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Yadav A, Yadav S, Alam A. A Landscape on Lymphatic Filariasis with its Effects and Recent Advanced Treatments. RECENT ADVANCES IN ANTI-INFECTIVE DRUG DISCOVERY 2024; 19:197-215. [PMID: 38317463 DOI: 10.2174/0127724344266902231117112109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is an infection caused by parasites that poses a significant health, social, and economic burden, affecting a vast population that exceeds 120 million individuals globally. The Etiology of the infection is attributed to three nematode parasites, namely Wuchereria bancrofti, B. timori, and Brugia malayi, as well as which are phylogenetically related. These parasites are transmitted to humans via mosquitoes belonging to the Anopheles, Aedes genera, and Culex. As per the estimation provided by the WHO, the current number of individuals infected with filariasis stands at approximately 120 million across 81 countries. Furthermore, it is estimated that around 1.34 billion individuals reside in regions that are endemic to filariasis, thereby putting them at risk of contracting the disease. Different synthetic drugs such as Ivermectin, Doxycycline, Albendazole, and Suramin are used in the treatment. Some natural plants are Azadirachta indica, Tinospora cordifolia, Zingiber officinal, as well as, some marine sources are also included for better treatment. We also touch briefly on a few additional filarial diseases. Although there are only a few medications available to treat filariasis, their frequent usage may result in drug resistance. Furthermore, there is no effective vaccination for the treatment of filariasis. Due to these restrictions, it has been crucial to create new anti-filarial medications, which motivates researchers to find novel pharmaceuticals with anti-filarial action. In this article, we examine the latest achievements in the anti-filarial area, including the many forms of filariasis and their historical contexts, elimination programmes, various therapeutic classes (both synthetic and natural), investigated product-derived targets as well as clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agrima Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shikha Yadav
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aftab Alam
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Matsa R, Makam P, Anilakumari R, Sundharesan M, Mathew N, Kannan T. Design, synthesis, and in vitro evaluation of thiosemicarbazone derivatives as anti-filarial agents. Exp Parasitol 2022; 241:108363. [PMID: 36007586 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Effective macrofilaricidal drugs are not commercially available, and in an endeavour to find out new macrofilaricidal agents, in this research work, thiosemicarbazone derivatives have been prepared and tested against adult Setaria digitata, a cattle filarial parasite, as a model nematode for the filarial parasite, Wuchereria bancrofti. Lipinski and Veber rules have been used to design these molecules and found out that all the designed molecules show drug-like molecular properties. The in vitro anti-filarial potential of thiosemicarbazones against S. digitata was carried out using worm motility and 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction colorimetric assays at 100 μg/ml concentration for the incubation period of 24 h. The standard drugs used at present for filaria, Albendazole, Ivermectin and Diethylcarbamazine were not able to kill the adult filarial worms effectively. In contrast, phenyl thiosemicarbazones with trifluoromethyl substitution at 3rd and 4th positions, 2-pyrrolyl, and isatinyl made the adult worms immotile and also showed 69%-83% inhibition in formazan formation an indicator of non viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramkishore Matsa
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605 014, India
| | - Parameshwar Makam
- Chemical Science Research Group, Division of Research and Development, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, 144411, India
| | - R Anilakumari
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - M Sundharesan
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, 605006, India
| | - Nisha Mathew
- ICMR - Vector Control Research Centre, Indira Nagar, Puducherry, 605006, India.
| | - Tharanikkarasu Kannan
- Department of Chemistry, Pondicherry University, Kalapet, Puducherry, 605 014, India.
