1
|
Afolabi LO, Bi J, Li X, Adeshakin AO, Adeshakin FO, Wu H, Yan D, Chen L, Wan X. Synergistic Tumor Cytolysis by NK Cells in Combination With a Pan-HDAC Inhibitor, Panobinostat. Front Immunol 2021; 12:701671. [PMID: 34531855 PMCID: PMC8438531 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.701671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDAC) are frequently overexpressed in tumors, and their inhibition has shown promising anti-tumor effects. However, the synergistic effects of HDAC inhibition with immune cell therapy have not been fully explored. Natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes for anti-tumor immune surveillance, with immunotherapy potential. We showed that a pan-HDAC inhibitor, panobinostat, alone demonstrated anti-tumor and anti-proliferative activities on all tested tumors in vitro. Additionally, panobinostat co-treatment or pretreatment synergized with NK cells to mediate tumor cell cytolysis. Mechanistically, panobinostat treatment increased the expression of cell adhesion and tight junction-related genes, promoted conjugation formation between NK and tumor cells, and modulates NK cell-activating receptors and ligands on tumor cells, contributing to the increased tumor cytolysis. Finally, panobinostat therapy led to better tumor control and synergized with anti-PD-L1 therapy. Our data highlights the anti-tumor potential of HDAC inhibition through tumor-intrinsic toxicity and enhancement of NK -based immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukman O. Afolabi
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiacheng Bi
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Quantitative Engineering Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xuguang Li
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen University Clinical Medical Academy, Shenzhen, China
| | - Adeleye O. Adeshakin
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Funmilayo O. Adeshakin
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haisi Wu
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dehong Yan
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochun Wan
- Guangdong Immune Cell Therapy Engineering and Technology Research Center, Center for Protein and Cell-Based Drugs, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Chung S, Nguyen V, Lin YL, Kamen L, Song A. Thaw-and-use target cells pre-labeled with calcein AM for antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods 2017; 447:37-46. [PMID: 28434980 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In vitro antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assays are routinely performed to support the research and development of therapeutic antibodies. In ADCC assays, target cells bound by the antibodies are lysed by activated effector cells following interactions between the Fc region of the bound antibody and Fcγ receptors on effector cells. Target cell lysis is typically measured by quantification of released endogenous enzymes, e.g., lactate dehydrogenase, or measurement of released exogenous labels, e.g., 51Cr, europium or calcein. ADCC assays based on the detection of exogenous labels released from lysed target cells generally show higher sensitivity and require shorter incubation times. However, target cells are usually labeled immediately prior to assay, which inadvertently introduces additional assay variations due to differences in target cell conditions and labeling/handling processes. In this report, we describe the use of thaw-and-use pre-labeled target cells for ADCC assays. Thaw-and-use target cells in our experiments were pre-labeled with the fluorescent dye calcein AM, cryopreserved in single-use aliquots and used directly in assays after thawing. Upon thaw, the pre-labeled cells displayed viability and label retention comparable to freshly labeled cells, responded to ADCC mediated by both peripheral blood mononuclear cells and engineered natural killer cells, performed stably for at least 3 years and provided favorable precision and accuracy to ADCC assays. Implementation of thaw-and-use pre-labeled target cells in ADCC assays can help to alleviate both cell culture and dye labeling derived variability, increase the flexibility of assay scheduling and improve assay consistency and robustness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shan Chung
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States.
| | - Van Nguyen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - Yuwen Linda Lin
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - Lynn Kamen
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| | - An Song
- Department of BioAnalytical Sciences, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, CA 94080-4990, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cytological Observations of the Large Symbiotic Foraminifer Amphisorus kudakajimensis Using Calcein Acetoxymethyl Ester. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165844. [PMID: 27812157 PMCID: PMC5094710 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Large benthic foraminifera are unicellular calcifying reef organisms that can form symbiotic relationships with a range of different microalgae. However, the cellular functions, such as symbiosis and calcification, and other aspects of cellular physiology in large benthic foraminifera are not fully understood. Amphisorus kudakajimensis was used as a model to determine the detailed cellular characteristics of large benthic foraminifera. We used calcein acetoxymethyl ester (calcein AM) as a fluorescent indicator for live confocal imaging. We demonstrated that calcein AM is a useful fluorescent indicator to stain the fine network of reticulopodia and the cytoplasm in living A. kudakajimensis. We showed that at least two types of reticulopodia exist in A. kudakajimensis: the straight bundle of reticulopodia that spreads from the aperture and the fine reticulopodia along the surface of the aperture and chamber walls. The cytoplasm in outer chambers was highly branched and contained a few dinoflagellates. In contrast, the inner chamberlets contained condensed cytoplasm and many dinoflagellates, suggesting that the cytoplasm of A. kudakajimensis performs different functions based on its location within the large test. Our confocal detailed image analysis provides real-time cellular morphology and cell physiology of living foraminifera.
