1
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Zhou Y, Klinger GE, Hegg EL, Saffron CM, Jackson JE. Skeletal Ni electrode-catalyzed C-O cleavage of diaryl ethers entails direct elimination via benzyne intermediates. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2050. [PMID: 35440551 PMCID: PMC9018776 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29555-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diaryl ethers undergo electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis (ECH) over skeletal Ni cathodes in a mild, aqueous process that achieves direct C-O cleavage without initial benzene ring saturation. Mechanistic studies find that aryl phenyl ethers with a single para or meta functional group (methyl, methoxy, or hydroxy) are selectively cleaved to the substituted benzene and phenol, in contrast to recently reported homogeneous catalytic cleavage processes. Ortho positioning of substituents reverses this C-O bond selectivity, except for the 2-phenoxyphenol case. Together with isotope labeling and co-solvent studies, these results point to two distinct cleavage mechanisms: (a) dual-ring coordination and C-H activation, leading to vicinal elimination to form phenol and a surface-bound aryne intermediate which is then hydrogenated and released as the arene; and (b) surface binding in keto form by the phenolic ring of the hydroxy-substituted substrates, followed by direct displacement of the departing phenol. Notably, acetone inhibits the well-known reduction of phenol to cyclohexanol, affording control of product ring saturation. A byproduct of this work is the discovery that the ECH treatment completely defluorinates substrates bearing aromatic C-F and C-CF3 groupings. Biomass conversion holds promise as a more sustainable source of platform chemicals, but limitations in the ways in which lignin can be broken down is a current bottleneck. Here the authors report an electrocatalytic hydrogenolysis over skeletal Ni that cleaves diaryl ethers, chemically resistant moieties in both renewable carbon sources and persistent organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Grace E Klinger
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Eric L Hegg
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christopher M Saffron
- Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.,Department of Chemical Engineering and Material Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - James E Jackson
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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2
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Jia L, Li CJ, Zeng H. Cleavage∕cross-coupling strategy for converting β-O-4 linkage lignin model compounds into high valued benzyl amines via dual C–O bond cleavage. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.08.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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3
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Wang Z, Hao M, Li X, Zhang B, Jiao M, Chen BZ. Promising and efficient lignin degradation versatile strategy based on DFT calculations. iScience 2022; 25:103755. [PMID: 35141502 PMCID: PMC8810403 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The extraction of higher-value products from lignin degradations under mild conditions is a challenge. Previous research reported efficient two-step oxidation and reduction strategies for lignin degradation, which has great significance to lignin degradation. In this paper, the mechanism about the C-O bond cleavage of lignin with and without Cα oxidations has been studied systematically. Our calculation results show that the degradation of anionized lignin with Cα oxidations is kinetically and thermodynamically feasible. In addition, the calculations predict that the anionized lignin compounds without Cα oxidation also could be degraded under mild conditions. Moreover, we propose special lignin catalytic degradation systems containing the characteristic structure of “double hydrogen bonds.” The double hydrogen bonds structure could further decrease the energy barriers of the C-O bond cleavage reaction. This provides a versatile strategy to design novel lignin degradation. Lignin anion radicals without Cα oxidation can be degraded under mild conditions The “double hydrogen bonds” structure is beneficial to lignin degradation A promising and efficient lignin degradation versatile strategy is predicted
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4
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Hirano Y, Izawa A, Hosoya T, Miyafuji H. Degradation mechanism of a lignin model compound during alkaline aerobic oxidation: formation of the vanillin precursor from the β-O-4 middle unit of softwood lignin. REACT CHEM ENG 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2re00036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have proposed plausible reaction pathways involved in the chemical conversion of softwood lignin to vanillin through alkaline aerobic oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Hirano
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Akari Izawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Takashi Hosoya
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
| | - Hisashi Miyafuji
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Shimogamo-hangi-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan
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5
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Kumar A, Biswas B, Kaur R, Krishna BB, Bhaskar T. Hydrothermal oxidative valorisation of lignin into functional chemicals: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 342:126016. [PMID: 34582987 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is a waste by-product of bio-refineries and paper-pulp industries. It has an attractive potential to produce numerous valuable chemicals due to its highly aromatic character. At present, large amount of lignin is burnt as a source of energy due to lack of suitable efficient lignin valorisation processes. The challenge exists in handling its complex heterogeneous structure and bond breaking at selective locations. The production of high value chemicals/petrochemical feedstocks will improve the economic viability of a bio-refinery. Oxidative depolymerization is a promising way to produce functional compounds from lignin. The aim of the current review is to present the novel methodologies currently used in the area of lignin oxidative depolymerization including effect of temperature, residence time, solvent, oxidizing agents, homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis etc. It aims to present an insight into the structure of lignin and its breakdown mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avnish Kumar
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bijoy Biswas
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Ramandeep Kaur
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Bhavya B Krishna
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Thallada Bhaskar
- Sustainability Impact Assessment Area (SIA), Material Resource Efficiency Division (MRED), CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), Dehradun 248005, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India.
