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Kutryb-Zajac B, Mierzejewska P, Slominska EM, Smolenski RT. Therapeutic Perspectives of Adenosine Deaminase Inhibition in Cardiovascular Diseases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25204652. [PMID: 33053898 PMCID: PMC7587364 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme of purine metabolism that irreversibly converts adenosine to inosine or 2'deoxyadenosine to 2'deoxyinosine. ADA is active both inside the cell and on the cell surface where it was found to interact with membrane proteins, such as CD26 and adenosine receptors, forming ecto-ADA (eADA). In addition to adenosine uptake, the activity of eADA is an essential mechanism that terminates adenosine signaling. This is particularly important in cardiovascular system, where adenosine protects against endothelial dysfunction, vascular inflammation, or thrombosis. Besides enzymatic function, ADA protein mediates cell-to-cell interactions involved in lymphocyte co-stimulation or endothelial activation. Furthermore, alteration in ADA activity was demonstrated in many cardiovascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, hypertension, thrombosis, or diabetes. Modulation of ADA activity could be an important therapeutic target. This work provides a systematic review of ADA activity and anchoring inhibitors as well as summarizes the perspectives of their therapeutic use in cardiovascular pathologies associated with increased activity of ADA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kutryb-Zajac
- Correspondence: (B.K.-Z); (R.T.S.); Tel.: +48-58-349-14-64 (B.K.-Z.); +48-58-349-14-60 (R.T.S.)
| | | | | | - Ryszard T. Smolenski
- Correspondence: (B.K.-Z); (R.T.S.); Tel.: +48-58-349-14-64 (B.K.-Z.); +48-58-349-14-60 (R.T.S.)
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Ludford PT, Tor Y. Ascertaining the activity and inhibition of adenosine deaminase via fluorescence-based assays. Methods Enzymol 2020; 639:71-90. [PMID: 32475413 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2020.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
A fluorescence-based assay for adenosine deaminase (ADA) activity and inhibition, which may also be formatted as an inhibitor discovery assay, is described. It relies on differences in fluorescence between an isothiazolo-based adenosine analogs (tzA) and its deaminated product, the corresponding inosine derivative (tzI), which facilitates a real-time monitoring of enzymatic activity. Inhibitors are added to the enzyme-substrate reaction mixture at various concentrations and the fluorescence signal is recorded over 10min. The percent inhibition is calculated from the signal change at 10min relative to the uninhibited reaction. The percent inhibition is plotted against inhibitor concentration and fitted to a Hill curve. IC50 values are then calculated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Ludford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Ludford PT, Rovira AR, Fin A, Tor Y. Fluorescing Isofunctional Ribonucleosides: Assessing Adenosine Deaminase Activity and Inhibition. Chembiochem 2019; 20:718-726. [PMID: 30566279 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201800665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic conversion of isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine-based adenosine (tz A) and 2-aminoadenosine (tz 2-AA) analogues to the corresponding isothiazolo[4,3-d]pyrimidine-based inosine (tz I) and guanosine (tz G) derivatives is evaluated and compared to the conversion of native adenosine to inosine. Henri-Michaelis-Menten analyses provides the foundation for a high-throughput screening assay, and the efficacy of the assay is showcased by fluorescence-based analysis of tz A conversion to tz I in the presence of known and newly synthesized inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul T Ludford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Alexander R Rovira
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Andrea Fin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0358, USA
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Arun KG, Sharanya CS, Sadasivan C. Computational and experimental validation of morin as adenosine deaminase inhibitor. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2018; 38:240-245. [PMID: 29843562 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2018.1476543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is one of the major enzymes involved in purin metabolism, it has a significant role in cell growth and differentiation. Over-activity of ADA has been noticed in some pathology, like malignancy and inflammation and makes it an attractive target for the development of drugs for such diseases. In the present study, ADA inhibitory activity of morin, a bioactive flavonoid, was assessed through computational and biophysical methods. The enzyme kinetics data showed that morin is a competitive inhibitor of ADA. Binding energy calculated from ITC analysis was -7.11 kcal/mol. Interaction of morin with ADA was also studied using fluorescence quenching method. Molecular docking studies revealed the structural details of the interaction. Molecular dynamics study in explicit solvent was also conducted to assess the structural stability of protein ligand complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- K G Arun