Collapse
|
4
|
Tittarelli A, Janji B, Van Moer K, Noman MZ, Chouaib S. The Selective Degradation of Synaptic Connexin 43 Protein by Hypoxia-induced Autophagy Impairs Natural Killer Cell-mediated Tumor Cell Killing. J Biol Chem 2015. [PMID: 26221040 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although natural killer (NK) cells play an important role in the control of melanoma, hypoxic stress in the tumor microenvironment may impair NK-mediated tumor cell killing by mechanisms that are not fully understood. In this study, we investigated the effect of hypoxia on the expression and channel activity of connexin 43 (Cx43) in melanoma cells and its impact on their susceptibility to NK cell-mediated lysis. Our results demonstrated that hypoxic stress increases Cx43 expression in melanoma cells via hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) transcriptional activity. Hypoxic cells displaying increased Cx43 expression were less susceptible to NK cell-mediated lysis compared with normoxic cells expressing a moderate level of Cx43. Conversely, when overexpressed in normoxic tumor cells, Cx43 improves their susceptibility to N cell-mediated killing. We show that the NK cell immune synapse formed with normoxic melanoma cells is more stable and contains a high level of gap-junctional Cx43 whereas that formed with hypoxic cells is less stable and contains a significant lower level of gap-junctional Cx43. We provide evidence that the activation of autophagy in hypoxic melanoma cells selectively degrades gap-junctional Cx43, leading to the destabilization of the immune synapse and the impairment of NK cell-mediated killing. Inhibition of autophagy by genetic or pharmacological approaches as well as expression of the non-degradable form of Cx43 significantly restore its accumulation at the immune synapse and improves N cell-mediated lysis of hypoxic melanoma cells. This study provides the first evidence that the hypoxic microenvironment negatively affects the immune surveillance of tumors by NK cells through the modulation of Cx43-mediated intercellular communications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrés Tittarelli
- From the INSERM U753, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France and
| | - Bassam Janji
- the Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Kris Van Moer
- the Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Department of Oncology, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1526 Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Muhammad Zaeem Noman
- From the INSERM U753, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France and
| | - Salem Chouaib
- From the INSERM U753, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 114 rue Edouard Vaillant, 94805 Villejuif, France and
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Isolation of HIV-1-reactive antibodies using cell surface-expressed gp160Δc(BaL.). J Immunol Methods 2013; 397:47-54. [PMID: 24041474 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made to identify HIV-1 neutralizing antibodies because they are considered to be critical to the design of an effective HIV-1 vaccine. Although soluble HIV-1 envelope proteins can be used for this purpose, these reagents differ from membrane-anchored HIV-1 envelope spike in a number of important ways and display only a subset of its native epitopes. Consistent with this, some broadly neutralizing antibodies preferentially bind cell surface-expressed HIV-1 envelope, but not the soluble protein. Here we report the details of a new method for isolating anti-HIV-1 specific B cells based on capturing cells that produce antibodies to cell surface-expressed gp160Δc(BaL). While this method is far less efficient than sorting with soluble envelope proteins, it isolated broadly neutralizing anti-HIV-1 antibodies that bind cell surface-expressed gp160Δc(BaL) but not soluble envelope proteins.
Collapse
|
6
|
Zielonka J, Kalyanaraman B. Hydroethidine- and MitoSOX-derived red fluorescence is not a reliable indicator of intracellular superoxide formation: another inconvenient truth. Free Radic Biol Med 2010; 48:983-1001. [PMID: 20116425 PMCID: PMC3587154 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 383] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hydroethidine (HE; or dihydroethidium) is the most popular fluorogenic probe used for detecting intracellular superoxide radical anion. The reaction between superoxide and HE generates a highly specific red fluorescent product, 2-hydroxyethidium (2-OH-E(+)). In biological systems, another red fluorescent product, ethidium, is also formed, usually at a much higher concentration than 2-OH-E(+). In this article, we review the methods to selectively detect the superoxide-specific product (2-OH-E(+)) and the factors affecting its levels in cellular and biological systems. The most important conclusion of this review is that it is nearly impossible to assess the intracellular levels of the superoxide-specific product, 2-OH-E(+), using confocal microscopy or other fluorescence-based microscopic assays and that it is essential to measure by HPLC the intracellular HE and other oxidation products of HE, in addition to 2-OH-E(+), to fully understand the origin of red fluorescence. The chemical reactivity of mitochondria-targeted hydroethidine (Mito-HE, MitoSOX red) with superoxide is similar to the reactivity of HE with superoxide, and therefore, all of the limitations attributed to the HE assay are applicable to Mito-HE (or MitoSOX) as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Zielonka
- Department of Biophysics and Free Radical Research Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bratosin D, Mitrofan L, Palii C, Estaquier J, Montreuil J. Novel fluorescence assay using calcein-AM for the determination of human erythrocyte viability and aging. Cytometry A 2005; 66:78-84. [PMID: 15915509 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A highly sensitive, fast, and simple flow cytometric assay to assess human red blood cell (RBCs) viability and aging is reported. METHODS The assay described in this report is based on the use of acetoxymethyl ester of calcein (calcein-AM), a fluorescein derivative and nonfluorescent vital dye that passively crosses the cell membrane of viable cells and is converted by cytosolic esterases into green fluorescent calcein, which is retained by cells with intact membranes and inactive multidrug resistance protein. The loss of calcein can be easily determined by flow cytometry, and the cytosolic localization of esterases was demonstrated by spectrofluorometric analyses. RESULTS We found that RBCs incubated with Ca(2+), which induces a rapid and modulated self-death that shares several features with apoptosis (Bratosin et al., Cell Death Differ 2001;8:1143-1156), externalized phosphatidylserine and lost calcein staining and cytosolic adenosine triphosphate content. Double labeling using phycoerythrin-labeled annexin-V and calcein-AM showed that the decrease of esterase activity is an early event that precedes the externalization of phosphatidylserine residues. In addition, this assay allowed us to distinguish young and aged RBCs isolated by ultracentrifugation in a self-forming Percoll gradient and can be considered as a reliable marker of RBC aging. CONCLUSIONS Calcein-AM assay may represent a wide application for assessing RBC viability, particularly in blood banks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Bratosin
