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Varney MJ, Benovic JL. The Role of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Receptor Kinases in Pancreatic β-Cell Function and Diabetes. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:267-299. [PMID: 38351071 PMCID: PMC10877731 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) mellitus has emerged as a major global health concern that has accelerated in recent years due to poor diet and lifestyle. Afflicted individuals have high blood glucose levels that stem from the inability of the pancreas to make enough insulin to meet demand. Although medication can help to maintain normal blood glucose levels in individuals with chronic disease, many of these medicines are outdated, have severe side effects, and often become less efficacious over time, necessitating the need for insulin therapy. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate many physiologic processes, including blood glucose levels. In pancreatic β cells, GPCRs regulate β-cell growth, apoptosis, and insulin secretion, which are all critical in maintaining sufficient β-cell mass and insulin output to ensure euglycemia. In recent years, new insights into the signaling of incretin receptors and other GPCRs have underscored the potential of these receptors as desirable targets in the treatment of diabetes. The signaling of these receptors is modulated by GPCR kinases (GRKs) that phosphorylate agonist-activated GPCRs, marking the receptor for arrestin binding and internalization. Interestingly, genome-wide association studies using diabetic patient cohorts link the GRKs and arrestins with T2D. Moreover, recent reports show that GRKs and arrestins expressed in the β cell serve a critical role in the regulation of β-cell function, including β-cell growth and insulin secretion in both GPCR-dependent and -independent pathways. In this review, we describe recent insights into GPCR signaling and the importance of GRK function in modulating β-cell physiology. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Pancreatic β cells contain a diverse array of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that have been shown to improve β-cell function and survival, yet only a handful have been successfully targeted in the treatment of diabetes. This review discusses recent advances in our understanding of β-cell GPCR pharmacology and regulation by GPCR kinases while also highlighting the necessity of investigating islet-enriched GPCRs that have largely been unexplored to unveil novel treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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2
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Sasaki S, Nian C, Xu EE, Pasula DJ, Winata H, Grover S, Luciani DS, Lynn FC. Type 2 diabetes susceptibility gene GRK5 regulates physiological pancreatic β-cell proliferation via phosphorylation of HDAC5. iScience 2023; 26:107311. [PMID: 37520700 PMCID: PMC10382860 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Restoring functional β cell mass is a potential therapy for those with diabetes. However, the pathways regulating β cell mass are not fully understood. Previously, we demonstrated that Sox4 is required for β cell proliferation during prediabetes. Here, we report that Sox4 regulates β cell mass through modulating expression of the type 2 diabetes (T2D) susceptibility gene GRK5. β cell-specific Grk5 knockout mice showed impaired glucose tolerance with reduced β cell mass, which was accompanied by upregulation of cell cycle inhibitor gene Cdkn1a. Furthermore, we found that Grk5 may drive β cell proliferation through a pathway that includes phosphorylation of HDAC5 and subsequent transcription of immediate-early genes (IEGs) such as Nr4a1, Fosb, Junb, Arc, Egr1, and Srf. Together, these studies suggest GRK5 is linked to T2D through regulation of β cell growth and that it may be a target to preserve β cells during the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shugo Sasaki
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cuilan Nian
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Eric E. Xu
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Pasula
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Helena Winata
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sanya Grover
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Dan S. Luciani
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Francis C. Lynn
- BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Surgery, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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3
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Impact of diet and host genetics on the murine intestinal mycobiome. Nat Commun 2023; 14:834. [PMID: 36788222 PMCID: PMC9929102 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-36479-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian gut is home to a diverse microbial ecosystem, whose composition affects various physiological traits of the host. Next-generation sequencing-based metagenomic approaches demonstrated how the interplay of host genetics, bacteria, and environmental factors shape complex traits and clinical outcomes. However, the role of fungi in these complex interactions remains understudied. Here, using 228 males and 363 females from an advanced-intercross mouse line, we provide evidence that fungi are regulated by host genetics. In addition, we map quantitative trait loci associated with various fungal species to single genes in mice using whole genome sequencing and genotyping. Moreover, we show that diet and its' interaction with host genetics alter the composition of fungi in outbred mice, and identify fungal indicator species associated with different dietary regimes. Collectively, in this work, we uncover an association of the intestinal fungal community with host genetics and a regulatory role of diet in this ecological niche.