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6
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Xin Y, Shen X, Dong M, Cheng X, Liu S, Yang J, Wang Z, Liu H, Han B. Organic amine mediated cleavage of C aromatic-C α bonds in lignin and its platform molecules. Chem Sci 2021; 12:15110-15115. [PMID: 34909152 PMCID: PMC8612377 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05231d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The activation and cleavage of C–C bonds remains a critical scientific issue in many organic reactions and is an unmet challenge due to their intrinsic inertness and ubiquity. Meanwhile, it is crucial for the valorization of lignin into high-value chemicals. Here, we proposed a novel strategy to enhance the Caromatic–Cα bond cleavage by pre-functionalization with amine sources, in which an active amine intermediate is first formed through Markovnikov hydroamination to reduce the dissociation energy of the Caromatic–Cα bond which is then cleaved to form target chemicals. More importantly, this strategy provides a method to achieve the maximum utilization of the aromatic nucleus and side chains in lignin or its platform molecules. Phenols and N,N-dimethylethylamine compounds with high yields were produced from herbaceous lignin or the p-coumaric acid monomer in the presence of industrially available dimethylamine (DMA). Pre-functionalization with amine sources mediated the cleavage of Caromatic–Cα bonds to produce two valuable chemicals with high yields, for the full utilization of the aromatic rings and side-chains in lignin and its platform molecules.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaojun Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis (SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL) Dalian China
| | - Minghua Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Xiaomeng Cheng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Shulin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Junjuan Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zhenpeng Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Centre for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100190 China .,School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China
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7
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Kumaravel S, Thiruvengetam P, Karthick K, Sankar SS, Karmakar A, Kundu S. Green and sustainable route for oxidative depolymerization of lignin: New platform for fine chemicals and fuels. Biotechnol Prog 2020; 37:e3111. [PMID: 33336509 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Depolymerization of lignin biomass to its value-added chemicals and fuels is pivotal for achieving the goals for sustainable society, and therefore has acquired key interest among the researchers worldwide. A number of distinct approaches have evolved in literature for the deconstruction of lignin framework to its mixture of complex constituents in recent decades. Among the existing practices, special attention has been devoted for robust site selective chemical transformation in the complex structural frameworks of lignin. Despite the initial challenges over a period of time, oxidation and oxidative cleavage process of aromatic building blocks of lignin biomass toward the fine chemical synthesis and fuel generation has improved substantially. The development has improved in terms of cost effectiveness, milder reaction conditions, and purity of compound individuals. These aforementioned oxidative protocols mainly involve the breaking of C-C and C-O bonds of complex lignin frameworks. More precisely in the line with environmentally friendly greener approach, the catalytic oxidation/oxidative cleavage reactions have received wide spread interest for their mild and selective nature toward the lignin depolymerization. This mini-review aims to provide an overview of recent developments in the field of oxidative depolymerization of lignin under greener and environmentally benign conditions. Also, these oxidation protocols have been discussed in terms of scalability and recyclability as catalysts for different fields of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangeetha Kumaravel
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630003, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | | | - Kannimuthu Karthick
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630003, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Selvasundarasekar Sam Sankar
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630003, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Arun Karmakar
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630003, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Subrata Kundu
- Electrochemical Process Engineering (EPE) Division, CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute (CECRI), Karaikudi, 630003, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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8
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Kim SA, Kim SE, Kim YK, Jang HY. Copper-Catalyzed Oxidative Cleavage of the C-C Bonds of β-Alkoxy Alcohols and β-1 Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31684-31691. [PMID: 33344820 PMCID: PMC7745431 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed aerobic oxidation conditions were employed to promote the C-C bond cleavage of β-alkoxy alcohols and β-1 compounds (lignin model compounds). Besides these compounds, various 1,2 and 1,3-diols were successfully converted to aldehydes. We propose the Cu(I)-catalyzed mechanism explaining the C-C cleavage of these 1,2 and 1,3-dihydroxy compounds and β-alkoxy alcohols based on XPS data. Although our reaction conditions do not include large excess of bases and elaborated ligand-modified catalysts, copper salts with/without Me-TBD show good catalytic activities for C-C bond cleavage of various lignin model compounds.
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9
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Li L, Dong L, Li D, Guo Y, Liu X, Wang Y. Hydrogen-Free Production of 4-Alkylphenols from Lignin via Self-Reforming-Driven Depolymerization and Hydrogenolysis. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lingxiao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Lin Dong
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Didi Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yong Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yanqin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Research Institute of Industrial Catalysis, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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10
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Yang C, Kärkäs MD, Magallanes G, Chan K, Stephenson CRJ. Organocatalytic Approach to Photochemical Lignin Fragmentation. Org Lett 2020; 22:8082-8085. [PMID: 33001651 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Herein, an organocatalytic method for photochemical C-O bond cleavage of lignin systems is reported. The use of photochemistry enabled fragmentation of the β-O-4 linkage, the primary linkage in lignin, provides the fragmentation products in good to high yields. The approach was merged with reported oxidation conditions in a one-pot, two-step platform without any intermediary purification, suggesting its high fidelity. The future utility of the organocatalytic method was illustrated by applying the visible light-mediated protocol to continuous flow processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Markus D Kärkäs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Magallanes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kimberly Chan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R J Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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11
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Xiao G, Montgomery JRD, Lancefield CS, Panovic I, Westwood NJ. Copper-Mediated Conversion of Complex Ethers to Esters: Enabling Biopolymer Depolymerisation under Mild Conditions. Chemistry 2020; 26:12397-12402. [PMID: 32378750 PMCID: PMC7589252 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202000088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Selective processing of the β-O-4 unit in lignin is essential for the efficient depolymerisation of this biopolymer and therefore its successful integration into a biorefinery set-up. An approach is described in which this unit is modified to incorporate a carboxylic ester with the goal of enabling the use of mild depolymerisation conditions. Inspired by preliminary results using a Cu/TEMPO/O2 system, a protocol was developed that gave the desired β-O-4-containing ester in high yield using certain dimeric model compounds. The optimised reaction conditions were then applied to an oligomeric lignin model system. Extensive 2D NMR analysis demonstrated that analogous chemistry could be achieved with the oligomeric substrate. Mild depolymerisation of the ester-containing oligomer delivered the expected aryl acid monomer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganyuan Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St Andrews and EaStChemNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - James R. D. Montgomery
