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Xu C, Diemant T, Liu X, Passerini S. Locally Concentrated Deep Eutectic Liquids Electrolytes for Low-Polarization Aluminum Metal Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400263. [PMID: 38412289 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
Low-cost and nontoxic deep eutectic liquid electrolytes (DELEs), such as [AlCl3]1.3[Urea] (AU), are promising for rechargeable non-aqueous aluminum metal batteries (AMBs). However, their high viscosity and sluggish ion transport at room temperature lead to high cell polarization and low specific capacity, limiting their practical application. Herein, non-solvating 1,2-difluorobenzene (dFBn) is proposed as a co-solvent of DELEs using AU as model to construct a locally concentrated deep eutectic liquid electrolyte (LC-DELE). dFBn effectively improves the fluidity and ion transport without affecting the ionic dynamics in the electrolyte. Moreover, dFBn also modifies the solid electrolyte interphase growing on the aluminum metal anodes and reduces the interfacial resistance. As a result, the lifespan of Al/Al cells is improved from 210 to 2000 h, and the cell polarization is reduced from 0.36 to 0.14 V at 1.0 mA cm-2. The rate performance of Al-graphite cells is greatly improved with a polarization reduction of 0.15 and 0.74 V at 0.1 and 1 A g-1, respectively. The initial discharge capacity of Al-sulfur cells is improved from 94 to 1640 mAh g-1. This work provides a feasible solution to the high polarization of AMBs employing DELEs and a new path to high-performance low-cost AMBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Xu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Diemant
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xu Liu
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU), Helmholtzstraße 11, D-89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, D-76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Chemistry Department, Sapienza University, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Rome, I-00185, Italy
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Sumarlan I, Kunverji A, Lucio AJ, Hillman AR, Ryder KS. Comparative Study of Guanidine-, Acetamidine- and Urea-Based Chloroaluminate Electrolytes for an Aluminum Battery. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:18891-18901. [PMID: 37791096 PMCID: PMC10544989 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c05287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Aluminum-based batteries are a promising alternative to lithium-ion as they are considered to be low-cost and more friendly to the environment. In addition, aluminum is abundant and evenly distributed across the globe. Many studies and Al battery prototypes use imidazolium chloroaluminate electrolytes because of their good rheological and electrochemical performance. However, these electrolytes are very expensive, and so cost is a barrier to industrial scale-up. A urea-based electrolyte, AlCl3:Urea, has been proposed as an alternative, but its performance is relatively poor because of its high viscosity and low conductivity. This type of electrolyte has become known as an ionic liquid analogue (ILA). In this contribution, we proposed two Lewis base salt precursors, namely, guanidine hydrochloride and acetamidine hydrochloride, as alternatives to the urea-based ILA. We present the study of three ILAs, AlCl3:Guanidine, AlCl3:Acetamidine, and AlCl3:Urea, examining their rheology, electrochemistry, NMR spectra, and coin-cell performance. The room temperature viscosities of both AlCl3:Guanidine (52.9 cP) and AlCl3:Acetamidine (76.0 cP) were significantly lower than those of the urea-based liquid (240.9 cP), and their conductivities were correspondingly higher. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) showed that all three electrolytes exhibit reversible deposition/dissolution of Al, but LSV indicated that AlCl3:Guanidine and AlCl3:Acetamidine ILAs have superior anodic stability compared to the AlCl3:Urea electrolyte, as evidenced by anodic potential limits of +2.23 V for both AlCl3:Guanidine and AlCl3:Acetamidine and +2.12 V for AlCl3:Urea. Coin-cell tests showed that both AlCl3:Guanidine and AlCl3:Acetamidine ILA exhibit a higher Coulombic efficiency (98 and 97%, respectively) than the AlCl3:Urea electrolyte system, which has an efficiency of 88% after 100 cycles at 60 mA g-1. Overall, we show that AlCl3:Guanidine and AlCl3:Acetamidine have superior performance when compared to AlCl3:Urea, while maintaining low economic cost. We consider these to be valuable alternative materials for Al-based battery systems, especially for commercial production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Sumarlan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Mataram, Jl. Majapahit. No. 62, Mataram 83115, Lombok, Indonesia
- Centre
for Sustainable Materials Processing, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Anand Kunverji
- Centre
for Sustainable Materials Processing, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Anthony J. Lucio
- Centre
for Sustainable Materials Processing, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - A. Robert Hillman
- Centre
for Sustainable Materials Processing, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
| | - Karl S. Ryder
- Centre
for Sustainable Materials Processing, School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, U.K.