- a Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology , Kannur University, Thalassery Campus , Kannur , Kerala , India
| | - C S Sharanya
- a Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology , Kannur University, Thalassery Campus , Kannur , Kerala , India
| | - C Sadasivan
- a Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology , Kannur University, Thalassery Campus , Kannur , Kerala , India
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Ni H, Li YH, Hao RL, Li H, Hu SQ, Li HH. Identification of adenosine deaminase inhibitors from Tofu wastewater and litchi peel and their synergistic anticancer and antibacterial activities with cordycepin. Int J Food Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.13064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- He Ni
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development; College of Life Science and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals; South China Normal University; Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Yue-Hong Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development; College of Life Science and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals; South China Normal University; Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Rui-Lin Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development; College of Life Science and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals; South China Normal University; Guangzhou 510631 China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development; College of Life Science and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals; South China Normal University; Guangzhou 510631 China
- Guangzhou Huichuan Medical Technology Company; 211 Jinfu Building 90 Qifu Road Baiyun District Guangzhou 510410 China
| | - Song-Qing Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Processing Technology and Product Safety of Natural Products; College of Light Industry and Food Sciences; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Hai-Hang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development; College of Life Science and Research and Development Center for Rare Animals; South China Normal University; Guangzhou 510631 China
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Li G, Nakagome I, Hirono S, Itoh T, Fujiwara R. Inhibition of adenosine deaminase (ADA)-mediated metabolism of cordycepin by natural substances. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00121. [PMID: 26038697 PMCID: PMC4448975 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cordycepin, which is an analogue of a nucleoside adenosine, exhibits a wide variety of pharmacological activities including anticancer effects. In this study, ADA1- and ADA2-expressing HEK293 cells were established to determine the major ADA isoform responsible for the deamination of cordycepin. While the metabolic rate of cordycepin deamination was similar between ADA2-expressing and Mock cells, extensive metabolism of cordycepin was observed in the ADA1-expressing cells with Km and Vmax values of 54.9 μmol/L and 45.8 nmole/min/mg protein. Among five natural substances tested in this study (kaempferol, quercetin, myricetin, naringenin, and naringin), naringin strongly inhibited the deamination of cordycepin with Ki values of 58.8 μmol/L in mouse erythrocytes and 168.3 μmol/L in human erythrocytes. A treatment of Jurkat cells with a combination of cordycepin and naringin showed significant cytotoxicity. Our in silico study suggests that not only small molecules such as adenosine derivatives but also bulky molecules like naringin can be a potent ADA1 inhibitor for the clinical usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gen Li
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Izumi Nakagome
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Shuichi Hirono
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Tomoo Itoh
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Fujiwara
- School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University 5-9-1 Shirokane, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 108-8641, Japan
