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De Felice B, De Pascalis F, Manenti R, Pavlovic R, di Cesare F, Nasti R, Beretta G, Parolini M. Differential biochemical and behavioral responses induced by cocaine and benzoylecgonine exposure to the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157025. [PMID: 35777565 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cocaine (COC) and its main metabolite, the benzoylecgonine (BE), are the main illicit drugs measured in aquatic system worldwide, with concentrations up to hundreds of ng/L. Although their current environmental concentrations are low these molecules can induce adverse effects at sub-individual level in non-target organisms. In contrast, the information at individual and behavioral level are still scant. The present study aimed at investigating biochemical and behavioral effects induced by 14-days exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations (50 ng/L and 500 ng/L) of COC and BE towards Procambarus clarkii. At sub-individual level, the activity of antioxidant and detoxifying (superoxide dismutase - SOD, catalase - CAT, glutathione peroxidase - GPx and glutathione S-transferases - GST) enzymes, as well as the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), were measured as oxidative stress-related endpoints. We also measured the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity to check for neurotoxic effect of COC and BE. At individual level, the modulation of some behavioral tasks (i.e., response to external stimuli, changes in feeding activity and exploration of a new environment) were assessed. Although both COC and BE exposure did not induce an oxidative stress situation, a significant inhibition of AChE activity was noted, resulting in behavioral changes in crayfish exposed to COC only. Crayfish exposed to the higher COC concentration showed an increase in the boldness and a decrease in the feeding activity, suggesting that COC may act according to its psychotropic mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Federico De Pascalis
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Raoul Manenti
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Radmila Pavlovic
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, I-26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Federica di Cesare
- University of Milan, Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Via dell'Università 6, I-26900 Lodi, Italy
| | - Rita Nasti
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giangiacomo Beretta
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- University of Milan, Department of Environmental Science and Policy, Via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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2
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Marisa I, Asnicar D, Matozzo V, Parolini M, Brianese N, Fedorova M, Hoffman R, Sheehan D, Marin MG. Zinc oxide, titanium dioxide and C 60 fullerene nanoparticles, alone and in mixture, differently affect biomarker responses and proteome in the clam Ruditapes philippinarum. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155873. [PMID: 35595145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Continuous release of nanoparticles (NPs) into marine coastal environments results in an increased risk of exposure to complex NP mixtures for marine organisms. However, to date, the information on the effects at molecular and biochemical levels induced by the exposure to NPs, singly and as a mixture, is still scant. The present work aimed at exploring the independent and combined effects and the mechanism(s) of action induced by 7-days exposure to 1 μg/L nZnO, 1 μg/L nTiO2 and 1 μg/L FC60 fullerene in the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum, using a battery of immunological and oxidative stress biomarkers in haemolymph, gills and digestive gland. In addition, proteomics analyses were performed in gills and the digestive gland, where NP bioaccumulation was also assessed. Increased bioaccumulation of single NPs and the mixture was linked with increased oxidative stress and higher damage to proteins, lipids and DNA in all tissues analysed. The proteomics approach highlighted protein modulation in terms of abundance and damage (higher redox-thiol and carbonylated groups content). In particular, the modulated proteins (16 in gills and 18 in digestive gland) were mostly related to cytoskeleton and energetic metabolism. The digestive gland was the tissue more affected. For all biomarkers measured, increased detrimental effects were observed in the mixture compared to single NP exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Marisa
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Davide Asnicar
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Matozzo
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Nicola Brianese
- Institute for Energetics and Interphases (IENI), CNR, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Fedorova
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ralf Hoffman
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Sheehan
- Proteomics Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Western Rd., Cork, Ireland; Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Research Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maria Gabriella Marin
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Via Ugo Bassi 58/B, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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Fontes MK, de Campos BG, Cortez FS, Pusceddu FH, Nobre CR, Moreno BB, Lebre DT, Maranho LA, Pereira CDS. Mussels get higher: A study on the occurrence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in seawater, sediment and mussels from a subtropical ecosystem (Santos Bay, Brazil). