mmol/g) and selectivity (∼1274) for hydrophilic dipeptide RR (low ACE-I activity) from the mixture of RR/WW. As a result, ACE-I activity for residual solution were enhanced about 4.1 times as compared to original solution from natural silkworm pupae protein hydrolysate. Awarding to these results and its facile and discerning ability, NHCT can be envisioned to be of great value for the separation of small functional peptides from a natural edible source.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Chang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Ruimeng Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Jiaxing Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Yaseen Muhammad
- Institute of Chemical Sciences , University of Peshawar , Peshawar 25120 , Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan
| | - Zhenxia Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control , Nanning , 520004 , P.R. China
| | - Zhenfei Feng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
- School of Mechanics , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Zuqiang Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Yanjuan Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
| | - Zhongxing Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Guangxi University , Nanning 530004 , China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control , Nanning , 520004 , P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Rübenach L, Lins J, Koh E, Rose M. Towards Sustainable Lactic Acid Production: Avoiding Gypsum as a Byproduct by using Selective Liquid-Phase Adsorption. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:3627-3634. [PMID: 31070859 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of biomass is one of the major challenges for the transition from fossil to renewable resources. Often, the separation of the desired product from the reaction mixture is the most energy-intensive step. Liquid-phase adsorption is a promising separation technology that could significantly improve downstream processing in biorefineries. Highly hydrophobic adsorbents were applied for the separation of lactic acid (LA) from aqueous solutions and to avoid the formation of gypsum as a byproduct. High uptakes and selectivity were obtained in single-solute and co-adsorption experiments. Porous hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCP) and polymer-based spherical activated carbon performed best and showed excellent selectivity for the selective removal of LA. Desorption experiments revealed that HCP was the ideal adsorbent for the separation of LA from aqueous solution and enabled the production of gypsum-free LA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Rübenach
- Ernst-Berl-Institut, Technische Chemie II, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jonas Lins
- Ernst-Berl-Institut, Technische Chemie II, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Ezra Koh
- Ernst-Berl-Institut, Technische Chemie II, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marcus Rose
- Ernst-Berl-Institut, Technische Chemie II, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
James AM, Harding S, Robshaw T, Bramall N, Ogden MD, Dawson R. Selective Environmental Remediation of Strontium and Cesium Using Sulfonated Hyper-Cross-Linked Polymers (SHCPs). ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:22464-22473. [PMID: 31141662 PMCID: PMC7007012 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b06295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Sulfonated hyper-cross-linked polymers based on 4,4'-bis(chloromethyl)-1,1'-biphenyl (BCMBP) were synthesized via metal-free (SHCP-1) and conventional Lewis acid-catalyzed (SHCP-2) Friedel-Crafts alkylation routes. The sulfonated polymers possessed BET surface areas in excess of 500 m2·g-1. SHCP-1 was investigated for its ability to extract Sr and Cs ions from aqueous solutions via the ion-exchange reaction of the sulfonic acid moiety. Equilibrium uptake data could be accurately modeled by the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm, with maximum calculated loading values of 95.6 ± 2.8 mg·g-1 (Sr) and 273 ± 37 mg·g-1 (Cs). Uptake of both target ions was rapid, with pseudo second-order rate constants calculated as 7.71 ± 1.1 (×10-2) for Sr and 0.113 ± 0.014 for Cs. Furthermore, the polymer was found to be highly selective toward the target ions over large excesses of naturally occurring competing metal ions Na, K, Mg, and Ca. We conclude that hyper-cross-linked polymers may offer intrinsic advantages over other adsorbents for the remediation of aqueous Sr and Cs contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex M. James
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Samuel Harding
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Thomas Robshaw
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K.
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Neil Bramall
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K.
| | - Mark D. Ogden
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S1 3JD, U.K.