- Institutul National de Cercetare-Dezvoltare pentru Stiinte Biologice, Bucuresti, Romania.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Le Bras S, Foucault I, Foussat A, Brignone C, Acuto O, Deckert M. Recruitment of the Actin-binding Protein HIP-55 to the Immunological Synapse Regulates T Cell Receptor Signaling and Endocytosis. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:15550-60. [PMID: 14729663 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m312659200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin cytoskeleton dynamics critically regulate T cell activation. We found that the cytoplasmic adaptor HIP-55, a Src/Syk-kinases substrate and member of the drebrin/Abp1 family of actin-binding proteins, localized to the T cell-antigen-presenting cell (APC) contact site in an antigen-dependent manner. Using green fluorescent protein fusion proteins, both Src homology 3 (SH3) and actin binding domains were found necessary for recruitment at the T cell-APC interface. HIP-55 was not implicated in conjugate formation and actin polymerization but regulated distal signaling events through binding and activation of hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1), a germinal center kinase (GCK) family kinase involved in negative signaling in T cells. Using RNA interference and overexpression experiments, the HIP-55-HPK1 complex was found to negatively regulate nuclear factor of activated T cell (NFAT) activation by the T cell antigen receptor. Moreover, we show that HIP-55, which partly co-localized with early endocytic compartments, promoted both basal and ligand-dependent T cell receptor (TCR) down-modulation, resulting in a decreased TCR expression. SH3 and actin-depolymerizing factor homology domains were required for this function. As controls, the expression of CD28 and the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked protein CD59 was not affected by HIP-55 overexpression. These results suggest that, in addition to binding to HPK1, HIP-55 might negatively regulate TCR signaling through down-regulation of TCR expression. Our findings show that HIP-55 is a key novel component of the immunological synapse that modulates T cell activation by connecting actin cytoskeleton and TCRs to gene activation and endocytic processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Le Bras
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 576, Hôpital de l'Archet, Cedex 3, 06202 Nice, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Pecaut MJ, Nelson GA, Peters LL, Kostenuik PJ, Bateman TA, Morony S, Stodieck LS, Lacey DL, Simske SJ, Gridley DS. Genetic models in applied physiology: selected contribution: effects of spaceflight on immunity in the C57BL/6 mouse. I. Immune population distributions. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94:2085-94. [PMID: 12514166 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01052.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There are several aspects of the spaceflight environment that may lead to changes in immunity: mission-related psychological stress, radiation, and changes in gravity. On December 5, 2001, the space shuttle Endeavor launched for a 12-day mission to examine these effects on C57BL/6 mice for the first time. On their return, assays were performed on the spleen, blood, and bone marrow. In response to flight, there were no significant differences in the general circulating leukocyte proportions. In contrast, there was an increase in splenic lymphocyte percentages, with a corresponding decrease in granulocytes. There was an overall shift in splenic lymphocytes away from T cells toward B cells, and a decrease in the CD4-to-CD8 ratios due to a decrease in T helpers. In contrast, there were proportional increases in bone marrow T cells, with decreases in B cells. Although the blast percentage and count were decreased in flight mice, the CD34(+) population was increased. The data were more consistent with a shift in bone marrow populations rather than a response to changes in the periphery. Many of the results are similar to those using other models. Clearly, spaceflight can influence immune parameters ranging from hematopoiesis to mature leukocyte mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Pecaut
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Radiobiology Program, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gridley DS, Nelson GA, Peters LL, Kostenuik PJ, Bateman TA, Morony S, Stodieck LS, Lacey DL, Simske SJ, Pecaut MJ. Genetic models in applied physiology: selected contribution: effects of spaceflight on immunity in the C57BL/6 mouse. II. Activation, cytokines, erythrocytes, and platelets. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2003; 94:2095-103. [PMID: 12506046 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01053.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This portion of the study quantified the effects of a 12-day space shuttle mission (Space Transport System-108/UF-1) on body and lymphoid organ masses, activation marker expression, cytokine secretion, and erythrocyte and thrombocyte characteristics in C57BL/6 mice. Animals in flight (Flt group) had 10-12% lower body mass compared with ground controls housed either in animal enclosure modules or under standard vivarium conditions (P < 0.001) and the smallest thymus and spleen masses. Percentages of CD25(+) lymphocytes, CD3(+)/CD25(+) T cells, and NK1.1(+)/CD25(+) natural killer cells from Flt mice were higher compared with both controls (P < 0.05). In contrast, CD71 expression was depressed in the Flt and animal enclosure module control mice compared with vivarium control animals (P < 0.001). Secretion of interferon-gamma, IL-2, and IL-4, but not tumor necrosis factor-alpha and IL-5, by splenocytes from Flt mice was decreased relative to either one or both ground controls (P < 0.05). Flt mice also had high red blood cell and thrombocyte counts compared with both sets of controls; low red blood cell volume and distribution width, percentage of reticulocytes, and platelet volume were also noted (P < 0.05) and were consistent with dehydration. These data indicate that relatively short exposure to the spaceflight environment can induce profound changes that may become significant during long-term space missions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daila S Gridley
