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Kubot M, Balke L, Scholz J, Wiemers‐Meyer S, Karst U, Hayen H, Hur H, Winter M, Kasnatscheew J, Nowak S. High-Voltage Instability of Vinylene Carbonate (VC): Impact of Formed Poly-VC on Interphases and Toxicity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2305282. [PMID: 37939283 PMCID: PMC10767402 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202305282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Full exhaustion in specific energy/energy density of state-of-the-art LiNix Coy Mnz O2 (NCM)-based Li-ion batteries (LIB) is currently limited for reasons of NCM stability by upper cut-off voltages (UCV) below 4.3 V. At higher UCV, structural decomposition triggers electrode crosstalk in the course of enhanced transition metal dissolution and leads to severe specific capacity/energy fade; in the worst case to a sudden death phenomenon (roll-over failure). The additive lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP) is known to suppress this by scavenging dissolved metals, but at the cost of enhanced toxicity due to the formation of organofluorophosphates (OFPs). Addition of film-forming electrolyte additives like vinylene carbonate (VC) can intrinsically decrease OFP formation in thermally aged LiDFP-containing electrolytes, though the benefit of this dual-additive approach can be questioned at higher UCVs. In this work, VC is shown to decrease the formation of potentially toxic OFPs within the electrolyte during cycling at conventional UCVs but triggers OFP formation at higher UCVs. The electrolyte contains soluble VC-polymerization products. These products are formed at the cathode during VC oxidation (and are found within the cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI), suggesting an OFP electrode crosstalk of VC decomposition species, as the OFP-precursor molecules are shown to be formed at the anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kubot
- MEET Battery Research CenterUniversity of MünsterCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
| | - Lisa Balke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
| | - Johannes Scholz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
| | - Simon Wiemers‐Meyer
- MEET Battery Research CenterUniversity of MünsterCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
| | - Heiko Hayen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstraße 4848149MünsterGermany
| | - Hyuck Hur
- R&D Campus DaejeonLG Energy Solution188, Munji‐ro, Yuseong‐guDaejeon34122Republic of Korea
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET Battery Research CenterUniversity of MünsterCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
- Helmholtz‐Institute MünsterIEK‐12Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
| | - Johannes Kasnatscheew
- MEET Battery Research CenterUniversity of MünsterCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
| | - Sascha Nowak
- MEET Battery Research CenterUniversity of MünsterCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
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Kubot M, Frankenstein L, Muschiol E, Klein S, Esselen M, Winter M, Nowak S, Kasnatscheew J. Lithium Difluorophosphate: A Boon for High Voltage Li Ion Batteries and a Bane for High Thermal Stability/Low Toxicity: Towards Synergistic Dual Additives to Circumvent this Dilemma. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202202189. [PMID: 36533855 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202202189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The specific energy/energy density of state-of-the-art (SOTA) Li-ion batteries can be increased by raising the upper charge voltage. However, instability of SOTA cathodes (i. e., LiNiy Cox Mny O2 ; x+y+z=1; NCM) triggers electrode crosstalk through enhanced transition metal (TM) dissolution and contributes to severe capacity fade; in the worst case, to a sudden death ("roll-over failure"). Lithium difluorophosphate (LiDFP) as electrolyte additive is able to boost high voltage performance by scavenging dissolved TMs. However, LiDFP is chemically unstable and rapidly decomposes to toxic (oligo)organofluorophosphates (OFPs) at elevated temperatures; a process that can be precisely analyzed by means of high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectroscopy. The toxicity of LiDFP can be proven by the well-known acetylcholinesterase inhibition test. Interestingly, although fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is inappropriate for high voltage applications as a single electrolyte additive due to rollover failure, it is able to suppress formation of toxic OFPs. Based on this, a synergistic LiDFP/FEC dual-additive approach is suggested in this work, showing characteristic benefits of both individual additives (good capacity retention at high voltage in the presence of LiDFP and decreased OFP formation/toxicity induced by FEC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Kubot
- MEET Battery Research Center, I, nstitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lars Frankenstein
- MEET Battery Research Center, I, nstitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Muschiol
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sven Klein
- MEET Battery Research Center, I, nstitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Melanie Esselen
- Institute of Food Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 45, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET Battery Research Center, I, nstitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Sascha Nowak
- MEET Battery Research Center, I, nstitute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Johannes Kasnatscheew
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, 48149, Münster, Germany
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Abstract
Electrolytes and the associated interphases constitute the critical components to support the emerging battery chemistries that promise tantalizing energy but involve drastic phase and structure complications. Designing better electrolytes and interphases holds the key to the success of these batteries. As the only component that interfaces with every other component in the device, an electrolyte must satisfy multiple criteria simultaneously. These include transporting ions while insulating electrons between the electrodes and maintaining stability against electrodes of extreme chemical natures: the strongly oxidative cathode and the strongly reductive anode. In most advanced batteries, the two electrodes operate at potentials far beyond the thermodynamic stability limits of electrolytes, so the stability therein has to be realized kinetically through an interphase formed from the sacrificial reactions between electrolyte and electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shirley Meng
