1
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Weitz P, Wortmann J, Liu C, Wen TJ, Li CZ, Heumüller T, Brabec CJ. Photodegradation of Organic Solar Cells under Visible Light and the Crucial Influence of Its Spectral Composition. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:36667-36677. [PMID: 38955357 PMCID: PMC11262306 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c03446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
While wavelength-dependent photodegradation of organic solar cells (OSCs) under visible light is typically discussed in terms of UV/blue light-activated phenomena, we recently demonstrated wavelength-dependent degradation rates up to 660 nm for PM6:Y6. In this study, we systematically investigated this phenomenon for a broad variety of devices based on different donor:acceptor combinations. We found that the spectral composition of the light used for degradation, tuned in a spectral range from 457 to 740 nm and under high irradiances of up to 30 suns, has a crucial influence on the device stability of almost all tested semiconductors. The relevance of this phenomenon was investigated in the context of simulated AM1.5 illumination with metal halide lamps and white LEDs. It is concluded that the current stability testing protocols in OSC research have to be adjusted to account for this effect to reveal the underlying physics of this still poorly understood mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Weitz
- Institute
Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jonas Wortmann
- Institute
Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Chao Liu
- Institute
Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tian-Jiao Wen
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,
State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chang-Zhi Li
- MOE
Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization,
State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, Department of Polymer Science
and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute
Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christoph J. Brabec
- Institute
Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstraße 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute
Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstraße 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Kang J, Yeong Kim S, Hee Jo H, Zong K. Triflic Acid-Assisted Regioselective Bromination of Quinoxaline Derivatives Enables a Facile Synthesis of Polymer PTQ10. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024:e202400216. [PMID: 38627218 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202400216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Poly[(thiophene)-alt-(6,7-difluoro-2(2-hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline)] (PTQ10) emerges as a promising candidate for donor materials in organic solar cells (OSCs) due to its high efficiency, simplified synthesis, and cost-effectiveness. The acceptor unit of PTQ10 is derived from the alkylation of 5,8-dibromo-6,7-difluoroquinoxaline-2-ol, emphasizing the importance of its economical synthesis for commercial viability. This study investigates triflic acid-assisted regioselective bromination of quinoxaline derivatives and proposes an alternative synthetic pathway for PTQ10. The developed route benefits from concise synthetic steps, a dependable procedure, and high overall yield. Starting with the condensation of 4,5-difluorobenzene-1,2-diamine with ethyl oxoacetate to yield 6,7-difluoroquinoxaline-2-ol, subsequent triflic acid-assisted regioselective bromination produces 5,8-dibromo-6,7-difluoroquinoxaline-2-ol in high yield. Alkylation under Mitsunobu reaction conditions yields 5,8-dibromo-6,7-difluoro-2-(2-hexyldecyloxy)quinoxaline, followed by polymerization with 2,5-distannylated thiophene under Stille reaction conditions to afford PTQ10. This research provides insights into efficient synthetic strategies for PTQ10, advancing its potential for commercial application in OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmo Kang
- Department of Chemical Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Yeong Kim
- Department of Chemical Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwan Hee Jo
- Department of Chemical Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyukwan Zong
- Department of Chemical Education, Institute of Fusion Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekje-daero, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
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3
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Filate T, Lee S, Franco LR, Chen Q, Genene Z, Marchiori CFN, Lee Y, Araujo M, Mammo W, Woo HY, Kim BJ, Wang E. Aqueous Processed All-Polymer Solar Cells with High Open-Circuit Voltage Based on Low-Cost Thiophene-Quinoxaline Polymers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:12886-12896. [PMID: 38425182 PMCID: PMC10941072 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Eco-friendly solution processing and the low-cost synthesis of photoactive materials are important requirements for the commercialization of organic solar cells (OSCs). Although varieties of aqueous-soluble acceptors have been developed, the availability of aqueous-processable polymer donors remains quite limited. In particular, the generally shallow highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels of existing polymer donors limit further increases in the power conversion efficiency (PCE). Here, we design and synthesize two water/alcohol-processable polymer