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Moser D, Materna P, Stark A, Lammer J, Csík A, Abdou JM, Dorner R, Sterrer M, Goessler W, Kothleitner G, Gollas B. Corrosion of Passive Aluminum Anodes in a Chloroaluminate Deep Eutectic Solvent for Secondary Batteries: The Bad, the Good, and the Ugly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:882-892. [PMID: 36574963 PMCID: PMC9837816 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The passivity of aluminum is detrimental to its performance as an anode in batteries. Soaking of native oxide-covered aluminum in a chloroaluminate deep eutectic solvent gradually activates the electrode surface, which is reflected in a continuously decreasing open circuit potential. The underlying processes were studied by analyzing the 3 to 7 nm thick layer of native oxide after increasing periods of soaking with secondary neutral mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive spectroscopy in a transmission electron microscope. They consistently show permeation of electrolyte species into the layer associated with gradual swelling. After extended periods of soaking at open circuit potentials, local deposits of a range of foreign metals have been found in scanning electron microscopy images of the electrode surface. The pitting corrosion is caused by trace metal ion impurities present in the electrolyte and results in highly nonuniform current density distribution during discharge/charge cycling of battery cells as shown by local deposits of aluminum. The processes during soaking at open circuit potentials have been monitored by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and could be analyzed by fitting an equivalent circuit model for pitting corrosion.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Moser
- Institute
of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Philipp Materna
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Anna Stark
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Judith Lammer
- Graz
Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Attila Csík
- Institute
for Nuclear Research, Bem ter 18/c, 4026Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Jasmin M. Abdou
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Raphael Dorner
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Sterrer
- Institute
of Physics, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 5, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Walter Goessler
- Institute
of Chemistry, University of Graz, Universitätsplatz 1, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Kothleitner
- Institute
of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, 8010Graz, Austria
- Graz
Centre for Electron Microscopy, Steyrergasse 17, 8010Graz, Austria
| | - Bernhard Gollas
- Institute
for Chemistry and Technology of Materials, Graz University of Technology, Stremayrgasse 9/II, 8010Graz, Austria
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The current state of electrolytes and cathode materials development in the quest for aluminum-sulfur batteries. Coord Chem Rev 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chu W, He S, Liu S, Zhang X, Li S, Yu H. Low-voltage-hysteresis aluminum-sulfur battery with covalently functionalized mesoporous graphene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11539-11542. [PMID: 36155688 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04067k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A pyridyl-functionalized mesoporous graphene is developed to accommodate sulfur for Al-S batteries, which can significantly reduce the voltage hysteresis to ∼0.43 V. The reaction kinetics of the Al-S battery are accelerated by the catalyst-free carbon host, ascribed to both the mesoporous graphene structure and the covalently functionalized pyridyl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiqin Chu
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Shiman He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Storage Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shiqi Liu
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Shuaixia Li
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
| | - Haijun Yu
- Institute of Advanced Battery Materials and Devices, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, P. R. China
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Klimpel M, Kovalenko MV, Kravchyk KV. Advances and challenges of aluminum-sulfur batteries. Commun Chem 2022; 5:77. [PMID: 36698017 PMCID: PMC9814864 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-022-00693-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for cost-effective stationary energy storage systems has led to a surge of reports on novel post-Li-ion batteries composed entirely of earth-abundant chemical elements. Among the plethora of contenders in the 'beyond lithium' domain, the aluminum-sulfur (Al-S) batteries have attracted considerable attention in recent years due to their low cost and high theoretical volumetric and gravimetric energy densities (3177 Wh L-1 and 1392 Wh kg-1). In this work, we offer an overview of historical and present research pursuits in the development of Al-S batteries with particular emphasis on their fundamental problem-the dissolution of polysulfides. We examine both experimental and computational approaches to tailor the chemical interactions between the sulfur host materials and polysulfides, and conclude with our view on research directions that could be pursued further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Klimpel
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Maksym V. Kovalenko
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kostiantyn V. Kravchyk
