1
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Patel J, Bury G, Pushkar Y. Rational Design of Improved Ru Containing Fe-Based Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) Photoanode for Artificial Photosynthesis. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2310106. [PMID: 38746966 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202310106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 10/01/2024]
Abstract
Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) recently emerged as a new platform for the realization of integrated devices for artificial photosynthesis. However, there remain few demonstrations of rational tuning of such devices for improved performance. Here, a fast molecular water oxidation catalyst working via water nucleophilic attack is integrated into the MOF MIL-142, wherein Fe3O nodes absorb visible light, leading to charge separation. Materials are characterized by a range of structural and spectroscopic techniques. New, [Ru(tpy)(Qc)(H2O)]+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine and Qc = 8-quinolinecarboxylate)-doped Fe MIL-142 achieved a high photocurrent (1.6 × 10-3 A·cm-2) in photo-electrocatalytic water splitting at pH = 1. Unassisted photocatalytic H2 evolution is also reported with Pt as the co-catalyst (4.8 µmol g-1 min-1). The high activity of this new system enables hydrogen gas capture from an easy-to-manufacture, scaled-up prototype utilizing MOF deposited on FTO glass as a photoanode. These findings provide insights for the development of MOF-based light-driven water-splitting assemblies utilizing a minimal amount of precious metals and Fe-based photosensitizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jully Patel
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gabriel Bury
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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2
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Tsai MD, Wu KC, Kung CW. Zirconium-based metal-organic frameworks and their roles in electrocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:8360-8374. [PMID: 39034845 DOI: 10.1039/d4cc02793k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Due to their exceptional chemical stability in water and high structural tunability, zirconium(IV)-based MOFs (Zr-MOFs) have been considered attractive materials in the broad fields of electrocatalysis. Numerous studies published since 2015 have attempted to utilise Zr-MOFs in electrocatalysis, with the porous framework serving as either the active electrocatalyst or the scaffold or surface coating to further enhance the performance of the actual electrocatalyst. Herein, the roles of Zr-MOFs in electrocatalytic processes are discussed, and some selected examples reporting the applications of Zr-MOFs in various electrocatalytic reactions, including several studies from our group, are overviewed. Challenges, limitations and opportunities in using Zr-MOFs in electrocatalysis in future studies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Dian Tsai
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Kuan-Chu Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
| | - Chung-Wei Kung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, 1 University Road, Tainan City, 70101, Taiwan.
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3
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Suremann NF, McCarthy BD, Gschwind W, Kumar A, Johnson BA, Hammarström L, Ott S. Molecular Catalysis of Energy Relevance in Metal-Organic Frameworks: From Higher Coordination Sphere to System Effects. Chem Rev 2023; 123:6545-6611. [PMID: 37184577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The modularity and synthetic flexibility of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have provoked analogies with enzymes, and even the term MOFzymes has been coined. In this review, we focus on molecular catalysis of energy relevance in MOFs, more specifically water oxidation, oxygen and carbon dioxide reduction, as well as hydrogen evolution in context of the MOF-enzyme analogy. Similar to enzymes, catalyst encapsulation in MOFs leads to structural stabilization under turnover conditions, while catalyst motifs that are synthetically out of reach in a homogeneous solution phase may be attainable as secondary building units in MOFs. Exploring the unique synthetic possibilities in MOFs, specific groups in the second and third coordination sphere around the catalytic active site have been incorporated to facilitate catalysis. A key difference between enzymes and MOFs is the fact that active site concentrations in the latter are often considerably higher, leading to charge and mass transport limitations in MOFs that are more severe than those in enzymes. High catalyst concentrations also put a limit on the distance between catalysts, and thus the available space for higher coordination sphere engineering. As transport is important for MOF-borne catalysis, a system perspective is chosen to highlight concepts that address the issue. A detailed section on transport and light-driven reactivity sets the stage for a concise review of the currently available literature on utilizing principles from Nature and system design for the preparation of catalytic MOF-based materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina F Suremann
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian D McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wanja Gschwind
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Amol Kumar