donors, poly[(thiophene-2,5-diyl)-alt-(2-((13-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxadodecyl)-2,5,8,11-tetraoxatetradecan-14-yl)oxy)-6,7-difluoroquinoxaline-5,8-diyl)] (P(Qx8O-T)) and poly[(selenophene-2,5-diyl)-alt-(2-((13-(2,5,8,11-tetraoxadodecyl)-2,5,8,11-tetraoxatetradecan-14-yl)oxy)-6,7-difluoroquinoxaline-5,8-diyl)] (P(Qx8O-Se)) with oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) side chains, having deep HOMO energy levels (∼-5.4 eV). The synthesis of the polymers is achieved in a few synthetic and purification steps at reduced cost. The theoretical calculations uncover that the dielectric environmental variations are responsible for the observed band gap lowering in OEG-based polymers compared to their alkylated counterparts. Notably, the aqueous-processed all-polymer solar cells (aq-APSCs) based on P(Qx8O-T) and poly[(N,N'-bis(3-(2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)-ethoxy)ethoxy)-2-((2-(2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)-methyl)propyl)naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl)-alt-(2,5-thiophene)] (P(NDIDEG-T)) active layer exhibit a PCE of 2.27% and high open-circuit voltage (VOC) approaching 0.8 V, which are among the highest values for aq-APSCs reported to date. This study provides important clues for the design of low-cost, aqueous-processable polymer donors and the fabrication of aqueous-processable OSCs with high VOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadele
T. Filate
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33658, 1000 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Seungjin Lee
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 34141 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Energy
Materials Research Center, Korea Research
Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), 34114 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Leandro R. Franco
- Department
of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
| | - Qiaonan Chen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Zewdneh Genene
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | | | - Yoonjoo Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Moyses Araujo
- Department
of Engineering and Physics, Karlstad University, 65188 Karlstad, Sweden
- Materials
Theory Division, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, 75120 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wendimagegn Mammo
- Department
of Chemistry, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 33658, 1000 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea University, 02841 Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J. Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 34141 Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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4
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Schmitt A, Thompson BC. Relating Structure to Properties in Non-Conjugated Pendant Electroactive Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2024; 45:e2300219. [PMID: 37277618 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202300219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Non-conjugated pendant electroactive polymers (NCPEPs) are an emerging class of polymers that offer the potential of combining the desirable optoelectronic properties of conjugated polymers with the superior synthetic methodologies and stability of traditional non-conjugated polymers. Despite an increasing number of studies focused on NCPEPs, particularly on understanding fundamental structure-property relationships, no attempts have been made to provide an overview on established relationships to date. This review showcases selected reports on NCPEP homopolymers and copolymers that demonstrate how optical, electronic, and physical properties of the polymers are affected by tuning of key structural variables such as the chemical structure of the polymer backbone, molecular weight, tacticity, spacer length, the nature of the pendant group, and in the case of copolymers the ratios between different comonomers and between individual polymer blocks. Correlation of structural features with improved π-stacking and enhanced charge carrier mobility serve as the primary figures of merit in evaluating impact on NCPEP properties. While this review is not intended to serve as a comprehensive summary of all reports on tuning of structural parameters in NCPEPs, it highlights relevant established structure-property relationships that can serve as a guideline for more targeted design of novel NCPEPs in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Schmitt
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1661, USA
| | - Barry C Thompson
- Department of Chemistry, Loker Hydrocarbon Research Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089-1661, USA
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5
