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Li J, Zheng S, Ma C, Chen X, Li X, Li S, Wang P, Chen P, Wang Z, Li W, Liu Y. Research progress on exosomes in podocyte injury associated with diabetic kidney disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1129884. [PMID: 37020588 PMCID: PMC10067864 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1129884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic kidney disease (DKD), a common cause of end-stage renal disease, is a serious complication that develops with the progression of chronic diabetes. Its main clinical manifestations are persistent proteinuria and/or a progressive decline in the estimated glomerular filtration rate. Podocytes, terminally differentiated glomerular visceral epithelial cells, constitute the glomerular filtration barrier together with the basement membrane and endothelial cells, and the structural and functional barrier integrity is closely related to proteinuria. In recent years, an increasing number of studies have confirmed that podocyte injury is the central target of the occurrence and development of DKD, and research on exosomes in podocyte injury associated with DKD has also made great progress. The aim of this review is to comprehensively describe the potential diagnostic value of exosomes in podocyte injury associated with DKD, analyze the mechanism by which exosomes realize the communication between podocytes and other types of cells and discuss the possibility of exosomes as targeted therapy drug carriers to provide new targets for and insights into delaying the progression of and treating DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Shanshan Zheng
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Chaoqun Ma
- Department of Emergency, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Xuexun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xuan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shengjie Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Zunsong Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
| | - Wenbin Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yipeng Liu, ; Wenbin Li,
| | - Yipeng Liu
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Jinan, China
- Department of Nephrology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Nephrology Research Institute of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
- *Correspondence: Yipeng Liu, ; Wenbin Li,
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Onishi K, Jones DL, Riester SM, Lewallen EA, Lewallen DG, Sellon JL, Dietz AB, Qu W, van Wijnen AJ, Smith J. Human Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells Remain Viable and Metabolically Active Following Needle Passage. PM R 2016; 8:844-54. [PMID: 26826615 DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 01/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the biological effects of passage through clinically relevant needles on the viability and metabolic activity of culture-expanded, human adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (AMSCs). DESIGN Prospective observational pilot study. SETTING Academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS Patient-derived clinical-grade culture expanded AMSCs. INTERVENTIONS AMSCs were passed through syringes without a needle attached (control), with an 18-gauge (25.4-mm) needle attached and with a 30-gauge (19-mm) needle attached at a constant injection flow rate and constant cell concentrations. Each injection condition was completed in triplicate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Cell number and viability, proliferative capacity, metabolic activity, and acute gene expression as measured by cell counts, mitochondrial activity, and quantitative real time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction on day 0 (immediately), day 1, and day 4 after injection. RESULTS AMSC viability was not significantly affected by injection, and cells proliferated normally regardless of study group. Postinjection, AMSCs robustly expressed both proliferation markers and extracellular matrix proteins. Stress-response mRNAs were markedly but transiently increased independently of needle size within the first day in culture postinjection. CONCLUSIONS Human, culture-expanded AMSCs maintain their viability, proliferative capacity, and metabolic function following passage through needles as small as 30-gauge at constant flow rates of 4 mL/min, despite an early, nonspecific stress/cytoprotective response. These initial findings suggest that culture-expanded AMSCs should tolerate the injection process during most cell-based therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Onishi
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(∗)
| | - Dakota L Jones
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(†)
| | - Scott M Riester
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(‡)
| | - Eric A Lewallen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(§)
| | - David G Lewallen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(‖)
| | - Jacob L Sellon
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic Sports Medicine Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(¶)
| | - Allan B Dietz
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(#)
| | - Wenchun Qu
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Anesthesiology Division of Pain Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(∗∗)
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Medical Sciences Building, Rm S3-69, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St, SW, Rochester, MN 55905; Department of Biomedical Engineering and Physiology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Mayo Graduate School, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(††).
| | - Jay Smith
- Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, W14, Mayo Building, Mayo Clinic, 200 1st St, SW, Rochester, MN 55905; Department of Radiology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN; Department of Anatomy, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN(‡‡).