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St Andrews and EaStChemNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St Andrews and EaStChemNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Isabella Panovic
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St Andrews and EaStChemNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St Andrews and EaStChemNorth HaughSt AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUK
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12
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Lahive CW, Kamer PCJ, Lancefield CS, Deuss PJ. An Introduction to Model Compounds of Lignin Linking Motifs; Synthesis and Selection Considerations for Reactivity Studies. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4238-4265. [PMID: 32510817 PMCID: PMC7540175 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The development of fundamentally new valorization strategies for lignin plays a vital role in unlocking the true potential of lignocellulosic biomass as sustainable and economically compatible renewable carbon feedstock. In particular, new catalytic modification and depolymerization strategies are required. Progress in this field, past and future, relies for a large part on the application of synthetic model compounds that reduce the complexity of working with the lignin biopolymer. This aids the development of catalytic methodologies and in-depth mechanistic studies and guides structural characterization studies in the lignin field. However, due to the volume of literature and the piecemeal publication of methodology, the choice of suitable lignin model compounds is far from straight forward, especially for those outside the field and lacking a background in organic synthesis. For example, in catalytic depolymerization studies, a balance between synthetic effort and fidelity compared to the actual lignin of interest needs to be found. In this Review, we provide a broad overview of the model compounds available to study the chemistry of the main native linking motifs typically found in lignins from woody biomass, the synthetic routes and effort required to access them, and discuss to what extent these represent actual lignin structures. This overview can aid researchers in their selection of the most suitable lignin model systems for the development of emerging lignin modification and depolymerization technologies, maximizing their chances of successfully developing novel lignin valorization strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran W. Lahive
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenNetherlands
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Paul C. J. Kamer
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Science Research ComplexUniversity of St. Andrews and EaStCHEMNorth HaughSt. AndrewsFifeKY16 9STUnited Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Deuss
- Department of Chemical Engineering (ENTEG)University of GroningenNijenborgh 49747 AGGroningenNetherlands
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13
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Mathieu Y, Vidal JD, Arribas Martínez L, Abad Fernández N, Iborra S, Corma A. Molecular Oxygen Lignin Depolymerization: An Insight into the Stability of Phenolic Monomers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4743-4758. [PMID: 32749077 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During oxidative depolymerization of lignin in aqueous alkaline medium using molecular oxygen as oxidant, the highly functionalized primary phenolic monomers are not stable products, owing to various not fully identified secondary reaction mechanisms. However, better understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the instability of the main part of the products of interest derived from lignin is of much interest. Evaluation of their individual reactivities under oxidative conditions should significantly help to find a better way to valorize the lignin polymer and to maximize the yields of target value-added products. Consequently, the main objective of this study is to assess the individual stabilities of some selected lignin-based phenolic compounds, such as vanillin, vanillic acid, and acetovanillone, together with some other pure chemical compounds such as phenol and anisole to give an insight into the mechanisms responsible for the simultaneous formation and repolymerization of those products and the influence of the oxidation conditions. Various complementary strategies of stabilization are proposed, discussed, and applied for the oxidative depolymerization reactions of a technical lignin extracted from pinewood with a high content of β-O-4 interconnecting bonds to try to obtain enhanced yields of value-added products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yannick Mathieu
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan D Vidal
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Arribas Martínez
- Técnicas Reunidas, José Lladó Technology Centre Proprietary Technology Development Division, C/Sierra Nevada n° 16, 28830, San Fernando de Henares, Spain
| | - Nerea Abad Fernández
- Técnicas Reunidas, José Lladó Technology Centre Proprietary Technology Development Division, C/Sierra Nevada n° 16, 28830, San Fernando de Henares, Spain
| | - Sara Iborra
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto de Tecnología Química, Universitat Politècnica de València - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Avenida de los Naranjos s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain
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14
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Shen X, Xin Y, Liu H, Han B. Product-oriented Direct Cleavage of Chemical Linkages in Lignin. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:4367-4381. [PMID: 32449257 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is one of the most important biomacromolecules in the plant biomass and the largest renewable source of aromatic building blocks in nature. Selectively producing value-added chemicals from the catalytic transformation of renewable lignin is of strategic significance and meet sustainability targets owing to the excessive consumption of non-renewable petroleum resource, but remains a long-term challenge owing to the complexity of lignin structure. This Minireview provides a summary and perspective of the extensive research that provides insight into selectively catalytic transformations of lignin and its derived monomers via directed scissor of chemical linkages (C-O and C-C bonds) with product-oriented targets. Furthermore, some challenges and opportunities of lignin catalytic transformation are provided based on existing problems in this field for readers to discuss future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Yu Xin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
- Physical Science Laboratory, Huairou National Comprehensive Science Center, Beijing, 101407, P. R. China
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15
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Stabilization strategies in biomass depolymerization using chemical functionalization. Nat Rev Chem 2020; 4:311-330. [PMID: 37127959 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-020-0187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A central feature of most lignocellulosic-biomass-valorization strategies is the depolymerization of all its three major constituents: cellulose and hemicellulose to simple sugars, and lignin to phenolic monomers. However, reactive intermediates, generally resulting from dehydration reactions, can participate in undesirable condensation pathways during biomass deconstruction, which have posed fundamental challenges to commercial biomass valorization. Thus, new strategies specifically aim to suppress condensations of reactive intermediates, either avoiding their formation by functionalizing the native structure or intermediates or selectively transforming these intermediates into stable derivatives. These strategies have provided unforeseen upgrading pathways, products and process solutions. In this Review, we outline the molecular driving forces that shape the deconstruction landscape and describe the strategies for chemical functionalization. We then offer an outlook on further developments and the potential of these strategies to sustainably produce renewable-platform chemicals.
