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Economic evaluation in psychiatric pharmacogenomics: a systematic review. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2021; 21:533-541. [PMID: 34215853 DOI: 10.1038/s41397-021-00249-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, many relevant drug-gene associations have been discovered, but pharmacogenomics (PGx)-guided treatment needs to be cost-effective as well as clinically beneficial to be incorporated into standard health care. To address current challenges, this systematic review provides an update regarding previously published studies, which assessed the cost-effectiveness of PGx testing for the prescription of antidepressants and antipsychotics. From a total of 1159 studies initially identified by literature database querying, and after manual assessment and curation of all of them, a mere 18 studies met our inclusion criteria. Of the 18 studies evaluations, 16 studies (88.89%) drew conclusions in favor of PGx testing, of which 9 (50%) genome-guided interventions were cost-effective and 7 (38.9%) were less costly compared to standard treatment based on cost analysis. More precisely, supportive evidence exists for CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 drug-gene associations and for combinatorial PGx panels, but evidence is limited for many other drug-gene combinations. Amongst the limitations of the field are the unclear explanation of perspective and cost inputs, as well as the underreporting of study design elements, which can influence though the economic evaluation. Overall, the findings of this article demonstrate that although there is growing evidence on the cost-effectiveness of genome-guided interventions in psychiatric diseases, there is still a need for performing additional research on economic evaluations of PGx implementation with an emphasis on psychiatric disorders.
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2
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Siamoglou S, Karamperis K, Mitropoulou C, Patrinos GP. Costing Methods as a Means to Measure the Costs of Pharmacogenomics Testing. J Appl Lab Med 2020; 5:1005-1016. [PMID: 32916714 DOI: 10.1093/jalm/jfaa113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics and personalized medicine interventions relies on addressing important financial aspects of the delivery of genetic testing to the patients, be it from public or private providers. Details on how to determine the cost items of the genetic testing are often limited. The goal of this study is to present a costing methodology in order to estimate and measure the costs as far as the technical process of pharmacogenomics testing is concerned. Moreover, an overall cost mindset strategy based on the selective genotyping workflow to guide specialized laboratories of interest effectively is provided. We particularly accounted for the resources consumed within the laboratory premises such as cost of reagents for DNA isolation, cost of consumables, cost of personnel, while costs associated with patient recruitment, blood sample collection and maintenance, administration costs in the hospital, and costs of blood sample shipment were not taken into consideration. Our article presents the first-time detailed information on a costing framework for pharmacogenomic testing that could be employed to laboratories involved in routine clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stavroula Siamoglou
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Kariofyllis Karamperis
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,The Golden Helix Foundation, London, UK
| | | | - George P Patrinos
- Laboratory of Pharmacogenomics and Individualized Therapy, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences, University of Patras, Patras, Greece.,Department of Pathology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE.,Zayed Center of Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, Abu Dhabi, UAE
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3
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Veilleux S, Bouffard M, Bourque Bouliane M. Patient and Health Care Provider Needs and Preferences in Understanding Pharmacogenomic and Genomic Testing: A Meta-Data Analysis. QUALITATIVE HEALTH RESEARCH 2020; 30:43-59. [PMID: 31322055 DOI: 10.1177/1049732319858325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tests that feature genomic indicators can now be used to guide the pharmacological treatment of patients. To better identify the needs and preferences of patients and health care providers in facilitating their understanding of information related to such pharmacogenomic tests (PGx), a review of literature on knowledge translation and health literacy in the context of testing was conducted. Using a grounded theory-based approach, a comparative analysis of data from 36 studies meeting the criteria for the meta-data analysis has revealed the recurrence of three principal themes: (a) knowledge and understanding of genetics and pharmacogenomics; (b) experiences with genetic, genomic, or PGx testing (decision about the test, information delivery, and understanding of test results); and (c) educational/informational resources. This synthesis sheds light on each theme from the standpoint of both patients and health care providers and suggests avenues in which to direct efforts to support the introduction of pharmacogenomic tests in current practice.
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Kasztura M, Richard A, Bempong NE, Loncar D, Flahault A. Cost-effectiveness of precision medicine: a scoping review. Int J Public Health 2019; 64:1261-1271. [PMID: 31650223 PMCID: PMC6867980 DOI: 10.1007/s00038-019-01298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Precision medicine (PM) aims to improve patient outcomes by stratifying or individualizing diagnosis and treatment decisions. Previous reviews found inconclusive evidence as to the cost-effectiveness of PM. The purpose of this scoping review was to describe current research findings on the cost-effectiveness of PM and to identify characteristics of cost-effective interventions.