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In-vitro and in silico efficacy of isolated alkaloid compounds from Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. against bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi: a drug discovery approach. J Parasit Dis 2018; 43:103-112. [PMID: 30956453 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-1064-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioassay guided isolation from the leaves of Rauvolfia tetraphylla L. resulted in the isolation and characterization of three compounds of alkaloid in nature namely, Curan-17-oic acid (F1); 18, 19-Secoyohimban (F2) and Reserpiline (F3). Macrofilaricidal activity of three compounds was tested against bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi using in vitro assays and supported by in silico docking analysis on glutathione-S-transferase (GST) enzyme of Wuchereria bancrofti. All the molecules inhibited GST enzyme to some extent 35.78%, 78.22% and 64.21% respectively. Results were supported by molecular docking studies, which showed docking scores for compound F1 (- 5.14), compound F2 (- 7.19) and compound F3 (- 7.2) on GST enzyme. Thus, in conclusion the in vitro and in silico studies indicated that isolated compounds are promising, inexpensive and widely available natural leads, which can be designed and developed into the macrofilaricidal drugs.
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Behera DR, Bhatnagar S. Assessment of macrofilaricidal activity of leaf extracts of Terminalia sp. against bovine filarial parasite Setaria cervi. J Infect Public Health 2018; 11:643-647. [PMID: 29422336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antifilarial potential of three medicinal plants namely, Terminalia bellerica, Terminalia chebula and Terminalia catappa was explored using Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite at concentrations of 2.5, 5 and 10mg/ml. Amongst all the extracts, methanol extract of T. bellerica showed highest macrofilaricidal activity i.e. 84.63±1.11 at 10mg/ml in MTT reduction assay with IC50 value of 2.7mg/ml. which was better than the standard DEC i.e. 79.22±3.1% at 10mg/ml with IC50 value 2.84mg/ml. Other plant extracts showed mild in vitro macrofilaricidal activity. T. bellerica methanol extract exhibited significant GST activity of 18.86±0.21 and 12.83±0.03μM/ml/min at 5 and 10mg/ml with percentage inhibition value of 73.96% and 82.29% respectively. DEC showed GST activity value of 40.03±4.14 and 21.48±6.44μM/ml/min with percentage inhibition value of 21.76% and 58.01% at 5 and 10mg/ml respectively. Thus, methanol extract of leaves of T. bellerica exhibited highly significant antifilarial potential and needs detailed analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipti R Behera
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Sunita Bhatnagar
- Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India.
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Wang SH, Lo CY, Gwo ZH, Lin HJ, Chen LG, Kuo CD, Wu JY. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Lipophilic 1,4-Naphthoquinone Derivatives against Human Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules 2015; 20:11994-2015. [PMID: 26133763 PMCID: PMC6331847 DOI: 10.3390/molecules200711994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Revised: 06/21/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To examine the effect of hydrophobicity on the anticancer activity of 1,4-naphthoquinone derivatives, a series of compounds bearing a 2-O-alkyl-, 3-C-alkyl- or 2/3-N-morpholinoalkyl group were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against five human cancer cell lines in vitro. The cytotoxicity of these derivatives was assayed against HT-29, SW480, HepG2, MCF-7 and HL-60 cells by the MTT assay. Among them, 2-hydroxy-3-farnesyl-1,4-naphthoquinone (11a) was found to be the most cytotoxic against these cell lines. Our results showed that the effectiveness of compound 11a may be attributed to its suppression of the survival of HT-29. Secondly, in the Hoechst 33258 staining test, compound 11a-treated cells exhibited nuclear condensation typical of apoptosis. Additionally, cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry indicated that compound 11a arrested HT-29 cells in the S phase. Furthermore, cell death detected by Annexin V-FITC/propidium iodide staining showed that compound 11a efficiently induced apoptosis of HT-29 in a concentration-dependent manner. Taken together, compound 11a effectively inhibits colon cancer cell proliferation and may be a potent anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Hung Wang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Yu Lo
- Department of Food Science, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Zhong-Heng Gwo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Hong-Jhih Lin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Lih-Geeng Chen
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Deng Kuo
- Department of Medical Research and Education, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Jin-Yi Wu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Biopharmaceuticals, College of Life Sciences, National Chiayi University, Chiayi 60004, Taiwan.