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Division of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Loma Linda University and Medical Center, Loma Linda, California 92354, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kantakamalakul W, Jaroenpool J, Pattanapanyasat K. A novel enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)-K562 flow cytometric method for measuring natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxic activity. J Immunol Methods 2003; 272:189-97. [PMID: 12505723 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00505-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) was stably expressed in human erythroleukaemia K562 cells (EGFP-K562) and used as target cells for measurement of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity by flow cytometry. The compromised EGFP-K562 target cells were stained with propidium iodide (PI) and showed dual (green-red) fluorescent. Although the kinetic study demonstrated that the optimal incubation time for the assay was 4 h, a 2-h incubation period also gave comparable results. This new technique correlated strongly with the standard chromium (51Cr) release assay at the correlation coefficients of 0.87 and 0.89 at p-value <0.001 for 2- and 4-h incubation times, respectively. The EGFP-K562 stable cell line provides a novel method to measure NK cytotoxicity by flow cytometry without pre-staining or pre-labeling target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wannee Kantakamalakul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Morgan MM, Labno CM, Van Seventer GA, Denny MF, Straus DB, Burkhardt JK. Superantigen-induced T cell:B cell conjugation is mediated by LFA-1 and requires signaling through Lck, but not ZAP-70. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5708-18. [PMID: 11698443 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The formation of a conjugate between a T cell and an APC requires the activation of integrins on the T cell surface and remodeling of cytoskeletal elements at the cell-cell contact site via inside-out signaling. The early events in this signaling pathway are not well understood, and may differ from the events involved in adhesion to immobilized ligands. We find that conjugate formation between Jurkat T cells and EBV-B cells presenting superantigen is mediated by LFA-1 and absolutely requires Lck. Mutations in the Lck kinase, Src homology 2 or 3 domains, or the myristoylation site all inhibit conjugation to background levels, and adhesion cannot be restored by the expression of Fyn. However, ZAP-70-deficient cells conjugate normally, indicating that Lck is required for LFA-1-dependent adhesion via other downstream pathways. Several drugs that inhibit T cell adhesion to ICAM-1 immobilized on plastic, including inhibitors of mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-related kinase kinase, phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase, and calpain, do not inhibit conjugation. Inhibitors of phospholipase C and protein kinase C block conjugation of both wild-type and ZAP-70-deficient cells, suggesting that a phospholipase C that does not depend on ZAP-70 for its activation is involved. These results are not restricted to Jurkat T cells; Ag-specific primary T cell blasts behave similarly. Although the way in which Lck signals to enhance LFA-1-dependent adhesion is not clear, we find that cells lacking functional Lck fail to recruit F-actin and LFA-1 to the T cell:APC contact site, whereas ZAP-70-deficient cells show a milder phenotype characterized by disorganized actin and LFA-1 at the contact site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M M Morgan
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Neri S, Mariani E, Meneghetti A, Cattini L, Facchini A. Calcein-acetyoxymethyl cytotoxicity assay: standardization of a method allowing additional analyses on recovered effector cells and supernatants. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2001; 8:1131-5. [PMID: 11687452 PMCID: PMC96238 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.8.6.1131-1135.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cytotoxicity assays provide an in vitro evaluation of the lytic activity of NK and T cells against tumors or transformed cells. However, none of these methods allow the recovery of cells or supernatants after the assay. We standardized a microcytotoxicity test using calcein-acetoxymethyl (calcein-AM) dye that requires very small quantities of cells while maintaining the same sensitivity as the traditional (51)Cr assay. The assay is applicable to resting as well as activated human effector cells and uses different targets such as human cell lines that are adherent or growing in suspension and resistant or sensitive. The most important feature of the method is the possibility of recovering cells and supernatants for additional analyses such as phenotyping and evaluation of soluble factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Neri
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna e Gastroenterologia, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Vyas YM, Mehta KM, Morgan M, Maniar H, Butros L, Jung S, Burkhardt JK, Dupont B. Spatial organization of signal transduction molecules in the NK cell immune synapses during MHC class I-regulated noncytolytic and cytolytic interactions. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:4358-67. [PMID: 11591760 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.8.4358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The cytolytic activity of NK cells is tightly regulated by inhibitory receptors specific for MHC class I Ags. We have investigated the composition of signal transduction molecules in the supramolecular activation clusters in the MHC class I-regulated cytolytic and noncytolytic NK cell immune synapses. KIR2DL3-positive NK clones that are specifically inhibited in their cytotoxicity by HLA-Cw*0304 and polyclonal human NK cells were used for conjugate formation with target cells that are either protected or are susceptible to NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Polarization of talin, microtubule-organizing center, and lysosomes occurred only during cytolytic interactions. The NK immune synapses were analyzed by three-dimensional immunofluorescence microscopy, which showed two distinctly different synaptic organizations in NK cells during cytolytic and noncytolytic interactions. The center of a cytolytic synapse with MHC class I-deficient target is comprised of a complex of signaling molecules including Src homology (SH)2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (SHP-1). Closely related molecules with overlapping functions, such as the Syk kinases, SYK, and ZAP-70, and adaptor molecules, SH2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa and B cell linker protein, are expressed in activated NK cells and are all recruited to the center of the cytolytic synapse. In contrast, the noncytolytic synapse contains SHP-1, but is lacking other components of the central supramolecular activation cluster. These findings indicate a functional role for SHP-1 in both the cytolytic and noncytolytic interactions. We also demonstrate, in three-cell conjugates, that a single NK cell forms a cytolytic synapse with a susceptible target cell in the presence of both susceptible and nonsusceptible target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y M Vyas
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ito A, Handa K, Withers DA, Satoh M, Hakomori S. Binding specificity of siglec7 to disialogangliosides of renal cell carcinoma: possible role of disialogangliosides in tumor progression. FEBS Lett 2001; 504:82-6. [PMID: 11522302 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02734-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that expression of higher gangliosides in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is correlated with metastatic potential, particularly in the lung. Out of five major gangliosides in RCC, three disialogangliosides (disialogalactosylgloboside, IV(3)NeuAcIII(6)NeuAcLc(4), and IV(4)GalNAcIV(3)NeuAcIII(6)NeuAcLc(4)) bind strongly to siglec7, which is expressed highly in monocytes and natural killer cells. Out of other gangliosides tested, 2-->6 sialylparagloboside, GD3, GD2, and GT1b, but not other lacto- or ganglio-series gangliosides, showed clear binding to siglec7. In view of preferential metastasis of RCC to the lung, and binding of RCC cell line TOS-1 to lung tissue sections as shown in our previous study, we examined expression of siglec7 in the lung. siglec7 is expressed highly in resident blood cells, but not in parenchymatous cells. TOS-1 cells aggregate together strongly through adhesion with peripheral blood mononuclear cells to form large clumps. This suggests the possibility that such aggregates may form embolisms of microvasculature, particularly in the lung, which initiate metastasis. Other possible roles of higher gangliosides in RCC in promoting metastasis and tumor progression are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ito
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122-4327, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ito A, Handa K, Withers DA, Satoh M, Hakomori S. Binding specificity of siglec7 to disialogangliosides of renal cell carcinoma: possible role of disialogangliosides in tumor progression. FEBS Lett 2001; 498:116-20. [PMID: 11389909 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-5793(01)02476-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies indicate that expression of higher gangliosides in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is correlated with metastatic potential, particularly in the lung. Out of five major gangliosides in RCC, three disialogangliosides (disialogalactosylgloboside, IV(3)NeuAcIII(6)NeuAcLc(4), and IV(4)GalNAcIV(3)NeuAcIII(6)NeuAcLc(4)) bind strongly to siglec7, which is expressed highly in monocytes and natural killer cells. Out of other gangliosides tested, 2-->6 sialylparagloboside, GD3, GD2, and GT1b, but not other lacto- or ganglio-series gangliosides, showed clear binding to siglec7. In view of preferential metastasis of RCC to the lung, and binding of RCC cell line TOS-1 to lung tissue sections as shown in our previous study, we examined expression of siglec7 in the lung. siglec7 is expressed highly in resident blood cells, but not in parenchymatous cells. TOS-1 cells aggregate together strongly through adhesion with peripheral blood mononuclear cells to form large clumps. This suggests the possibility that such aggregates may form embolisms of microvasculature, particularly in the lung, which initiate metastasis. Other possible roles of higher gangliosides in RCC in promoting metastasis and tumor progression are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Ito
- Pacific Northwest Research Institute, Seattle, WA 98122-4327, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Biddison WE, Lichtenfels R, Adibzadeh M, Martin R. Measurement of polyclonal and antigen-specific cytotoxic T cell function. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2001; Chapter 7:Unit 7.17. [PMID: 18432831 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im0717s17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Measurement of in vitro cytotoxic function of human T cells can be accomplished by polyclonal stimulation of T cell effectors using anti-CD3 antibody, which stimulates all cytolytic effector cells, or with a specific stimulating antigen. Accordingly, two sets of assays of cytolytic T cell function are described in this unit, one for measuring anti-CD3-mediated cytotoxicity and the other for measuring antigen-specific cytotoxicity. Although the calcein release assay (CARE-LASS) described here is for use with antigen-activated cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) as well as natural killer (NK) or lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells, minor changes in the protocols that address polyclonal T cell activation are described that make them suitable for use with calcein-labeled target cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W E Biddison
