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Melnik M, Miyoshi E, Ma R, Corrada M, Kawas C, Bohannan R, Caraway C, Miller CA, Hinman JD, John V, Bilousova T, Gylys KH. Simultaneous isolation of intact brain cells and cell-specific extracellular vesicles from cryopreserved Alzheimer's disease cortex. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 406:110137. [PMID: 38626853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuronal and gliaI populations within the brain are tightly interwoven, making isolation and study of large populations of a single cell type from brain tissue a major technical challenge. Concurrently, cell-type specific extracellular vesicles (EVs) hold enormous diagnostic and therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD). NEW METHOD Postmortem AD cortical samples were thawed and gently dissociated. Following filtration, myelin and red blood cell removal, cell pellets were immunolabeled with fluorescent antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. The cell pellet supernatant was applied to a triple sucrose cushion for brain EV isolation. RESULTS Neuronal, astrocyte and microglial cell populations were identified. Cell integrity was demonstrated using calcein AM, which is retained by cells with esterase activity and an intact membrane. For some experiments cell pellets were fixed, permeabilized, and immunolabeled for cell-specific markers. Characterization of brain small EV fractions showed the expected size, depletion of EV negative markers, and enrichment in positive and cell-type specific markers. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS AND CONCLUSIONS We optimized and integrated established protocols, aiming to maximize information obtained from each human autopsy brain sample. The uniqueness of our method lies in its capability to isolate cells and EVs from a single cryopreserved brain sample. Our results not only demonstrate the feasibility of isolating specific brain cell subpopulations for RNA-seq but also validate these subpopulations at the protein level. The accelerated study of EVs from human samples is crucial for a better understanding of their contribution to neuron/glial crosstalk and disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail Melnik
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | | | - Ricky Ma
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Corrada
- Departments of Neurology, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Claudia Kawas
- Departments of Neurology, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Neurobiology & Behavior, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Ryan Bohannan
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Chad Caraway
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Jason D Hinman
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Varghese John
- Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Tina Bilousova
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Departments of Neurology, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Karen H Gylys
- UCLA School of Nursing, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Mary S. Easton Center for Alzheimer's Research at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA; Neuroscience Interdepartmental Program, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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2
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Shen F, Gao J, Zhang J, Ai M, Gao H, Liu Z. Vortex sorting of rare particles/cells in microcavities: A review. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:021504. [PMID: 38571909 PMCID: PMC10987199 DOI: 10.1063/5.0174938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Microfluidics or lab-on-a-chip technology has shown great potential for the separation of target particles/cells from heterogeneous solutions. Among current separation methods, vortex sorting of particles/cells in microcavities is a highly effective method for trapping and isolating rare target cells, such as circulating tumor cells, from flowing samples. By utilizing fluid forces and inertial particle effects, this passive method offers advantages such as label-free operation, high throughput, and high concentration. This paper reviews the fundamental research on the mechanisms of focusing, trapping, and holding of particles in this method, designs of novel microcavities, as well as its applications. We also summarize the challenges and prospects of this technique with the hope to promote its applications in medical and biological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shen
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
| | - Jie Gao
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Zhang
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingzhu Ai
- School of Mathematics, Statistics and Mechanics, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongkai Gao
- Department of General Surgery, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhaomiao Liu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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3
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Caparon M, Xu W, Bradstreet T, Zou Z, Hickerson S, Zhou Y, He H, Edelson B. Reprogramming Short-Chain Fatty Acid Metabolism Mitigates Tissue Damage for Streptococcus pyogenes Necrotizing Skin Infection. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3689163. [PMID: 38196634 PMCID: PMC10775361 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3689163/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Disease Tolerance (DT) is a host response to infection that limits collateral damage to host tissues while having a neutral effect on pathogen fitness. Previously, we found that the pathogenic lactic acid bacterium Streptococcus pyogenes manipulates DT using its aerobic mixed-acid fermentation (ARMAF) pathway via the enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) to alter expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10. However, the microbe-derived molecules that mediate communication with the host's DT pathways remain elusive. Here, we show that ARMAF inhibits accumulation of IL-10-producing inflammatory cells including neutrophils and macrophages, leading to delayed bacterial clearance and wound healing. Expression of IL-10 is inhibited through streptococcal production of the short chain fermentation end-products acetate and formate, via manipulation of host acetyl-CoA metabolism, altering non-histone regulatory lysine acetylation. A bacterial-specific PDH inhibitor reduced tissue damage during murine infection, suggesting that reprogramming carbon flow provides a novel therapeutic strategy to mitigate tissue damage during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Xu
