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Fernández-Martínez I, Muris P. The Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5): An Updated Systematic Review of its Psychometric Properties. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2024:10.1007/s10578-024-01712-3. [PMID: 38839642 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-024-01712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The Youth Anxiety Measure for DSM-5 (YAM-5) is a self- and parent-report scale specifically developed to assess symptoms of major anxiety disorders (part 1 or YAM-5-I) and specific phobias/agoraphobia (part 2 or YAM-5-II) in children and adolescents in terms of the contemporary psychiatric classification system. Since its introduction, the measure has been increasingly used in research, making it feasible to provide a summary of its psychometric properties. The present article presents a systematic review of 20 studies that employed the YAM-5, involving 5325 young participants. Overall, the results supported the hypothesized factor structure of both parts of the measure, although there were also some studies that could not fully replicate the original five-factor model of YAM-5-I. The internal consistency of the YAM-5 was generally high for the total scores of both parts, while reliability coefficients for the subscales were more variable across studies. Research also obtained evidence for other psychometric properties, such as test-retest reliability, parent-child agreement, convergent/divergent validity, and discriminant validity. Results further revealed that girls tend to show significantly higher anxiety levels on the YAM-5 than boys. Overall, these findings indicate that the YAM-5 is a promising tool for assessing symptoms of anxiety disorders including specific phobias in young people. Some directions for future research with the YAM-5 and recommendations regarding the use of the measure are given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Fernández-Martínez
- Department of Health Psychology, Centro de Investigación de la Infancia/Child Research Center, Miguel Hernández University, Av. de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Alicante, Spain.
| | - Peter Muris
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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Tu EN, Manley H, Saunders KEA, Creswell C. Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: Risks of Anxiety Disorders in Offspring of Parents With Mood Disorders. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2024; 63:407-421. [PMID: 37453607 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2023.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the risk of anxiety disorders in offspring of parents with mood disorders. METHOD We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. We searched 4 electronic databases (Medline, Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science [core collection]) to identify cross-sectional and cohort studies that examined the association between parental mood disorders (including bipolar disorder and unipolar depression) and risk of anxiety disorders in offspring. Pooled risk ratios (RRs) of overall and specific anxiety disorders were synthesized using a random effects model. Subgroup analyses and meta-regression were performed to identify moderation factors. RESULTS A total of 35 studies were included in the final analysis. Our results showed higher risks of all types of anxiety disorders in the offspring of parents with mood disorders (any anxiety disorder, RR = 1.82, 95% CI = 1.47-2.26), except for agoraphobia (RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.56-2.08), and with an especially elevated risk of panic disorder (RR = 3.07, 95% CI = 2.19-4.32). Subgroup analysis demonstrated no significant difference between the risks of anxiety disorders across the offspring of parents with bipolar disorder as opposed to unipolar depression. The absence of anxiety disorders in control parents, younger offspring age, and specific parent/offspring sex were associated with higher RRs for some anxiety disorders in offspring of parents with mood disorders. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest a robust relationship between parental mood disorders and offspring anxiety disorders, and highlight the potential value of prevention and early intervention for anxiety disorders in this context. DIVERSITY & INCLUSION STATEMENT We worked to ensure race, ethnic, and/or other types of diversity in the recruitment of human participants. One or more of the authors of this paper self-identifies as a member of one or more historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science. While citing references scientifically relevant for this work, we also actively worked to promote inclusion of historically underrepresented racial and/or ethnic groups in science in our reference list. STUDY PREREGISTRATION INFORMATION Anxiety Disorders in Offspring of Parents with Mood Disorders: A Systematic Review; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/; CRD42021215058.
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Affiliation(s)
- En-Nien Tu
- University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan, and Chang Gung University, Taiwan
| | | | - Kate E A Saunders
- University of Oxford, United Kingdom; Queen's University, Kingston, Canada, and Oxford Health NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Warner EN, Ammerman RT, Glauser TA, Pestian JP, Agasthya G, Strawn JR. Developmental Epidemiology of Pediatric Anxiety Disorders. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2023; 32:511-530. [PMID: 37201964 DOI: 10.1016/j.chc.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the developmental epidemiology of childhood and adolescent anxiety disorders. It discusses the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, sex differences, longitudinal course, and stability of anxiety disorders in addition to recurrence and remission. The trajectory of anxiety disorders-whether homotypic (ie, the same anxiety disorder persists over time) or heterotypic (ie, an anxiety disorder shifts to a different diagnosis over time) is discussed with regard to social, generalized, and separation anxiety disorders as well as specific phobia, and panic disorder. Finally, strategies for early recognition, prevention, and treatment of disorders are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N Warner
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati.