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Technical University Munich (TUM), Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Uferstraße 53, 94315 Straubing, Germany
| | - Leif Hammarström
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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4
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Ezhov R, Ravari AK, Palenik M, Loomis A, Meira DM, Savikhin S, Pushkar Y. Photoexcitation of Fe 3 O Nodes in MOF Drives Water Oxidation at pH=1 When Ru Catalyst Is Present. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202124. [PMID: 36479638 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis strives to convert the energy of sunlight into sustainable, eco-friendly solar fuels. However, systems with light-driven water oxidation reaction (WOR) at pH=1 are rare. Broadly used [Ru(bpy)3 ]2+ (bpy=2,2'-bipyridine) photosensitizer has a fixed +1.23 V potential which is insufficient to drive most water oxidation catalysts (WOCs) in acid, while Fe2 O3 , featuring the highly oxidizing holes, is not stable at low pH. Here, the key examples of Fe-based metal-organic framework (MOF) water oxidation photoelectrocatalysts active at pH=1 are presented. Fe-MIL-126 and Fe MOF-dcbpy structures were formed with 4,4'-biphenyl dicarboxylate (bpdc), 2,2'-bipyridine-5,5'-dicarboxylate (dcbpy) linkers and their mixtures. Presence of dcbpy linkers allows integration of metal-based catalysts via coordination to 2,2'-bipyridine fragments. Fe-based MOFs were doped with Ru-based precursors to achieve highly active MOFs bearing [Ru(bpy)(dcbpy)(H2 O)2 ]2+ WOC. Materials were analyzed with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy, resonance Raman, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, fs optical pump-probe, electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), diffuse reflectance and electric conductivity measurements and were modeled by band structure calculations. It is shown that under reaction conditions, FeIII and RuIII oxidation states are present, indicating rate-limiting electron transfer in MOF. Fe3 O nodes emerge as photosensitizers able to drive prolonged O2 evolution in acid. Further developments are possible via MOF's linker modification for enhanced light absorption, electrical conductivity, reduced MOF solubility in acid, Ru-WOC modification for faster WOC catalysis, or Ru-WOC substitution to 3d metal-based systems. The findings give further insight for development of light-driven water splitting systems based on Earth-abundant metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roman Ezhov
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Alireza K Ravari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Mark Palenik
- US Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, 20375, USA
| | - Alexander Loomis
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | | | - Sergei Savikhin
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, 47907, USA
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5
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Gibbons B, Cairnie DR, Thomas B, Yang X, Ilic S, Morris AJ. Photoelectrochemical water oxidation by a MOF/semiconductor composite. Chem Sci 2023; 14:4672-4680. [PMID: 37181771 PMCID: PMC10171202 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06361a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report the development of a MOF-semiconductor composite film active for water oxidation at a thermodynamic underpotential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Daniel R. Cairnie
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Benjamin Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Xiaozhou Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Stefan Ilic
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
| | - Amanda J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia 24060, USA
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6
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Hong YH, Lee YM, Nam W, Fukuzumi S. Reaction Intermediates in Artificial Photosynthesis with Molecular Catalysts. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c05033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Young Hyun Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Korea
| | - Yong-Min Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Korea
| | - Wonwoo Nam
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Korea
| | - Shunichi Fukuzumi
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul03760, Korea
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7
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Navalón S, Dhakshinamoorthy A, Álvaro M, Ferrer B, García H. Metal-Organic Frameworks as Photocatalysts for Solar-Driven Overall Water Splitting. Chem Rev 2022; 123:445-490. [PMID: 36503233 PMCID: PMC9837824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been frequently used as photocatalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using sacrificial agents with UV-vis or visible light irradiation. The aim of the present review is to summarize the use of MOFs as solar-driven photocatalysts targeting to overcome the current efficiency limitations in overall water splitting (OWS). Initially, the fundamentals of the photocatalytic OWS under solar irradiation are presented. Then, the different strategies that can be implemented on MOFs to adapt them for solar photocatalysis for OWS are discussed in detail. Later, the most active MOFs reported until now for the solar-driven HER and/or oxygen evolution reaction (OER) are critically commented. These studies are taken as precedents for the discussion of the existing studies on the use of MOFs as photocatalysts for the OWS under visible or sunlight irradiation. The requirements to be met to use MOFs at large scale for the solar-driven OWS are also discussed. The last section of this review provides a summary of the current state of the field and comments on future prospects that could bring MOFs closer to commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Navalón