Methods We searched PubMed with a combination of terms related to PM and economic evaluations and included studies published between 2014 and 2017.
Results A total of 83 articles were included, of which two-thirds were published in Europe and the USA. The majority of studies concluded that the PM intervention was at least cost-effective compared to usual care. However, the willingness-to-pay thresholds varied widely. Key factors influencing cost-effectiveness included the prevalence of the genetic condition in the target population, costs of genetic testing and companion treatment and the probability of complications or mortality. Conclusions This review may help inform decisions about reimbursement, research and development of PM interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00038-019-01298-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kasztura
- Department of Health Professions, Bern University of Applied Sciences, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Aude Richard
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nefti-Eboni Bempong
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dejan Loncar
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Flahault
- Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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5
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Veilleux S, Bouffard M. Knowledge and understanding of pharmacogenomic testing among patients and health care professionals: A scoping review. PATIENT EDUCATION AND COUNSELING 2019; 102:2001-2009. [PMID: 31229328 DOI: 10.1016/j.pec.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To support the introduction of pharmacogenomic tests in current practice, this study identifies the factors associated with a better understanding of the information related to genetic, genomic and/or pharmacogenomic tests by patients and health care professionals. METHODS Following a scoping review methodology, a search for literature was conducted with keywords related to health literacy and knowledge translation in the context of pharmacogenomic tests. Since only 6 articles were identified, the context of genetic or genomic testing were added to the inclusion criteria, leading to 24 articles. RESULTS Fourteen of the studies analyzed focused on genetic predictive, diagnostic or carrier tests, or concerned genetics in general, while ten addressed or included the use of pharmacogenomic tests. Demographic, individual, experiential and contextual factors were associated with a better understanding of the information related to genetic, genomic and/or pharmacogenomic tests among the targeted populations. RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS Our review shows that there is currently little empirical research available to identify the factors to consider in order to develop educational tools and resources specific to pharmacogenomics. CONCLUSION Expanding our review to include genetic and genomic testing factors can serve as a starting point for the evidence to be validated in future empirical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Veilleux
- Department of Management, FSA ULaval - Business School, 2325, rue de la Terrasse, Pavillon Palasis-Prince, office 0533, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Maud Bouffard
- FSA ULaval - Business School, 2325, rue de la Terrasse, Pavillon Palasis-Prince, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Miscio G, Paroni G, Bisceglia P, Gravina C, Urbano M, Lozupone M, Piccininni C, Prisciandaro M, Ciavarella G, Daniele A, Bellomo A, Panza F, Di Mauro L, Greco A, Seripa D. Pharmacogenetics in the clinical analysis laboratory: clinical practice, research, and drug development pipeline. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2019; 15:751-765. [PMID: 31512953 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2019.1658742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Over the last decade, the spread of next-generation sequencing technology along with the rising cost in health management in national health systems has led to widespread use/abuse of pharmacogenetic tests (PGx) in the practice of many clinical disciplines. However, given their clinical significance, it is important to standardize these tests for having an interaction with the clinical analysis laboratory (CAL), in which a PGx service can meet these requirements. Areas covered: A diagnostic test must meet the criteria of reproducibility and validity for its utility in the clinical routine. This present review mainly describes the utility of introducing PGx tests in the CAL routine to produce correct results useful for setting up personalized drug treatments. Expert opinion: With a PGx service, CALs can provide the right tool to help clinicians to make better choices about different categories of drugs and their dosage and to manage the economic impact both in hospital-based settings and in National Health Services, throughout electronic health records. Advances in PGx also allow a new approach for pharmaceutical companies in order to improve drug development and clinical trials. As a result, CALs can achieve a powerful source of epidemiological, clinical, and research findings from PGx tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Miscio
- Clinical Laboratory Analysis and Transfusional Medicine, Laboratory and Transfusional Diagnostics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Giulia Paroni
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Paola Bisceglia
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Carolina Gravina
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Maria Urbano
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Carla Piccininni
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Michele Prisciandaro