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Seela F, Debelak H, Reuter H, Kastner G, Mikhailopulo IA. 1-Deaza-3′-O-methyladenosine: A Nucleoside with theSyn-conformation in the Solid State and in Solution. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319808004671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Seela
- a Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie , Institut für Chemie, Universität Osnabrück , Barbarastr 7, D-49069 , Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Harald Debelak
- a Laboratorium für Organische und Bioorganische Chemie , Institut für Chemie, Universität Osnabrück , Barbarastr 7, D-49069 , Osnabrück , Germany
| | - Hans Reuter
- b Anorganische Chemie , Institut für Chemie, Universität Ósnabrück , Barbarastr. 7, D-49069 , Osnabriick , Germany
| | - Guide Kastner
- b Anorganische Chemie , Institut für Chemie, Universität Ósnabrück , Barbarastr. 7, D-49069 , Osnabriick , Germany
| | - Igor A. Mikhailopulo
- c Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Byelorussian Academy of Sciences , 220141 , Minsk , Zhodinskaya 5, Byelorussia
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8
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Laxer A, Gottlieb HE, Fischer B. Molecular recognition of adenosine deaminase: 15N NMR studies. NUCLEOSIDES NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2007; 26:161-80. [PMID: 17365795 DOI: 10.1080/15257770601112713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The elucidation of the molecular recognition of adenosine deaminase (ADA), the interpretation of the catalytic mechanism, and the design of novel inhibitors are based mostly on data obtained for the crystalline state of the enzyme. To obtain evidence for molecular recognition of the physiologically relevant soluble enzyme, we studied its interactions with the in situ formed inhibitor, 6-OH-purine riboside (HDPR), by 1D-15N- and 2D-(1H-15N)- NMR using the labeled primary inhibitor [15N4]-PR. We synthesized both [15N4]-PR and an [15N4]-HDPR model, from relatively inexpensive 15N sources. The [15N4]-HDPR model was used to simulate H-bonding and possible Zn2+-coordination of HDPR with ADA. We also explored possible ionic interactions between PR and ADA by 15N-NMR monitored pH-titrations of [15N4]-PR. Finally, we investigated the [15N4]-PR-ADA 1:1 complex by 2D-(1H-15N) NMR. We found that HDPR recognition determinants in ADA do not include any ionic-interactions. HDPR N1 H is an H-bond acceptor, and not an H-bond donor. Despite the proximity of N7 to the Zn2+-ion, no coordination occurs; instead, N7 is an H-bond acceptor. We found an overall agreement between the crystallographic data for the crystallized ADA:HDPR complex and the 15N-NMR signals for the corresponding soluble complex. This finding justifies the use of ADA's crystallographic data for the design of novel inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Laxer
- Department of Chemistry, Gonda-Goldschmied Medical Research Center, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan, Israel
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Sadat Hayatshahi SH, Abdolmaleki P, Ghiasi M, Safarian S. QSARs and activity predicting models for competitive inhibitors of adenosine deaminase. FEBS Lett 2007; 581:506-14. [PMID: 17250831 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2006] [Revised: 12/16/2006] [Accepted: 12/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Combinations of multiple linear regressions, genetic algorithms and artificial neural networks were utilized to develop models for seeking quantitative structure-activity relationships that correlate structural descriptors and inhibition activity of adenosine deaminase competitive inhibitors. Many quantitative descriptors were generated to express the physicochemical properties of 70 compounds with optimized structures in aqueous solution. Multiple linear regressions were used to linearly select different subsets of descriptors and develop linear models for prediction of log(k(i)). The best subset then fed artificial neural networks to develop nonlinear predictors. A committee of six hybrid models - that included genetic algorithm routines together with neural networks - was also utilized to nonlinearly select most efficient subsets of descriptors in a cross-validation procedure for nonlinear log(k(i)) prediction. The best prediction model was found to be an 8-3-1 artificial neural network which was fed by the most frequently selected descriptors among these subsets. This prediction model resulted in train set root mean sum square error (RMSE) of 0.84 log(k(i)) and prediction set RMSE of 0.85 log(k(i)) (both equivalent of 0.10 in normal range of log(k(i))) and correlation coefficient (r(2)) of 0.91.