- Washington University School of Medicine
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4
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Martins I, Neves-Silva D, Ascensão-Ferreira M, Dias AF, Ribeiro D, Isidro AF, Quitéria R, Paramos-de-Carvalho D, Barbosa-Morais NL, Saúde L. Mouse Spinal Cord Vascular Transcriptome Analysis Identifies CD9 and MYLIP as Injury-Induced Players. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076433. [PMID: 37047406 PMCID: PMC10094762 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) initiates a cascade of cellular events, culminating in irreversible tissue loss and neuroinflammation. After the trauma, the blood vessels are destroyed. The blood-spinal cord barrier (BSCB), a physical barrier between the blood and spinal cord parenchyma, is disrupted, facilitating the infiltration of immune cells, and contributing to a toxic spinal microenvironment, affecting axonal regeneration. Understanding how the vascular constituents of the BSCB respond to injury is crucial to prevent BSCB impairment and to improve spinal cord repair. Here, we focus our attention on the vascular transcriptome at 3- and 7-days post-injury (dpi), during which BSCB is abnormally leaky, to identify potential molecular players that are injury-specific. Using the mouse contusion model, we identified Cd9 and Mylip genes as differentially expressed at 3 and 7 dpi. CD9 and MYLIP expression were injury-induced on vascular cells, endothelial cells and pericytes, at the injury epicentre at 7 dpi, with a spatial expression predominantly at the caudal region of the lesion. These results establish CD9 and MYLIP as two new potential players after SCI, and future studies targeting their expression might bring promising results for spinal cord repair.
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5
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Spitzer D, Khel MI, Pütz T, Zinke J, Jia X, Sommer K, Filipski K, Thorsen F, Freiman TM, Günther S, Plate KH, Harter PN, Liebner S, Reiss Y, Di Tacchio M, Guérit S, Devraj K. A flow cytometry-based protocol for syngenic isolation of neurovascular unit cells from mouse and human tissues. Nat Protoc 2023; 18:1510-1542. [PMID: 36859615 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-023-00805-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU), composed of endothelial cells, pericytes, juxtaposed astrocytes and microglia together with neurons, is essential for proper central nervous system functioning. The NVU critically regulates blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, which is impaired in several neurological diseases and is therefore a key therapeutic target. To understand the extent and cellular source of BBB dysfunction, simultaneous isolation and analysis of NVU cells is needed. Here, we describe a protocol for the EPAM-ia method, which is based on flow cytometry for simultaneous isolation and analysis of endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and microglia. This method is based on differential processing of NVU cell types using enzymes, mechanical homogenization and filtration specific for each cell type followed by combining them for immunostaining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. The gating strategy encompasses cell-type-specific and exclusion markers for contaminating cells to isolate the major NVU cell types. This protocol takes ~6 h for two sets of one or two animals. The isolation part requires experience in animal handling, fresh tissue processing and immunolabeling for flow cytometry. Sorted NVU cells can be used for downstream applications including transcriptomics, proteomics and cell culture. Multiple cell-type analyses using UpSet can then be applied to obtain robust targets from single or multiple NVU cell types in neurological diseases associated with BBB dysfunction. The EPAM-ia method is also amenable to isolation of several other cell types, including cancer cells and immune cells. This protocol is applicable to healthy and pathological tissue from mouse and human sources and to several cell types compared with similar protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spitzer
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maryam I Khel
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tim Pütz
- Department of Neurology, Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiong Jia
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kathleen Sommer
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Filipski
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Frits Thorsen
- The Molecular Imaging Center, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas M Freiman
- Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Karl H Plate
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Patrick N Harter
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebner
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reiss
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, Frankfurt, Germany.,Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany.,German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Sylvaine Guérit
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), Goethe University, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Frankfurt, Germany.