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Varney MJ, Steyaert W, Coucke PJ, Delanghe JR, Uehling DE, Joseph B, Marcellus R, Al-Awar R, Benovic JL. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) regulates insulin processing and secretion via effects on proinsulin conversion to insulin. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102421. [PMID: 36030052 PMCID: PMC9526158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies identified a missense mutation in the gene coding for G protein–coupled receptor kinase 6 (GRK6) that segregates with type 2 diabetes (T2D). To better understand how GRK6 might be involved in T2D, we used pharmacological inhibition and genetic knockdown in the mouse β-cell line, MIN6, to determine whether GRK6 regulates insulin dynamics. We show inhibition of GRK5 and GRK6 increased insulin secretion but reduced insulin processing while GRK6 knockdown revealed these same processing defects with reduced levels of cellular insulin. GRK6 knockdown cells also had attenuated insulin secretion but enhanced proinsulin secretion consistent with decreased processing. In support of these findings, we demonstrate GRK6 rescue experiments in knockdown cells restored insulin secretion after glucose treatment. The altered insulin profile appears to be caused by changes in the proprotein convertases, the enzymes responsible for proinsulin to insulin conversion, as GRK6 knockdown resulted in significantly reduced convertase expression and activity. To identify how the GRK6-P384S mutation found in T2D patients might affect insulin processing, we performed biochemical and cell biological assays to study the properties of the mutant. We found that while GRK6-P384S was more active than WT GRK6, it displayed a cytosolic distribution in cells compared to the normal plasma membrane localization of GRK6. Additionally, GRK6 overexpression in MIN6 cells enhanced proinsulin processing, while GRK6-P384S expression had little effect. Taken together, our data show that GRK6 regulates insulin processing and secretion in a glucose-dependent manner and provide a foundation for understanding the contribution of GRK6 to T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Varney
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Wouter Steyaert
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Paul J Coucke
- Center for Medical Genetics, Ghent University and Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Joris R Delanghe
- Department of Diagnostic Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - David E Uehling
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Babu Joseph
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Richard Marcellus
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada
| | - Rima Al-Awar
- Drug Discovery Program, Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A3, Canada; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Suo WZ. GRK5 Deficiency Causes Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1399-1410. [PMID: 34958040 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a high priority mission while searching for a disease modifying therapy for AD, a devastating major public health crisis. Clinical observations have identified a prodromal stage of AD for which the patients have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) though do not yet meet AD diagnostic criteria. As an identifiable transitional stage before the onset of AD, MCI should become the high priority target for AD prevention, assuming successful prevention of MCI and/or its conversion to AD also prevents the subsequent AD. By pulling this string, one demonstrated cause of amnestic MCI appears to be the deficiency of G protein-coupled receptor-5 (GRK5). The most compelling evidence is that GRK5 knockout (GRK5KO) mice naturally develop into aMCI during aging. Moreover, GRK5 deficiency was reported to occur during prodromal stage of AD in CRND8 transgenic mice. When a GRK5KO mouse was crossbred with Tg2576 Swedish amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse, the resulted double transgenic GAP mice displayed exaggerated behavioral and pathological changes across the spectrum of AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the GRK5 deficiency possesses unique features and advantage to serve as a prophylactic therapeutic target for MCI due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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Han J, Fu J, Yang Q, Zhou F, Chen X, Li C, Yin J. Rational design and biological evaluation of gemfibrozil modified Xenopus GLP-1 derivatives as long-acting hypoglycemic agents. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 198:112389. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Tang C, Li Q, Deng X, Wu W, Liao L, Liang K, Huo R, Li C, Han J, Tang W, Jiang N. Discovery of lixisenatide analogues as long-acting hypoglycemic agents using novel peptide half-life extension technology based on mycophenolic acid. RSC Adv 2020; 10:12089-12104. [PMID: 35496622 PMCID: PMC9050719 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01002b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Noncovalent binding of peptides to human serum albumin protects against renal clearance and enzymatic degradation. Herein, we investigated the effect of mycophenolic acid (MPA) albumin binders for improving the stability of peptides. For proof-of-principle, the short acting glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist lixisenatide was selected and functionalized with different MPA albumin binders. In vitro, all lixisenatide analogues showed well preserved GLP-1 receptor activation