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Sun JL, Xi J, Zhao H, Zhang M. Reduction-Specified Coupling Reactions of Nitroarenes by Heterogeneous Cobalt Catalysis. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202304373. [PMID: 38282527 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202304373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
The in-depth study on reduction-specified coupling reactions of the nitroarenes by heterogeneous cobalt catalysis opens a door for diversified syntheses of functional N-containing molecules. Guided by the structure-function relationship of heterogeneous materials, rational design of nano-catalysts can effectively regulate the routes of organic reactions. Precise transformation of the intermediates generated during the nitroarene reduction with a suitable nano-catalyst is a promising way to develop new tandem reactions, and to synthesize structurally novel compounds that are of difficult access with the conventional approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lu Sun
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd-381, Guangzhou, 510641, P.R. China
| | - Junwei Xi
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd-381, Guangzhou, 510641, P.R. China
| | - H Zhao
- Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, 221051, P.R. China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Wushan Rd-381, Guangzhou, 510641, P.R. China
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2
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Sun JL, Jiang H, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. Multicomponent Reductive Coupling for Selective Access to Functional γ-Lactams by a Single-Atom Cobalt Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 38512775 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c00547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Despite their significant importance to numerous fields, the difficulties in direct and diverse synthesis of α-hydroxy-γ-lactams pose substantial obstacles to their practical applications. Here, we designed a nitrogen and TiO2 co-doped graphitic carbon-supported material with atomically dispersed cobalt sites (CoSA-N/NC-TiO2), which was successfully applied as a multifunctional catalyst to establish a general method for direct construction of α-hydroxy-γ-lactams from cheap and abundant nitro(hetero)arenes, aldehydes, and H2O with alkynoates. The striking features of operational simplicity, broad substrate and functionality compatibility (>100 examples), high step and atom efficiency, good selectivity, and exceptional catalyst reusability highlight the practicality of this new catalytic transformation. Mechanistic studies reveal that the active CoN4 species and the dopants exhibit a synergistic effect on the formation of key acid-masked nitrones; their subsequent nucleophilic addition to the alkynoates followed by successive reduction, alkenyl hydration, and intramolecular ester ammonolysis delivers the desired products. In this work, the concept of reduction interruption leading to new reaction route will open a door to further develop useful transformations by rational catalyst design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lu Sun
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Huanfeng Jiang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | | | - Min Zhang
- Key Lab of Functional Molecular Engineering of Guangdong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
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3
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Fessler J, Junge K, Beller M. Applying green chemistry principles to iron catalysis: mild and selective domino synthesis of pyrroles from nitroarenes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:11374-11380. [PMID: 37886090 PMCID: PMC10599485 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02879h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
An efficient and general cascade synthesis of pyrroles from nitroarenes using an acid-tolerant homogeneous iron catalyst is presented. Initial (transfer) hydrogenation using the commercially available iron-Tetraphos catalyst is followed by acid catalysed Paal-Knorr condensation. Both formic acid and molecular hydrogen can be used as green reductants in this process. Particularly, under transfer hydrogenation conditions, the homogeneous catalyst shows remarkable reactivity at low temperatures, high functional group tolerance and excellent chemoselectivity transforming a wide variety of substrates. Compared to classical heterogeneous catalysts, this system presents complementing reactivity, showing none of the typical side reactions such as dehalogenation, debenzylation, arene or olefin hydrogenation. It thereby enhances the chemical toolbox in terms of orthogonal reactivity. The methodology was successfully applied to the late-stage modification of multi-functional drug(-like) molecules as well as to the one-pot synthesis of the bioactive agent BM-635.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Fessler
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. (LIKAT) Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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4
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Sun JL, Jiang H, Dixneuf PH, Zhang M. Reductive Coupling of Nitroarenes and HCHO for General Synthesis of Functional Ethane-1,2-diamines by a Cobalt Single-Atom Catalyst. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:17329-17336. [PMID: 37418675 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the extensive applications, selective and diverse access to N,N'-diarylethane-1,2-diamines remains, to date, a challenge. Here, by developing a bifunctional cobalt single-atom catalyst (CoSA-N/NC), we present a general method for direct synthesis of such compounds via selective reductive coupling of cheap and abundant nitroarenes and formaldehyde, featuring good substrate and functionality compatibility, an easily accessible base metal catalyst with excellent reusability, and high step and atom efficiency. Mechanistic studies reveal that the N-anchored cobalt single atoms (CoN4) serve as the catalytically active sites for the reduction processes, the N-doped carbon support enriches the HCHO to timely trap the in situ formed hydroxyamines and affords the requisite nitrones under weak alkaline conditions, and the subsequent inverse electron demand 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of the nitrones and imines followed by hydrodeoxygenation of the cycloadducts furnishes the products. In this work, the concept of catalyst-controlled nitroarene reduction to in situ create specific building blocks is anticipated to develop more useful chemical transformations.