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16
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Hofmann LE, Hofmann D, Prusko L, Altmann L, Heinrich MR. Sequential Cleavage of Lignin Systems by Nitrogen Monoxide and Hydrazine. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201901641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elena Hofmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Dagmar Hofmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Lea Prusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Lisa‐Marie Altmann
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
| | - Markus R. Heinrich
- Department of Pharmaceutical ChemistryFriedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg 91058 Erlangen
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17
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Hong L, Spielmeyer A, Pfeiffer J, Wegner HA. Domino lignin depolymerization and reconnection to complex molecules mediated by boryl radicals. Catal Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy00558d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Lignin has been demonstrated as a source of complex molecules via a boryl-mediated domino degradation/reconnection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longcheng Hong
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University
- 35392 Gießen
- Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)
| | - Astrid Spielmeyer
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology
- Justus Liebig University
- 35392 Gießen
- Germany
| | - Janin Pfeiffer
- Institute of Food Chemistry and Food Biotechnology
- Justus Liebig University
- 35392 Gießen
- Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Justus Liebig University
- 35392 Gießen
- Germany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)
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18
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Liu H, Li H, Luo N, Wang F. Visible-Light-Induced Oxidative Lignin C–C Bond Cleavage to Aldehydes Using Vanadium Catalysts. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b03768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Hongji Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Nengchao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
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19
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Wang M, Wang F. Catalytic Scissoring of Lignin into Aryl Monomers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901866. [PMID: 31821648 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lignin is an aromatic polymer, which is the biggest and most sustainable reservoir for aromatics. The selective conversion of lignin polymers into aryl monomers is a promising route to provide aromatics, but it is also a challenging task. Compared to cellulose, lignin remains the most poorly utilized biopolymer due to its complex structure. Although harsh conditions can degrade lignin, the aromatic rings are usually destroyed. This article comprehensively analyzes the challenges facing the scissoring of lignin into aryl monomers and summarizes the recent progress, focusing on the strategies and the catalysts to address the problems. Finally, emphasis is given to the outlook and future directions of this research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Zhang Dayu School of Chemistry, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, Liaoning, China
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20
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Redox-neutral photocatalytic strategy for selective C-C bond cleavage of lignin and lignin models via PCET process. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2019; 64:1658-1666. [PMID: 36659779 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2019.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
It remains challenging to achieve the selective cleavage of C-C bonds in lignin or lignin model compounds to produce aromatic products in high yield and selectivity. We have developed a redox-neutral photocatalytic strategy to accomplish this goal in both β-O-4 and β-1 lignin models at room temperature (RT) via proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process without any pretreatments of substrate, by adjusting the alkalinity of base to obtain a lignin models/base PCET pair with a bond dissociation free energy close to 102 kcal/mol. Without breaking down Cβ-Cγ bond and any C-O bonds, this PCET method is 100% atom economy and produces exclusive Cα-Cβ bond cleavage products, such as benzaldehydes (up to 97%) and phenyl ethers (up to 96%), in high to excellent yields and selectivities. Preliminary studies indicated that the PCET strategy is also effective for the depolymerization of native lignin at RT, thus providing significantly important foundation to the depolymerization of lignin.
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21
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Efficient Mild Organosolv Lignin Extraction in a Flow-Through Setup Yielding Lignin with High β-O-4 Content. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11121913. [PMID: 31757013 PMCID: PMC6960700 DOI: 10.3390/polym11121913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Current lignin fractionation methods use harsh conditions that alter the native lignin structure, resulting in a recalcitrant material which is undesired for downstream processing. Milder fractionation processes allow for the isolation of lignins that are high in β-aryl ether (β-O-4) content, however, at reduced extraction efficiency. The development of improved lignin extraction methods using mild conditions is therefore desired. For this reason, a flow-through setup for mild ethanosolv extraction (120 °C) was developed. The influence of acid concentration, ethanol/water ratio, and the use of other linear alcohol co-solvents on the delignification efficiency and the β-O-4 content were evaluated. With walnut shells as model feedstock, extraction efficiencies of over 55% were achieved, yielding lignin with a good structural quality in terms of β-O-4 linking motifs (typically over 60 per 100 aromatic units). For example, lignin containing 66 β-O-4 linking motifs was obtained with an 80:20 n-propanol/water ratio, 0.18 M H2SO4 with overall a good extraction efficiency of 57% after 5 h. The majority of the lignin was extracted in the first 2 hours and this lignin showed the best structural quality. Compared to batch extractions, both higher lignin extraction efficiency and higher β-O-4 content were obtained using the flow setup.
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22
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Tsai Y, Chen C, Hsieh Y, Tsai M. Selective C
α
Alcohol Oxidation of Lignin Substrates Featuring a β‐O‐4 Linkage by a Dinuclear Oxovanadium Catalyst via Two‐Electron Redox Processes. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan‐Ting Tsai
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Chih‐Yao Chen
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Yi‐Ju Hsieh
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
| | - Ming‐Li Tsai
- Department of Chemistry National Sun Yat‐sen University 80424 Kaohsiung Taiwan
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23
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Rafiee M, Alherech M, Karlen SD, Stahl SS. Electrochemical Aminoxyl-Mediated Oxidation of Primary Alcohols in Lignin to Carboxylic Acids: Polymer Modification and Depolymerization. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15266-15276. [PMID: 31483640 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An electrochemical process has been developed for chemoselective oxidation of primary alcohols in lignin to the corresponding carboxylic acids. The electrochemical oxidation reactions proceed under mildly basic conditions and employ 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) and 4-acetamido-TEMPO (ACT) as catalytic mediators. Lignin model compounds and related alcohols are used to conduct structure-reactivity studies that provide insights into the origin of the reaction selectivity. The method is applied to the oxidation of lignin extracted from poplar wood chips via a mild acidolysis method, and the reaction affords a novel polyelectrolyte material. Gel permeation chromatography data for the oxidized lignin shows that this material has a molecular weight and molecular weight distribution very similar to that of the extracted lignin, but notable differences are also evident. Base titration reveals a significant increase in the acid content, and the oxidized lignin has much higher water solubility relative to the extracted lignin. Treatment of the oxidized lignin under acidic conditions results in depolymerization of the material into characterized aromatic monomers in nearly 30 wt% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Manar Alherech
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Steven D Karlen
- Department of Energy Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, the Wisconsin Energy Institute , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53726 , United States.,Department of Biochemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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24
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Xu W, Li X, Shi J. Catalytic depolymerization of lignin over cesium exchanged and transition-metal substituted heterogeneous polyoxometalates. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:171-179. [PMID: 31125654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
It is of great importance to develop new pathways for low-cost, high-selectivity conversion of lignin into aromatics. In this work, a series of cesium exchanged and transition-metal substituted heterogeneous polyoxometalates were prepared and applied as efficient catalysts for lignin depolymerization. The catalytic oxidation of lignin has been monitored by GPC, 2D NMR HSQC, and GC/MS technologies, and the reaction pathway was also confirmed by the examination with a dimeric β-O-4 lignin model compound. Under optimal conditions, these catalysts showed high activity toward oxidative cleavage of β-O-4 linkages, as well as β-5 and β-β CC linkages. In particular, the Co substituted polyoxometalates gave high yield of ca. 9.58% monomeric products at 150°C within 3h under an oxygen atmosphere. Results demonstrated the catalyst was easily separated from products and could be repeatedly used at least five cycles without significant loss of activity. Further, the possible reaction mechanism was proposed by a two-step oxygen-based electron transfer and oxygen transfer reaction mechanism. The design and application of the multifunctional POMs based heterogeneous catalytic system make this strategy of great interest in the production of aromatic products from lignin and inspire a new insight to utilize the entire lignocellulosic biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbiao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150040, PR China
| | - Xiangyu Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China
| | - Junyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin, Heilongjiang Province 150040, PR China; Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Wooden Materials Science and Engineering, Beihua University, Binjiang East Road, Jilin City, Jilin Province, PR China.
