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Lv S, Li Q, Sang JW, Zhang Y, Wang J, Zhang WD. Uranyl nitrate as a recyclable homogeneous photocatalyst for selective cross-coupling of N-substituted amines and indoles. RSC Adv 2023; 13:11929-11937. [PMID: 37077263 PMCID: PMC10108382 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra01037f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A homogeneous photocatalytic recyclable system for the selective radical-radical cross-coupling of N-substituted amines and indoles has been established. This system could conduct in water or acetonitrile, featuring the reuse of uranyl nitrate as the recyclable photocatalyst via a simple extraction. With this mild strategy in hand, good to excellent yields of cross-coupling products could be achieved even under the irradiation of sunlight, including 26 natural product derivatives and 16 natural product inspired re-engineered compounds. A radical-radical cross-coupling mechanism was newly proposed based on experimental evidence and reported literature. This strategy has been also applied to a gram scale synthesis to demonstrate its practical utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaipeng Lv
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Qiannan Li
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Ji-Wei Sang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Jinxin Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Wei-Dong Zhang
- Shanghai Frontiers Science Center for Chinese Medicine Chemical Biology, Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine No. 1200, Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy, Second Military Medical University Shanghai 200433 China
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2
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Bjerg EE, Marchán-García J, Buxaderas E, Moglie Y, Radivoy G. Oxidative α-Functionalization of 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydroisoquinolines Catalyzed by a Magnetically Recoverable Copper Nanocatalyst. Application in the Aza-Henry Reaction and the Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydroisoquinolones. J Org Chem 2022; 87:13480-13493. [PMID: 36154121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidative α-functionalization of 2-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines (THIQs) promoted by a versatile heterogeneous nanocatalyst consisting of copper nanoparticles immobilized on silica-coated maghemite (CuNPs/MagSilica) has been accomplished. The methodology was successfully applied in the cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction of N-aryl THIQs and other tertiary amines with nitromethane as a pro-nucleophile (aza-Henry reaction) and the α-oxidation of THIQs with O2 as a green oxidant. Phosphite, alkyne, or indole derivatives were also shown to be suitable candidates for their use as pro-nucleophiles in the CDC reaction with THIQs. The catalyst, with very low copper loading (0.4-1.0 mol % Cu), could be easily recovered by means of an external magnet and reused in four cycles without significant loss of activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esteban E Bjerg
- Instituto de Química del Sur, INQUISUR (CONICET-UNS), Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Joaquín Marchán-García
- Instituto de Química del Sur, INQUISUR (CONICET-UNS), Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Eduardo Buxaderas
- Instituto de Química del Sur, INQUISUR (CONICET-UNS), Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Yanina Moglie
- Instituto de Química del Sur, INQUISUR (CONICET-UNS), Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gabriel Radivoy
- Instituto de Química del Sur, INQUISUR (CONICET-UNS), Departamento de Química, Universidad Nacional del Sur, Avenida Alem 1253, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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3
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Gómez-Graña S, Pita M, Humada-Iglesias P, Pérez-Juste J, Hervés P. Polydimethylsiloxane Sponge-Supported Metal Nanoparticles as Reusable Catalyst for Continuous Flow Reactions. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12122081. [PMID: 35745418 PMCID: PMC9227176 DOI: 10.3390/nano12122081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this manuscript, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) sponges supporting metal nanoparticles (gold and palladium) were developed and their catalytic properties were studied through a model reaction such as the hydrogenation of p-nitrophenol. Different synthetic conditions for gold and palladium were studied to obtain the best catalyst in terms of nanoparticle loading. The as-prepared catalysts were characterized by different techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The catalytic efficiency and recyclability of the supported catalyst were tested in static conditions. In addition, thanks to the porous structure of the material where the catalytic centers (metal nanoparticles) are located, the model reaction for continuous flow systems was tested, passing the reaction components through the catalyst, observing a high efficiency and recyclability for these systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Gómez-Graña
- CINBIO, Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.P.); (P.H.-I.); (J.P.-J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.G.-G.); (P.H.)
| | - Marta Pita
- CINBIO, Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.P.); (P.H.-I.); (J.P.-J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Paula Humada-Iglesias
- CINBIO, Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.P.); (P.H.-I.); (J.P.-J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jorge Pérez-Juste
- CINBIO, Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.P.); (P.H.-I.); (J.P.-J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
| | - Pablo Hervés
- CINBIO, Departamento de Química Física, Universidade de Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; (M.P.); (P.H.-I.); (J.P.-J.)