| | - Robert T Ammerman
- Division of Behavioral Medicine and Clinical Psychology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Tracy A Glauser
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - John P Pestian
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Greeshma Agasthya
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Computational Sciences and Engineering Division, Advanced Computing for Health Sciences Section
| | - Jeffrey R Strawn
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Psychiatry, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Barker MS, Cosentino SA, Fremont R, Devanand DP, Huey ED. Towards Defining the Neuroanatomical Basis of Late-Onset Psychiatric Symptoms. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2022; 35:751-762. [PMID: 35380884 PMCID: PMC11270909 DOI: 10.1177/08919887221090213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Psychiatric symptoms, including changes in emotional processing, are a common feature of many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia with Lewy Bodies, frontotemporal dementia, and Huntington's disease. However, the neuroanatomical basis of emotional symptoms is not well defined; this stands in contrast to the relatively well-understood neuroanatomical correlates of cognitive and motor symptoms in neurodegenerative disorders. Furthermore, psychiatric diagnostic categories, as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD), may have limited applicability in patients with late-onset psychiatric symptoms in the context of neurodegenerative disorders. In this clinical review, we suggest that early-onset and late-onset psychiatric symptoms have distinct etiologies, and that late-onset changes in emotional processing are likely underpinned by neurodegenerative disease. Furthermore, we suggest that an improved understanding of the neuroanatomical correlates of emotional changes in neurodegenerative disease may facilitate diagnosis and future treatment development. Finally, we propose a novel clinical approach, in a preliminary attempt to incorporate late-onset emotional symptoms alongside cognitive and motor symptoms into a clinical "algorithm," with a focus on the neuroanatomy implicated when particular combinations of emotional, cognitive, and motor features are present. We anticipate that this clinical approach will assist with the diagnosis of neurodegenerative disorders, and our proposed schema represents a move towards integrating neurologic and psychiatric classification systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan S. Barker
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie A. Cosentino
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Fremont
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Davangere P. Devanand
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Edward D. Huey
- Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer’s Disease and the Aging Brain, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Division of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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Morales-Muñoz I, Palmer ER, Marwaha S, Mallikarjun PK, Upthegrove R. Persistent Childhood and Adolescent Anxiety and Risk for Psychosis: A Longitudinal Birth Cohort Study. Biol Psychiatry 2022; 92:275-282. [PMID: 35151465 PMCID: PMC9302897 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2021.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Persistent anxiety in childhood and adolescence could represent a novel treatment target for psychosis, potentially targeting activation of stress pathways and secondary nonresolving inflammatory response. Here, we examined the association between persistent anxiety through childhood and adolescence with individuals with psychotic experiences (PEs) or who met criteria for psychotic disorder (PD) at age 24 years. We also investigated whether C-reactive protein mediated any association. METHODS Data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) were available in 8242 children at age 8 years, 7658 at age 10 years, 6906 at age 13 years, and 3889 at age 24 years. The Development and Well-Being Assessment was administered to capture child and adolescent anxiety. We created a composite score of generalized anxiety at ages 8, 10, and 13. PEs and PD were assessed at age 24, derived from the Psychosis-like Symptoms Interview. The mean of C-reactive protein at ages 9 and 15 years was used as a mediator. RESULTS Individuals with persistent high levels of anxiety were more likely to develop PEs (odds ratio 2.02, 95% CI 1.26-3.23, p = .003) and PD at age 24 (odds ratio 4.23, 95% CI 2.27-7.88, p < .001). The mean of C-reactive protein at ages 9 and 15 mediated the associations of persistent anxiety with PEs (bias-corrected estimate -0.001, p = .013) and PD (bias-corrected estimate 0.001, p = .003). CONCLUSIONS Persistent high levels of anxiety through childhood and adolescence could be a risk factor for psychosis. Persistent anxiety is potentially related to subsequent psychosis via activation of stress hormones and nonresolving inflammation. These results contribute to the potential for preventive interventions in psychosis, with the novel target of early anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Morales-Muñoz
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Public Health Solutions, Finnish Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Edward R. Palmer
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health Foundation Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Steven Marwaha
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Specialist Mood Disorders Clinic, Zinnia Centre, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Barberry National Centre for Mental Health, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Pavan K. Mallikarjun
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Upthegrove
- Institute for Mental Health, School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom,Early Intervention Service, Birmingham Women’s and Children’s NHS Trust, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Naeem N, Zanca RM, Weinstein S, Urquieta A, Sosa A, Yu B, Sullivan RM. The Neurobiology of Infant Attachment-Trauma and Disruption of Parent-Infant Interactions. Front Behav Neurosci 2022; 16:882464. [PMID: 35935109 PMCID: PMC9352889 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.882464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Current clinical literature and supporting animal literature have shown that repeated and profound early-life adversity, especially when experienced within the caregiver-infant dyad, disrupts the trajectory of brain development to induce later-life expression of maladaptive behavior and pathology. What is less well understood is the immediate impact of repeated adversity during early life with the caregiver, especially since attachment to the caregiver occurs regardless of the quality of care the infant received including experiences of trauma. The focus of the present manuscript is to review the current literature on infant trauma within attachment, with an emphasis on animal research to define mechanisms and translate developmental child research. Across species, the effects of repeated trauma with the attachment figure, are subtle in early life, but the presence of acute stress can uncover some pathology, as was highlighted by Bowlby and Ainsworth in the 1950s. Through rodent neurobehavioral literature we discuss the important role of repeated elevations in stress hormone corticosterone (CORT) in infancy, especially if paired with the mother (not when pups are alone) as targeting the amygdala and causal in infant pathology. We also show that following induced alterations, at baseline infants appear stable, although acute stress hormone elevation uncovers pathology in brain circuits important in emotion, social behavior, and fear. We suggest that a comprehensive understanding of the role of stress hormones during infant typical development and elevated CORT disruption of this typical development will provide insight into age-specific identification of trauma effects, as well as a better understanding of early markers of later-life pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimra Naeem