| | - Robert Dawson
- Department of Chemistry, Dainton Building, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S3 7HF, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Grätz S, Zink S, Kraffczyk H, Rose M, Borchardt L. Mechanochemical synthesis of hyper-crosslinked polymers: influences on their pore structure and adsorption behaviour for organic vapors. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1154-1161. [PMID: 31164952 PMCID: PMC6541366 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study elucidates a mechanochemical polymerization reaction towards a hyper-crosslinked polymer as an alternative to conventional solvent-based procedures. The swift and solvent-free Friedel-Crafts alkylation reaction yields a porous polymer with surface areas of up to 1720 m2g-1 and pore volumes of up to 1.55 cm3g-1. The application of LAG (liquid-assisted grinding) revealed a profound impact of the liquid´s boiling point on the textural properties of the obtained polymer materials. Finally, the materials are characterized by vapour sorption experiments with benzene and cyclohexane.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Grätz
- Anorganische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zink
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hanna Kraffczyk
- Fachgebiet Technische Chemie II, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Marcus Rose
- Fachgebiet Technische Chemie II, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Lars Borchardt
- Anorganische Chemie, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstraße 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Lau CH, Lu TD, Sun SP, Chen X, Carta M, Dawson DM. Continuous flow knitting of a triptycene hypercrosslinked polymer. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:8571-8574. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03731d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Hypercrosslinked polymers suitable for carbon capture were produced in continuous flow synthesis using 10% of the time required for typical batch reactions, precluding the need for lengthy reactions to produce microporous polymeric adsorbents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cher Hon Lau
- School of Engineering
- The University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3FB
- UK
| | - Tian-dan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech. University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Shi-Peng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Nanjing Tech. University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Xianfeng Chen
- School of Engineering
- The University of Edinburgh
- Edinburgh EH9 3FB
- UK
| | - Mariolino Carta
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Science
- Swansea University
- Swansea SA2 8PP
- UK
| | - Daniel M. Dawson
- School of Chemistry
- EaStCHEM and Centre of Magnetic Resonance
- University of St. Andrews
- UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Yabushita M, Grosso-Giordano NA, Fukuoka A, Katz A. Selective Sequestration of Aromatics from Aqueous Mixtures with Sugars by Hydrophobic Molecular Calixarene Cavities Grafted on Silica. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:39670-39678. [PMID: 30398841 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The separation of aromatic contaminants from sugar-aromatic aqueous mixtures is required in second-generation biorefineries because aromatic compounds deactivate (bio)catalysts typically involved in upgrading lignocellulosic biomass to fuels and chemicals. This separation remains challenging, however, because of the degree of molecular recognition needed to sequester dilute aromatic impurities from concentrated sugar streams. Herein, we demonstrate that hydrophobic cavities of p- tert-butylcalix[4]arene macrocycles grafted on amorphous silica (calix/SiO2) perform this separation selectively and efficiently by acting as selective molecular hosts that adsorb aromatic compounds (5-hydroxymethylfurfural, vanillin, and vanillic acid) while excluding monomeric sugar (glucose chosen as a prototypical model) in aqueous mixtures. By comparing calix/SiO2 to a range of organically modified SiO2 surfaces and other porous adsorbents, we demonstrate that the organization of hydrophobic functional groups within discrete nests consisting of calixarene cavities is crucial for facilitating the adsorption of aromatics. Density functional theory calculations of the host-guest complex indicate that adsorption is brought about by weak dispersive (van der Waals) interactions between tert-butyl upper-rim substituents in calixarene hosts and aromatic guests. Calix/SiO2 can be repeatedly reused, demonstrating its viability as an adsorbent within a continuous biorefining process. These calix/SiO2 adsorbents expand the palette of materials available for selective sugar-aromatic separations, which until now have been limited to pyrene-based sites of metal-organic framework NU-1000, and demonstrate that sites consisting of relatively simple hydrophobic tert-butyl substituents organized around a hemispherical molecular cavity provide a sufficient degree of molecular recognition for performing this separation selectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Yabushita
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
- Institute for Catalysis , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 001-0021 , Japan
| | - Nicolás A Grosso-Giordano
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Institute for Catalysis , Hokkaido University , Sapporo , Hokkaido 001-0021 , Japan
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of California, Berkeley , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Palkovits R. Sustainable Carbon Sources and Renewable Energy: Challenges and Opportunities at the Interface of Catalysis and Reaction Engineering. CHEM-ING-TECH 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201800042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Regina Palkovits