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143808. [PMID: 33288268 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Data on the occurrence of cocaine (COC) and benzoylecgonine (BE) in marine environmental compartments are still limited, with few studies reporting superficial water contamination, mainly in tropical zones. In this sense, environmental data of these substances are essential to identify potential polluting sources, as well as their impact in costal ecosystems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of COC and BE in seawater, sediment and mussels from a subtropical coastal zone (Santos Bay, São Paulo, Brazil), as well as to determine a field measured Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF). COC and BE were detected in all water samples in concentrations ranging from 1.91 ng·L-1 to 12.52 ng·L-1 and 9.88 ng·L-1 to 28.53 ng·L-1, respectively. In sediments, only COC was quantified in concentrations ranging from 0.94 ng·g-1 to 46.85 ng·g-1. Similarly, only COC was detected in tissues of mussels 0.914 μg·kg-1 to 4.58 μg·kg-1 (ww). The field-measured BAF ranged from 163 to 1454 (L·kg-1). Our results pointed out a widespread contamination by cocaine and its main human metabolite benzoylecgonine in Santos Bay. Mussels were able to accumulate COC in areas used by residents and tourists for bathing, fishing, and harvest, denoting concern to human health. Therefore, our data can be considered a preliminary assessment, which indicates the need to evaluate drugs (including illicit as COC) in environmental and seafood monitoring programs, in order to understand their risks on the ecosystem and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayana Karoline Fontes
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Bruno Galvão de Campos
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Fernando Sanzi Cortez
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - Fabio Hermes Pusceddu
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - Caio Rodrigues Nobre
- Instituto de Biociências, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/n, 11330-900 São Vicente, Brazil
| | - Beatriz Barbosa Moreno
- Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, 11030-100 Santos, Brazil
| | - Daniel Temponi Lebre
- CEMSA - Centro de Espectrometria de Massas Aplicada, CIETEC/IPEN, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 2242, 05508-000 São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciane Alves Maranho
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil
| | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Universidade Santa Cecília, Rua Oswaldo Cruz 266, 11045-907 Santos, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Maria Máximo, 168, 11030-100 Santos, Brazil.
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De Felice B, Parolini M. Effects of single and combined exposure to cocaine and benzoylecgonine on the oxidative status of Mytilus galloprovincialis. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103475. [PMID: 32827719 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The information concerning the effects of single and combined exposure to cocaine (COC) and its main metabolite, the benzoylecgonine (BE), towards marine organisms is still scant. Thus, the aim of this work was to compare the effects induced by 96 -hs exposure to a concentration of COC (500 ng/L) or BE (20 ng/L) and their mixture (500 ng/L of COC and 20 ng/L of BE) on Mytilus galloprovincialis. Oxidative stress biomarkers were applied on mussel gills and digestive gland, investigating changes in the amount of reactive oxygen species, activity of antioxidant (SOD, CAT and GPx) and detoxifying (GST) enzymes and lipid peroxidation. Independent exposure to COC and BE slightly altered mussel oxidative status in both the organs, while the mixture induced more marked responses compared to single molecules. Our results suggest the necessity to explore the toxicity of illicit drug mixtures to shed light on the risk of these molecules to marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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Fontes MK, Maranho LA, Pereira CDS. Review on the occurrence and biological effects of illicit drugs in aquatic ecosystems. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:30998-31034. [PMID: 32361972 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08375-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs (IDs) and their metabolites are recognized as contaminants of emerging concern. After consumption, illicit drugs are partially metabolized and excreted unchanged in urine and feces or as active metabolites reaching wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Furthermore, most WWTPs are insufficient in the treatment of effluents containing IDs, which may be released into aquatic ecosystems. Once in the water or sediment, these substances may interact and affect non-target organisms and some evidences suggest that illicit drugs may exhibit pseudo-persistence because of a continuous environmental input, resulting in long-term exposure to aquatic organisms that may be negatively affected by these biologically active compounds. We reviewed the literature on origin and consumption, human metabolism after consumption, aquatic occurrences, and toxicity of the major groups of illicit drugs (opioids, cannabis, synthetic drugs, and cocaine). As a result, it could be concluded that illicit drugs and their metabolites are widespread in diverse aquatic ecosystems in levels able to trigger sublethal effects to non-target organisms, besides to concentrate in seafood. This class of emerging contaminants represents a new environmental concern to academics, managers, and policymakers, whose would be able to assess risks and identify proper responses to reduce environmental impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Camilo Dias Seabra Pereira
- Department of Ecotoxicology, Santa Cecília University, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