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5
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Rodenes M, Gonell F, Martín S, Corma A, Sorribes I. Molecularly Engineering Defective Basal Planes in Molybdenum Sulfide for the Direct Synthesis of Benzimidazoles by Reductive Coupling of Dinitroarenes with Aldehydes. JACS AU 2022; 2:601-612. [PMID: 35373204 PMCID: PMC8965831 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.1c00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Developing more sustainable catalytic processes for preparing N-heterocyclic compounds in a less costly, compact, and greener manner from cheap and readily available reagents is highly desirable in modern synthetic chemistry. Herein, we report a straightforward synthesis of benzimidazoles by reductive coupling of o-dinitroarenes with aldehydes in the presence of molecular hydrogen. An innovative molecular cluster-based synthetic strategy that employs Mo3S4 complexes as precursors have been used to engineer a sulfur-deficient molybdenum disulfide (MoS2)-type material displaying structural defects on both the naturally occurring edge positions and along the typically inactive basal planes. By applying this catalyst, a broad range of functionalized 2-substituted benzimidazoles, including bioactive compounds, can be selectively synthesized by such a direct hydrogenative coupling protocol even in the presence of hydrogenation-sensitive functional groups, such as double and triple carbon-carbon bonds, nitrile and ester groups, and halogens as well as diverse types of heteroarenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Rodenes
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química-Universitat Politècnica
de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Francisco Gonell
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química-Universitat Politècnica
de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Santiago Martín
- Instituto
de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Avelino Corma
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química-Universitat Politècnica
de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Iván Sorribes
- Instituto
de Tecnología Química-Universitat Politècnica
de València-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas
(UPV-CSIC), Avenida de los Naranjos, s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain
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6
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Imidazolium chloride as an additive for synthesis of perimidines using 1,8-diaminonaphthalene and DMF derivatives. Tetrahedron Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2022.153701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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7
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Chang S, Liu H, Shi G, Xia XF, Wang D, Duan ZC. Copper–cobalt coordination polymers and catalytic applications on borrowing hydrogen reactions. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj01763f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A porous copper–cobalt polymer was synthesized and achieved applications for the N-alkylation of sulfonamides with alcohols, and carboxamides with alcohols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoze Chang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Hongqiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- China Synchem Technology Co., Ltd., Bengbu, Anhui, 233000, China
| | - Gang Shi
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Xiao-Feng Xia
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Dawei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zheng-Chao Duan
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Biological Colloids, Ministry of Education, School of Chemical and Material Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Hubei Minzu University, Enshi 445000, China
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8
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Key Parameters for the Synthesis of Active and Selective Nanostructured 3d Metal Catalysts Starting from Coordination Compounds – Case Study: Nickel Mediated Reductive Amination. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202100562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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9
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Klarner M, Bieger S, Drechsler M, Kempe R. Chemoselective Hydrogenation of Olefins Using a Nanostructured Nickel Catalyst. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mara Klarner
- Inorganic Chemistry II University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Sandra Bieger
- Inorganic Chemistry II University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Markus Drechsler
- Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI) KeyLab “Electron and Optical Microscopy” University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Inorganic Chemistry II University of Bayreuth Universitätsstraße 30 95440 Bayreuth Germany
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10
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Wu J, Darcel C. Iron-Catalyzed Hydrogen Transfer Reduction of Nitroarenes with Alcohols: Synthesis of Imines and Aza Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2020; 86:1023-1036. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c02505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Wu
- UnivRennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Darcel
- UnivRennes, CNRS ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes), UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
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11
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Ryabchuk P, Leischner T, Kreyenschulte C, Spannenberg A, Junge K, Beller M. Cascade Synthesis of Pyrroles from Nitroarenes with Benign Reductants Using a Heterogeneous Cobalt Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:18679-18685. [PMID: 32779271 PMCID: PMC7589247 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A bifunctional 3d-metal catalyst for the cascade synthesis of diverse pyrroles from nitroarenes is presented. The optimal catalytic system Co/NGr-C@SiO2 -L is obtained by pyrolysis of a cobalt-impregnated composite followed by subsequent selective leaching. In the presence of this material, (transfer) hydrogenation of easily available nitroarenes and subsequent Paal-Knorr/Clauson-Kass condensation provides >40 pyrroles in good to high yields using dihydrogen, formic acid, or a CO/H2 O mixture (WGSR conditions) as reductant. In addition to the favorable step economy, this straightforward domino process does not require any solvents or external co-catalysts. The general synthetic utility of this methodology was demonstrated on a variety of functionalized substrates including the preparation of biologically active and pharmaceutically relevant compounds, for example, (+)-Isamoltane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ryabchuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Thomas Leischner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | | | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V.Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a18059RostockGermany