- Clinical Laboratory Analysis and Transfusional Medicine, Laboratory and Transfusional Diagnostics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Grazia Ciavarella
- Clinical Laboratory Analysis and Transfusional Medicine, Laboratory and Transfusional Diagnostics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Antonio Daniele
- Institute of Neurology, Catholic University of Sacred Heart , Rome , Italy.,Institute of Neurology, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Antonello Bellomo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy.,Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro , Bari , Italy
| | - Lazzaro Di Mauro
- Clinical Laboratory Analysis and Transfusional Medicine, Laboratory and Transfusional Diagnostics, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Antonio Greco
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
| | - Davide Seripa
- Research Laboratory, Complex Structure of Geriatrics, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza , Foggia , Italy
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Gavan SP, Thompson AJ, Payne K. The economic case for precision medicine. EXPERT REVIEW OF PRECISION MEDICINE AND DRUG DEVELOPMENT 2018; 3:1-9. [PMID: 29682615 PMCID: PMC5890303 DOI: 10.1080/23808993.2018.1421858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: The advancement of precision medicine into routine clinical practice has been highlighted as an agenda for national and international health care policy. A principle barrier to this advancement is in meeting requirements of the payer or reimbursement agency for health care. This special report aims to explain the economic case for precision medicine, by accounting for the explicit objectives defined by decision-makers responsible for the allocation of limited health care resources. Areas covered: The framework of cost-effectiveness analysis, a method of economic evaluation, is used to describe how precision medicine can, in theory, exploit identifiable patient-level heterogeneity to improve population health outcomes and the relative cost-effectiveness of health care. Four case studies are used to illustrate potential challenges when demonstrating the economic case for a precision medicine in practice. Expert commentary: The economic case for a precision medicine should be considered at an early stage during its research and development phase. Clinical and economic evidence can be generated iteratively and should be in alignment with the objectives and requirements of decision-makers. Programmes of further research, to demonstrate the economic case of a precision medicine, can be prioritized by the extent that they reduce the uncertainty expressed by decision-makers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sean P. Gavan
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander J. Thompson
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Katherine Payne
- Manchester Centre for Health Economics, Division of Population Health, Health Services Research and Primary Care, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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8
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Spackman E, Hinde S, Bojke L, Payne K, Sculpher M. Using Cost-Effectiveness Analysis to Quantify the Value of Genomic-Based Diagnostic Tests: Recommendations for Practice and Research. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2017; 21:705-716. [PMID: 29027820 DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2017.0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS New sequencing technologies allow increased opportunities to use genomic-based diagnostic tests (genomic tests) in routine clinical practice, which will impact healthcare budgets and patients' outcomes. This article aims to generate a list of recommendations on how the principles and methods of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA) can be used to quantify the costs and benefits of genomic tests. METHODS A systematic literature search identified publications describing the use of CEA to evaluate genomic tests. Data were extracted as key concepts to produce a thematic list of previously described challenges and solutions to using CEA to evaluate genomic tests. Defining features of evaluating genomic tests were categorized into a list of key recommendations for applying methods in practice and for research needs. RESULTS Features producing challenges in the implementation of CEA to evaluate genomic tests were as follows: the ability of the tests to diagnose multiple disorders; potential consequences for future generations suggesting an infinite time horizon; and the potential need to consider nonhealth benefits. CONCLUSIONS CEA was identified as an appropriate evaluative framework for genomic tests, although standard methods may need modification and important method research questions remain. Key recommendations suggest a need for research to reflect: sharing genomic information across generations; genomic tests for multiple disorders; and health and nonhealth benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldon Spackman
- 1 Community Health Sciences, University of Calgary , Canada
| | - Sebastian Hinde
- 2 Centre for Health Economics, University of York , York, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Bojke
- 2 Centre for Health Economics, University of York , York, United Kingdom
| | - Katherine Payne
- 3 Manchester Centre for Health Economics, The University of Manchester , Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Sculpher
- 2 Centre for Health Economics, University of York , York, United Kingdom
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9