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Argonne Collaborative Center for Energy Storage Science (ACCESS), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA
| | - Kang Xu
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL 60439, USA.,Battery Science Branch, Energy Science Division, US Army Combat Capabilities Development Command (CCDC) Research Laboratory, Adelphi Laboratory Center, MD 20783, USA
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Cheng F, Zhang X, Wei P, Sun S, Xu Y, Li Q, Fang C, Han J, Huang Y. Tailoring electrolyte enables high-voltage Ni-rich NCM cathode against aggressive cathode chemistries for Li-ion batteries. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2022; 67:2225-2234. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Klein S, Haneke L, Harte P, Stolz L, van Wickeren S, Borzutzki K, Nowak S, Winter M, Placke T, Kasnatscheew J. Suppressing Electrode Crosstalk and Prolonging Cycle Life in High‐Voltage Li Ion Batteries: Pivotal Role of Fluorophosphates in Electrolytes. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sven Klein
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Meet GERMANY
| | - Lukas Haneke
- WWU: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Meet GERMANY
| | - Patrick Harte
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Meet GERMANY
| | - Lukas Stolz
- FZJ: Forschungszentrum Julich GmbH HIMS GERMANY
| | | | | | - Sascha Nowak
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Meet GERMANY
| | | | - Tobias Placke
- WWU Münster: Westfalische Wilhelms-Universitat Munster Meet GERMANY
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Yao Z, Zhu K, Li X, Zhang J, Chen J, Wang J, Yan K, Liu J. 3D poly(vinylidene fluoride–hexafluoropropylen) nanofiber-reinforced PEO-based composite polymer electrolyte for high-voltage lithium metal batteries. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2021.139769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Klein S, Bärmann P, Stolz L, Borzutzki K, Schmiegel JP, Börner M, Winter M, Placke T, Kasnatscheew J. Demonstrating Apparently Inconspicuous but Sensitive Impacts on the Rollover Failure of Lithium-Ion Batteries at a High Voltage. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:57241-57251. [PMID: 34813694 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Layered oxides, such as Li[Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3]O2 (NCM523), are promising cathode materials for operation at a high voltage, i.e., high-energy lithium-ion batteries. The instability-reasoned transition metal dissolution remains a major challenge, which initiates electrode cross-talk, alteration of the solid electrolyte interphase, and enhanced Li-metal dendrite formation at the graphite anode, consequently leading to rollover failure. In this work, relevant impacts on this failure mechanism are highlighted. For example, a conventional coating of NCM523 with aluminum oxide as a typical high-voltage modification improves kinetic aspects but can only postpone the rollover failure to later charge/discharge cycles. Interestingly, a similar effect on the rollover failure is observed merely after modification of the cell formation protocol, i.e., the first cycles. Further influences of specific test protocols are highlighted and show that the rollover failure even disappears at C-rates above 2C, which can be attributed to a more homogeneous distribution of Li-metal dendrite formation. It is worth noting that a variation of anode porosity can reveal similar effects, as, e.g., variations in anode processing also impact Li dendrite distribution and the appearance of rollover failure. Overall, the rollover failure is a valid but complex phenomenon, which sensitively depends on apparently inconspicuous parameters and should not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Klein
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Peer Bärmann
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Lukas Stolz
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Kristina Borzutzki
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Jan-Patrick Schmiegel
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Markus Börner
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, Münster 48149, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Tobias Placke
- MEET Battery Research Center, Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, Münster 48149, Germany
| | - Johannes Kasnatscheew
- Helmholtz-Institute Münster, IEK-12, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Corrensstraße 46, Münster 48149, Germany
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Stolz L, Homann G, Winter M, Kasnatscheew J. Area Oversizing of Lithium Metal Electrodes in Solid-State Batteries: Relevance for Overvoltage and thus Performance? CHEMSUSCHEM 2021; 14:2163-2169. [PMID: 33756054 PMCID: PMC8251826 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202100213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Systematic and systemic research and development of solid electrolytes for lithium batteries requires a reliable and reproducible benchmark cell system. Therefore, factors relevant for performance, such as temperature, voltage operation range, or specific current, should be defined and reported. However, performance can also be sensitive to apparently inconspicuous and overlooked factors, such as area oversizing of the lithium electrode and the solid electrolyte membrane (relative to the cathode area). In this study, area oversizing is found to diminish polarization and improves the performance in LiNi0.6 Mn0.2 Co0.2 O2 (NMC622)||Li cells, with a more pronounced effect under kinetically harsh conditions (e. g., low temperature and/or high current density). For validity reasons, the polarization behavior is also investigated in Li||Li symmetric cells. Given the mathematical conformity of the characteristic overvoltage behavior with the Sand's equation, the beneficial effect is attributed to lower depletion of Li ions at the electrode/electrolyte interface. In this regard, the highest possible effect of area oversizing on the performance is discussed, that is when the accompanied decrease in current density and overvoltage overcomes the Sand's threshold limit. This scenario entirely prevents the capacity decay attributable to Li+ depletion and is in line with the mathematically predicted values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Stolz
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
| | - Gerrit Homann
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
| | - Martin Winter
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
- MEET Battery Research CenterInstitute of Physical ChemistryUniversity of MünsterCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
| | - Johannes Kasnatscheew
- Helmholtz Institute Münster, IEK-12Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbHCorrensstraße 4648149MünsterGermany
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