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Shi Q, Luo S, Jia H, Feng L, Lu X, Zhou L, Cai J. Insulin-producing cells could not mimic the physiological regulation of insulin secretion performed by pancreatic beta cells. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:90. [PMID: 23421382 PMCID: PMC3585706 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to compare the difference between insulin-producing cells (IPCs) and normal human pancreatic beta cells both in physiological function and morphological features in cellular level. METHODS The levels of insulin secretion were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The insulin gene expression was determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The morphological features were detected by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and laser confocal scanning microscopy. RESULTS IPCs and normal human pancreatic beta cells were similar to each other under the observation in AFM with the porous structure features in the cytoplasm. Both number of membrane particle size and average roughness of normal human beta cells were higher than those of IPCs. CONCLUSIONS Our results firstly revealed that the cellular ultrastructure of IPCs was closer to that of normal human pancreatic beta cells, but they still could not mimic the physiological regulation of insulin secretion performed by pancreatic beta cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiping Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Simin Luo
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Haiying Jia
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lie Feng
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaohua Lu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lixin Zhou
- Institute for Nano-Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jiye Cai
- Institute for Nano-Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Walker PA, Jimenez F, Gerber MH, Aroom KR, Shah SK, Harting MT, Gill BS, Savitz SI, Cox CS. Effect of needle diameter and flow rate on rat and human mesenchymal stromal cell characterization and viability. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2011; 16:989-97. [PMID: 20001789 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) delivery methods require infusion/implantation through needles and/or catheters. Little investigation into the effect of delivery via catheter injection has been completed. We hypothesize that injection of rat and human MSCs through various clinically relevant-sized catheters and flow rates will not affect cell viability, characterization, or function. METHODS Both rat and human MSCs were injected through 20-, 25-, and 30-gauge needles, as well through an SL-10 microcatheter at rates of 60, 120, 240, and 500 mL/h. MSC viability and apoptotic fraction was measured. MSCs were characterized 24 h after injection with flow cytometric immunophenotyping, and multilineage differentiation was completed. RESULTS Catheter diameter or flow rate did not affect rat MSC viability. No clinically significant decrease in human MSC viability was observed immediately after injection; however, a delayed decrease in viability was observed at 24 h. No difference in the surface markers CD11b, CD45, CD29, CD49e, CD73, CD90, CD105, and Stro-1 or the capacity for multilineage differentiation (adipogenesis, osteogenesis, and chondrogenesis) was observed for either rat or human MSCs. CONCLUSION The injection of human and rat MSCs through various clinically relevant catheters and flow rates did not have a clinically significant effect on viability immediately after injection, indicating compliance with recently published Food and Drug Administration guidelines (viability >70%). Further, no changes in cell characterization or function were observed via measurement of cell surface markers and the capacity for multilineage differentiation, respectively. These results ensure the biocompatibility of MSCs with commonly used delivery methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Walker
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University of Texas Medical School at Houston, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Shin JS, Min BH, Lim JY, Kim BK, Han HJ, Yoon KH, Kim SJ, Park CG. Novel culture technique involving an histone deacetylase inhibitor reduces the marginal islet mass to correct streptozotocin-induced diabetes. Cell Transplant 2011; 20:1321-32. [PMID: 21294957 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x557146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Islet transplantation is limited by the difficulties in isolating the pancreatic islets from the cadaveric donor and maintaining them in culture. To increase islet viability and function after isolation, here we present a novel culture technique involving an histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) to rejuvenate the isolated islets. Pancreatic islets were isolated from Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and