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia46022, Spain,S.N.: email,
| | - Amarajothi Dhakshinamoorthy
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia46022, Spain,School
of Chemistry, Madurai Kamaraj University, Palkalai Nagar, Madurai625021, Tamil
NaduIndia,A.D.: email,
| | - Mercedes Álvaro
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia46022, Spain
| | - Belén Ferrer
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia46022, Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Departamento
de Química, Universitat Politècnica
de València, Camino de Vera s/n, Valencia46022, Spain,Instituto
Universitario de Tecnología Química, CSIC-UPV, Universitat Politècnica de València, Avenida de los Naranjos, Valencia46022, Spain,H.G.:
email,
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8
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Gibbons B, Cai M, Morris AJ. A Potential Roadmap to Integrated Metal Organic Framework Artificial Photosynthetic Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:17723-17736. [PMID: 36126182 PMCID: PMC9545145 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c04144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs), a class of coordination polymers, gained popularity in the late 1990s with the efforts of Omar Yaghi, Richard Robson, Susumu Kitagawa, and others. The intrinsic porosity of MOFs made them a clear platform for gas storage and separation. Indeed, these applications have dominated the vast literature in MOF synthesis, characterization, and applications. However, even in those early years, there were hints to more advanced applications in light-MOF interactions and catalysis. This perspective focuses on the combination of both light-MOF interactions and catalysis: MOF artificial photosynthetic assemblies. Light absorption, charge transport, H2O oxidation, and CO2 reduction have all been previously observed in MOFs; however, work toward a fully MOF-based approach to artificial photosynthesis remains out of reach. Discussed here are the current limitations with MOF-based approaches: diffusion through the framework, selectivity toward high value products, lack of integrated studies, and stability. These topics provide a roadmap for the future development of fully integrated MOF-based assemblies for artificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley Gibbons
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Meng Cai
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Amanda J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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9
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Supramolecular Arrangement Built from Zinc and Cadmium Complexes with 4′-(4-Substituted)-2,2′:6′,2″-Terpyridine: Crystallographic Investigation, Luminescence and Thermal Properties. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02299-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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10
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Liu J, Goetjen TA, Wang Q, Knapp JG, Wasson MC, Yang Y, Syed ZH, Delferro M, Notestein JM, Farha OK, Hupp JT. MOF-enabled confinement and related effects for chemical catalyst presentation and utilization. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:1045-1097. [PMID: 35005751 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00968k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A defining characteristic of nearly all catalytically functional MOFs is uniform, molecular-scale porosity. MOF pores, linkers and nodes that define them, help regulate reactant and product transport, catalyst siting, catalyst accessibility, catalyst stability, catalyst activity, co-catalyst proximity, composition of the chemical environment at and beyond the catalytic active site, chemical intermediate and transition-state conformations, thermodynamic affinity of molecular guests for MOF interior sites, framework charge and density of charge-compensating ions, pore hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, pore and channel rigidity vs. flexibility, and other features and properties. Collectively and individually, these properties help define overall catalyst functional behaviour. This review focuses on how porous, catalyst-containing MOFs capitalize on molecular-scale confinement, containment, isolation, environment modulation, energy delivery, and mobility to accomplish desired chemical transformations with potentially superior selectivity or other efficacy, especially in comparison to catalysts in homogeneous solution environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Timothy A Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Qining Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Julia G Knapp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Megan C Wasson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Ying Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
| | - Zoha H Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Justin M Notestein
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA. .,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Rd., Evanston, IL 60208, USA.