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sheehy ME, McDermott AB, Furlan SN, Klenerman P, Nixon DF. A novel technique for the fluorometric assessment of T lymphocyte antigen specific lysis. J Immunol Methods 2001; 249:99-110. [PMID: 11226468 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00329-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The 51Cr release assay has traditionally been used to investigate effector cell cytotoxic function against labeled targets, but this method has inherent problems that include hazards associated with radioactivity, cell labeling and high spontaneous release. Here we describe a novel flow cytometric assay which addresses and improves upon the problems currently encountered with the 51Cr release assay. The fluorometric assessment of T lymphocyte antigen specific lysis (FATAL) assay employs dual staining (PKH-26 and CFSE) to identify and evaluate the target population. We found that the PKH-26/CFSE combination efficiently labeled target cells. Evaluation of the spontaneous leakage from dye labeled target cells was forty fold lower than the spontaneous leakage seen with the 51Cr release assay. The FATAL assay permitted a more accurate assessment of the effector: target ratio, and detected low levels of cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) mediated lysis. There was a strong correlation between the 51Cr release and FATAL assays, when performed in parallel with identical effector and target cells (r(2)=0.998, P=<0.0001). This novel method of detecting cytolysis represents a qualitative and quantitative improvement over standard 51Cr release analysis. The FATAL assay will be of value to further investigate mechanisms of cytolysis by effector cell populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Sheehy
- Aaron Diamond AIDS Research Center, The Rockefeller University, 455 First Avenue, 7th Floor, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
ISHIYAMA M, FURUSAWA H, SHIGA M, OHSETO F, SASAMOTO K. A Resorufin Derivative as a Fluorogenic Indicator for Cell Viability. ANAL SCI 1999. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.15.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
20
|
Abstract
The functional characteristics of fluorescent probes used for imaging and measuring dynamic processes in living cells are reviewed. Initial consideration is given to general design requirements for delivery, targeting, detectability and fluorescence readout, and current technologies for attaining them. Discussion then proceeds to the more application-specific properties of intracellular ion indicators, membrane potential sensors, probes for proteins and lipids, and cell viability markers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Johnson
- Molecular Probes, Eugene, OR 97402-9165, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Chaperot L, Jacob MC, Le Vacon F, Giroux C, Molens JP, Sotto JJ, Bensa JC, Plumas J. Relationships between susceptibility to LAK cell-mediated lysis, conjugate formation and expression of adhesion molecules in B-cell derived non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Leuk Lymphoma 1997; 28:133-43. [PMID: 9498712 DOI: 10.3109/10428199709058339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adoptive immunotherapy with LAK cells has been investigated for the treatment of B-cell-derived lymphomas, but only a few significant tumor regressions were obtained. In order to explain this refractory state, the sensitivity to normal LAK-mediated lysis of 30 non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) malignant B-cells was determined using flow cytofluorimetry. A large heterogeneity was found, and we report a close correlation (p < 0.001) between the extent of lysis of malignant B-cells and their ability to form conjugates with LAK cells; which is the first step in LAK-mediated cytolysis. The levels of expression of HLA class I molecules, LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18), CD54 and CD58 were also studied and found to be expressed very heterogeneously. CD54 expression on malignant B-cells plays a major role in the initial conjugate formation with LAK cells (p < 0.001), and this was confirmed by inhibition experiments. Our results suggest that a weak expression of CD54 could constitute one mechanism by which NHL tumor B-cells escape natural immune surveillance and resist LAK cells immunotherapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Chaperot
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie ETS Isère et Savoie BP, La Tronche, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Rubio G, Garcia-Garcia J, Galvez J, Lorenzo N, Lajarin F, Garcia-Peñarrubia P. Determination of parameters that characterize effector-target conjugation of human NK and LAK cells by flow cytometry. J Immunol Methods 1997; 209:137-54. [PMID: 9461330 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(97)00153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Effector-target conjugation between different cell populations of human NK cells and K562 tumor cells has been studied from binding isotherms obtained from data of effector (alpha) and target (beta) conjugate frequencies measured by flow cytometry analysis at different effector-to-target ratios. Non-linear and linear regression methods were applied to these isotherms to calculate the binding parameters that characterize the process of conjugation, namely, the maximum effector and target conjugate frequencies, the dissociation constant of the conjugates formed, the binding units and the area under the binding isotherms. The results obtained show that: (1) flow cytometry analysis of effector-target conjugation is faster, unbiased and more suitable than microscopic counting of conjugates, thereby permitting the analysis of larger number of conjugates in shorter times, (2) the binding parameters derived from conjugate frequencies obtained by flow cytometry analysis differ from those obtained by microscopy, (3) the discrepancies between the two methods are due to the presence of several cells engaged in multicellular conjugates that are detected as single particles by flow cytometry and (4) the analysis of population distributions of the conjugates formed at different values of the effector-to-target ratio permit the above discrepancies to be corrected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Rubio
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, School of Medicine, Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Basic Models of Tumor-Immune System Interactions Identification, Analysis and Predictions. A SURVEY OF MODELS FOR TUMOR-IMMUNE SYSTEM DYNAMICS 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-8176-8119-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
24
|