one group (FIs; freshly isolated islets) was used after overnight culture and the other group (RIs; rejuvenated islet) was subjected to rejuvenation culture procedure, which is composed of three discrete steps including degranulation, chromatin remodeling, and regranulation. FIs and RIs were compared with regard to intracellular insulin content, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) capacity, gene expression profile, viability and apoptosis rate under oxidative stresses, and the engraftment efficacy in the xenogeneic islet transplantation models. RIs have been shown to have 1.9 ± 0.28- and 1.7 ± 0.31-fold greater intracellular insulin content and GSIS capacity, respectively, than FIs. HDACi increased overall histone acetylation levels, with inducing increased expression of many genes including insulin 1, insulin 2, GLUT2, and Ogg1. This enhanced islet capacity resulted in more resistance against oxidative stresses and increase of the engraftment efficacy shown by reduction of twofold marginal mass of islets in xenogeneic transplantation model. In conclusion, a novel rejuvenating culture technique using HDACi as chromatin remodeling agents improved the function and viability of the freshly isolated islets, contributing to the reduction of islet mass for the control of hyperglycemia in islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Seop Shin
- Korea Islet Transplantation Institute, Inc., Seoul, Korea
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Brehm MA, Bortell R, Diiorio P, Leif J, Laning J, Cuthbert A, Yang C, Herlihy M, Burzenski L, Gott B, Foreman O, Powers AC, Greiner DL, Shultz LD. Human immune system development and rejection of human islet allografts in spontaneously diabetic NOD-Rag1null IL2rgammanull Ins2Akita mice. Diabetes 2010; 59:2265-70. [PMID: 20570944 PMCID: PMC2927949 DOI: 10.2337/db10-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To create an immunodeficient mouse model that spontaneously develops hyperglycemia to serve as a diabetic host for human islets and stem cell-derived beta-cells in the absence or presence of a functional human immune system. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We backcrossed the Ins2(Akita) mutation onto the NOD-Rag1(null) IL2rgamma(null) strain and determined 1) the spontaneous development of hyperglycemia, 2) the ability of human islets, mouse islets, and dissociated mouse islet cells to restore euglycemia, 3) the generation of a human immune system following engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells, and 4) the ability of the humanized mice to reject human islet allografts. RESULTS We confirmed the defects in innate and adaptive immunity and the spontaneous development of hyperglycemia conferred by the IL2rgamma(null), Rag1(null), and Ins2(Akita) genes in NOD-Rag1(null) IL2rgamma(null) Ins2(Akita) (NRG-Akita) mice. Mouse and human islets restored NRG-Akita mice to normoglycemia. Insulin-positive cells in dissociated mouse islets, required to restore euglycemia in chemically diabetic NOD-scid IL2rgamma(null) and spontaneously diabetic NRG-Akita mice, were quantified following transplantation via the intrapancreatic and subrenal routes. Engraftment of human hematopoietic stem cells in newborn NRG-Akita and NRG mice resulted in equivalent human immune system development in a normoglycemic or chronically hyperglycemic environment, with >50% of engrafted NRG-Akita mice capable of rejecting human islet allografts. CONCLUSIONS NRG-Akita mice provide a model system for validation of the function of human islets and human adult stem cell, embryonic stem cell, or induced pluripotent stem cell-derived beta-cells in the absence or presence of an alloreactive human immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Brehm
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.
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Abstract
The β-cells of the pancreas are responsible for insulin production and their destruction results in type I diabetes. β-cell maintenance, growth and regenerative repair is thought to occur predominately, if not exclusively, through the replication of existing β-cells, not via an adult stem cell. It was recently found that all β-cells contribute equally to islet growth and maintenance. The fact that all β-cells replicate homogeneously makes it possible to set up straightforward screens for factors that increase β-cell replication either In vitro or in vivo. It is possible that a circulating factor may be capable of increasing β-cell replication or that intrinsic cell cycle regulators may affect β-cell growth. An improved understanding of the in vivo maintenance and growth of β-cells will facilitate efforts to expand β-cells In vitro and may lead to new treatments for diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Brennand