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Rimmele M, Qiao Z, Panidi J, Furlan F, Lee C, Tan WL, McNeill CR, Kim Y, Gasparini N, Heeney M. A polymer library enables the rapid identification of a highly scalable and efficient donor material for organic solar cells. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:4202-4212. [PMID: 37599602 DOI: 10.1039/d3mh00787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The dramatic improvement of the PCE (power conversion efficiency) of organic photovoltaic devices in the past few years has been driven by the development of new polymer donor materials and non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). In the design of such materials synthetic scalability is often not considered, and hence complicated synthetic protocols are typical for high-performing materials. Here we report an approach to readily introduce a variety of solubilizing groups into a benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole acceptor comonomer. This allowed for the ready preparation of a library of eleven donor polymers of varying side chains and comonomers, which facilitated a rapid screening of properties and photovoltaic device performance. Donor FO6-T emerged as the optimal material, exhibiting good solubility in chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvents and achieving 15.4% PCE with L8BO as the acceptor (15.2% with Y6) and good device stability. FO6-T was readily prepared on the gram scale, and synthetic complexity (SC) analysis highlighted FO6-T as an attractive donor polymer for potential large scale applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rimmele
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Zhuoran Qiao
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Julianna Panidi
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Francesco Furlan
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Chulyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications (KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Wen Liang Tan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Christopher R McNeill
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
| | - Youngkyoo Kim
- Organic Nanoelectronics Laboratory and KNU Institute for Nanophotonics Applications (KINPA), Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Applied Chemical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Nicola Gasparini
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Processable Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), KAUST Solar Centre (KSC), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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6
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Neu J, Samson S, Ding K, Rech JJ, Ade H, You W. Oligo(ethylene glycol) Side Chain Architecture Enables Alcohol-Processable Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin Neu
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephanie Samson
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Kan Ding
- Department of Physics and ORaCEL, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Jeromy James Rech
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics and ORaCEL, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Wei You
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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7
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Development of Benzobisoxazole-Based Novel Conjugated Polymers for Organic Thin-Film Transistors. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15051156. [PMID: 36904397 PMCID: PMC10007153 DOI: 10.3390/polym15051156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzo[1,2-d:4,5-d']bis(oxazole) (BBO) is a heterocyclic aromatic ring composed of one benzene ring and two oxazole rings, which has unique advantages on the facile synthesis without any column chromatography purification, high solubility on the common organic solvents and planar fused aromatic ring structure. However, BBO conjugated building block has rarely been used to develop conjugated polymers for organic thin film transistors (OTFTs). Three BBO-based monomers, BBO without π-spacer, BBO with non-alkylated thiophene π-spacer and BBO with alkylated thiophene π-spacer, were newly synthesized and they were copolymerized with a strong electron-donating cyclopentadithiophene conjugated building block to give three p-type BBO-based polymers. The polymer containing non-alkylated thiophene π-spacer showed the highest hole mobility of 2.2 × 10-2 cm2 V-1 s-1, which was 100 times higher than the other polymers. From the 2D grazing incidence X-ray diffraction data and simulated polymeric structures, we found that the intercalation of alkyl side chains on the polymer backbones was crucial to determine the intermolecular ordering in the film states, and the introduction of non-alkylated thiophene π-spacer to polymer backbone was the most effective to promote the intercalation of alkyl side chains in the film states and hole mobility in the devices.
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8
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Sigl M, Rath T, Schlemmer B, Fürk P, Trimmel G. Synthesis of a fluorene and quinoxaline-based co-polymer for organic electronics. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-022-03030-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
AbstractQuinoxaline has recently gained interest as monomer in conjugated copolymers because of its easy synthetic accessibility and successful use in highly efficient organic solar cells. In this contribution, we introduce a quinoxaline–fluorene-co-polymer, PFQ10, synthesized by copolymerization of 5,8-dibromo-6,7-difluoro-2-[(2-hexyldecyl)oxy]quinoxaline and 9,9-dioctyl-9H-9-fluorene-2,7-bis(boronic acid pinacol ester) using the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction. By optimization of the reaction conditions, polymers with molecular weights up to 17.2 kDa and a low dispersity of 1.3 were obtained. PFQ10 showed blue photoluminescence with an emission maximum at 459 nm and a relative fluorescence quantum yield of 0.37. As proof of principle, PFQ10 was employed in organic light-emitting diodes and showed a blue–green electroluminescence.