Oberholtzer E, Contarini M, Veglia F, Cossarizza A, Franceschi C, Geuna M, Provinciali M, Di Stefano G, Sissom J, Brizzi MF, Pegoraro L, Matera L. Prolactin increases the susceptibility of primary leukemia cells to NK and LAK effectors. ADVANCES IN NEUROIMMUNOLOGY 1996; 6:233-47. [PMID: 8968423 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-5428(96)00019-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Our previous studies have shown that prolactin (PRL), a pituitary and lymphocyte hormone and a ligand of the cytokine/hemopoietin receptors (R) superfamily, acts synergistically with interleukin (IL)-2 on the development of lymphokine activated killer (LAK) cells and enhances the effects of GM-CSF and IL-3 on myeloid progenitors' proliferation and differentiation. More recently, we have demonstrated that GM-CSF and IL-3 increase the sensitivity of acute myeloid leukemic (AML) cells to LAK activity. Together, these findings have prompted us to study the role of PRL on the target arm of the LAK response. We show here that CD33+ blasts from AML patients express membrane PRL-R and that the PRL/PRL-R interaction is followed by increased susceptibility to natural killer (NK) (p < 0.02) and LAK (p < 0.001) cells. As predicted from the dimerization model of PRL-R and in agreement with previous reports, the response of AML blasts to PRL was bell-shaped with a trend peak at 25 ng/ml. Although enhanced lysis occurred at the target recognition level, it was not accompanied by changes in the MHC class I, cellular adhesion molecules, or myeloid differentiation antigens. Cell cycle recruitment and lysis increased concurrently in three cases studied, suggesting a modulatory action of PRL on the expression of putative cycle-related NK/LAK-target structures. Together, these data strengthen the role of PRL in the LAK response.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/drug effects
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/drug effects
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/etiology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/metabolism
- Prolactin/immunology
- Prolactin/physiology
- Receptors, Prolactin/biosynthesis
- Sialic Acid Binding Ig-like Lectin 3
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Oberholtzer
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Turin, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Lichtenfels R, Biddison WE, Schulz H, Vogt AB, Martin R. CARE-LASS (calcein-release-assay), an improved fluorescence-based test system to measure cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity. J Immunol Methods 1994; 172:227-39. [PMID: 7518485 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(94)90110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
CARE-LASS is a highly sensitive, fast, simple and safe fluorometric microassay. Target cells are loaded with acetoxymethyl ester of calcein (calcein-AM) that passively crosses the cell membrane. Intracellular esterases convert the molecule to calcein, a polar fluorochrome which, in cells with intact plasma membranes, displays good retention characteristics and low pH sensitivity. In analogy to standard 51Cr release assays, the CARE-LASS system is based on the release of a marker into the supernatant that is measured by an automated fluorescence scanner and correlates with the number of lysed cells. We tested the CARE-LASS system by measuring cytotoxicity in major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and MHC class II restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) assays as well as lymphokine activated killer (LAK) mediated cytotoxicity. We applied a small set of target cell lines at various effector to target (E:T) ratios, at different antigen concentrations and compared CARE-LASS CTL data to data resulting from conventional 51Cr release assays. The CARE-LASS system provides a reliable and sensitive method to measure cell-mediated cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Lichtenfels
- Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hatam L, Schuval S, Bonagura VR. Flow cytometric analysis of natural killer cell function as a clinical assay. CYTOMETRY 1994; 16:59-68. [PMID: 8033735 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990160109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The 51Cr release assay has been the method of choice in analyzing natural killer cell (NK) function. Previous FCM cytotoxicity assays of NK activity have had numerous disadvantages that discouraged clinicians from attempting to evaluate NK function by flow cytometry. We demonstrate the effectiveness of using PKH-26, a stable membrane dye, to label the K562 target cells and propidium iodide intercalation into killed target cell DNA to determine the percentage of target cells killed by effector NK cells from the peripheral blood or bone marrow. This method compares favorably with the 51Cr release assay and is quicker and easier to perform. The percentage of cytotoxicity of NK cells (CD3- CD56+ and/or CD16+) from 10 normal subjects and 10 HIV-infected children are reported to demonstrate the feasibility of studying NK function in clinical populations by FCM. The potentiation of cytolysis by alpha-interferon and interleukin 2 in vitro was also compared between these two study groups. In addition, a patient whose leukemic blasts expressed CD56+ was also studied for NK activity using this flow cytometric assay. The benefits of using this flow cytometric approach to clinically assess NK function are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Hatam
- Department of Pediatrics, Schneider Children's Hospital, Long Island Jewish Medical Center, New Hyde Park, NY 11042
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
Flow cytometry uses a relatively small set of dyes for immunochemistry and nucleic acid detection, most of which have been known and used reliably in flow cytometry for several years. These can usually be combined to make simultaneous two-color measurements of multiple cell-surface antigens and nucleic acid content. Because of the overlap of dye spectra and difficulties in finding dyes with substantial Stokes shifts that can be excited by the argon laser, simultaneous three-color or more detection can be more difficult. A basic knowledge of the factors that go into producing the fluorescent signal, including the spectra of dyes and their overlap, is necessary in planning multicolor experiments. By contrast, there have been a number of new fluorescent probes developed for detecting ions, membrane potential, metabolism, organelles, and other properties of living cells as well as for determining cell viability, proliferation, and cell tracking. So far most of these physiological probes are being used only for fundamental research rather than for cell classification. However, as research activity expands in this area, its diagnostic potential is likely to be increasingly appreciated.