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, HHMI and Harvard University, Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Medeiros RB, Papenfuss KJ, Hoium B, Coley K, Jadrich J, Goh SK, Elayaperumal A, Herrera JE, Resnik E, Ni HT. Novel sequential ChIP and simplified basic ChIP protocols for promoter co-occupancy and target gene identification in human embryonic stem cells. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:59. [PMID: 19563662 PMCID: PMC2709612 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The investigation of molecular mechanisms underlying transcriptional regulation, particularly in embryonic stem cells, has received increasing attention and involves the systematic identification of target genes and the analysis of promoter co-occupancy. High-throughput approaches based on chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) have been widely used for this purpose. However, these approaches remain time-consuming, expensive, labor-intensive, involve multiple steps, and require complex statistical analysis. Advances in this field will greatly benefit from the development and use of simple, fast, sensitive and straightforward ChIP assay and analysis methodologies. Results We initially developed a simplified, basic ChIP protocol that combines simplicity, speed and sensitivity. ChIP analysis by real-time PCR was compared to analysis by densitometry with the ImageJ software. This protocol allowed the rapid identification of known target genes for SOX2, NANOG, OCT3/4, SOX17, KLF4, RUNX2, OLIG2, SMAD2/3, BMI-1, and c-MYC in a human embryonic stem cell line. We then developed a novel Sequential ChIP protocol to investigate in vivo promoter co-occupancy, which is basically characterized by the absence of antibody-antigen disruption during the assay. It combines centrifugation of agarose beads and magnetic separation. Using this Sequential ChIP protocol we found that c-MYC associates with the SOX2/NANOG/OCT3/4 complex and identified a novel RUNX2/BMI-1/SMAD2/3 complex in BG01V cells. These two TF complexes associate with two distinct sets of target genes. The RUNX2/BMI-1/SMAD2/3 complex is associated predominantly with genes not expressed in undifferentiated BG01V cells, consistent with the reported role of those TFs as transcriptional repressors. Conclusion These simplified basic ChIP and novel Sequential ChIP protocols were successfully tested with a variety of antibodies with human embryonic stem cells, generated a number of novel observations for future studies and might be useful for high-throughput ChIP-based assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo B Medeiros
- Dept, Antibody Applications and Stem Cells, R&D Systems, Inc,, Minneapolis-MN, USA.
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Ben-Yehudah A, White C, Navara CS, Castro CA, Ize-Ludlow D, Shaffer B, Sukhwani M, Mathews CE, Chaillet JR, Witchel SF. Evaluating protocols for embryonic stem cell differentiation into insulin-secreting beta-cells using insulin II-GFP as a specific and noninvasive reporter. CLONING AND STEM CELLS 2009; 11:245-57. [PMID: 19508115 PMCID: PMC2996248 DOI: 10.1089/clo.2008.0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Stable and full differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into functional beta-cells offers the potential to treat type I diabetes with a theoretically inexhaustible source of replacement cells. In addition to the difficulties in directed differentiation, progress toward an optimized and reliable protocol has been hampered by the complication that cultured cells will concentrate insulin from the media, thus making it difficult to tell which, if any, cells are producing insulin. To address this, we utilized a novel murine embryonic stem cell (mESC) research model, in which the green fluorescent protein (GFP) has been inserted within the C-peptide of the mouse insulinII gene (InsulinII-GFP). Using this method, cells producing insulin are easily identified. We then compared four published protocols for differentiating mESCs into beta-cells to evaluate their relative efficiency by assaying intrinsic insulin production. Cells differentiated using each protocol were easily distinguished based on culture conditions and morphology. This comparison is strengthened because all testing is performed within the same laboratory by the same researchers, thereby removing interlaboratory variability in culture, cells, or analysis. Differentiated cells were analyzed and sorted based on GFP fluorescence as compared to wild type cells. Each differentiation protocol increased GFP fluorescence but only modestly. None of these protocols yielded more than 3% of cells capable of insulin biosynthesis indicating the relative inefficiency of all analyzed protocols. Therefore, improved beta-cells differentiation protocols are needed, and these insulin II GFP cells may prove to be an important tool to accelerate this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmi Ben-Yehudah