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6
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Spitzer D, Guérit S, Puetz T, Khel MI, Armbrust M, Dunst M, Macas J, Zinke J, Devraj G, Jia X, Croll F, Sommer K, Filipski K, Freiman TM, Looso M, Günther S, Di Tacchio M, Plate KH, Reiss Y, Liebner S, Harter PN, Devraj K. Profiling the neurovascular unit unveils detrimental effects of osteopontin on the blood-brain barrier in acute ischemic stroke. Acta Neuropathol 2022; 144:305-337. [PMID: 35752654 PMCID: PMC9288377 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-022-02452-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Blood-brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, characterized by degradation of BBB junctional proteins and increased permeability, is a crucial pathophysiological feature of acute ischemic stroke. Dysregulation of multiple neurovascular unit (NVU) cell types is involved in BBB breakdown in ischemic stroke that may be further aggravated by reperfusion therapy. Therefore, therapeutic co-targeting of dysregulated NVU cell types in acute ischemic stroke constitutes a promising strategy to preserve BBB function and improve clinical outcome. However, methods for simultaneous isolation of multiple NVU cell types from the same diseased central nervous system (CNS) tissue, crucial for the identification of therapeutic targets in dysregulated NVU cells, are lacking. Here, we present the EPAM-ia method, that facilitates simultaneous isolation and analysis of the major NVU cell types (endothelial cells, pericytes, astrocytes and microglia) for the identification of therapeutic targets in dysregulated NVU cells to improve the BBB function. Applying this method, we obtained a high yield of pure NVU cells from murine ischemic brain tissue, and generated a valuable NVU transcriptome database ( https://bioinformatics.mpi-bn.mpg.de/SGD_Stroke ). Dissection of the NVU transcriptome revealed Spp1, encoding for osteopontin, to be highly upregulated in all NVU cells 24 h after ischemic stroke. Upregulation of osteopontin was confirmed in stroke patients by immunostaining, which was comparable with that in mice. Therapeutic targeting by subcutaneous injection of an anti-osteopontin antibody post-ischemic stroke in mice resulted in neutralization of osteopontin expression in the NVU cell types investigated. Apart from attenuated glial activation, osteopontin neutralization was associated with BBB preservation along with decreased brain edema and reduced risk for hemorrhagic transformation, resulting in improved neurological outcome and survival. This was supported by BBB-impairing effects of osteopontin in vitro. The clinical significance of these findings is that anti-osteopontin antibody therapy might augment current approved reperfusion therapies in acute ischemic stroke by minimizing deleterious effects of ischemia-induced BBB disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Spitzer
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sylvaine Guérit
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Tim Puetz
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maryam I. Khel
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Moritz Armbrust
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Maika Dunst
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jadranka Macas
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Jenny Zinke
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Gayatri Devraj
- Institute for Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Xiaoxiong Jia
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Florian Croll
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kathleen Sommer
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Katharina Filipski
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.511198.5Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Freiman
- grid.413108.f0000 0000 9737 0454Department of Neurosurgery, University Medical Center Rostock, 18057 Rostock, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Mario Looso
- grid.418032.c0000 0004 0491 220XMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Stefan Günther
- grid.418032.c0000 0004 0491 220XMax Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, 61231 Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Mariangela Di Tacchio
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Karl-Heinz Plate
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.511198.5Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Yvonne Reiss
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.511198.5Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Stefan Liebner
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.452396.f0000 0004 5937 5237German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,Excellence Cluster Cardio Pulmonary System (CPI), Partner Site Frankfurt, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Patrick N. Harter
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner site Frankfurt/Mainz, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7497.d0000 0004 0492 0584German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany ,grid.511198.5Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60528 Frankfurt, Germany ,grid.7839.50000 0004 1936 9721LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Kavi Devraj
- Edinger Institute (Institute of Neurology), University Hospital, Goethe University, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany. .,Frankfurt Cancer Institute (FCI), 60528, Frankfurt, Germany. .,LOEWE - Center for Personalized Translational Epilepsy Research (CePTER), Goethe University, 60528, Frankfurt, Germany.