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12
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Ryabchuk P, Leischner T, Kreyenschulte C, Spannenberg A, Junge K, Beller M. Cascade Synthesis of Pyrroles from Nitroarenes with Benign Reductants Using a Heterogeneous Cobalt Catalyst. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Ryabchuk
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Thomas Leischner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Carsten Kreyenschulte
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Anke Spannenberg
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Kathrin Junge
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. Albert-Einstein-Straße 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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Sahiba N, Agarwal S. Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Perimidines and their Applications. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2020; 378:44. [PMID: 32776212 PMCID: PMC7415412 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-020-00307-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Perimidines are versatile scaffolds and a fascinating class of N-heterocycles that have evolved significantly in recent years due to their immense applications in life sciences, medical sciences, and industrial chemistry. Their ability of molecular interaction with different proteins, complex formation with metals, and distinct behavior in various ranges of light makes them more appealing and challenging for future scientists. Various novel technologies have been developed for the selective synthesis of perimidines and their conjugated derivatives. These methods extend to the preparation of different bioactive and industrially applicable molecules. This review aims to present the most recent advancements in perimidine synthesis under varied conditions like MW radiation, ultrasound, and grinding using different catalysts such as ionic liquids, acid, metal, and nanocatalyst and also under green environments like catalyst and solvent-free synthesis. The applications of perimidine derivatives in drug discovery, polymer chemistry, photo sensors, dye industries, and catalytic activity in organic synthesis are discussed in this survey. This article is expected to be a systematic, authoritative, and critical review on the chemistry of perimidines that compiles most of the state-of-art innovation in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Sahiba
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU, Udaipur, 313001 India
| | - Shikha Agarwal
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, MLSU, Udaipur, 313001 India
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14
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Bäumler C, Bauer C, Kempe R. The Synthesis of Primary Amines through Reductive Amination Employing an Iron Catalyst. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3110-3114. [PMID: 32314866 PMCID: PMC7317915 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202000856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The reductive amination of ketones and aldehydes by ammonia is a highly attractive method for the synthesis of primary amines. The use of catalysts, especially reusable catalysts, based on earth-abundant metals is similarly appealing. Here, the iron-catalyzed synthesis of primary amines through reductive amination was realized. A broad scope and a very good tolerance of functional groups were observed. Ketones, including purely aliphatic ones, aryl-alkyl, dialkyl, and heterocyclic, as well as aldehydes could be converted smoothly into their corresponding primary amines. In addition, the amination of pharmaceuticals, bioactive compounds, and natural products was demonstrated. Many functional groups, such as hydroxy, methoxy, dioxol, sulfonyl, and boronate ester substituents, were tolerated. The catalyst is easy to handle, selective, and reusable and ammonia dissolved in water could be employed as the nitrogen source. The key is the use of a specific Fe complex for the catalyst synthesis and an N-doped SiC material as catalyst support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Bäumler
- Anorganische Chemie II - KatalysatordesignUniversität Bayreuth95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Christof Bauer
- Anorganische Chemie II - KatalysatordesignUniversität Bayreuth95440BayreuthGermany
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Anorganische Chemie II - KatalysatordesignUniversität Bayreuth95440BayreuthGermany
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15
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Senthamarai T, Chandrashekhar VG, Gawande MB, Kalevaru NV, Zbořil R, Kamer PCJ, Jagadeesh RV, Beller M. Ultra-small cobalt nanoparticles from molecularly-defined Co-salen complexes for catalytic synthesis of amines. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2973-2981. [PMID: 34122798 PMCID: PMC8157512 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04963k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis of in situ generated cobalt nanoparticles from molecularly defined complexes as efficient and selective catalysts for reductive amination reactions. In the presence of ammonia and hydrogen, cobalt–salen complexes such as cobalt(ii)–N,N′-bis(salicylidene)-1,2-phenylenediamine produce ultra-small (2–4 nm) cobalt-nanoparticles embedded in a carbon–nitrogen framework. The resulting materials constitute stable, reusable and magnetically separable catalysts, which enable the synthesis of linear and branched benzylic, heterocyclic and aliphatic primary amines from carbonyl compounds and ammonia. The isolated nanoparticles also represent excellent catalysts for the synthesis of primary, secondary as well as tertiary amines including biologically relevant N-methyl amines. We report the synthesis of in situ generated cobalt nanoparticles from molecularly defined complexes as efficient and selective catalysts for reductive amination reactions.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vishwas G Chandrashekhar
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Manoj B Gawande
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 78371 Czech Republic
| | - Narayana V Kalevaru
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc Šlechtitelů 27 Olomouc 78371 Czech Republic
| | - Paul C J Kamer
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Rajenahally V Jagadeesh
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
| | - Matthias Beller
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e. V. an der Universität Rostock Albert-Einstein-Str. 29a 18059 Rostock Germany
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