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, Pittsburgh Development Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute and Foundation, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Campbell-Thompson M, Dixon LR, Wasserfall C, Monroe M, McGuigan JM, Schatz D, Crawford JM, Atkinson MA. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients with localised chronic severe pancreatitis show an increased number of single beta cells, without alterations in fractional insulin area. Diabetologia 2009; 52:262-70. [PMID: 19002428 PMCID: PMC7321839 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1200-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2008] [Accepted: 10/02/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent histological analysis of pancreases obtained from patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes identified chronic islet inflammation and limited evidence suggestive of beta cell replication. Studies in rodent models also suggest that beta cell replication can be induced by certain inflammatory cytokines and by gastrin. We therefore tested the hypothesis that beta cell replication is observed in non-autoimmune human pancreatic disorders in which localised inflammation or elevated gastrin levels are present. METHODS Resected operative pancreatic specimens were obtained from patients diagnosed with primary adenocarcinoma (with or without chronic severe pancreatitis) or gastrinoma. Additional pancreatic tissue was obtained from autopsy control patients. Immunohistochemistry was used to assess fractional insulin area, beta cell number and replication rate and differentiation factors relevant to beta cell development. RESULTS Fractional insulin area was similar among groups. Patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma and localised chronic severe pancreatitis displayed significant increases in the number of single beta cells, as well as increased beta cell replication rate and levels of neurogenic differentiation 1 in islets. Patients with gastrinoma demonstrated significant increases in the number of single beta cells, but the beta cell replication rate and islet differentiation factor levels were similar to those in the control group. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION These findings indicate that chronic severe pancreatic inflammation can be associated with significant effects on beta cell number or replication rate, depending on the distribution of the cells. This information may prove useful for attempts seeking to design therapies aimed at inducing beta cell replication as a means of reversing diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Campbell-Thompson
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, 1600 SW Archer Road, PO Box 100275, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
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Li G, Luo R, Zhang J, Yeo KS, Lian Q, Xie F, Tan EKW, Caille D, Kon OL, Salto-Tellez M, Meda P, Lim SK. Generating mESC-derived insulin-producing cell lines through an intermediate lineage-restricted progenitor line. Stem Cell Res 2009; 2:41-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2008.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2008] [Revised: 07/25/2008] [Accepted: 07/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Recent progress on tissue-resident adult stem cell biology and their therapeutic implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 4:27-49. [PMID: 18288619 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-008-9008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress in the field of the stem cell research has given new hopes to treat and even cure diverse degenerative disorders and incurable diseases in human. Particularly, the identification of a rare population of adult stem cells in the most tissues/organs in human has emerged as an attractive source of multipotent stem/progenitor cells for cell replacement-based therapies and tissue engineering in regenerative medicine. The tissue-resident adult stem/progenitor cells offer the possibility to stimulate their in vivo differentiation or to use their ex vivo expanded progenies for cell replacement-based therapies with multiple applications in human. Among the human diseases that could be treated by the stem cell-based therapies, there are hematopoietic and immune disorders, multiple degenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, type 1 or 2 diabetes mellitus as well as eye, liver, lung, skin and cardiovascular disorders and aggressive and metastatic cancers. In addition, the genetically-modified adult stem/progenitor cells could also be used as delivery system for expressing the therapeutic molecules in specific damaged areas of different tissues. Recent advances in cancer stem/progenitor cell research also offer the possibility to targeting these undifferentiated and malignant cells that provide critical functions in cancer initiation and progression and disease relapse for treating the patients diagnosed with the advanced and metastatic cancers which remain incurable in the clinics with the current therapies.