potency. High performance affinity chromatography (HPAC) and ultrafiltration analyses indicated that DiMPA was able to confer high albumin affinity to lixisenatide and revealed that affinity is increased for DiMPA modified lixisenatide analogues containing OEG spacers. In db/db mice, the selected peptide 2c showed comparable efficacies to lixisenatide with respect to glucose-lowering and insulinotropic activities. Furthermore, the duration of action of glucose homeostasis of 2c was comparable to semaglutide in db/db mice. Importantly, DiMPA albumin binder did not bring significant toxicity of lixisenatide, as reflected by the comparable toxicity indexes in 2c and semaglutide groups after 2 weeks dosing in normal Kunming mice. Short-term study (21 days) conducted on db/db mice showed the better therapeutic efficacies of 2c than semaglutide on pancreas islets protection. Importantly, in chronic studies (84 days) on db/db mice, 2c exhibited a sustained improvement in glycaemic control, to a greater extent than that of semaglutide. Thus, we propose DiMPA modification as a novel and general method for development of long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists for type 2 diabetes treatments, and 2c as a promising antidiabetic candidate. DiMPA albumin binders were effectively applied to lixisenatide to make 2c as a long-acting antidiabetic agent.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunli Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China .,Editorial Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China
| | - Qing Li
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 China
| | - Xiaoyan Deng
- Pharmaceutical College, Guangxi Medical University Nanning 530021 China
| | - Weiwei Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China
| | - Liufeng Liao
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China
| | - Kai Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China
| | - Rongrui Huo
- Editorial Department, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China
| | - Chenglin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug Research and Clinical Pharmacy, Xuzhou Medical University Xuzhou China
| | - Jing Han
- School of Chemistry & Materials Science, Jiangsu Normal University Xuzhou 221116 PR China
| | - Weizhong Tang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China
| | - Neng Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University Nanning PR China
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8
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Hendrickx JO, van Gastel J, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Premont RT, Martin B, Maudsley S. GRK5 - A Functional Bridge Between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30618771 PMCID: PMC6304357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex aging-triggered disorders are multifactorial programs that comprise a myriad of alterations in interconnected protein networks over a broad range of tissues. It is evident that rather than being randomly organized events, pathophysiologies that possess a strong aging component such as cardiovascular diseases (hypertensions, atherosclerosis, and vascular stiffening) and neurodegenerative conditions (dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease), in essence represent a subtly modified version of the intricate molecular programs already in place for normal aging. To control such multidimensional activities there are layers of trophic protein control across these networks mediated by so-called "keystone" proteins. We propose that these "keystones" coordinate and interconnect multiple signaling pathways to control whole somatic activities such as aging-related disease etiology. Given its ability to control multiple receptor sensitivities and its broad protein-protein interactomic nature, we propose that G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) represents one of these key network controllers. Considerable data has emerged, suggesting that GRK5 acts as a bridging factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings to control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, GA, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
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Association of genetic polymorphisms of SelS with Type 2 diabetes in a Chinese population. Biosci Rep 2018; 38:BSR20181696. [PMID: 30413610 PMCID: PMC6259018 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Selenoprotein S (SelS) gene expression is positively correlated to triglyceride (TG) concentrations and is associated with diabetes in animal model. However, the relationship between genetic polymorphisms of SelS and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) remains unclear. Methods: In the present study, we genotyped four single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs12910524, rs1384565, rs2101171, rs4965814) of SelS gene using TaqMan genotyping method in a case-control study (1947 T2DM patients and 1639 control subjects). Results: We found both rs1384565 CC genotype (12.1 compared with 6.6%, P<0.001) and C allele (35.2 compared with 24.4%, P<0.001) were more frequent in the T2DM patients than in the controls. Logistic regression analysis suggested after adjustment of other confounders, the difference remained significant between the two groups (CC compared with TT, P=0.002, OR = 1.884, 95% CI: 1.263-2.811; CT compared with TT, P<0.001, OR = 1.764, 95% CI: 1.412-2.204). Conclusion: The present study suggested that genetic polymorphisms of SelS were associated with T2DM in a Chinese population.
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