- grid.5801.c0000 0001 2156 2780Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland ,grid.7354.50000 0001 2331 3059Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa – Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 129, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Bian Y, Jiang W, Zhang Y, Zhao L, Wang X, Lv Z, Zhou S, Han Y, Chen H, Lin MC. Understanding the Oxidation and Reduction Reactions of Sulfur in Rechargeable Aluminum-Sulfur Batteries with Deep Eutectic Solvent and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202101398. [PMID: 34532988 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Al-based batteries are promising next-generation rechargeable batteries owing to the abundance of raw materials and their high potential energy density. The Al-S system has attracted considerable attention because of its high energy density and low cost. However, its low discharge voltage plateau (0.6-1.2 V) hampers its practical application. Herein, eight ionic liquids or deep eutectic solvents were studied as electrolyte candidates for an Al-S cell. This was the first study to demonstrate that an Al-S cell based on an AlCl3 /acetamide electrolyte (1.3 molar ratio) showed high discharge voltage plateaus (1.65-1.95 V) and a charging cut-off voltage of 2.5 V in Al-S cells. An Al-S cell of 0.33 mAh capacity with the AlCl3 /acetamide electrolyte successfully lit up a red LED (forward voltage 1.6-2.0 V) for around 2 h. This work may help in promoting the development of high-performance and low-cost Al-S cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Bian
- Key Laboratory for Robot and Intelligent Technology of Shandong Province, College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
| | - Weichuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Robot and Intelligent Technology of Shandong Province, College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
| | - Yonglei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Robot and Intelligent Technology of Shandong Province, College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
| | - Lishun Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Robot and Intelligent Technology of Shandong Province, College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohang Wang
- Key Laboratory for Robot and Intelligent Technology of Shandong Province, College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
| | - Zichuan Lv
- Key Laboratory for Robot and Intelligent Technology of Shandong Province, College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Robot and Intelligent Technology of Shandong Province, College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Han
- Key Laboratory for Robot and Intelligent Technology of Shandong Province, College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
| | - Hui Chen
- Key Laboratory for Robot and Intelligent Technology of Shandong Province, College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Chang Lin
- Key Laboratory for Robot and Intelligent Technology of Shandong Province, College of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P.R. China
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Li H, Lampkin J, Chien YC, Furness L, Brandell D, Lacey MJ, Garcia-Araez N. Operando characterization of active surface area and passivation effects on sulfur-carbon composites for lithium-sulfur batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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9
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Electrochemical characterization of bi-layered graphite anodes combining high and low porosity in lithium-ion cells to improve cell performance. Electrochim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.138966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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11
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Li H, Lampkin J, Garcia‐Araez N. Facilitating Charge Reactions in Al-S Batteries with Redox Mediators. CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:3139-3146. [PMID: 34086406 PMCID: PMC8453840 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Al-S battery is a promising next-generation battery candidate due to high abundance of both aluminium and sulfur. However, the sluggish kinetics of the Al-S battery reactions produces very high overpotentials. Here, for the first time, it was demonstrated that the incorporation of redox mediators could dramatically improve the kinetics of Al-S batteries. On the example of iodide redox mediators, it was shown that the charging voltage of Al-S batteries could be decreased by about 0.23 V with as little as 2.3 wt% of redox mediator added as electrolyte additive. Control electrochemical measurements, without prior discharge of the battery, demonstrated that >97 % of the charge capacity was due to the desired oxidation of Al2 S3 and polysulfides, and X-ray diffraction experiments confirmed the formation of sulfur as the final charge product. The beneficial role of redox mediators was demonstrated with cheap and environmentally friendly electrolytes made of urea and AlCl3 . This work showed that dramatic performance improvements could be achieved with low concentration of electrolyte additives, and therefore, much further performance improvements could be sought by combining multiple additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Li
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUnited Kingdom
| | - John Lampkin
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUnited Kingdom
| | - Nuria Garcia‐Araez
- ChemistryUniversity of SouthamptonUniversity RoadSouthamptonSO17 1BJUnited Kingdom
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Jach F, Wassner M, Bamberg M, Brendler E, Frisch G, Wunderwald U, Friedrich J. A Low‐Cost Al‐Graphite Battery with Urea and Acetamide‐Based Electrolytes. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Jach
- Abteilung Materialien Fraunhofer IISB Schottkystrasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Fakultät Chemie und Lebensmittelchemie Technische Universität Dresden 01062 Dresden Germany
| | - Maximilian Wassner
- Abteilung Materialien Fraunhofer IISB Schottkystrasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Max Bamberg
- Abteilung Materialien Fraunhofer IISB Schottkystrasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Erica Brendler
- Institut für Analytische Chemie Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Gero Frisch
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg Leipziger Straße 29 09599 Freiberg Germany
| | - Ulrike Wunderwald
- Abteilung Materialien Fraunhofer IISB Schottkystrasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jochen Friedrich
- Abteilung Materialien Fraunhofer IISB Schottkystrasse 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
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