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Deshmukh M, Sahare KN, Patidar RK, Mahajan B, Singh V. Antifilarial activity of Butea monosperma L. leaves extracts against Setaria cervi. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.7243/2054-9881-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Sahare KN, Singh V. Antifilarial activity of ethyl acetate extract of Vitex negundo leaves in vitro. ASIAN PAC J TROP MED 2013; 6:689-92. [DOI: 10.1016/s1995-7645(13)60119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
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Karunan T, Mathew N, Srinivasan L, Muthuswamy K. Synthesis and Macrofilaricidal Activity of Substituted 2-Hydroxy/5-Hydroxy/2-Methyl-1,4-Naphthoquinones. Drug Dev Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Karunan
- Vector Control Research Centre; Indian Council of Medical Research; Indira Nagar; Pondicherry; 605006; India
| | - Nisha Mathew
- Vector Control Research Centre; Indian Council of Medical Research; Indira Nagar; Pondicherry; 605006; India
| | - Lakshmy Srinivasan
- Vector Control Research Centre; Indian Council of Medical Research; Indira Nagar; Pondicherry; 605006; India
| | - Kalyanasundaram Muthuswamy
- Vector Control Research Centre; Indian Council of Medical Research; Indira Nagar; Pondicherry; 605006; India
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Saowakon N, Lorsuwannarat N, Changklungmoa N, Wanichanon C, Sobhon P. Paramphistomum cervi: the in vitro effect of plumbagin on motility, survival and tegument structure. Exp Parasitol 2012. [PMID: 23206952 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Paramphistomiasis causes enteritis and anemia in livestocks and result in substantial production and economic losses. It is considered a neglected tropical disease, with no effective trematodicidal compound for treatment. Plumbagin (PB), a compound founds to be rich in the roots of Plumbago indica, is a naphthoquinone derivatives which can induce oxidative stress in parasites. In this study we have evaluated the anthelmintic activity of PB against adult Paramphistomum cervi by incubating the parasites in M-199 medium containing 0.1, 1.0, 10 and 100 μg/ml of the PB, and albendazole (ABZ) at the concentration of 100 μg/ml as the positive control, for 3, 6, 12 and 24 h, using relative motility (RM) assay and observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). After 12 h exposure with 100 μg/ml ABZ, flukes showed decreased contraction and motility. At 24 h incubation they showed only active movement of some part of the body. The PB-treated flukes at all concentrations showed rapid decrease of motility at 3 h incubation. In 0.1, 1.0 and 10 μg/ml of PB, the RM values were decreased sharply from 3 to 12 h, and then they were killed since 12 h in the incubation with 10 μg/ml of PB. The highest parasite mortality was found as early as 3h when they were incubated with 100 μg/ml of PB. The morphological changes on the tegumental surface were similar in both flukes treated with ABZ and PB, which sequentially comprised of swelling, followed by blebbings that later ruptured, leading to the erosion and desquamation of the tegument syncytium. As the result, lesions were formed which exposed the basal lamina. The damage appeared more severe on the ventral than the dorsal surface, and earlier on the anterior part and lateral margins of middle third when compared to the posterior part of the parasites's bodies. The severity and rapidity of the damages were enhanced with increasing concentration of PB, which showed stronger activity than ABZ. Hence, PB has a potential to be an anthelmintic drug against adult P.cervi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruwan Saowakon
- School of Biology, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand.