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Galicia Sur, Hospital Álvaro Cunqueiro, 36213 Vigo, Spain
- Correspondence: (S.G.-G.); (P.H.)
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4
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Sun X, Zheng N, Liu G, Wu Q, Song W. Metal-free polyporphyrin based photocatalysts for the functionalization of C(sp 3)–H bonds in water. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:13234-13237. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04352a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Insoluble polyporphyrin or water-dispersible nano-polyporphyrin was used to achieve visible light-induced functionalization of C(sp3)–H bonds in water under mild conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhao Sun
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zheng
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Gongbo Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Qiming Wu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
| | - Wangze Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Department of Polymer Science & Materials, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, P. R. China
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5
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Zhou SY, Zhang D, Liu XJ, Qin JH, Fu ZL, Li SL, Cai FJ, Li Y, Li JH. Visible-Light-Driven Photoredox-Catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp3) Cross-Coupling of N-arylamines with Cycloketone Oxime Esters. Org Chem Front 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2qo00128d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel photoredox-catalyzed C(sp3)-C(sp3) cross-coupling between N-arylamines and cycloketone oxime esters under mild conditions has been accomplished. The redox-neutral reaction proceeds good functional group tolerance and excellent regioselectivity without any...
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6
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Manisha, Gupta SS, Dhiman AK, Sharma U. Rh(III)‐Catalyzed Selective C7 Halogenation of Indolines. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR-Institute of Himalayan and Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Shiv Shankar Gupta
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR-Institute of Himalayan and Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Ankit Kumar Dhiman
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR-Institute of Himalayan and Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
| | - Upendra Sharma
- Chemical Technology Division CSIR-Institute of Himalayan and Bioresource Technology Palampur Himachal Pradesh 176 061 India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR) Ghaziabad 201002 India
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7
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Li T, Xu B. Mechanically Strong Heterogeneous Catalysts via Immobilization of Powderous Catalysts to Porous Plastic Tablets. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202100280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco‐Textiles Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Bo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco‐Textiles Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University Shanghai 201620 China
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8
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Peng K, Dong Z. Recent Advances in Cross‐Dehydrogenative Couplings (CDC) of C−H Bond in Aqueous Media. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang Peng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi‐Bing Dong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 People's Republic of China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process Ministry of Education Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 People's Republic of China
- Hubei key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology Wuhan Institute of Technology Wuhan 430205 People's Repubic of China
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9
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Gao J, Weng X, Ma C, Xu X, Fang P, Mei T. Electrochemical 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-N-oxyl (TEMPO)-Mediated α-Cyanation and Phosphonylation of Cyclic Amines with Metal-Free Conditions. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202103049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Dhawa U, Kaplaneris N, Ackermann L. Green strategies for transition metal-catalyzed C–H activation in molecular syntheses. Org Chem Front 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1qo00727k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable strategies for the activation of inert C–H bonds towards improved resource-economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Dhawa
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nikolaos Kaplaneris
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Lutz Ackermann
- Institut für Organische und Biomolekulare Chemie, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
- Woehler Research Institute for Sustainable Chemistry (WISCh), Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Tammannstraße 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Sankar M, He Q, Engel RV, Sainna MA, Logsdail AJ, Roldan A, Willock DJ, Agarwal N, Kiely CJ, Hutchings GJ. Role of the Support in Gold-Containing Nanoparticles as Heterogeneous Catalysts. Chem Rev 2020; 120:3890-3938. [PMID: 32223178 PMCID: PMC7181275 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In
this review, we discuss selected examples from recent literature
on the role of the support on directing the nanostructures of Au-based
monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles. The role of support is
then discussed in relation to the catalytic properties of Au-based
monometallic and bimetallic nanoparticles using different gas phase
and liquid phase reactions. The reactions discussed include CO oxidation,
aerobic oxidation of monohydric and polyhydric alcohols, selective
hydrogenation of alkynes, hydrogenation of nitroaromatics, CO2 hydrogenation, C–C coupling, and methane oxidation.