- RWTH Aachen University; Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie; Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tan L, Tan B. Hypercrosslinked porous polymer materials: design, synthesis, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 46:3322-3356. [PMID: 28224148 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00851h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 579] [Impact Index Per Article: 96.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypercrosslinked polymers (HCPs) are a series of permanent microporous polymer materials initially reported by Davankov, and have received an increasing level of research interest. In recent years, HCPs have experienced rapid growth due to their remarkable advantages such as diverse synthetic methods, easy functionalization, high surface area, low cost reagents and mild operating conditions. Judicious selection of monomers, appropriate length crosslinkers and optimized reaction conditions yielded a well-developed polymer framework with an adjusted porous topology. Post fabrication of the as developed network facilitates the incorporation of various chemical functionalities that may lead to interesting properties and enhance the selection toward a specific application. To date, numerous HCPs have been prepared by post-crosslinking polystyrene-based precursors, one-step self-polycondensation or external crosslinking strategies. The advent of these methodologies has prompted researchers to construct well-defined porous polymer networks with customized micromorphology and functionalities. In this review, we describe not only the basic synthetic principles and strategies of HCPs, but also the advancements in the structural and morphological study as well as the frontiers of potential applications in energy and environmental fields such as gas storage, carbon capture, removal of pollutants, molecular separation, catalysis, drug delivery, sensing etc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liangxiao Tan
- Key Laboratory for Large-Format Battery Materials and System Ministry of Education, Hubei Key Laboratory of Material Chemistry and Service Failure, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Willms A, Schumacher H, Tabassum T, Qi L, Scott SL, Hausoul PJC, Rose M. Solid Molecular Frustrated Lewis Pairs in a Polyamine Organic Framework for the Catalytic Metal‐free Hydrogenation of Alkenes. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201701783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Willms
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Hannah Schumacher
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Tarnuma Tabassum
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Long Qi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Susannah L. Scott
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of California Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Peter J. C. Hausoul
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
| | - Marcus Rose
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie RWTH Aachen University Worringerweg 2 52074 Aachen Germany
- Ernst-Berl-Institut Technische Chemie II Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kobayashi H, Fukuoka A. Development of Solid Catalyst–Solid Substrate Reactions for Efficient Utilization of Biomass. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2018. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20170263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Kobayashi
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021
| | - Atsushi Fukuoka
- Institute for Catalysis, Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Nguyen H, DeJaco RF, Mittal N, Siepmann JI, Tsapatsis M, Snyder MA, Fan W, Saha B, Vlachos DG. A Review of Biorefinery Separations for Bioproduct Production via Thermocatalytic Processing. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2017; 8:115-137. [PMID: 28301730 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060816-101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
With technological advancement of thermocatalytic processes for valorizing renewable biomass carbon, development of effective separation technologies for selective recovery of bioproducts from complex reaction media and their purification becomes essential. The high thermal sensitivity of biomass intermediates and their low volatility and high reactivity, along with the use of dilute solutions, make the bioproducts separations energy intensive and expensive. Novel separation techniques, including solvent extraction in biphasic systems and reactive adsorption using zeolite and carbon sorbents, membranes, and chromatography, have been developed. In parallel with experimental efforts, multiscale simulations have been reported for predicting solvent selection and adsorption separation. We discuss various separations that are potentially valuable to future biorefineries and the factors controlling separation performance. Particular emphasis is given to current gaps and opportunities for future development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Nguyen
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; , .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| | - Robert F DeJaco
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; , .,Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Nitish Mittal
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; , .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - J Ilja Siepmann
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; , .,Department of Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Michael Tsapatsis
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; , .,Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Mark A Snyder
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; , .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015
| | - Wei Fan
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; , .,Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003
| | - Basudeb Saha
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; ,
| | - Dionisios G Vlachos
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716; , .,Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Gao H, Ding L, Bai H, Li L. Microporous Organic Polymers Based on Hyper-Crosslinked Coal Tar: Preparation and Application for Gas Adsorption. CHEMSUSCHEM 2017; 10:618-623. [PMID: 27883276 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201601475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyper-crosslinked polymers (HCPs) are promising materials for gas capture and storage, but high cost and complicated preparation limit their practical application. In this paper, a new type of HCPs (CTHPs) was synthesized through a one-step mild Friedel-Crafts reaction with low-cost coal tar as the starting material. Chloroform was utilized as both solvent and crosslinker to generate a three-dimensional crosslinked network with abundant micropores. The maximum BET surface area of the prepared CTHPs could reach up to 929 m2 g-1 . Owing to the high affinity between the heteroatoms on the coal-tar building blocks and the CO2 molecules, the adsorption capacity of CTHPs towards CO2 reached up to 14.2 wt % (1.0 bar, 273 K) with a high selectivity (CO2 /N2 =32.3). Furthermore, the obtained CTHPs could adsorb 1.27 wt % H2 at 1.0 bar and 77.3 K, and also showed capacity for the capture of high organic vapors at room temperature. In comparison with other reported porous organic polymers, CTHPs have the advantages of low-cost, easy preparation, and high gas-adsorption performance, making them suitable for mass production and practical use in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hua Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Self-Assembly Chemistry for Organic Functional Molecules, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Genome, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Wilson C, Main MJ, Cooper NJ, Briggs ME, Cooper AI, Adams DJ. Swellable functional hypercrosslinked polymer networks for the uptake of chemical warfare agents. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00040e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Porous materials can be used as sorbents for the bulk uptake (and potential deactivation) of chemical warfare agents (CWAs).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Craig Wilson