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7
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Song X, Wang J, Li Y, Xing Y, Guo C, Huang Y, Xu L, Hu H, Wang LL. Improved strategy for jet-in-air cell sorting with high purity, yield, viability, and genome stability. FEBS Open Bio 2021; 11:2453-2467. [PMID: 34233080 PMCID: PMC8409286 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow cytometric sorting is a vital tool in biological research and clinical diagnostics. Theoretically, a high‐speed jet‐in‐air sorter is a fluorescent‐activated cell sorting sorter that ideally processes cells with high purity, yield, and viability. However, high‐speed jet‐in‐air sorting is a complex process due to its inherent requirements for high fluidic stability and electronic and timing precision. Here, we report that an additional manual correction of drop delay leads to improved cell yield. Adding 2% FBS to the loading buffer had no significant effect on the fate of sorted cells in 4 h. However, the addition of a suitable concentration of FBS/BSA in the collecting buffer resulted in a notable increase in cell count and proliferation and a significant decrease in cell apoptosis for cell lines and primary cells. Moreover, the level of gene expression remained steady in the 5% FBS collecting buffer. In summary, here we demonstrate techniques that can be easily followed to refine sorted yields of healthy cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghui Song
- Core Facilities, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Core Facilities, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Core Facilities, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueting Xing
- Core Facilities, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Guo
- Core Facilities, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Core Facilities, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lintao Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Second Affiliated Hosptial of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hu Hu
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lin-Lin Wang
- Department of Basic Medicine Sciences, and Department of Orthopaedics of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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8
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Vitelli M, Budman H, Pritzker M, Tamer M. Applications of flow cytometry sorting in the pharmaceutical industry: A review. Biotechnol Prog 2021; 37:e3146. [PMID: 33749147 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.3146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The article reviews applications of flow cytometry sorting in manufacturing of pharmaceuticals. Flow cytometry sorting is an extremely powerful tool for monitoring, screening and separating single cells based on any property that can be measured by flow cytometry. Different applications of flow cytometry sorting are classified into groups and discussed in separate sections as follows: (a) isolation of cell types, (b) high throughput screening, (c) cell surface display, (d) droplet fluorescent-activated cell sorting (FACS). Future opportunities are identified including: (a) sorting of particular fractions of the cell population based on a property of interest for generating inoculum that will result in improved outcomes of cell cultures and (b) the use of population balance models in combination with FACS to design and optimize cell cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Vitelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Hector Budman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Mark Pritzker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Melih Tamer
- Department of Manufacturing Technology, Sanofi Pasteur, Toronto, Canada
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9
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Baxter PS, Dando O, Emelianova K, He X, McKay S, Hardingham GE, Qiu J. Microglial identity and inflammatory responses are controlled by the combined effects of neurons and astrocytes. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108882. [PMID: 33761343 PMCID: PMC7994374 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, brain-resident macrophages, require instruction from the CNS microenvironment to maintain their identity and morphology and regulate inflammatory responses, although what mediates this is unclear. Here, we show that neurons and astrocytes cooperate to promote microglial ramification, induce expression of microglial signature genes ordinarily lost in vitro and in age and disease in vivo, and repress infection- and injury-associated gene sets. The influence of neurons and astrocytes separately on microglia is weak, indicative of synergies between these cell types, which exert their effects via a mechanism involving transforming growth factor β2 (TGF-β2) signaling. Neurons and astrocytes also combine to provide immunomodulatory cues, repressing primed microglial responses to weak inflammatory stimuli (without affecting maximal responses) and consequently limiting the feedback effects of inflammation on the neurons and astrocytes themselves. These findings explain why microglia isolated ex vivo undergo de-differentiation and inflammatory deregulation and point to how disease- and age-associated changes may be counteracted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul S Baxter
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Katie Emelianova
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Xin He
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Sean McKay
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK; Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Giles E Hardingham
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
| | - Jing Qiu
- UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, UK; Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK.