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Verbelen M, Weale ME, Lewis CM. Cost-effectiveness of pharmacogenetic-guided treatment: are we there yet? THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2017; 17:395-402. [PMID: 28607506 PMCID: PMC5637230 DOI: 10.1038/tpj.2017.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacogenetics (PGx) has the potential to personalize pharmaceutical treatments. Many relevant gene-drug associations have been discovered, but PGx-guided treatment needs to be cost-effective as well as clinically beneficial to be incorporated into standard health-care. We reviewed economic evaluations for PGx associations listed in the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Table of Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers in Drug Labeling. We determined the proportion of evaluations that found PGx-guided treatment to be cost-effective or dominant over the alternative strategies, and estimated the impact on this proportion of removing the cost of genetic testing. Of the 137 PGx associations in the FDA table, 44 economic evaluations, relating to 10 drugs, were identified. Of these evaluations, 57% drew conclusions in favour of PGx testing, of which 30% were cost-effective and 27% were dominant (cost-saving). If genetic information was freely available, 75% of economic evaluations would support PGx-guided treatment, of which 25% would be cost-effective and 50% would be dominant. Thus, PGx-guided treatment can be a cost-effective and even a cost-saving strategy. Having genetic information readily available in the clinical health record is a realistic future prospect, and would make more genetic tests economically worthwhile.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Verbelen
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - M E Weale
- Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
| | - C M Lewis
- MRC Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK
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10
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Longo C, Rahimzadeh V, O'Doherty K, Bartlett G. Addressing ethical challenges at the intersection of pharmacogenomics and primary care using deliberative consultations. Pharmacogenomics 2016; 17:1795-1805. [PMID: 27767407 DOI: 10.2217/pgs-2016-0092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Primary care physicians will play a central role in the successful implementation of pharmacogenomics (PGx); however, important challenges remain. We explored the perspectives of stakeholders on key challenges of the PGx translation process in primary care using deliberative consultations. METHODS Primary care physicians, patients and policy-makers attended deliberations, where they discussed four ethical questions raised by PGx research and implementation in the primary care context. RESULTS Stakeholders voiced skepticism regarding PGx funding, commercialization, regulation, maintenance of an equal access healthcare system and restructuring of health research incentives and priorities in the public sector. CONCLUSION Deliberants developed governing principles for a PGx-specific charter of ethics, aiming to protect the interests of patients, and outlined recommendations for the future of PGx in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Longo
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | | | - Kieran O'Doherty
- Department of Psychology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Gillian Bartlett
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Rancic N, Dragojevic-Simic V, Vavic N, Kovacevic A, Segrt Z, Djordjevic N. Economic Evaluation of Pharmacogenetic Tests in Patients Subjected to Renal Transplantation: A Review of Literature. Front Public Health 2016; 4:189. [PMID: 27630984 PMCID: PMC5005394 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2016.00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for the patients with end-stage renal failure. Genetic factors, among others, can influence variability in response to immunosuppressive drugs. Nowadays, due to restrictive health resources, the question arises whether routine pharmacogenetic analyses should be done in the renal transplant recipients or not. The aim of this literature review was to present the up-to-date information considering the economic feasibility of pharmacogenetic testing in patients subjected to renal transplantation. The organization United Network for Organ Sharing in the US estimated that total costs per renal transplant concerning these analyses were $334,300 in 2014. Pharmacogenetic testing prior to treatment initiation could be helpful to predict and assess treatment response and the risks for adverse drug reactions. This kind of testing before treatment initiation seems to be one of the most promising applications of pharmacokinetics. Although pharmacogenetic tests were found to be a cost-effective or cost-saving strategy in many cases, some authors represent another opinion. However, if the real costs of renal transplantation are recognized, the application of these tests in the standard daily practice could be considered more realistic, which additionally emphasizes the importance of future studies assessing their cost effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemanja Rancic
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Military Medical Academy Medical Faculty, University of Defence , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Viktorija Dragojevic-Simic
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Military Medical Academy Medical Faculty, University of Defence , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Neven Vavic
- Solid Organ Transplantation Center, Military Medical Academy , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Kovacevic
- Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, Military Medical Academy Medical Faculty, University of Defence , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Zoran Segrt
- Management of the Military Medical Academy, Military Medical Academy Medical Faculty, University of Defence , Belgrade , Serbia
| | - Natasa Djordjevic