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Emotional Brain Institute, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Roseanna M. Zanca
- Emotional Brain Institute, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sylvie Weinstein
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Alejandra Urquieta
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Anna Sosa
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Boyi Yu
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Regina M. Sullivan
- Department of Psychology, Center for Neuroscience, New York University, New York, NY, United States
- Emotional Brain Institute, The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, United States
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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Cerveira de Baumont A, Hoffmann MS, Bortoluzzi A, Fries GR, Lavandoski P, Grun LK, Guimarães LSP, Guma FTCR, Salum GA, Barbé-Tuana FM, Manfro GG. Telomere length and epigenetic age acceleration in adolescents with anxiety disorders. Sci Rep 2021; 11:7716. [PMID: 33833304 PMCID: PMC8032711 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-87045-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence on the relationship between genetics and mental health are flourishing. However, few studies are evaluating early biomarkers that might link genes, environment, and psychopathology. We aimed to study telomere length (TL) and epigenetic age acceleration (AA) in a cohort of adolescents with and without anxiety disorders (N = 234). We evaluated a representative subsample of participants at baseline and after 5 years (n = 76) and categorized them according to their anxiety disorder diagnosis at both time points: (1) control group (no anxiety disorder, n = 18), (2) variable group (anxiety disorder in one evaluation, n = 38), and (3) persistent group (anxiety disorder at both time points, n = 20). We assessed relative mean TL by real-time quantitative PCR and DNA methylation by Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. We calculated AA using the Horvath age estimation algorithm and analyzed differences among groups using generalized linear mixed models. The persistent group of anxiety disorder did not change TL over time (p = 0.495). The variable group had higher baseline TL (p = 0.003) but no accelerated TL erosion in comparison to the non-anxiety control group (p = 0.053). Furthermore, there were no differences in AA among groups over time. Our findings suggest that adolescents with chronic anxiety did not change telomere length over time, which could be related to a delay in neuronal development in this period of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelica Cerveira de Baumont
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program for Children and Adolescents, Protaia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences, BRAIN Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
- Serviço de Psiquiatria, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Rua Ramiro Barcelos, 2350-sala 400N, Rio Branco, Porto Alegre, RS, 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio Scopel Hoffmann
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Neuropsiquiatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Avenida Roraima 1000, Santa Maria, 97105-900, Brazil
- Care Policy and Evaluation Centre, London School of Economics and Political Science, London, UK
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes (INPD), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Andressa Bortoluzzi
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program for Children and Adolescents, Protaia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Sciences/Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences, BRAIN Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Gabriel R Fries
- Translational Psychiatry Program, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, (UTHealth), Houston, TX, USA
| | - Patrícia Lavandoski
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Laboratoy of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Lucas K Grun
- Group of Inflammation and Cellular Senescence, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Pediatrics and Child Health, School of Medicine, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Luciano S P Guimarães
- Unit of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Fátima T C R Guma
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Laboratoy of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Abrahão Salum
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program for Children and Adolescents, Protaia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes (INPD), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Florencia M Barbé-Tuana
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Laboratoy of Molecular Biology and Bioinformatics, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Group of Inflammation and Cellular Senescence, Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Sciences, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Gisele G Manfro
- Anxiety Disorders Outpatient Program for Children and Adolescents, Protaia, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Institute of Basic Sciences/Health, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Basic Research and Advanced Investigations in Neurosciences, BRAIN Laboratory, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, HCPA, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatria do Desenvolvimento para Crianças e Adolescentes (INPD), Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Sullivan RM, Opendak M. Neurobiology of Infant Fear and Anxiety: Impacts of Delayed Amygdala Development and Attachment Figure Quality. Biol Psychiatry 2021; 89:641-650. [PMID: 33109337 PMCID: PMC7914291 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2020.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Anxiety disorders are the most common form of mental illness and are more likely to emerge during childhood compared with most other psychiatric disorders. While research on children is the gold standard for understanding the behavioral expression of anxiety and its neural circuitry, the ethical and technical limitations in exploring neural underpinnings limit our understanding of the child's developing brain. Instead, we must rely on animal models to build strong methodological bridges for bidirectional translation to child development research. Using the caregiver-infant context, we review the rodent literature on early-life fear development to characterize developmental transitions in amygdala function underlying age-specific behavioral transitions. We then describe how this system can be perturbed by early-life adversity, including reduced efficacy of the caregiver as a safe haven. We suggest that greater integration of clinically informed animal research enhances bidirectional translation to permit new approaches to therapeutics for children with early onset anxiety disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M. Sullivan
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York, NY USA,Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
| | - Maya Opendak
- Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute, New York, NY USA,Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
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