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10
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Grant D, Wanner N, Frimel M, Erzurum S, Asosingh K. Comprehensive phenotyping of endothelial cells using flow cytometry 1: Murine. Cytometry A 2020; 99:251-256. [PMID: 33345421 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.24292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium forms a selective barrier between circulating blood or lymph and surrounding tissue. Endothelial cells play an essential role in vessel homeostasis, and identification of these cells is critical in vascular biology research. However, characteristics of endothelial cells differ depending on the location and type of blood or lymph vessel. Endothelial cell subsets are numerous and often identified using different flow cytometric markers, making immunophenotyping these cells complex. In part 1 of this two part review series, we present a comprehensive overview of markers for the flow cytometric identification and phenotyping of murine endothelial subsets. These subsets can be distinguished using a panel of cell surface and intracellular markers shared by all endothelial cells in combination with additional markers of specialized endothelial cell types. This review can be used to determine the best markers for identifying and phenotyping desired murine endothelial cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dillon Grant
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Nicholas Wanner
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Matthew Frimel
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Serpil Erzurum
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Kewal Asosingh
- Department of Inflammation and Immunity, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA.,Flow Cytometry Core Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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11
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Bernard-Patrzynski F, Lécuyer MA, Puscas I, Boukhatem I, Charabati M, Bourbonnière L, Ramassamy C, Leclair G, Prat A, Roullin VG. Isolation of endothelial cells, pericytes and astrocytes from mouse brain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226302. [PMID: 31851695 PMCID: PMC6919623 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary cell isolation from the central nervous system (CNS) has allowed fundamental understanding of blood-brain barrier (BBB) properties. However, poorly described isolation techniques or suboptimal cellular purity has been a weak point of some published scientific articles. Here, we describe in detail how to isolate and enrich, using a common approach, endothelial cells (ECs) from adult mouse brains, as well as pericytes (PCs) and astrocytes (ACs) from newborn mouse brains. Our approach allowed the isolation of these three brain cell types with purities of around 90%. Furthermore, using our protocols, around 3 times more PCs and 2 times more ACs could be grown in culture, as compared to previously published protocols. The cells were identified and characterized using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. The ability of ECs to form a tight monolayer was assessed for passages 0 to 3. The expression of claudin-5, occludin, zonula occludens-1, P-glycoprotein-1 and breast cancer resistance protein by ECs, as well as the ability of the cells to respond to cytokine stimuli (TNF-α, IFN-γ) was also investigated by q-PCR. The transcellular permeability of ECs was evaluated in the presence of pericytes or astrocytes in a Transwell® model by measuring the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER), dextran-FITC and sodium fluorescein permeability. Overall, ECs at passages 0 and 1 featured the best properties valued in a BBB model. Furthermore, pericytes did not increase tightness of EC monolayers, whereas astrocytes did regardless of their seeding location. Finally, ECs resuspended in fetal bovine serum (FBS) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) could be cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen without affecting their phenotype nor their capacity to form a tight monolayer, thus allowing these primary cells to be used for various longitudinal in vitro studies of the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marc-André Lécuyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
- Institute for Multiple Sclerosis Research and Neuroimmunology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ina Puscas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Imane Boukhatem
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marc Charabati
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Lyne Bourbonnière
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Charles Ramassamy
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique, Armand-Frappier Institute, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Grégoire Leclair
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - V Gaëlle Roullin
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Québec, Canada
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12