Graphical abstract
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9
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Song KC, Sung W, Lee DC, Chung S, Lee H, Lee J, Cho S, Cho K. Symmetry-Induced Ordered Assembly of a Naphthobisthiadiazole-Based Nonfused-Ring Electron Acceptor Enables Efficient Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:52233-52243. [PMID: 36355863 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c13304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Nonfused-ring electron acceptors (NFREAs) have received increasing attention for use in organic solar cells (OSCs) because of their synthetic simplicity and tunable optical spectra. However, their fundamental molecular interactions and the mechanism by which they govern the property-function relations of OSCs remain elusive. Here, to investigate the effects of the structural symmetry of NFREAs, two acceptor-donor-acceptor'-donor-acceptor (A-D-A'-D-A)-type NFREAs, 2,2'-(((naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c']bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole-5,10-diylbis(4,4-bis(2-butyloctyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene-6,2-diyl))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile (NTz-4F) and 2,2'-(((benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole-4,7-diylbis(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b']dithiophene-6,2-diyl))bis(methaneylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile (BT-4F), are designed and synthesized. They have different A' cores: NTz-4F has a modified centrosymmetric NTz core, whereas BT-4F has a modified axisymmetric BT core. In pristine films, the NTz-4F, which has a centrosymmetric core, shows substantially enhanced intermolecular interaction and microstructural crystalline ordering compared with BT-4F, which has an axisymmetric core. Even in blends with poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5,5-(1',3'-di-2-thienyl-5',7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1',2'-c:4',5'-c']dithiophene-4,8,-dione))] (PBDB-T), NTz-4F retains its highly crystalline structure, whereas BT-4F loses crystalline packing. These changes in NTz-4F result in increased electron transport and suppressed nonradiative voltage loss, resulting in a power conversion efficiency of 9.14% for PBDB-T:NTz-4F vs 7.18% for PBDB-T:BT-4F. This work demonstrates that centrosymmetric-structured cores are promising building blocks for high-performance NFREA-based OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu Chan Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang37673, Korea
| | - Woong Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang37673, Korea
| | - Dong Chan Lee
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, Korea
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang37673, Korea
| | - Hansol Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam13120, Korea
| | - Jaewon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon34134, Korea
| | - Shinuk Cho
- Department of Physics and EHSRC, University of Ulsan, Ulsan44610, Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang37673, Korea
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10
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Kurbanoglu S, Cevher SC, Toppare L, Cirpan A, Soylemez S. Electrochemical biosensor based on three components random conjugated polymer with fullerene (C 60). Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 147:108219. [PMID: 35933973 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Herein, a conjugated polymer and fullerene bearing architecture-based electrochemical Tyrosinase (Tyr) enzyme inhibition biosensor for indomethacin (INDO) drug active compound has been developed. For this purpose, three moieties of benzoxadiazole, thienopyrroledione, and benzodithiophene containing conjugated polymer; poly[BDT-alt-(TP;BO)] was used as a transducer modifier together with fullerene for catechol detection. The specific combination of these materials is considered an effective way to fabricate highly sensitive and fast response catechol biosensors for the first time. Electrochemical and surface characteristics of the modified electrodes were obtained by cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The effect of the parameters during chronoamperometric measurements on the biosensor response was also studied. Using optimized conditions, biosensing of catechol was achieved between 0.5 and 62.5 µM with a limit of the detection 0.11 µM. Tyr inhibition was followed with INDO drug active compound and it was found that INDO has a mixed type characteristic of enzyme kinetics with an I50 value of 15.11 µM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevinc Kurbanoglu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sevki Can Cevher
- Department of Engineering Fundamental Sciences, Sivas University of Science and Technology, 58100 Sivas, Turkey
| | - Levent Toppare
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Biotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Ali Cirpan
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Polymer Science and Technology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; The Center for Solar Energy Research and Application (GUNAM), Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; Department of Micro and Nanotechnology, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Saniye Soylemez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Necmettin Erbakan University, 42090 Konya, Turkey.