- Department of Marine Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, Santos, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Parolini M, De Felice B, Ferrario C, Salgueiro-González N, Castiglioni S, Finizio A, Tremolada P. Benzoylecgonine exposure induced oxidative stress and altered swimming behavior and reproduction in Daphnia magna. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:236-244. [PMID: 28928019 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Several monitoring studies have shown that benzoylecgonine (BE) is the main illicit drug residue commonly measured in the aquatic system worldwide. Few studies have investigated the potential toxicity of this molecule towards invertebrate and vertebrate aquatic non-target organisms focusing on effects at low levels of the biological organization, but no one has assessed the consequences at higher ones. Thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the toxicity of a 48-h exposure to two concentrations of BE, similar to those found in aquatic ecosystems (0.5 μg/L and 1.0 μg/L), on the cladoceran Daphnia magna at different levels of the ecological hierarchy. We relied on a multi-level approach focusing on the effects at biochemical/biomolecular (biomarkers), individual (swimming activity) and population (reproduction) levels. We measured the amount of reactive oxygen species and of the activity of antioxidant (SOD, CAT, and GPx) and detoxifying (GST) enzymes to assess if BE exposure can alter the oxidative status of D. magna specimens, while the lipid peroxidation (TBARS) was measured as a marker of oxidative damage. Moreover, we also measured the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity because it is strictly related to behavioral changes in aquatic organisms. Changes in swimming behavior were investigated by a video tracking analysis, while the consequences on reproduction were assessed by a chronic toxicity test. Our results showed that BE concentrations similar to those found in aquatic ecosystems induced oxidative stress and inhibited AChE activity, affecting swimming behavior and the reproduction of Daphnia magna individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Beatrice De Felice
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Ferrario
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, I-20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, I-20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, I-20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Finizio
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Milano Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, I-20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Tremolada
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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7
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Parolini M, Bini L, Magni S, Rizzo A, Ghilardi A, Landi C, Armini A, Del Giacco L, Binelli A. Exposure to cocaine and its main metabolites altered the protein profile of zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 232:603-614. [PMID: 28993024 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.09.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs have been identified as emerging aquatic pollutants because of their widespread presence in freshwaters and potential toxicity towards aquatic organisms. Among illicit drug residues, cocaine (COC) and its main metabolites, namely benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), are commonly detected in freshwaters worldwide at concentration that can induce diverse adverse effects to non-target organisms. However, the information of toxicity and mechanisms of action (MoA) of these drugs, mainly of COC metabolites, to aquatic species is still fragmentary and inadequate. Thus, this study was aimed at investigating the toxicity of two concentrations (0.3 and 1.0 μg/L) of COC, BE and EME similar to those found in aquatic ecosystems on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at 96 h post fertilization through a functional proteomics approach. Exposure to COC and both its metabolites significantly altered the protein profile of zebrafish embryos, modulating the expression of diverse proteins belonging to different functional classes, including cytoskeleton, eye constituents, lipid transport, lipid and energy metabolism, and stress response. Expression of vitellogenins and crystallins was modulated by COC and both its main metabolites, while only BE and EME altered proteins related to lipid and energy metabolism, as well as to oxidative stress response. Our data confirmed the potential toxicity of low concentrations of COC, BE and EME, and helped to shed light on their MoA on an aquatic vertebrate during early developmental period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy.
| | - Luca Bini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Stefano Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rizzo
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of Milan, via Celoria 2, I-20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna Ghilardi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Landi
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Alessandro Armini
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, via Aldo Moro 2, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Luca Del Giacco
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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8
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Trevisan R, Flores-Nunes F, Dolores ES, Mattos JJ, Piazza CE, Sasaki ST, Taniguchi S, Montone RC, Bícego MC, Dos Reis IMM, Zacchi FL, Othero BNM, Bastolla CLV, Mello DF, Fraga APM, Wendt N, Toledo-Silva G, Razzera G, Dafre AL, de Melo CMR, Bianchini A, Marques MRF, Bainy ACD. Thiol oxidation of hemolymph proteins in oysters Crassostrea brasiliana as markers of oxidative damage induced by urban sewage exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1833-1845. [PMID: 27363828 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urban sewage is a concerning issue worldwide, threatening both wildlife and human health. The present study investigated protein oxidation in mangrove oysters (Crassostrea brasiliana) exposed to seawater from Balneário Camboriú, an important tourist destination in Brazil that is affected by urban sewage. Oysters were exposed for 24 h to seawater collected close to the Camboriú River (CAM1) or 1 km away (CAM2). Seawater from an aquaculture laboratory was used as a reference. Local sewage input was marked by higher levels of coliforms, nitrogen, and phosphorus in seawater, as well as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), linear alkylbenzenes (LABs), and fecal steroid in sediments at CAM1. Exposure of oysters to CAM1 caused marked bioaccumulation of LABs and decreased PAH and PCB concentrations after exposure to both CAM1 and CAM2. Protein thiol oxidation in gills, digestive gland, and hemolymph was evaluated. Lower levels of reduced protein thiols were detected in hemolymph from CAM1, and actin, segon, and dominin were identified as targets of protein thiol oxidation. Dominin susceptibility to oxidation was confirmed in vitro by exposure to peroxides and hypochlorous acid, and 2 cysteine residues were identified as potential sites of oxidation. Overall, these data indicate that urban sewage contamination in local waters has a toxic potential and that protein thiol oxidation in hemolymph could be a useful biomarker of oxidative stress in bivalves exposed to contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1833-1845. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Trevisan