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Gangopadhyay M, Dewanjee S, Bhattacharya S. Enhanced plumbagin production in elicited Plumbago indica hairy root cultures. J Biosci Bioeng 2011; 111:706-10. [PMID: 21382748 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Elicitation of Plumbago indica hairy roots with yeast carbohydrate fraction, chitosan, manganese chloride, copper chloride and methyl jasmonate exhibited significant elevation (~1.2 to 2 fold) of plumbagin production in shake flask culture as compared with control. Chitosan and methyl jasmonate elicitation also caused simultaneous plumbagin leaching into culture media. Three days' exposure of chitosan (200 mg l(-1)) and methyl jasmonate (80 μM) together synergized total plumbagin yield to its maximum 11.96 ± 0.76 mg g(-l) DW in shake flask culture. In bioreactor cultivation, a significant raise in fresh root biomass was recorded on day 20 as compared with control shake flask culture. Three days' exposure of chitosan (200 mg l(-1)) and methyl jasmonate (80 μM) with 20 days old bioreactor-culture significantly improved total plumbagin production to 13.16 ± 1.72 mg g(-l) DW with simultaneous plumbagin leaching into bioreactor media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Gangopadhyay
- Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Department of Botany, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India.
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Rajendra Prasad K, Suresh Babu K, Ranga Rao R, Suresh G, Rekha K, Madhusudana Murthy J, Usha Rani P, Madhusudana Rao J. Synthesis and insect antifeedant activity of plumbagin derivatives. Med Chem Res 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-011-9559-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Gangopadhyay M, Dewanjee S, Bhattacharyya S, Bhattacharya S. Effect of Different Strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Nature of Explants on Plumbago indica Hairy Root Culture with Special Emphasis on Root Biomass and Plumbagin Production. Nat Prod Commun 2010. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1000501215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of three strains of Agrobacterium rhizogenes (ATCC 15834, A4 and LBA 9402) and the nature of explants (leaf and stem) on hairy root induction, growth and plumbagin production in Plumbago indica. The first appearance of hairy roots, the transformation frequency, dry root biomass and plumbagin accumulation were found to be maximum in hairy roots induced in leaf explants infected with A. rhizogenes ATCC 15834 as compared with the other two bacterial strains. The hairy roots generated from stem explants infected with all three strains were not found to be productive in terms of the selected parameters. Finally, the insertion of the rolB gene of A. rhizogenes ATCC 15834 in hairy roots of P. indica derived from leaf explants was confirmed by PCR analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumita Gangopadhyay
- Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Department of Botany, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
| | - Saikat Dewanjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Somnath Bhattacharyya
- Department of Genetics, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Visyavidyalaya, Mohonpur, Nadia 741252, India
| | - Sabita Bhattacharya
- Medicinal Plant Laboratory, Department of Botany, Bose Institute, 93/1 APC Road, Kolkata 700009, India
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Synthesis and screening of 1-methyl-4-substituted benzoyl piperazides against adult Setaria digitata for antifilarial activity. Acta Trop 2009; 111:168-71. [PMID: 19376077 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2008] [Revised: 04/08/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
There is no safe and effective drug for killing the adult worms for the elimination/control of lymphatic filariasis and research is very much warranted towards the development of a macrofilaricidal drug. Therefore, the synthesis and evaluation of 1-N-methyl-substituted benzoyl/phenyl acetyl piperazides for macrofilaricidal activity were carried out. The title compounds, 1-N-methyl-substituted benzoyl/phenyl acetyl piperazides were synthesized and purified by slightly modifying the reported procedure and characterized by FT-IR, NMR and mass spectral data. The compounds were screened for macrofilaricidal activity against adult Setaria digitata, the bovine filarial worm for motility and MTT reduction assays using the reported procedures. All the compounds synthesized were characterized by spectral data. Out of 26 compounds synthesized and screened for macrofilaricidal activity, six compounds exhibited moderate antifilarial activity. The structure-activity relationships are discussed. In the case of benzoyl piperazides chloro-substitution in the para position enhanced the activity compared to its substitution in meta and ortho positions. In the case of phenyl acetyl piperazides when methyl group was in the meta position it was more active than when it was in para position. In dimethyl substituted compounds, substitutions at 3, 5-positions were more effective than 2, 3 and 3, 4 substitutions.