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11
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McCarthy BD, Liseev T, Sortica MA, Paneta V, Gschwind W, Nagy G, Ott S, Primetzhofer D. Elemental Depth Profiling of Intact Metal-Organic Framework Single Crystals by Scanning Nuclear Microprobe. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18626-18634. [PMID: 34726402 PMCID: PMC8587607 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The growing field
of MOF–catalyst composites often relies
on postsynthetic modifications for the installation of active sites.
In the resulting MOFs, the spatial distribution of the inserted catalysts
has far-reaching ramifications for the performance of the system and
thus needs to be precisely determined. Herein, we report the application
of a scanning nuclear microprobe for accurate and nondestructive depth
profiling of individual UiO-66 and UiO-67 (UiO = Universitetet i Oslo)
single crystals. Initial optimization work using native UiO-66 crystals
yielded a microbeam method which avoided beam damage, while subsequent
analysis of Zr/Hf mixed-metal UiO-66 crystals demonstrated the potential
of the method to obtain high-resolution depth profiles. The microbeam
method was further used to analyze the depth distribution of postsynthetically
introduced organic moieties, revealing either core–shell or
uniform incorporation can be obtained depending on the size of the
introduced molecule, as well as the number of carboxylate binding
groups. Finally, the spatial distribution of platinum centers that
were postsynthetically installed in the bpy binding pockets of UiO-67-bpy
(bpy = 5,5′-dicarboxyy-2,2′-bipyridine) was analyzed
by microbeam and contextualized. We expect that the method presented
herein will be applicable for characterizing a wide variety of MOFs
subjected to postsynthetic modifications and provide information crucial
for their optimization as functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian D McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Timofey Liseev
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Valentina Paneta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wanja Gschwind
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gyula Nagy
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Daniel Primetzhofer
- Tandem Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 529, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
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12
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13
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Guo Z, Liu X, Bai R, Che Y, Chi Y, Guo C, Xing H. Photoactive Metal-Organic Frameworks for the Selective Synthesis of Thioethers: Coupled with Phosphine to Modulate Thiyl Radical Generation. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:8672-8681. [PMID: 34100594 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.1c00642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF) materials are intriguing photocatalysts to trigger radical-mediated chemical transformations. We report herein the synthesis and characterization of a series of isomorphic MOFs which show a novel structure, wide visible-light absorption, high chemical stability, and specific redox potential. The prepared MOFs were explored for the photoinduced single-electron oxidation of thiol compounds, generating reactive thiyl radicals to afford thioethers via a convenient thiol-olefin reaction. Importantly, we provide a widely applicable strategy by combing a photoactive MOF with phosphine to modulate the generation of thiyl radical in the reaction, thereby producing a single product of the thioether without the formation of a disulfide byproduct due to the dimerization of thiyl radicals. The photocatalytic reaction takes advantage of this strategy, showing great generality where tens of thiols and olefins have been examined as coupling partners. In addition, the strategy has also been demonstrated to be effective for the reactions catalyzed by other MOFs. Mechanism studies reveal that the selective synthesis of C-S products relies on a synergy between the photoinduced generation of a thiyl radical over the MOF and the in situ cleavage of S-S bond into a S-H bond by phosphine. It is notable that the synthesized MOFs show advanced performance in comparison with classical MOFs. The work not only provides a series of novel MOF photocatalysts that are capable of photoinduced thiol-olefin coupling but also indicates the great potential of MOFs for photochemical transformations mediated by reactive radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifen Guo
- Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Bai
- Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Che
- Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Chi
- Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunyi Guo
- Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongzhu Xing
- Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials, College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130021, People's Republic of China
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14