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Sakurada K, McDonald F, Shimada F. Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Based Drug Discovery. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2008; 47:5718-38. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200700724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Tare RS, Babister JC, Kanczler J, Oreffo ROC. Skeletal stem cells: phenotype, biology and environmental niches informing tissue regeneration. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2008; 288:11-21. [PMID: 18395331 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2008.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2007] [Revised: 02/18/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Advances in our knowledge of the biology of skeletal stem cells, together with an increased understanding of the regeneration of normal tissue offer exciting new therapeutic approaches in musculoskeletal repair. Skeletal stem cells from various adult tissues such as bone marrow can be identified and isolated based on their expression of a panel of markers associated with smooth muscle cells, pericytes and endothelial cells. Thus, skeletal stem cell-like populations within bone marrow may share a common perivascular stem cell niche within the microvascular network. To date, the environmental niche that nurtures and maintains the stromal stem cell at different anatomical sites remains poorly understood. However, an understanding of the osteogenic and perivascular niches will inform identification of the key growth factors, matrix constituents and physiological conditions that will enhance the ex vivo amplification and differentiation of osteogenic stem cells to mimic native tissue critical for tissue repair. This review will examine skeletal stem cell biology, the advances in our understanding of the skeletal and perivascular niche and interactions therein and the opportunities to harness that knowledge for musculoskeletal regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul S Tare
- Bone and Joint Research Group, Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells and Regeneration, Developmental Origins of Health and Disease, Institute of Developmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
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Abstract
CD133 (prominin-1) was the first in a class of novel pentaspan membrane proteins to be identified in both humans and mice, and was originally classified as a marker of primitive haematopoietic and neural stem cells. Due to the highly restricted expression of CD133 family molecules on plasma membrane protrusions of epithelial and other cell types, in association with membrane cholesterol, a role in the organization of plasma membrane topology has also recently been assigned to this family. Studies have now confirmed the utility of CD133 as a marker of haematopoietic stem cells for human allogeneic transplantation. In addition, CD133 represents a marker of tumour-initiating cells in a number of human cancers, and therefore it may be possible to develop future therapies towards targeting cancer stem cells via this marker. The development of such therapies will be aided by a clearer understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways that regulate the behaviour of CD133-expressing cells, and new data outlining the role of Wnt, Notch, and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signalling in CD133(+) cancer stem cell regulation are discussed within.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Mizrak
- Centre for Diabetes and Metabolic Medicine, Queen Mary's School of Medicine and Dentistry, Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Whitechapel, London, UK
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17
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Mimeault M, Hauke R, Batra SK. Stem cells: a revolution in therapeutics-recent advances in stem cell biology and their therapeutic applications in regenerative medicine and cancer therapies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2007; 82:252-64. [PMID: 17671448 DOI: 10.1038/sj.clpt.6100301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 314] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Basic and clinical research accomplished during the last few years on embryonic, fetal, amniotic, umbilical cord blood, and adult stem cells has constituted a revolution in regenerative medicine and cancer therapies by providing the possibility of generating multiple therapeutically useful cell types. These new cells could be used for treating numerous genetic and degenerative disorders. Among them, age-related functional defects, hematopoietic and immune system disorders, heart failures, chronic liver injuries, diabetes, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, arthritis, and muscular, skin, lung, eye, and digestive disorders as well as aggressive and recurrent cancers could be successfully treated by stem cell-based therapies. This review focuses on the recent advancements in adult stem cell biology in normal and pathological conditions. We describe how these results have improved our understanding on critical and unique functions of these rare sub-populations of multipotent and undifferentiated cells with an unlimited self-renewal capacity and high plasticity. Finally, we discuss some major advances to translate the experimental models on ex vivo and in vivo expanded and/or differentiated stem cells into clinical applications for the development of novel cellular therapies aimed at repairing genetically altered or damaged tissues/organs in humans. A particular emphasis is made on the therapeutic potential of different tissue-resident adult stem cell types and their in vivo modulation for treating and curing specific pathological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Mimeault
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA.
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18
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Brennand K, Huangfu D, Melton D. All beta cells contribute equally to islet growth and maintenance. PLoS Biol 2007; 5:e163. [PMID: 17535113 PMCID: PMC1877817 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.0050163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In healthy adult mice, the beta cell population is not maintained by stem cells but instead by the replication of differentiated beta cells. It is not known, however, whether all beta cells contribute equally to growth and maintenance, as it may be that some cells replicate while others do not. Understanding precisely which cells are responsible for beta cell replication will inform attempts to expand beta cells in vitro, a potential source for cell replacement therapy to treat diabetes. Two experiments were performed to address this issue. First, the level of fluorescence generated by a pulse of histone 2B-green fluorescent protein (H2BGFP) expression was followed over time to determine how this marker is diluted with cell division; a uniform loss of label across the entire beta cell population was observed. Second, clonal analysis of dividing beta cells was completed; all clones were of comparable size. These results support the conclusion that the beta cell pool is homogeneous with respect to replicative capacity and suggest that all beta cells are candidates for in vitro expansion. Given similar observations in the hepatocyte population, we speculate that for tissues lacking an adult stem cell, they are replenished equally by replication of all differentiated cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen Brennand
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Danwei Huangfu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Doug Melton
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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