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Srinivasan L, Mathew N, Muthuswamy K. In vitro antifilarial activity of glutathione S-transferase inhibitors. Parasitol Res 2009; 105:1179-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1534-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Mathew N, Karunan T, Srinivasan L, Muthuswamy K. Synthesis and screening of substituted 1,4-naphthoquinones (NPQs) as antifilarial agents. Drug Dev Res 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Antifilarial lead molecules isolated from Trachyspermum ammi. Molecules 2008; 13:2156-68. [PMID: 18830147 PMCID: PMC6245358 DOI: 10.3390/molecules13092156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 09/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis is caused by infection with the parasitic filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori, transmitted by mosquitoes. The lack of an adulticidal drug poses a challenge to filariasis elimination, hence it is essential to develop an effective antifilarial drug which could either kill or permanently sterilize the adult worms. In the reported work the in vitro activity of a methanolic extract of fruits of Trachyspermum ammi (Apiaceae) against adult bovine filarial Setaria digitata worms has been investigated. A bioassay-guided fractionation was carried out by subjecting the crude extract to flash chromatography. HPLC analysis was done for the crude extract and active fraction. The crude extract and the active fraction showed significant activity against the adult S. digitata by both a worm motility and MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] reduction assays. The isolated active principle was chemically characterized by IR, (1)H-NMR and MS analysis and identified as a phenolic monoterpene. It was screened for in vivo antifilarial activity against the human filarial worm B. malayi in Mastomys coucha, showing macrofilaricidal activity and female worm sterility in vivo against B. malayi. The findings thus provide a new lead for development of a macrofilaricidal drug from natural products.
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Nisha M, Kalyanasundaram M, Paily KP, Vanamail P, Balaraman K. In vitro screening of medicinal plant extracts for macrofilaricidal activity. Parasitol Res 2006; 100:575-9. [PMID: 17013649 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-006-0294-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Methanolic extracts of 20 medicinal plants were screened at 1-10 mg/ml for in vitro macrofilaricidal activity by worm motility assay against adult Setaria digitata, the cattle filarial worm. Four plant extracts showed macrofilaricidal activity by worm motility at concentrations below 4 mg/ml and an incubation period of 100 min. Complete inhibition of worm motility and subsequent mortality was observed at 3, 2, 1 and 1 mg/ml, respectively, for Centratherum anthelminticum, Cedrus deodara, Sphaeranthus indicus and Ricinus communis. 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) reduction assay was carried out at 1 mg ml(-1) and 4-h incubation period, and the results showed that C. deodara, R. communis, S. indicus and C. anthelminticum exhibited 86.56, 72.39, 61.20 and 43.15% inhibition respectively in formazan formation compared to the control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew Nisha
- Vector Control Research Centre (ICMR), Indira Nagar, Pondicherry, 605006, India.
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Nathan ST, Mathew N, Kalyanasundaram M, Balaraman K. Structure of glutathione S-transferase of the filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti: a target for drug development against adult worm. J Mol Model 2005; 11:194-9. [PMID: 15864673 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-005-0234-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2004] [Accepted: 12/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A three dimensional structural model of Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) of the lymphatic filarial parasite Wuchereria bancrofti (wb) was constructed by homology modeling. The three dimensional X-ray crystal structure of porcine pi-class GST with PDB ID: 2gsr-A chain protein with 42% sequential and functional homology was used as the template. The model of wbGST built by MODELLER6v2 was analyzed by the PROCHECK programs. Ramachandran plot analysis showed that 93.5% of the residues are in the core region followed by 5.4 and 1.1% residues in the allowed and generously allowed regions, respectively. None of the non-glycine residues is in disallowed regions. The PROSA II z-score and the energy graph for the final model further confirmed the quality of the modeled structure. The computationally modeled three-dimensional (3D) structure of wbGST has been submitted to the Protein Data Bank (PDB) (PDB ID: 1SFM and RCSB ID: RCSB021668). 1SFM was used for docking with GST inhibitors by Hex4.2 macromolecular docking using spherical polar Fourier correlations.
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