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10
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Ijzerman AP, von Frijtag Drabbe Künzel JK, Vittori S, Cristalli G. Purine-Substituted Adenosine Derivatives with Small N6-Substituents as Adenosine Receptor Agonists. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408013220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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11
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HIDAKA H, KOBAYASHI H, KOIKE T, SATO T, SERPONE N. DNA Damage Photoinduced by Cosmetic Pigments and Sunscreen Agents under Solar Exposure and Artificial UV Illumination. J Oleo Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.55.249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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12
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13
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Imidazole-4-carboxamide derivatives as inhibitors of adenosine deaminase. Expert Opin Ther Pat 2004. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.14.4.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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14
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Costanzi S, Lambertucci C, Volpini R, Vittori S, Lupidi G, Cristalli G. 3'-deoxyribofuranose derivatives of 1-deaza and 3-deaza-adenosine and their activity as adenosine deaminase inhibitors. NUCLEOSIDES, NUCLEOTIDES & NUCLEIC ACIDS 2001; 20:1037-41. [PMID: 11562953 DOI: 10.1081/ncn-100002486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
2,6-Dichloro-1-deazapurine and 2,6-dichloro-3-deazapurine were coupled with 1,2-O-diacetyl-5-O-benzoyl-3-deoxy-beta-D-ribofuranose. Deprotection of the obtained compounds and reaction with liquid ammonia gave the desired 2-chloroadenine nucleosides, which were dechlorinated to afford the corresponding 1-deaza and 3-deazaadenosine derivatives. Biological studies performed on ADA from calf intestine showed that these new nucleosides are inhibitors of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Costanzi
- Dipartimento di Biologia M.C.A., University of Camerino, I-62032, Camerino, Italy
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Mardanyan S, Sharoyan S, Antonyan A, Armenyan A, Cristalli G, Lupidi G. Tryptophan environment in adenosine deaminase. I. Enzyme modification with N-bromosuccinimide in the presence of adenosine and EHNA analogues. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2001; 1546:185-95. [PMID: 11257521 DOI: 10.1016/s0167-4838(01)00141-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase from bovine cerebral hemisphere (white and gray matter) and spleen was treated with N-bromosuccinimide, a reagent known to oxidize selectively tryptophan residues in proteins. Spectrally observable tryptophan modification was accompanied by enzyme inactivation. Tsow graphics revealed that two Trps are essential for the activity of enzyme from both tissues. Enzyme inhibitors and substrate analogues, derivatives of erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine (EHNA) and adenosine, were able to protect Trp against modification, and this effect correlated in general with the enzyme activity protection. In the presence of adenosine deaza analogues (the noninhibitor tubercidin among them) only two Trps were modified in the fully inactivated enzyme. In the presence of EHNA and its deaza analogues, full inactivation of the enzyme was accompanied by the modification of four Trps. The obtained data confirm the previous hypothesis about the presence on the enzyme of different binding sites for adenosine and EHNA derivatives that are responsible for the different effects on the enzyme conformation elicited by the corresponding derivatives. Moreover, these data allow us to suggest that Trp residues, still unidentified by X-ray analysis, are essential for the functioning of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Mardanyan
- H. Ch. Buniatyan Institute of Biochemistry of the Armenian NAS, 511 P. Sevak St., Yerevan 375014, Armenia.
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Cristalli G, Costanzi S, Lambertucci C, Lupidi G, Vittori S, Volpini R, Camaioni E. Adenosine deaminase: functional implications and different classes of inhibitors. Med Res Rev 2001; 21:105-28. [PMID: 11223861 DOI: 10.1002/1098-1128(200103)21:2<105::aid-med1002>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Adenosine deaminase (ADA) is an enzyme of the purine metabolism which catalyzes the irreversible deamination of adenosine and deoxyadenosine to inosine and deoxyinosine, respectively. This ubiquitous enzyme has been found in a wide variety of microorganisms, plants, and invertebrates. In addition, it is present in all mammalian cells that play a central role in the differentiation and maturation of the lymphoid system. However, despite a number of studies performed to date, the physiological role played by ADA in the different tissues is not clear. Inherited ADA deficiency causes severe combined immunodeficiency disease (ADA-SCID), in which both B-cell and T-cell development is impaired. ADA-SCID has been the first disorder to be treated by gene therapy, using polyethylene glycol-modified bovine ADA (PEG-ADA). Conversely, there are several diseases in which the level of ADA is above normal. A number of ADA inhibitors have been designed and synthesized, classified as ground-state and transition-state inhibitors. They may be used to mimic the genetic deficiency of the enzyme, in lymphoproliferative disorders or immunosuppressive therapy (i.e., in graft rejection), to potentiate the effect of antileukemic or antiviral nucleosides, and, together with adenosine kinase, to reduce breakdown of adenosine in inflammation, hypertension, and ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Cristalli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, Via S. Agostino 1, 62032 Camerino, Italy.