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac , Kragujevac , Serbia
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12
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Fugel HJ, Nuijten M, Postma M, Redekop K. Economic Evaluation in Stratified Medicine: Methodological Issues and Challenges. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:113. [PMID: 27242524 PMCID: PMC4861004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stratified Medicine (SM) is becoming a practical reality with the targeting of medicines by using a biomarker or genetic-based diagnostic to identify the eligible patient sub-population. Like any healthcare intervention, SM interventions have costs and consequences that must be considered by reimbursement authorities with limited resources. Methodological standards and guidelines exist for economic evaluations in clinical pharmacology and are an important component for health technology assessments (HTAs) in many countries. However, these guidelines have initially been developed for traditional pharmaceuticals and not for complex interventions with multiple components. This raises the issue as to whether these guidelines are adequate to SM interventions or whether new specific guidance and methodology is needed to avoid inconsistencies and contradictory findings when assessing economic value in SM. OBJECTIVE This article describes specific methodological challenges when conducting health economic (HE) evaluations for SM interventions and outlines potential modifications necessary to existing evaluation guidelines /principles that would promote consistent economic evaluations for SM. RESULTS/CONCLUSIONS Specific methodological aspects for SM comprise considerations on the choice of comparator, measuring effectiveness and outcomes, appropriate modeling structure and the scope of sensitivity analyses. Although current HE methodology can be applied for SM, greater complexity requires further methodology development and modifications in the guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans-Joerg Fugel
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Gronigen Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | - Maarten Postma
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Gronigen Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Ken Redekop
- Institute of Health Policy & Management, Erasmus University Rotterdam Rotterdam, Netherlands
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13
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Economic Evaluations of Pharmacogenetic and Pharmacogenomic Screening Tests: A Systematic Review. Second Update of the Literature. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146262. [PMID: 26752539 PMCID: PMC4709231 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective Due to extended application of pharmacogenetic and pharmacogenomic screening (PGx) tests it is important to assess whether they provide good value for money. This review provides an update of the literature. Methods A literature search was performed in PubMed and papers published between August 2010 and September 2014, investigating the cost-effectiveness of PGx screening tests, were included. Papers from 2000 until July 2010 were included via two previous systematic reviews. Studies’ overall quality was assessed with the Quality of Health Economic Studies (QHES) instrument. Results We found 38 studies, which combined with the previous 42 studies resulted in a total of 80 included studies. An average QHES score of 76 was found. Since 2010, more studies were funded by pharmaceutical companies. Most recent studies performed cost-utility analysis, univariate and probabilistic sensitivity analyses, and discussed limitations of their economic evaluations. Most studies indicated favorable cost-effectiveness. Majority of evaluations did not provide information regarding the intrinsic value of the PGx test. There were considerable differences in the costs for PGx testing. Reporting of the direction and magnitude of bias on the cost-effectiveness estimates as well as motivation for the chosen economic model and perspective were frequently missing. Conclusions Application of PGx tests was mostly found to be a cost-effective or cost-saving strategy. We found that only the minority of recent pharmacoeconomic evaluations assessed the intrinsic value of the PGx tests. There was an increase in the number of studies and in the reporting of quality associated characteristics. To improve future evaluations, scenario analysis including a broad range of PGx tests costs and equal costs of comparator drugs to assess the intrinsic value of the PGx tests, are recommended. In addition, robust clinical evidence regarding PGx tests’ efficacy remains of utmost importance.
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Abstract
Clinically relevant examples of stratified medicine are available for patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The aim of this study was to understand the current economic evidence for stratified medicine in RA. Two systematic reviews were conducted to identify: (1) all economic evaluations of stratified treatments for rheumatoid arthritis, or those which have used a subgroup analysis, and (2) all stated preference studies of treatments for rheumatoid arthritis. Ten economic evaluations of stratified treatments for RA, 38 economic evaluations including with a subgroup analysis and eight stated preference studies were identified. There was some evidence to support that stratified approaches to treating a patient with RA may be cost-effective. However, there remain key gaps in the economic evidence base needed to support the introduction of stratified medicine in RA into healthcare systems and considerable uncertainty about how proposed stratified approaches will impact future patient preferences, outcomes and costs when used in routine practice.