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25
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Porcheddu A, Delogu F, De Luca L, Fattuoni C, Colacino E. Metal-free mechanochemical oxidations in Ertalyte ® jars. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1786-1794. [PMID: 31435450 PMCID: PMC6664414 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aimed at eliminating or at least significantly reducing the use of solvents, sodium hypochlorite pentahydrate crystals (NaOCl·5H2O) in the presence of a catalytic amount of a nitrosyl radical (TEMPO or AZADO) have been successfully used to induce mechanochemical oxidative processes on several structurally different primary and secondary alcohols. The proposed redox process is safe, inexpensive and performing effectively, especially on the macroscale. Herein, an Ertalyte® jar has been successfully used, for the first time, in a mechanochemical process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Porcheddu
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (Ca), Italy
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Meccanica, Chimica e dei Materiali, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, via Marengo 2, 09123 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Lidia De Luca
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100-Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Fattuoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche e Geologiche, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SS 554 bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (Ca), Italy
| | - Evelina Colacino
- Université de Montpellier & Institut Charles Gerhardt de Montpellier (ICGM), UMR 5253 CNRS – UM – ENSCM, 8 Rue de l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France
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26
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Lin F, Liu C, Wang X, Hu C, Wu S, Xiao R. Catalytic oxidation of biorefinery corncob lignin via zirconium(IV) chloride and sodium hydroxide in acetonitrile/water: A functionality study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 675:203-212. [PMID: 31030128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In order to realize the efficient utilization of biorefinery corncob lignin, the promising catalytic oxidation strategy was carried out by using ZrCl4 and NaOH as the co-catalyst and dioxygen as the oxidant in MeCN/H2O. GC/MS, GC-FID, and MALDI-TOF/MS were employed to recognize the produced monomers and oligomers, and GPC was used to monitor the molecular weight changes of lignin fragments. In addition, specific structural evolution of corncob lignin during ZrCl4/NaOH-catalyzed oxidation were revealed by quantitative 13C (Q13C) and 2D HSQC NMR techniques. Results showed that the total yields of produced oxidation monomers reached 6.8 wt%, and aromatic aldehydes were the major species, in which vanillin and 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde were the two dominant products. After ZrCl4/NaOH-catalyzed oxidation, the weight-average molecular weight of corncob lignin and its products decreased from 2000 Da to 300 Da after oxidation with 16 h. Moreover, Q13C NMR analysis showed the decrease percentage of CO aliphatic carbons (including methoxyl carbons), the increase percentage of CC aliphatic and carbonyl carbons, and the relative stable percentage of aromatic carbons with reaction prolonged. These results combined with the further confirmation from HSQC indicated the oxidative cleavage of CO aliphatic linkages and removal of methoxy groups within corncob lignin, as well as the formation of CC aliphatic bonds and carbonyl groups. The work presented a comprehensive insight into the catalytic oxidative depolymerization of biorefinery corncob lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Xing Wang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, School of Light Industry and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, PR China
| | - Changsong Hu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Shiliang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Rui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Energy Thermal Conversion and Control of Ministry of Education, School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China.