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Vittori S, Lorenzen A, Stannek C, Costanzi S, Volpini R, IJzerman AP, Kunzel JK, Cristalli G. N-cycloalkyl derivatives of adenosine and 1-deazaadenosine as agonists and partial agonists of the A(1) adenosine receptor. J Med Chem 2000; 43:250-60. [PMID: 10649980 DOI: 10.1021/jm9911231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A number of cycloalkyl substituents (from C-3 to C-8) have been introduced on the 6-amino group of adenosine, 1-deazaadenosine, and 2'-deoxyadenosine, bearing or not a chlorine atom at the 2-position, to evaluate the influence on the A(1) and A(2A) affinity of steric hindrance and lipophilicity. Furthermore, the guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP) shift and the maximal induction of guanosine 5'-(gamma-thio)triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding to G proteins in rat brain membranes were used to determine the intrinsic activity of these nucleosides at the A(1) adenosine receptor. All compounds of the ribose-bearing series proved to be full agonists, the 1-deaza derivatives showing affinities for the A(1) receptor about 10-fold lower than the corresponding adenosines. On the other hand, all the 2'-deoxyribose derivatives bind to the A(1) receptor with affinities in the high nanomolar range, with the 2-chloro substituted compounds showing slightly higher affinities than the 2-unsubstituted counterparts. In terms of the potencies, the most potent compounds proved to be those bearing four- and five-membered rings. Both GTP shifts and [(35)S]-GTPgammaS experiments showed that most of the 2'-deoxyadenosine derivatives are partial agonists. The 2'-deoxyadenosine derivatives which were identified as partial agonists consistently detected fewer A(1) receptors in the high-affinity state than full agonists. However, it is worthwhile noting that there was not a simple linear relationship between receptor occupancy and activation. These results indicate that a critical density of A(1) adenosine receptors in the high-affinity state is required for G protein activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Vittori
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università di Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
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Vittori S, Camaioni E, Costanzi S, Volpini R, Lupidi G, Cristalli G. Structure-Activity Relationships of Adenosine Deaminase Inhibitors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779908041561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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19
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Seela F, Debelak H, Reuter H, Kastner G, Mikhailopulo IA. Different conformations of 1-deazaadenosine and its 2′-deoxyribonucleoside in the solid state and in solution. Tetrahedron 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(98)01131-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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20
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Cristalli G, Camaioni E, Di Francesco E, Eleuteri A, Vittori S, Volpini R. Potent and Selective Ligands for Adenosine Binding Sites. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319708006189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Cristalli G, Volpini R, Vittori S, Camaioni E, Rafaiani G, Potenza S, Vita A. Diazepinone Nucleosides as Inhibitors of Cytidine Deaminase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/07328319608002457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Saevels J, Van den Steen K, Van Schepdael A, Hoogmartens J. Study of the competitive inhibition of adenosine deaminase by erythro-9-(2-hydroxy-3-nonyl)adenine using capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0021-9673(96)00245-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Saevels J, Van Schepdael A, Hoogmartens J. Determination of the kinetic parameters of adenosine deaminase by electrophoretically mediated microanalysis. Electrophoresis 1996; 17:1222-7. [PMID: 8855408 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150170709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The possibility of determining the Michaelis constant of the irreversible deamination of adenosine to inosine by adenosine deaminase, using capillary electrophoresis, was investigated. This paper describes the use of electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA) as the technique for carrying out the assay. Initial reaction velocities of the enzymatic reaction were estimated from the peak area of inosine, and the Michaelis constant was calculated according to the Lineweaver-Burk equation. The result (Km = 5.3 x 10(-5) M +/- 8 x 10(-6) M) was consistent with previously reported values. Using the present method, a total amount of as few as 1.2 fmole of enzyme and 9.2 ng of substrate were injected in the capillary for the construction of a Michaelis Menten curve (seven concentrations of substrate, each concentration analyzed in triplicate), which is far smaller than the quantities required in conventional methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Saevels
- Laboratorium voor Farmaceutische Chemie en Analyse van Geneesmiddelen, Leuven, Belgium
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Cristalli G, Vittori S, Eleuteri A, Volpini R, Camaioni E, Lupidi G. Synthesis of 2′-Deoxyribonucleoside Derivatives of 1-Deazapurine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1080/15257779408013282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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