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15
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Doble B, Tan M, Harris A, Lorgelly P. Modeling companion diagnostics in economic evaluations of targeted oncology therapies: systematic review and methodological checklist. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2014; 15:235-54. [DOI: 10.1586/14737159.2014.929499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Bartlett G, Rahimzadeh V, Longo C, Orlando LA, Dawes M, Lachaine J, Bochud M, Paccaud F, Bergman H, Crimi L, Issa AM. The future of genomic testing in primary care: the changing face of personalized medicine. Per Med 2014; 11:477-486. [PMID: 29758776 DOI: 10.2217/pme.14.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Primary care is recognized worldwide as a key component for improving health outcomes in the population. At the same time, healthcare systems are rapidly changing with increasing expectations from technological advances. Genomics is a major driver in changing how medicine is being practiced; however, the importance for primary care has been under-appreciated. Strategically implementing genomics in a way that accounts for the unique characteristics of the primary care context is essential. In this perspective, we present important areas that we believe are critical in consideration of both the future of genomic medicine and primary healthcare delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian Bartlett
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Cote-des-Neiges, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Vaso Rahimzadeh
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Cote-des-Neiges, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Cristina Longo
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Cote-des-Neiges, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Lori A Orlando
- Department of Medicine & Center for Personalized & Precision Medicine, Duke University, Wallace Clinic, Room 204, 3475 Erwin Rd, Duke Box 3022, Durham, NC 27705, USA
| | - Martin Dawes
- Department of Family Practice, University of British Columbia, David Strangway Building Third floor, 5950 University Blvd, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Jean Lachaine
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Murielle Bochud
- University Institute of Social & Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Route de la Corniche 10, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Fred Paccaud
- University Institute of Social & Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Route de la Corniche 10, 1010 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Howard Bergman
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Cote-des-Neiges, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Laura Crimi
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, 5858 Cote-des-Neiges, Suite 300, Montreal, Quebec, H3S 1Z1, Canada
| | - Amalia M Issa
- Program in Personalized Medicine & Targeted Therapeutics & the Department of Health Policy & Public Health, University of the Sciences, 600 South 43rd Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Pharmacoeconomics of Pharmacogenetics within the Context of General Health Technology Assessments. Pharmacogenomics 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-391918-2.00012-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Drögemöller BI, Wright GEB, Niehaus DJH, Emsley RA, Warnich L. Whole-genome resequencing in pharmacogenomics: moving away from past disparities to globally representative applications. Pharmacogenomics 2012; 12:1717-28. [PMID: 22118054 DOI: 10.2217/pgs.11.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Africa suffers from a high burden of disease; nonetheless, it has been one of the most under-represented continents with regard to genomic research. It can be argued that this disproportionate research is related to the fact that the genome architecture of African individuals is poorly suited to SNP-based genome-wide association studies, given existing genotyping platforms. However, this argument is no longer plausible with the arrival of next-generation sequencing technologies, which allow for the analysis of entire genomes. Using pharmacogenes to critically examine the merit of next-generation sequencing technologies in pharmacogenomics, we found a substantial amount of novel/uncharacterized variation, which was predicted to alter protein function. This variation was predominantly observed in African individuals, emphasizing the benefit of next-generation sequencing technologies specifically for these individuals. We also observed an improvement in the reliability of sequencing technologies in a relatively short time. Therefore, as sequencing technologies develop and decrease in cost, the ability to reliably detect variation will improve and these technologies will begin to replace other less comprehensive genotyping assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Britt I Drögemöller
- Department of Genetics, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag XI, Matieland 7602, South Africa
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Postma MJ, Boersma C, Vandijck D, Vegter S, Le HH, Annemans L. Health technology assessments in personalized medicine: illustrations for cost-effectiveness analysis. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res 2011; 11:367-9. [PMID: 21831013 DOI: 10.1586/erp.11.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Using a genetic, observational study as a strategy to estimate the potential cost-effectiveness of pharmacological CCR5 blockade in dialysis patients. Pharmacogenet Genomics 2011; 21:417-25. [PMID: 21597398 DOI: 10.1097/fpc.0b013e3283472990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Randomized clinical trials are expensive and time consuming. Therefore, strategies are needed to prioritise tracks for drug development. Genetic association studies may provide such a strategy by considering the differences between genotypes as a proxy for a natural, lifelong, randomized at conception, clinical trial. Previously an association with better survival was found in dialysis patients with systemic inflammation carrying a deletion variant of the CC-chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5). We hypothesized that in an analogous manner, pharmacological CCR5 blockade could protect against inflammation-driven mortality and estimated if such a treatment would be cost-effective. METHODS A genetic screen and treat strategy was modelled using a decision-analytic Markov model, in which patients were screened for the CCR5 deletion 32 polymorphism and those with the wild type and systemic inflammation were treated with pharmacological CCR5 blockers. Kidney transplantation and mortality rates were calculated using patient level data. Extensive sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS The cost-effectiveness of the genetic screen and treat strategy was &OV0556;18 557 per life year gained and &OV0556;21 896 per quality-adjusted life years gained. Concordance between the genetic association and pharmacological effectiveness was a main driver of cost-effectiveness. Sensitivity analyses showed that even a modest effectiveness of pharmacological CCR5 blockade would result in a treatment strategy that is good value for money. CONCLUSION Pharmacological blockade of the CCR5 receptor in inflamed dialysis patients can be incorporated in a potentially cost-effective screen and treat programme. These findings provide formal rationale for clinical studies. This study illustrates the potential of genetic association studies for drug development, as a source of Mendelian randomized evidence from an observational setting.
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Payne K, Gurwitz D. Informing resource allocation decision making: economic evaluations of pharmacogenetic tests. Drug Dev Res 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.20429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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