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27
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Xiao G, Lancefield CS, Westwood NJ. Selective Depolymerisation of γ‐Oxidised Lignin via NHC Catalysed Redox Esterification. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ganyuan Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St Andrews and EaStChem North Haugh, St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St Andrews and EaStChem North Haugh, St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research ComplexUniversity of St Andrews and EaStChem North Haugh, St Andrews Fife KY16 9ST UK
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28
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Kazemnejadi M, Alavi SA, Rezazadeh Z, Nasseri MA, Allahresani A, Esmaeilpour M. Fe3O4@SiO2@Im[Cl]Mn(III)-complex as a highly efficient magnetically recoverable nanocatalyst for selective oxidation of alcohol to imine and oxime. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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29
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Opeida IA, Sheparovych RB, Hrynda YM, Khavunko OY, Kompanets MO, Shendryk AN. Kinetics of oxidation of benzyl alcohols with molecular oxygen catalyzed by
N
‐hydroxyphthalimide: Role of hydroperoxyl radicals. INT J CHEM KINET 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/kin.21287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- I. A. Opeida
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Fossil Fuels InPOCCNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Lviv Ukraine
- Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University Vinnytsia Ukraine
| | - R. B. Sheparovych
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Fossil Fuels InPOCCNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Lviv Ukraine
| | - Yu. M. Hrynda
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Fossil Fuels InPOCCNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Lviv Ukraine
| | - O. Yu. Khavunko
- Department of Physical Chemistry of Fossil Fuels InPOCCNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Lviv Ukraine
| | - M. O. Kompanets
- L. M.Litvinenko Institute of Physical Organic and Coal ChemistryNational Academy of Sciences of Ukraine Kyiv Ukraine
- National Technical University of Ukraine “Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute” Kyiv Ukraine
| | - A. N. Shendryk
- Vasyl’ Stus Donetsk National University Vinnytsia Ukraine
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30
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Singappuli-Arachchige D, Kobayashi T, Wang Z, Burkhow SJ, Smith EA, Pruski M, Slowing II. Interfacial Control of Catalytic Activity in the Aldol Condensation: Combining the Effects of Hydrophobic Environments and Water. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilini Singappuli-Arachchige
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | | | - Zhuoran Wang
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Sadie J. Burkhow
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Emily A. Smith
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Marek Pruski
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
| | - Igor I. Slowing
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames Iowa 50011, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, United States
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31
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Oxidative Depolymerization of Cellulolytic Enzyme Lignin over Silicotungvanadium Polyoxometalates. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11030564. [PMID: 30960548 PMCID: PMC6473773 DOI: 10.3390/polym11030564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the catalytic performance of the oxidative depolymerization of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin from cellulosic ethanol fermentation residue by different vanadium substituted Keggin-type polyoxometalates (K₅[SiVW11O40], K₆[SiV₂W10O40], and K₆H[SiV₃W₉O40]). Depolymerized products were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), gas chromatography⁻mass spectrometer (GC/MS), and two-dimensional heteronuclear single quantum coherence nuclear magnetic resonance (2D HSQC NMR) analysis. All catalysts showed an effective catalytic activity. The best result, concerning the lignin conversion and lignin oil production, was obtained by K₆[SiV₂W10O40], and the highest yield of oxidative depolymerization products of 53 wt % was achieved and the main products were monomer aromatic compounds. The HSQC demonstrated that the catalysts were very effective in breaking the β-O-4 structure, the dominant linkage in lignin, and the GPC analysis demonstrated that the molecular of lignin was declined significantly. These results demonstrate the vanadium substituted silicotungstic polyoxometalates were of highly active and stable catalysts for lignin conversion, and this strategy has the potential to be applicable for production of value-added chemicals from biorefinery lignin.
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32
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Magallanes G, Kärkäs MD, Bosque I, Lee S, Maldonado S, Stephenson CRJ. Selective C–O Bond Cleavage of Lignin Systems and Polymers Enabled by Sequential Palladium-Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidation and Visible-Light Photoredox Catalysis. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b04172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Magallanes
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Markus D. Kärkäs
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Organic Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Irene Bosque
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Sudarat Lee
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Stephen Maldonado
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
- Program in Applied Physics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Corey R. J. Stephenson
- Willard Henry Dow Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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33
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Fernandes MR, Huang X, Abbenhuis HC, Hensen EJ. Lignin oxidation with an organic peroxide and subsequent aromatic ring opening. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 123:1044-1051. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.11.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Li D, Ruan F, Jin Y, Ke Q, Cao Y, Wang H, Wang T, Song Y, Cui P. Design and synthesis of a highly efficient heterogeneous MnCo2O4 oxide catalyst for alcohol oxidation: DFT insight into the synergistic effect between oxygen deficiencies and bimetal species. Catal Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cy02248h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We report the design and synthesis of an oxygen vacancy-abundant spinel-structured MnCo2O4 oxide as a highly efficient catalyst for alcohol oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization
| | - Fei Ruan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization
| | - Yangxin Jin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization
| | - Qingping Ke
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization
| | - Yali Cao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
| | - Hao Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
| | - Yujun Song
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
| | - Ping Cui
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Coal Clean Conversion and High Valued Utilization
- Anhui University of Technology
- Maanshan
- P. R. China
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35
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Ren T, Qi W, Su R, He Z. Promising Techniques for Depolymerization of Lignin into Value-added Chemicals. ChemCatChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201801428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Ren
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Wei Qi
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Rongxin Su
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin); Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Desalination Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
| | - Zhimin He
- Chemical Engineering Research Center School of Chemical Engineering and Technology; Tianjin University; Tianjin 300072 P.R. China
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36
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Salonen HEP, Mecke CPA, Karjomaa MI, Joensuu PM, Koskinen AMP. Copper Catalyzed Alcohol Oxidation and Cleavage of β-O-4 Lignin Model Systems: From Development to Mechanistic Examination. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201802715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. Eemil P. Salonen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Carsten P. A. Mecke