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Klebe D, Tibrewal M, Sharma DR, Vanaparthy R, Krishna S, Varghese M, Cheng B, Mouton PR, Velíšková J, Dobrenis K, Hof PR, Ballabh P. Reduced Hippocampal Dendrite Branching, Spine Density and Neurocognitive Function in Premature Rabbits, and Reversal with Estrogen or TrkB Agonist Treatment. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:4932-4947. [PMID: 30877788 PMCID: PMC6918929 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Preterm-born children suffer from neurological and behavioral disorders. Herein, we hypothesized that premature birth and non-maternal care of preterm newborns might disrupt neurobehavioral function, hippocampal dendritic arborization, and dendritic spine density. Additionally, we assessed whether 17β-estradiol (E2) replacement or the TrkB receptor agonist, 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (DHF), would reverse compromised dendritic development and cognitive function in preterm newborns. These hypotheses were tested by comparing preterm (E28.5) rabbit kits cared and gavage-fed by laboratory personnel and term-kits reared and breast-fed by their mother doe at an equivalent postconceptional age. Neurobehavioral tests showed that both premature-birth and formula-feeding with non-maternal care led to increased anxiety behavior, poor social interaction, and lack of novelty preference compared with term-kits. Dendritic branching and number of total or mushroom dendritic spines were reduced in the CA1 field of preterm-kits compared with term controls. While CDC42 and Rac1/2/3 expression levels were lower, RhoA-activity was higher in preterm-kits compared with term controls. Both E2 and DHF treatment reversed prematurity-induced reduction in spine density, reduced total RhoA-GTPase levels, and enhanced cognitive function. Hence, prematurity and non-maternal care result in cognitive deficits, and reduced dendritic arbors and spines in CA1. E2 replacement or DHF treatment might reverse changes in dendritic spines and improve neurodevelopment in premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon Klebe
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Mahima Tibrewal
- Department of Pediatrics, New York Medical College, Valhalla NY, USA
| | - Deep R Sharma
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Rachna Vanaparthy
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Sunil Krishna
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Merina Varghese
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Bokun Cheng
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Peter R Mouton
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa FL, USA
| | - Jana Velíšková
- Departments of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Neurology, and Obstetrics & Gynecology, New York Medical College, Valhalla NY, USA
| | - Kostantin Dobrenis
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
| | - Patrick R Hof
- Nash Family Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY, USA
| | - Praveen Ballabh
- Department of Pediatrics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
- Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx NY, USA
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13
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Volpe A, Gaudiuso C, Ancona A. Sorting of Particles Using Inertial Focusing and Laminar Vortex Technology: A Review. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E594. [PMID: 31510006 PMCID: PMC6780945 DOI: 10.3390/mi10090594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The capability of isolating and sorting specific types of cells is crucial in life science, particularly for the early diagnosis of lethal diseases and monitoring of medical treatments. Among all the micro-fluidics techniques for cell sorting, inertial focusing combined with the laminar vortex technology is a powerful method to isolate cells from flowing samples in an efficient manner. This label-free method does not require any external force to be applied, and allows high throughput and continuous sample separation, thus offering a high filtration efficiency over a wide range of particle sizes. Although rather recent, this technology and its applications are rapidly growing, thanks to the development of new chip designs, the employment of new materials and microfabrication technologies. In this review, a comprehensive overview is provided on the most relevant works which employ inertial focusing and laminar vortex technology to sort particles. After briefly summarizing the other cells sorting techniques, highlighting their limitations, the physical mechanisms involved in particle trapping and sorting are described. Then, the materials and microfabrication methods used to implement this technology on miniaturized devices are illustrated. The most relevant evolution steps in the chips design are discussed, and their performances critically analyzed to suggest future developments of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Volpe
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via G. Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy.
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy.
| | - Caterina Gaudiuso
- Physics Department, Università degli Studi di Bari 'Aldo Moro', Via G. Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Ancona
- Institute for Photonics and Nanotechnologies (IFN), National Research Council, Via Amendola 173, 70126 Bari, Italy
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14
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Isolation of satellite glial cells for high-quality RNA purification. J Neurosci Methods 2018; 297:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2018.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2017] [Revised: 12/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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15
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Minami N, Maeda Y, Shibao S, Arima Y, Ohka F, Kondo Y, Maruyama K, Kusuhara M, Sasayama T, Kohmura E, Saya H, Sampetrean O. Organotypic brain explant culture as a drug evaluation system for malignant brain tumors. Cancer Med 2017; 6:2635-2645. [PMID: 28980419 PMCID: PMC5673912 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 07/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options for malignant brain tumors are limited, with new drugs being continuously evaluated. Organotypic brain slice culture has been adopted for neuroscience studies as a system that preserves brain architecture, cellular function, and the vascular network. However, the suitability of brain explants for anticancer drug evaluation has been unclear. We here adopted a mouse model of malignant glioma based on expression of H-RasV12 in Ink4a/Arf-/- neural stem/progenitor cells to establish tumor-bearing brain explants