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | | | | | - Michael E. Briggs
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Andrew I. Cooper
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
| | - Dave J. Adams
- Materials Innovation Factory and Department of Chemistry
- University of Liverpool
- Liverpool
- UK
- School of Chemistry
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Zhu X, Ding S, Abney CW, Browning KL, Sacci RL, Veith GM, Tian C, Dai S. Superacid-promoted synthesis of highly porous hypercrosslinked polycarbazoles for efficient CO2 capture. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc03620e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A superacid-promoted “knitting” strategy has been developed for the generation of hypercrosslinked nanoporous polycarbazoles for efficient CO2 capture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Zhu
- Department of chemistry
- The University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
| | - Shunmin Ding
- Department of chemistry
- The University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
| | | | - Katie L. Browning
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Robert L. Sacci
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | - Gabriel M. Veith
- Materials Science and Technology Division
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
- Oak Ridge
- USA
| | | | - Sheng Dai
- Department of chemistry
- The University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Modak A, Bhaumik A. High-throughput Acid-Base Tandem Organocatalysis over Hollow Tube-Shaped Porous Polymers and Carbons. ChemistrySelect 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201600239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Modak
- Department of Materials Science; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| | - Asim Bhaumik
- Department of Materials Science; Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science; Jadavpur Kolkata 700032 India
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Gao H, Ding L, Li W, Ma G, Bai H, Li L. Hyper-Cross-Linked Organic Microporous Polymers Based on Alternating Copolymerization of Bismaleimide. ACS Macro Lett 2016; 5:377-381. [PMID: 35614707 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.6b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A novel type of hyper-cross-linked organic microporous polymer (HOMP) has been successfully prepared based on the radical copolymerization of bismaleimides and divinylbenzene. In comparison with the HOMPs prepared with cross-linking techniques, the new radical strategy circumvents some intractable problems, such as low atom economy, structure irregularity and corrosive byproducts. The obtained HOMPs have defined molecular structures due to the intrinsic alternating copolymerization properties of the two monomers. A maximum BET surface area of 841 m2 g-1 and high gas capture capacity (CO2, 11.22 wt %, 273 K/1.0 bar; H2, 0.82 wt %, 77.3 K/1.0 bar; benzene, 545 mg g-1, room temperature/0.6 bar; and cyclohexane, 1736 mg g-1, room temperature/0.6 bar) were achieved. In addition, the polymers also displayed good chemical and thermal stability, which is critical for the practical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Gao
- College
of Materials and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and
Esters, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Ding
- College
of Materials and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and
Esters, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenqing Li
- College
of Materials and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and
Esters, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guifeng Ma
- College
of Materials and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and
Esters, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hua Bai
- College
of Materials and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and
Esters, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Li
- College
of Materials and ‡Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering,
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Engineering
Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols, Ethers and
Esters, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, People’s Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Schute K, Louven Y, Detoni C, Rose M. Selective Liquid Phase Adsorption of Biogenic HMF on Hydrophobic Spherical Activated Carbons. CHEM-ING-TECH 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.201500133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
31
|
Yabushita M, Li P, Kobayashi H, Fukuoka A, Farha OK, Katz A. Complete furanics–sugar separations with metal–organic framework NU-1000. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:11791-11794. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc05864g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal–organic framework NU-1000 exhibits complete selectivity in separating furanics from an aqueous mixture that also contains excess sugars that the furanics are derived from.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mizuho Yabushita
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
- Institute for Catalysis
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | | | | | - Omar K. Farha
- Department of Chemistry
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Alexander Katz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of California
- Berkeley
- USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Meng B, Li H, Mahurin S, Liu H, Dai S. Hyper-crosslinked cyclodextrin porous polymer: an efficient CO2 capturing material with tunable porosity. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra18307g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Several cyclodextrin (CD)-based hyper-crosslinked porous polymers (HCPPs) were designed and synthesized for selective CO2 adsorption and storage. A feasible way to tailor the porosity of the materials was also established.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Meng
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
| | - Haiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
- Chemical Sciences Division
| | | | - Honglai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering and Department of Chemistry
- East China University of Science and Technology
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Sheng Dai
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Tennessee
- Knoxville
- USA
- Chemical Sciences Division
| |
Collapse
|