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Lin S, Cairnie DR, Davis D, Chakraborty A, Cai M, Morris AJ. Photoelectrochemical alcohol oxidation by mixed-linker metal-organic frameworks. Faraday Discuss 2020; 225:371-383. [PMID: 33107542 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00021c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) provide a suitable platform for stable and efficient heterogeneous photoelectrochemical oxidation catalysis due to their highly ordered structure, large surface area, and synthetic tunability. Herein, a mixed-linker MOF comprising of a photosensitizer [Ru(dcbpy)(bpy)2]2+ (bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dcbpy = 5,5'-dicarboxy-2,2'-bipyridine) and catalyst [Ru(tpy)(dcbpy)Cl]+ (tpy = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine) that were incorporated into the UiO-67 framework and grown as thin films on a TiO2-coated, fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) electrode (RuB-RuTB-UiO-67/TiO2/FTO). When used as an electrode for the photoelectrochemical oxidation of benzyl alcohol, the mixed-linker MOF film showed a faradaic efficiency of 34%, corresponding to a 3-fold increase in efficiency relative to the RuB-UiO-67/TiO2/FTO control. This increase in catalytic efficiency is ascribed to the activation of RuTB moieties via oxidation by photogenerated RuIIIB. Transient absorption spectroscopy revealed the delayed appearance of RuIIITB* or RuIIITB formation, occurring with a lifetime of 21 ns, due to energy and/or electron transfer. The recovery kinetics of the charge separated state was increased (283 μs) in comparison to single-component control experiments (105 μs for RuB-UiO-67/TiO2/FTO and 7 μs for RuTB-UiO-67/TiO2/FTO) indicating a cooperative effect that could be exploited in chromophore/catalyst MOF motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.
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15
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Liseev T, Howe A, Hoque MA, Gimbert-Suriñach C, Llobet A, Ott S. Synthetic strategies to incorporate Ru-terpyridyl water oxidation catalysts into MOFs: direct synthesis vs. post-synthetic approach. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13753-13759. [PMID: 32996947 PMCID: PMC7116355 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01890b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Incorporating molecular catalysts into metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a promising strategy for improving their catalytic longevity and recyclability. In this article, we investigate and compare synthetic routes for the incorporation of the potent water oxidation catalyst Ru(tda)(pyCO2H)2 (tda = 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine-6,6''-dicarboxylic acid, pyCO2H = iso-nicotinic acid) as a structural linker into a Zr-based UiO-type MOF. The task is challenging with this particular metallo-linker because of the equatorial dangling carboxylates that can potentially compete for Zr-coordination, as well as free rotation of the pyCO2H groups around the HO2CpyRupyCO2H axis. As a consequence, all attempts to synthesize a MOF with the metallo-linker directly under solvothermal conditions led to amorphous materials with the Ru(tda)(pyCO2H)2 linker coordinating to the Zr nodes in ill-defined ways, resulting in multiple waves in the cyclic voltammograms of the solvothermally obtained materials. On the other hand, an indirect post-synthetic approach in which the Ru(tda)(pyCO2H)2 linker is introduced into a preformed edba-MOF (edba = ethyne dibenzoic acid) of UiO topology results in the formation of the desired material. Interestingly, two distinctly different morphologies of the parent edba-MOF have been discovered, and the impact that the morphological difference has on linker incorporation is investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timofey Liseev
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Andrew Howe
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden. and Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Md Asmaul Hoque
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Carolina Gimbert-Suriñach
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Antoni Llobet
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST), Av. Països Catalans 16, 43007, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden.
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16
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Johnson BA, Ott S. Diagnosing surface versus bulk reactivity for molecular catalysis within metal-organic frameworks using a quantitative kinetic model. Chem Sci 2020; 11:7468-7478. [PMID: 33209240 PMCID: PMC7116375 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc02601h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are becoming increasingly popular as heterogenous support matrices for molecular catalysts. Given that reactants, or potentially holes/electrons, need to diffuse into the porous framework as the reaction proceeds, the reaction can possibly take place within the bulk of the particle or be confined to a thin layer at the surface due to transport limitations. Herein, a simple steady-state reaction-diffusion kinetic model is developed to diagnose these two mutually exclusive behaviors in MOF-based systems. The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) driven by a chemical oxidant is presented as an example mechanism. Quantitative metrics for assigning either bulk or surface reactivity are delineated over a wide variety of conditions, and numerical simulations are employed to verify these results. For each case, expressions for the turnover frequency (TOF) are outlined, and it is shown that surface reactivity can influence measured TOFs. Importantly, this report shows how to transition from surface to bulk reactivity and thus identifies which experimental parameters to target for optimizing the efficiency of MOF-based molecular catalyst systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry
, Ångström Laboratory
, Uppsala University
,
Box 523
, 751 20 Uppsala
, Sweden
.