from adult mice. We treated the slices with cisplatin, temozolomide, paclitaxel, or tranilast and investigated the minimal assays required to assess drug effects. Serial fluorescence-based tumor imaging was sufficient for evaluation of cisplatin, a drug with a pronounced cytotoxic action, whereas immunostaining of cleaved caspase 3 (a marker of apoptosis) and of Ki67 (a marker of cell proliferation) was necessary for the assessment of temozolomide action and immunostaining for phosphorylated histone H3 (a marker of mitosis) allowed visualization of paclitaxel-specific effects. Staining for cleaved caspase 3 was also informative in the assessment of drug toxicity for normal brain tissue. Incubation of explants with fluorescently labeled antibodies to CD31 allowed real-time imaging of the microvascular network and complemented time-lapse imaging of tumor cell invasion into surrounding tissue. Our results suggest that a combination of fluorescence imaging and immunohistological staining allows a unified assessment of the effects of various classes of drug on the survival, proliferation, and invasion of glioma cells, and that organotypic brain slice culture is therefore a useful tool for evaluation of antiglioma drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Minami
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Shibao
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Arima
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiharu Ohka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagoya University School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yutaka Kondo
- Division of Cancer Biology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Koji Maruyama
- Experimental Animal Facility, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Kusuhara
- Regional Resources Division, Shizuoka Cancer Center Research Institute, Sunto-gun, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Sasayama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Eiji Kohmura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oltea Sampetrean
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Gamma Interferon Mediates Experimental Cerebral Malaria by Signaling within Both the Hematopoietic and Nonhematopoietic Compartments. Infect Immun 2017; 85:IAI.01035-16. [PMID: 28874445 PMCID: PMC5649021 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01035-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental cerebral malaria (ECM) is a gamma interferon (IFN-γ)-dependent syndrome. However, whether IFN-γ promotes ECM through direct and synergistic targeting of multiple cell populations or by acting primarily on a specific responsive cell type is currently unknown. Here, using a panel of cell- and compartment-specific IFN-γ receptor 2 (IFN-γR2)-deficient mice, we show that IFN-γ causes ECM by signaling within both the hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartments. Mechanistically, hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic compartment-specific IFN-γR signaling exerts additive effects in orchestrating intracerebral inflammation, leading to the development of ECM. Surprisingly, mice with specific deletion of IFN-γR2 expression on myeloid cells, T cells, or neurons were completely susceptible to terminal ECM. Utilizing a reductionist in vitro system, we show that synergistic IFN-γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) stimulation promotes strong activation of brain blood vessel endothelial cells. Combined, our data show that within the hematopoietic compartment, IFN-γ causes ECM by acting redundantly or by targeting non-T cell or non-myeloid cell populations. Within the nonhematopoietic compartment, brain endothelial cells, but not neurons, may be the major target of IFN-γ leading to ECM development. Collectively, our data provide information on how IFN-γ mediates the development of cerebral pathology during malaria infection.
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17
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Kabba JA, Xu Y, Christian H, Ruan W, Chenai K, Xiang Y, Zhang L, Saavedra JM, Pang T. Microglia: Housekeeper of the Central Nervous System. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2017; 38:53-71. [PMID: 28534246 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-017-0504-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Microglia, of myeloid origin, play fundamental roles in the control of immune responses and the maintenance of central nervous system homeostasis. These cells, just like peripheral macrophages, may be activated into M1 pro-inflammatory or M2 anti-inflammatory phenotypes by appropriate stimuli. Microglia do not respond in isolation, but form part of complex networks of cells influencing each other. This review addresses the complex interaction of microglia with each cell type in the brain: neurons, astrocytes, cerebrovascular endothelial cells, and oligodendrocytes. We also highlight the participation of microglia in the maintenance of homeostasis in the brain, and their roles in the development and progression of age-related neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Alimamy Kabba
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yazhou Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Handson Christian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenchen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Kitchen Chenai
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Xiang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, 430016, People's Republic of China
| | - Luyong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan M Saavedra
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA
| | - Tao Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Discovery for Metabolic Diseases, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Druggability of Biopharmaceuticals, China Pharmaceutical University, #24 Tong Jia Xiang Street, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC, 20057, USA.