Collapse
|
28
|
Chang L, Gusewitch GA, Chritton DB, Folz JC, Lebeck LK, Nehlsen-Cannarella SL. Rapid flow cytometric assay for the assessment of natural killer cell activity. J Immunol Methods 1993; 166:45-54. [PMID: 8228287 DOI: 10.1016/0022-1759(93)90327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A new assay using flow cytometry has been established to assess natural killer (NK) lytic activity with common bench top instrumentation. This assay uses a cyanine membrane dye to stain live K562 target cells and an iodide nuclear dye to evaluate dead cells, and provides a method of reliably separating target and effector cell populations. Effector cells remain unstained (fluorescent negative) throughout the procedure. The damaged pre-labeled targets appear doubly stained as their membranes become permeable to the nuclear stain during incubation. Percent cytotoxicity of various effector:target cell ratios is discerned using flow cytometric analysis after a 2 h incubation in this new assay, as compared to 4 h with the 51Cr-release 'gold standard' assay for cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Comparisons of normal individuals tested in parallel with the fluorescent dyes and the 51Cr-release assay have shown direct correlations. This new two-color flow cytometric technique has proven to be uncomplicated and reproducible when used in the clinical setting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Chang
- Immunology Center, Loma Linda University Medical Center, CA 92354
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Palucka AK, Porwit A, Reizenstein P. Conjugate formation by leukemic blasts from acute myeloid leukemia with cytotoxic lymphocytes. Leuk Lymphoma 1993; 11:427-33. [PMID: 7907248 DOI: 10.3109/10428199309067936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Conjugate formation by AML blasts with fresh peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) and lymphokine activated killer (LAK) effectors was studied by flow cytometry. Leukemic blasts formed very low numbers of conjugates with fresh PBL and were resistant to natural killer (NK) cytotoxicity. When LAK effectors were used a significant increase in conjugate formation was observed, which in the majority of cases was followed by an increased killing. There was a positive correlation between the percentages of conjugates formed by AML blasts with LAK effectors and the susceptibility to lysis. No significant difference in binding activity between the CD3+ and CD56+ LAK subpopulations was found. There was no correlation between the expression of ICAM-1, LFA-3 and Transferrin receptor (CD71) and the conjugate formation. The blocking of CD71 on the control K562 cell line reduced the conjugate formation with LAK effectors but no such effect could be observed with CD71+ AML blasts.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, CD/physiology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/physiology
- Cell Adhesion Molecules/analysis
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
- Interleukin-2/pharmacology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/immunology
- Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute/pathology
- Receptors, Transferrin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Palucka
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Palucka AK, Porwit A, Reizenstein P. Binding of leukaemic blasts to various subpopulations of lymphokine-activated killer cells. Scand J Immunol 1993; 37:179-85. [PMID: 7679523 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01754.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Conjugate formation by natural killer (NK)-resistant and NK-sensitive leukaemic cell lines with fresh and IL-2-stimulated (lymphokine-activated killer, LAK) peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) was studied by a flow cytofluorometry method with double staining. A significant difference in binding of NK-resistant T-cell lymphoma (HuT 78) and NK-sensitive myeloid (K562) blasts to fresh PBL was observed (P < 0.01). Activation of lymphocytes with IL-2 resulted in a significant increase of binding and killing of both K562 and HuT 78. However, in the case of blasts from NK-resistant cell line Daudi a similar conjugate formation with fresh PBL and LAK effectors was observed, despite a significant increase in killing. Various subpopulations of LAK effectors (CD3, CD16 and CD56 positive) displayed similar binding activity towards myeloid (K562) and lymphoid (Raji) blasts, which shows that conjugate formation occurs not only with NK-cell-derived, but also with T-cell-derived LAK cells. The blocking of CD71 antigen (transferrin receptor) on K562 blasts inhibited binding of cytotoxic lymphocytes, which was mostly due to the blocking of binding of CD56+ subpopulation. Our results indicate that the resistance of leukaemic blasts to cell-mediated cytotoxicity may depend on different (and probably several) steps of this process.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Antibodies/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Binding, Competitive
- CD3 Complex/metabolism
- CD56 Antigen
- Humans
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/immunology
- Killer Cells, Lymphokine-Activated/metabolism
- Leukemia/metabolism
- Leukemia/pathology
- Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Receptors, Transferrin
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A K Palucka
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Waniewski J, Palucka AK, Porwit A. Kinetic analysis of cytotoxic lymphocyte-target cell interaction as quantified by dual parameter flow cytometry. CYTOMETRY 1993; 14:393-400. [PMID: 8513695 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990140408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The kinetics of conjugate formation between leukemic cell lines (K562 and Daudi) and lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cells was studied. A flow cytofluorometry method using double immunofluorescence staining was applied. During the first 15 min of incubation of LAK effectors with leukemic targets, a rapid binding occurred, followed by a plateau phase lasting until 30 min of observation. A considerable, yet not statistically significant, between-donor variability was noticed. A mathematical model of conjugate formation kinetics, based on the analogy to enzyme kinetics, was formulated and validated. Parameters of the model were related to the binding capacity of effector and target cells, and to the lifetime of conjugates and free cells. The concordance of theoretical curves with experimental data proved that the described model can be considered as a useful tool for the evaluation of kinetic and dynamic characterization of conjugate formation between leukemic targets and LAK effectors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Waniewski
- Institute of Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Van Graft M, Kraan YM, Segers IM, Radosevic K, De Grooth BG, Greve J. Flow cytometric measurement of [Ca2+]i and pHi in conjugated natural killer cells and K562 target cells during the cytotoxic process. CYTOMETRY 1993; 14:257-64. [PMID: 8472603 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.990140304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe a flow cytometric assay that enables one to follow conjugate formation between cytotoxic cells and their target cells during the cytotoxic process. In addition, the internal calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) and internal pH (pHi) of the conjugated cells can be monitored and directly compared to the nonconjugated cells. This is achieved by labeling one cell type with the Ca(2+)-specific dye Fluo-3, while the other cell type is labeled with the pH-sensitive dye SNARF-1. As these fluorochromes have different emission spectra, events positive for both fluorochromes are identified as conjugates. The results show that the conjugates can be clearly distinguished from single cytotoxic cells [natural killer (NK) cells] and target cells [K562 cells, (TC)]. Upon binding, [Ca2+]i is increased in the NK cells as well as in the TC. In conjugated NK cells this increase of [Ca2+]i is temperature dependent and is followed by a decrease to a normal [Ca2+]i value later on. The [Ca2+]i in NK cells increases in 2 steps, which may be related to the binding--and lethal hit phase. Upon conjugate formation, NK cells show a slight increase in pHi (0.2-0.3 pH units). TC do not reveal a significant change in pHi.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Van Graft
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|