;
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry
, Ångström Laboratory
, Uppsala University
,
Box 523
, 751 20 Uppsala
, Sweden
.
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17
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Ezhov R, Karbakhsh Ravari A, Page A, Pushkar Y. Water Oxidation Catalyst cis-[Ru(bpy)(5,5′-dcbpy)(H2O)2]2+ and Its Stabilization in Metal–Organic Framework. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c00488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman Ezhov
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Allison Page
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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18
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Ravari AK, Zhu G, Ezhov R, Pineda-Galvan Y, Page A, Weinschenk W, Yan L, Pushkar Y. Unraveling the Mechanism of Catalytic Water Oxidation via de Novo Synthesis of Reactive Intermediate. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 142:884-893. [PMID: 31865704 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b10265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Karbakhsh Ravari
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Guibo Zhu
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Roman Ezhov
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yuliana Pineda-Galvan
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Allison Page
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Whitney Weinschenk
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lifen Yan
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics, Purdue University, 525 Northwestern, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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19
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Bairagya MD, Bujol RJ, Elgrishi N. Fighting Deactivation: Classical and Emerging Strategies for Efficient Stabilization of Molecular Electrocatalysts. Chemistry 2019; 26:3991-4000. [PMID: 31710129 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Development of highly active molecular electrocatalysts for fuel-forming reactions has relied heavily on understanding mechanistic aspects of the electrochemical transformations. Careful fine-tuning of the ligand environment oriented mechanistic pathways towards higher activity and optimal product distribution for several catalysts. Unfortunately, many catalysts deactivate in bulk electrolysis conditions, diminishing the impact of the plethora of highly tuned molecular electrocatalytic systems. This Minireview covers classical and emerging methods developed to circumvent catalyst deactivation and degradation, with an emphasis on successes with molecular electrocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monojit Das Bairagya
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Ryan J Bujol
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Noémie Elgrishi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, 232 Choppin Hall, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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20
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Abel AS, Yu Mitrofanov A, Yakushev AA, Zenkov IS, Morozkov GV, Averin AD, Beletskaya IP, Michalak J, Brandès S, Bessmertnykh‐Lemeune A. 1,10‐Phenanthroline Carboxylic Acids for Preparation of Functionalized Metal‐Organic Frameworks. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201900569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anton S. Abel
- Department of ChemistryM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University 1–3 Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
- ICMUB, UMR6302 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche-Comté 9 avenue A. Savary 21078 Dijon France
| | - Alexander Yu Mitrofanov
- Department of ChemistryM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University 1–3 Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
- ICMUB, UMR6302 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche-Comté 9 avenue A. Savary 21078 Dijon France
| | - Aleksei A. Yakushev
- Department of ChemistryM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University 1–3 Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Ilya S. Zenkov
- Department of ChemistryM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University 1–3 Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
- ICMUB, UMR6302 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche-Comté 9 avenue A. Savary 21078 Dijon France
| | - Gleb V. Morozkov
- Department of ChemistryM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University 1–3 Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
| | - Alexei D. Averin
- Department of ChemistryM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University 1–3 Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
- Russian Academy of SciencesFrumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Leninsky Pr. 31 Moscow 119071 Russia
| | - Irina P. Beletskaya
- Department of ChemistryM.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University 1–3 Leninskie gory Moscow 119991 Russia
- Russian Academy of SciencesFrumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry Leninsky Pr. 31 Moscow 119071 Russia
| | - Julien Michalak
- ICMUB, UMR6302 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche-Comté 9 avenue A. Savary 21078 Dijon France
| | - Stéphane Brandès
- ICMUB, UMR6302 CNRSUniversité Bourgogne Franche-Comté 9 avenue A. Savary 21078 Dijon France
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21
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Reiner BR, Kassie AA, Wade CR. Unveiling reactive metal sites in a Pd pincer MOF: insights into Lewis acid and pore selective catalysis. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:9588-9595. [PMID: 30460958 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03801e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