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Miika I. Karjomaa
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Pekka M. Joensuu
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
| | - Ari M. P. Koskinen
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science; Aalto University School of Chemical Engineering; Espoo Finland
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37
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Regestein L, Klement T, Grande P, Kreyenschulte D, Heyman B, Maßmann T, Eggert A, Sengpiel R, Wang Y, Wierckx N, Blank LM, Spiess A, Leitner W, Bolm C, Wessling M, Jupke A, Rosenbaum M, Büchs J. From beech wood to itaconic acid: case study on biorefinery process integration. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:279. [PMID: 30337958 PMCID: PMC6180396 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1273-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Renewable raw materials in sustainable biorefinery processes pose new challenges to the manufacturing routes of platform chemicals. Beside the investigations of individual unit operations, the research on process chains, leading from plant biomass to the final products like lactic acid, succinic acid, and itaconic acid is increasing. This article presents a complete process chain from wooden biomass to the platform chemical itaconic acid. The process starts with the mechanical pretreatment of beech wood, which subsequently is subjected to chemo-catalytic biomass fractionation (OrganoCat) into three phases, which comprise cellulose pulp, aqueous hydrolyzed hemicellulose, and organic lignin solutions. Lignin is transferred to further chemical valorization. The aqueous phase containing oxalic acid as well as hemi-cellulosic sugars is treated by nanofiltration to recycle the acid catalyst back to the chemo-catalytic pretreatment and to concentrate the sugar hydrolysate. In a parallel step, the cellulose pulp is enzymatically hydrolyzed to yield glucose, which-together with the pentose-rich stream-can be used as a carbon source in the fermentation. The fermentation of the sugar fraction into itaconic acid can either be performed with the established fungi Aspergillus terreus or with Ustilago maydis. Both fermentation concepts were realized and evaluated. For purification, (in situ) filtration, (in situ) extraction, and crystallization were investigated. The presented comprehensive examination and discussion of the itaconate synthesis process-as a case study-demonstrates the impact of realistic process conditions on product yield, choice of whole cell catalyst, chemocatalysts and organic solvent system, operation mode, and, finally, the selection of a downstream concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Regestein
- AVT—Bio-chemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Klement
- AVT—Bio-chemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Center of Molecular Transformations, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Philipp Grande
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52064 Aachen, Germany
- Institut für Bio- und Geowissenschaften, Pflanzenwissenschaften (IBG-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Dirk Kreyenschulte
- AVT—Bio-chemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Benedikt Heyman
- AVT—Bio-chemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Maßmann
- AVT—Fluid Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Armin Eggert
- AVT—Fluid Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Sengpiel
- AVT—Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yumei Wang
- AVT—Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Nick Wierckx
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52064 Aachen, Germany
| | - Lars M. Blank
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52064 Aachen, Germany
| | - Antje Spiess
- AVT—Enzyme Process Technology, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Institut für Bioverfahrenstechnik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Rebenring 56, 38106 Brunswick, Germany
| | - Walter Leitner
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52064 Aachen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstraße 34-36, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institut für Organische Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthias Wessling
- AVT—Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Jupke
- AVT—Fluid Process Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Miriam Rosenbaum
- iAMB-Institute of Applied Microbiology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52064 Aachen, Germany
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 23, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jochen Büchs
- AVT—Bio-chemical Engineering, RWTH Aachen University, Forckenbeckstr. 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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38
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Li X, He J, Zhang Y. BBr 3-Assisted Preparation of Aromatic Alkyl Bromides from Lignin and Lignin Model Compounds. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11019-11027. [PMID: 30088928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, BBr3-assisted nucleophilic substitution was applied to a variety of β-O-4 and α-O-4 model compounds for the highly effective cleavage of different C-O bonds, including C-Oα-OH, Cβ-O/Cα-O and CMe-O bonds (<0.5 h and >99% conversion for most cases). Without any pretreatment, the substitution proceeds at room temperature in the absence of any catalyst, or additive, selectively affording phenols and important organic synthesis reagents, aromatic alkyl bromides, in high to excellent yields (up to 98%). Preliminary studies also highlight the prospect of this method for the effective cleavage of different types of C-O bonds in real lignin. A total 14 wt % yield of aromatic alkyl bromide, 4-(1,2-dibromo-3-hydroxypropyl)benzene-1,2-diol (10), has been obtained from an extracted lignin through this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , China
| | - Jianghua He
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , China
| | - Yuetao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry , Jilin University , Changchun , Jilin 130012 , China
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39
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Zhang J. Conversion of Lignin Models by Photoredox Catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2018; 11:3071-3080. [PMID: 29989337 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201801370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
One prominent goal of 21st century research is to develop a sustainable carbon-neutral biorefinery. Lignin is an important component of lignocellulosic biomass; however, it is currently underutilized owing to its highly cross-linked, complex, and randomly polymerized composition, which poses a significant challenge to its depolymerization and valorization. Chemical catalytic approaches based on transition metals represent the primary research area to drive degradation reactions. Recently, alternative photocatalytic strategies that employ sustainable solar energy to initiate the transformation of lignin have started to emerge. This Concept article examines new developments of photocatalyzed reactions and provides insight into C-O and C-C bond-cleavage reactions of lignin models in both homogeneous and heterogeneous systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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40
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Rinesch T, Bolm C. Cobalt-Catalyzed Oxidation of the β-O-4 Bond in Lignin and Lignin Model Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:8386-8392. [PMID: 31458968 PMCID: PMC6644884 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
In this work we demonstrate the use of Co(acac)3 in combination with N-hydroxyphthalimide as an oxidant for the selective α-oxidation of the representative β-O-4 linkages in lignin model compounds. The oxidation reaction proceeds under mild conditions at 80 °C using 1,4-dioxane as the solvent and an oxygen atmosphere. The prior α-oxidation in the β-O-4 linkage of the lignin polymer is known to result in an easier cleavage of the adjacent C-O and C-C bonds because of a decrease in bond stability. Finally, the conditions were successfully transferred to kraft- and organosolv-lignin samples as proven by 2D-NMR (HSQC) experiments and gel permeation chromatography measurements.