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11
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Younus M, Valandro S, Gobeze HB, Ahmed S, Schanze KS. Wavelength and Solvent Controlled Energy and Charge Transfer in Donor-Acceptor Substituted Platinum Acetylide Complexes. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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12
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Zhang G, Lin FR, Qi F, Heumüller T, Distler A, Egelhaaf HJ, Li N, Chow PCY, Brabec CJ, Jen AKY, Yip HL. Renewed Prospects for Organic Photovoltaics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14180-14274. [PMID: 35929847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have progressed steadily through three stages of photoactive materials development: (i) use of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and fullerene-based acceptors (FAs) for optimizing bulk heterojunctions; (ii) development of new donors to better match with FAs; (iii) development of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). The development and application of NFAs with an A-D-A configuration (where A = acceptor and D = donor) has enabled devices to have efficient charge generation and small energy losses (Eloss < 0.6 eV), resulting in substantially higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) than FA-based devices. The discovery of Y6-type acceptors (Y6 = 2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]-thiadiazolo[3,4-e]-thieno[2″,3″:4',5']thieno-[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo-[3,2-g]thieno-[2',3':4,5]thieno-[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile) with an A-DA' D-A configuration has further propelled the PCEs to go beyond 15% due to smaller Eloss values (∼0.5 eV) and higher external quantum efficiencies. Subsequently, the PCEs of Y6-series single-junction devices have increased to >19% and may soon approach 20%. This review provides an update of recent progress of OPV in the following aspects: developments of novel NFAs and donors, understanding of the structure-property relationships and underlying mechanisms of state-of-the-art OPVs, and tasks underpinning the commercialization of OPVs, such as device stability, module development, potential applications, and high-throughput manufacturing. Finally, an outlook and prospects section summarizes the remaining challenges for the further development of OPV technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Francis R Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Distler
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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Polymers in High-Efficiency Solar Cells: The Latest Reports. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14101946. [PMID: 35631829 PMCID: PMC9143377 DOI: 10.3390/polym14101946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Third-generation solar cells, including dye-sensitized solar cells, bulk-heterojunction solar cells, and perovskite solar cells, are being intensively researched to obtain high efficiencies in converting solar energy into electricity. However, it is also important to note their stability over time and the devices' thermal or operating temperature range. Today's widely used polymeric materials are also used at various stages of the preparation of the complete device-it is worth mentioning that in dye-sensitized solar cells, suitable polymers can be used as flexible substrates counter-electrodes, gel electrolytes, and even dyes. In the case of bulk-heterojunction solar cells, they are used primarily as donor materials; however, there are reports in the literature of their use as acceptors. In perovskite devices, they are used as additives to improve the morphology of the perovskite, mainly as hole transport materials and also as additives to electron transport layers. Polymers, thanks to their numerous advantages, such as the possibility of practically any modification of their chemical structure and thus their physical and chemical properties, are increasingly used in devices that convert solar radiation into electrical energy, which is presented in this paper.
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14
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Velasco Davoise L, Peña Capilla R, Díez-Pascual AM. Assessment of the Refractive Index and Extinction Coefficient of Graphene-Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091828. [PMID: 35566999 PMCID: PMC9103999 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) is one of the most attractive polymeric donor materials used in organic solar cells because of its high electrical conductivity and solubility in various solvents. However, its carrier mobility is low when compared to that of inorganic semiconductors; hence, the incorporation of appropriate nanomaterials to improve its electrical mobility and optical properties are pursued. In this work, a review of the changes in electrical conductivity, bandgap, hole collection properties and carrier mobility of P3HT when adding graphene (G) is presented. The main aim is to assess how the addition of different G contents influences the optical constants: refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k). The values of n and k as a function of the wavelength for six P3HT/G nanocomposites with G loadings in the range of 0.1-5 wt% have been fitted to two different models, Forouhi Bloomer and Cauchy, showing very good agreement between the experimental and the theoretical values. Furthermore, a rule of mixtures was successfully applied to calculate n using mass fraction instead of volume fraction, with errors lower than 6% for all the nanocomposites studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Velasco Davoise
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Rafael Peña Capilla
- Universidad de Alcalá, Departamento de Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ana M. Díez-Pascual
- Universidad de Alcalá, Facultad de Ciencias, Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona, Km. 33.6, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Guo L, Liu K, Tan X, Wang X, Huang J, Wei Z, Chen G. B ← N Coordination Enables Efficient p-Doping in a Pyrazine-Based Polymer Donor Toward Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Guo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Kaikai Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Xueyan Tan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Huang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Zhanhua Wei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
- Institute of Luminescent Materials and Information Displays, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
| | - Guohua Chen
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, P. R. China
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