NOBF4 enables efficient oxidative ligand exchange in a Pd pincer MOF, generating a highly active and recyclable Lewis acid catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin R. Reiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 100 West 18th Ave
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Abebu A. Kassie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 100 West 18th Ave
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
| | - Casey R. Wade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- 100 West 18th Ave
- The Ohio State University
- Columbus
- USA
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22
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Pushkar Y, Pineda-Galvan Y, Ravari AK, Otroshchenko T, Hartzler DA. Mechanism for O-O Bond Formation via Radical Coupling of Metal and Ligand Based Radicals: A New Pathway. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13538-13541. [PMID: 30296067 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b06836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Artificial photosynthesis carries promise to deliver abundant clean energy for the needs of a growing population. Deep mechanistic understanding is required to achieve rational design of fast and durable water oxidation catalysts. Here we provided first evidence for a new mechanism of the O-O bond formation via radical coupling of the oxidized metal═oxo of radicaloid character (RuIV═O) and ligand based radical ([ligand-NO]+• cation radical). O-O bond formation is facilitated via spin alignment and takes place via a virtually barrier less pathway inside the single metal complex. In situ reactive intermediate conversion was monitored by mass spectrometry, resonance Raman (RR) and EPR. Computational analysis have shown that the formation of [ligand-NO]+• happens at a lower overpotential than the formation of the [RuV═O(ligand)]3+ intermediate. Overall, the presented paradigm for O-O bond formation opens new opportunities for rational catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Pushkar
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Yuliana Pineda-Galvan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Alireza K Ravari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | - Tatiana Otroshchenko
- Leibniz-Institute for Catalysis at the University of Rostock , Albert-Einstein-Strasse 29a , D-18059 Rostock , Germany
| | - Daniel A Hartzler
- Department of Physics and Astronomy , Purdue University , 525 Northwestern Avenue , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
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23
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Bhunia A, Johnson BA, Czapla-Masztafiak J, Sá J, Ott S. Formal water oxidation turnover frequencies from MIL-101(Cr) anchored Ru(bda) depend on oxidant concentration. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7770-7773. [PMID: 29926035 PMCID: PMC6040278 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02300j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
[Ru(bda)(L)2] incorporated into the MIL-101(Cr) metal–organic framework catalyzes water oxidation faster than a homogenous reference, with the number of active catalysts depending on oxidant concentration.
The molecular water oxidation catalyst [Ru(bda)(L)2] has been incorporated into pyridine-decorated MIL-101(Cr) metal–organic frameworks. The resulting MIL-101@Ru materials exhibit turnover frequencies (TOFs) up to ten times higher compared to the homogenous reference. An unusual dependence of the formal TOFs on oxidant concentration is observed that ultimately arises from differing amounts of catalysts in the MOF crystals being active.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asamanjoy Bhunia
- Department of Chemistry -Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 75120, Sweden.
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24
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Guo C, Guo J, Zhang Y, Wang D, Zhang L, Guo Y, Ma W, Wang J. Synthesis of core–shell ZIF-67@Co-MOF-74 catalyst with controllable shell thickness and enhanced photocatalytic activity for visible light-driven water oxidation. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01266k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Core–shell ZIF-67@Co-MOF-74 catalysts with improved photocatalytic properties were synthesized via the ligand exchange method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Jia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Yonghong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Di Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Yuan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Wenlan Ma
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
| | - Jide Wang
- Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Fine Chemicals
- Ministry of Education & Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xinjiang University
- Urumqi 830046
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25
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Lin S, Usov PM, Morris AJ. The role of redox hopping in metal–organic framework electrocatalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6965-6974. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc01664j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A perspective on redox hopping charge transport through metal organic frameworks and its role in driving efficient electrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoyang Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Pavel M. Usov
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
| | - Amanda J. Morris
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute
- Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
- Blacksburg
- USA
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