Only studies where the role of support has been explicitly studied
in detail have been selected for discussion. However, the role of
support is also examined using examples of reactions involving unsupported
metal nanoparticles (i.e., colloidal nanoparticles). It is clear that
the support functionality can play a crucial role in tuning the catalytic
activity that is observed and that advanced theory and characterization
add greatly to our understanding of these fascinating catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Qian He
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore, 117575
| | - Rebecca V Engel
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Mala A Sainna
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Andrew J Logsdail
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Alberto Roldan
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - David J Willock
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Nishtha Agarwal
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
| | - Christopher J Kiely
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Lehigh University, 5 East Packer Avenue, Bethlehem, Pennsylvania 18015-3195, United States
| | - Graham J Hutchings
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, U.K
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12
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Nijamudheen A, Datta A. Gold-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions: An Overview of Design Strategies, Mechanistic Studies, and Applications. Chemistry 2019; 26:1442-1487. [PMID: 31657487 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Transition-metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions are central to many organic synthesis methodologies. Traditionally, Pd, Ni, Cu, and Fe catalysts are used to promote these reactions. Recently, many studies have showed that both homogeneous and heterogeneous Au catalysts can be used for activating selective cross-coupling reactions. Here, an overview of the past studies, current trends, and future directions in the field of gold-catalyzed coupling reactions is presented. Design strategies to accomplish selective homocoupling and cross-coupling reactions under both homogeneous and heterogeneous conditions, computational and experimental mechanistic studies, and their applications in diverse fields are critically reviewed. Specific topics covered are: oxidant-assisted and oxidant-free reactions; strain-assisted reactions; dual Au and photoredox catalysis; bimetallic synergistic reactions; mechanisms of reductive elimination processes; enzyme-mimicking Au chemistry; cluster and surface reactions; and plasmonic catalysis. In the relevant sections, theoretical and computational studies of AuI /AuIII chemistry are discussed and the predictions from the calculations are compared with the experimental observations to derive useful design strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Nijamudheen
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the, Cultivation of Sciences, 2A & 2B Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India.,Department of Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, Florida A&M University-Florida State University, Joint College of Engineering, 2525 Pottsdamer Street, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Ayan Datta
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the, Cultivation of Sciences, 2A & 2B Raja S C Mullick Road, Kolkata, 700032, India
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13
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Monolithic cellulose supported metal nanoparticles as green flow reactor with high catalytic efficiency. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 214:195-203. [PMID: 30925989 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A highly effective, stable and reusable flow microreactor was developed by utilizing the environmentally sustainable porous monolithic cellulose based on a facile temperature induced phase separation (TIPS) method. The obtained microreator could be applied to efficiently and continuously catalysing the reduction reaction of 4-nitrophenol (an important reaction in water treatment) without any post-treatment or regeneration of catalysts. Moreover, the monolith overcame the brittleness of the crystalline cellulose and showed a good mechanical resilience, suggesting a great potential for the practical application in severe environment. Compared with previous reported Pd supported catalytic systems, this microreactor exhibited extremely high catalytic efficiency (turnover frequency, TOF = 4660 h-1, almost 4 times higher than that of cellulose nanocrystals supported catalyst) and long-term stability. This work provided a new strategy to construct highly effective and reusable metal NPs involved catalytic system by utilizing biodegradable cellulose materials.
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14
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Wang J, Su P, Abdolmohammadi S, Vessally E. A walk around the application of nanocatalysts for cross-dehydrogenative coupling of C–H bonds. RSC Adv 2019; 9:41684-41702. [PMID: 35557874 PMCID: PMC9092629 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08752d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions between two unmodified C–H bonds are one of the most attractive and fundamental strategies for the construction of C–C bonds. As these reactions avoid pre-functionalization and de-functionalization of the substrates, they are cleaner, safer, and faster than traditional cross-coupling reactions. After the introduction of the modern area of cross-dehydrogenative coupling in 2003, many efforts have been devoted to the development of more efficient and selective catalytic systems for these appealing reactions. Among the different types of catalytic systems that have been investigated, nanostructured metal catalysts are highly attractive in view of their high catalytic performance, easy separability and good reusability. The purpose of this review is to focus on the application of nanocatalysts for cross-dehydrogenative coupling of C–H bonds with particular emphasis on the mechanistic aspects of the reactions. Specifically, we have structured this review based on the type of C–C bonds. Thus, the review is divided into six major sections: (i) C(sp3)–C(sp3) coupling; (ii) C(sp3)–C(sp2) coupling; (iii) C(sp3)–C(sp) coupling; (iv) C(sp2)–C(sp2) coupling; (v) C(sp2)–C(sp) coupling; and (vi) C(sp)–C(sp) coupling. Cross-dehydrogenative coupling reactions between two unmodified C–H bonds are one of the most attractive and fundamental strategies for the construction of C–C bonds.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjie Wang
- College of Applied Mathematics
- Shanxi University of Finance and Economics
- Taiyuan
- China
| | - Pingyang Su
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering
- Shanghai 200240
- China
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