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41
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Vangeel T, Schutyser W, Renders T, Sels BF. Perspective on Lignin Oxidation: Advances, Challenges, and Future Directions. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2018; 376:30. [PMID: 29974271 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-018-0207-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignin valorization has gained increasing attention over the past decade. Being the world's largest source of renewable aromatics, its valorization could pave the way towards more profitable and more sustainable lignocellulose biorefineries. Many lignin valorization strategies focus on the disassembly of lignin into aromatic monomers, which can serve as platform molecules for the chemical industry. Within this framework, the oxidative conversion of lignin is of great interest because it enables the formation of highly functionalized, valuable compounds. This work provides a brief overview and critical discussion of lignin oxidation research. In the first part, oxidative conversion of lignin models and isolated lignin streams is reviewed. The second part highlights a number of challenges with respect to the substrate, catalyst, and operating conditions, and proposes some future directions regarding the oxidative conversion of lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thijs Vangeel
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wouter Schutyser
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom Renders
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert F Sels
- Center for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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42
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Nutting JE, Rafiee M, Stahl SS. Tetramethylpiperidine N-Oxyl (TEMPO), Phthalimide N-Oxyl (PINO), and Related N-Oxyl Species: Electrochemical Properties and Their Use in Electrocatalytic Reactions. Chem Rev 2018; 118:4834-4885. [PMID: 29707945 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 515] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
N-Oxyl compounds represent a diverse group of reagents that find widespread use as catalysts for the selective oxidation of organic molecules in both laboratory and industrial applications. While turnover of N-oxyl catalysts in oxidation reactions may be accomplished with a variety of stoichiometric oxidants, N-oxyl reagents have also been extensively used as catalysts under electrochemical conditions in the absence of chemical oxidants. Several classes of N-oxyl compounds undergo facile redox reactions at electrode surfaces, enabling them to mediate a wide range of electrosynthetic reactions. Electrochemical studies also provide insights into the structural properties and mechanisms of chemical and electrochemical catalysis by N-oxyl compounds. This review provides a comprehensive survey of the electrochemical properties and electrocatalytic applications of aminoxyls, imidoxyls, and related reagents, of which the two prototypical and widely used examples are 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine N-oxyl (TEMPO) and phthalimide N-oxyl (PINO).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Nutting
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Mohammad Rafiee
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
| | - Shannon S Stahl
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , 1101 University Avenue , Madison , Wisconsin 53706 , United States
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43
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Wang M, Ma J, Liu H, Luo N, Zhao Z, Wang F. Sustainable Productions of Organic Acids and Their Derivatives from Biomass via Selective Oxidative Cleavage of C–C Bond. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Huifang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Nengchao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Zhitong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Feng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis
(SKLC), Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy (DNL), Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics (DICP), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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44
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Lahive CW, Lancefield CS, Codina A, Kamer PCJ, Westwood NJ. Revealing the fate of the phenylcoumaran linkage during lignin oxidation reactions. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:1976-1982. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob03087h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Phenylcoumaran linkages are shown, for the first time, to be oxidised to phenylcoumarones in lignin during oxidations with DDQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciaran W. Lahive
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM
- St Andrews
- UK
| | - Christopher S. Lancefield
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM
- St Andrews
- UK
| | | | - Paul C. J. Kamer
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM
- St Andrews
- UK
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V
| | - Nicholas J. Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex
- University of St Andrews and EaStCHEM
- St Andrews
- UK
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45
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Guo H, Miles-Barrett DM, Neal AR, Zhang T, Li C, Westwood NJ. Unravelling the enigma of lignin OX: can the oxidation of lignin be controlled? Chem Sci 2017; 9:702-711. [PMID: 29629139 PMCID: PMC5869806 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
As societal challenges go, the development of efficient biorefineries as a means of reducing our dependence on petroleum refineries is high on the list.
As societal challenges go, the development of efficient biorefineries as a means of reducing our dependence on petroleum refineries is high on the list. One of the core strengths of the petroleum refinery is its ability to produce a huge range of different products using all of the components of the starting material. In contrast, the target of using all the biopolymers present in lignocellulosic biomass is far from realised. Even though our ability to use the carbohydrate-based components has advanced, our plans for lignin lag behind (with the notable exception of vanillin production). One approach to lignin usage is its controlled depolymerisation. This study focuses on an increasingly popular approach to this challenge which involves highly selective lignin oxidation to give a material often referred to as ligninOX. But what do we mean by ligninOX? In this study we show that it is possible to form many different types of ligninOX depending on the oxidation conditions that are used. We show that variations in the levels of processing of the β–O-4, the β–β and a third linkage occur. Through use of this information, we can form a well-defined ligninOX from six different hardwood lignins. This process is reproducible and can be carried out on a large scale. With a source of well-defined ligninOX in hand, we show that it can be converted to simple aromatic monomers and that any remaining ligninOX is sufficiently soluble for further processing to be carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiwei Guo
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex , University of St. Andrews , EaStCHEM , St. Andrews , Fife , Scotland KY16 9ST , UK . .,State Key Laboratory of Catalysis , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China . .,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100049 , China
| | - Daniel M Miles-Barrett
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex , University of St. Andrews , EaStCHEM , St. Andrews , Fife , Scotland KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Andrew R Neal
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex , University of St. Andrews , EaStCHEM , St. Andrews , Fife , Scotland KY16 9ST , UK .
| | - Tao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China .
| | - Changzhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Dalian , 116023 , China .
| | - Nicholas J Westwood
- School of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences Research Complex , University of St. Andrews , EaStCHEM , St. Andrews , Fife , Scotland KY16 9ST , UK .
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46
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Weißbach U, Dabral S, Konnert L, Bolm C, Hernández JG. Selective enzymatic esterification of lignin model compounds in the ball mill. Beilstein J Org Chem 2017; 13:1788-1795. [PMID: 28904622 PMCID: PMC5588541 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.13.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
A lipase-catalyzed esterification of lignin model compounds in the ball mill was developed combining the advantages of enzyme catalysis and mechanochemistry. Under the described conditions, the primary aliphatic hydroxy groups present in the substrates were selectively modified by the biocatalyst to afford monoesterified products. Amongst the tested lipases, CALB proved to be the most effective biocatalyst for these transformations. Noteworthy, various acyl donors of different chain lengths were tolerated under the mechanochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Weißbach
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Saumya Dabral
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Laure Konnert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - José G Hernández
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, D-52074 Aachen, Germany
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47
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Wang L, Chen Y, Liu S, Jiang H, Wang L, Sun Y, Wan P. Study on the cleavage of alkyl-O-aryl bonds by in situ generated hydroxyl radicals on an ORR cathode. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra11236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
˙OH selectively attacks the active sites opposite to phenolic hydroxyl groups and leads to bond-cleavage of ether bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Yongmei Chen
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Shuangyan Liu
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Haomin Jiang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Linan Wang
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Yanzhi Sun
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| | - Pingyu Wan
- National Fundamental Research Laboratory of New Hazardous Chemicals Assessment & Accident Analysis
- Beijing University of Chemical Technology
- 100029 Beijing
- P. R. China
- Institute of Applied Electrochemistry
| |
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