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18
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Hasel P, Dando O, Jiwaji Z, Baxter P, Todd AC, Heron S, Márkus NM, McQueen J, Hampton DW, Torvell M, Tiwari SS, McKay S, Eraso-Pichot A, Zorzano A, Masgrau R, Galea E, Chandran S, Wyllie DJA, Simpson TI, Hardingham GE. Neurons and neuronal activity control gene expression in astrocytes to regulate their development and metabolism. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15132. [PMID: 28462931 PMCID: PMC5418577 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence that neurons exert on astrocytic function is poorly understood. To investigate this, we first developed a system combining cortical neurons and astrocytes from closely related species, followed by RNA-seq and in silico species separation. This approach uncovers a wide programme of neuron-induced astrocytic gene expression, involving Notch signalling, which drives and maintains astrocytic maturity and neurotransmitter uptake function, is conserved in human development, and is disrupted by neurodegeneration. Separately, hundreds of astrocytic genes are acutely regulated by synaptic activity via mechanisms involving cAMP/PKA-dependent CREB activation. This includes the coordinated activity-dependent upregulation of major astrocytic components of the astrocyte-neuron lactate shuttle, leading to a CREB-dependent increase in astrocytic glucose metabolism and elevated lactate export. Moreover, the groups of astrocytic genes induced by neurons or neuronal activity both show age-dependent decline in humans. Thus, neurons and neuronal activity regulate the astrocytic transcriptome with the potential to shape astrocyte-neuron metabolic cooperation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Hasel
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Owen Dando
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - Zoeb Jiwaji
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Paul Baxter
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Alison C. Todd
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Samuel Heron
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK
| | - Nóra M. Márkus
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Jamie McQueen
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - David W. Hampton
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Megan Torvell
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sachin S. Tiwari
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
| | - Sean McKay
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Abel Eraso-Pichot
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Edifici M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Roser Masgrau
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Edifici M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Elena Galea
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Unitat de Bioquímica de Medicina, Edifici M, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Institució Catalana De Recerca I Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Catalonia, 08010, Spain
| | - Siddharthan Chandran
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore 560065, India
| | - David J. A. Wyllie
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
| | - T. Ian Simpson
- School of Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9AB, UK
| | - Giles E. Hardingham
- Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, Edinburgh Medical School, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9XD, UK
- 10UK Dementia Research Institute at The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh Medical School, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, , UK
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19
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Protein characterization of intracellular target-sorted, formalin-fixed cell subpopulations. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33999. [PMID: 27666089 PMCID: PMC5036045 DOI: 10.1038/srep33999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity is inherent in most human tissues, making the investigation of specific cell types challenging. Here, we describe a novel, fixation/intracellular target-based sorting and protein extraction method to provide accurate protein characterization for cell subpopulations. Validation and feasibility tests were conducted using homogeneous, neural cell lines and heterogeneous, rat brain cells, respectively. Intracellular proteins of interest were labeled with fluorescent antibodies for fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Reproducible protein extraction from fresh and fixed samples required lysis buffer with high concentrations of Tris-HCl and sodium dodecyl sulfate as well as exposure to high heat. No deterioration in protein amount or quality was observed for fixed, sorted samples. For the feasibility experiment, a primary rat subpopulation of neuronal cells was selected for based on high, intracellular β-III tubulin signal. These cells showed distinct protein expression differences from the unsorted population for specific (phosphorylated tau) and non-specific (total tau) protein targets. Our approach allows for determining more accurate protein profiles directly from cell types of interest and provides a platform technology in which any cell subpopulation can be biochemically investigated.
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20
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A flow cytometric approach to analyzing mature and progenitor endothelial cells following traumatic brain injury. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 263:57-67. [PMID: 26854397 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) continues to be a major source of death and disability worldwide, and one of the earliest and most profound deficits comes from vascular damage and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Cerebral vascular endothelial cells (cvECs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been shown to play essential roles in vessel repair and BBB stability, although their individual contributions remain poorly defined. NEW METHOD We employ TruCount beads with flow cytometry to precisely quantify cvECs, EPCs, and peripheral leukocytes in the murine cortex after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury. RESULTS We found a significant reduction in the number of cvECs at 3 days post-injury (dpi), whereas the EPCs and invading peripheral leukocytes were significantly increased compared with sham controls. Proliferation studies demonstrate that both cvECs and EPCs are undergoing cell expansion in the first week post-injury. Furthermore, analysis of protein expression using mean fluorescence intensity found increases in PECAM-1, VEGFR-2, and VE-Cadherin expression per cell at 3 dpi, which is consistent with western blot analysis. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHODS Classic methods of cell analysis, such as histological cell counts, in the traumatic injured brain are labor intensive, time-consuming, and potentially biased; whereas flow cytometry provides an efficient, non-biased approach to simultaneously quantify multiple cell types. However, conventional flow cytometry that employs capped events can provide misleading results in CNS injured tissues. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that TruCount quantification using flow cytometry is a powerful tool for quantifying mature and progenitor endothelial cell changes after TBI.
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