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Flores-Nunes
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Euler S Dolores
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Jacó J Mattos
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Clei E Piazza
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Sílvio T Sasaki
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Satie Taniguchi
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Márcia C Bícego
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isis M M Dos Reis
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Flávia L Zacchi
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Bárbara N M Othero
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Camila L V Bastolla
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Danielle F Mello
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M Fraga
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Nestor Wendt
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | | | - Guilherme Razzera
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Alcir L Dafre
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Cláudio M R de Melo
- Department of Aquaculture, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Adalto Bianchini
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande Foundation, Rio Grande, Brazil
| | - Maria R F Marques
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Afonso C D Bainy
- Department of Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
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9
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Parolini M, Ghilardi A, Della Torre C, Magni S, Prosperi L, Calvagno M, Del Giacco L, Binelli A. Environmental concentrations of cocaine and its main metabolites modulated antioxidant response and caused cyto-genotoxic effects in zebrafish embryo cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 226:504-514. [PMID: 28449966 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.04.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs have been recently identified as a serious environmental problem because of the growing evidence regarding their occurrence in aquatic environment and potential toxicity towards non-target organisms. Among them, cocaine (COC) and its main metabolites, namely benzoylecgonine (BE) and ecgonine methyl ester (EME), are commonly measured in freshwaters worldwide at levels that might cause diverse sub-lethal effects to aquatic organisms. Thus, the present study was aimed at investigating the potential adverse effects induced by the exposure to environmental concentrations (0.04, 0.4, 4 and 40 nM) of COC, BE, and EME on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos at 96 h post fertilization. Cytotoxicity was assessed by the Trypan Blue exclusion method, while primary and fixed genetic damages were evaluated by the Single Cell Gel Electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, and the DNA diffusion assay together with the Micronucleus test, respectively. The involvement of oxidative stress in the mechanism of action (MoA) of all tested drugs was assessed by measuring the activity of defense enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPx, and GST) and the expression of their encoding genes. Exposure to COC and both metabolites significantly reduced cell viability, increased DNA fragmentation and promoted the onset of apoptotic cells and micronuclei in zebrafish embryos. Results from oxidative stress-related endpoints and gene expression suggested that the observed genotoxicity may be caused by an overproduction of free radicals that imbalanced the oxidative status of embryos. The integration of biomarker responses into a synthetic index showed that at each tested concentration, BE and EME had a similar toxicity and were both more toxic than COC. Our data confirmed the potential toxicity of environmental concentrations of COC, BE, and EME, suggesting the need of further in-depth studies to shed light on their MoA and long-term toxicity towards non-target aquatic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Anna Ghilardi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Camilla Della Torre
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Stefano Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Laura Prosperi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Calvagno
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Luca Del Giacco
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, via Celoria 26, I-20133 Milan, Italy
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10
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Spasiano D, Russo D, Vaccaro M, Siciliano A, Marotta R, Guida M, Reis NM, Li Puma G, Andreozzi R. Removal of benzoylecgonine from water matrices through UV254/H2O2 process: Reaction kinetic modeling, ecotoxicity and genotoxicity assessment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 318:515-525. [PMID: 27450344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Benzoylecgonine (BE), the main cocaine metabolite, has been detected in numerous surface water and treatment plants effluents in Europe and there is urgent need for effective treatment methods. In this study, the removal of BE by the UV254/H2O2 process from different water matrices was investigated. By means of competition kinetics method, the kinetic constant of reaction between BE and the photogenerated hydroxyl radicals (OH) was estimated resulting in kOH/BE=5.13×10(9)M(-1)s(-1). By-products and water matrices scavengers effects were estimated by numerical modeling of the reaction kinetics for the UV254/H2O2 process and validated in an innovative microcapillary film (MCF) array photoreactor and in a conventional batch photoreactor. The ecotoxicity of the water before and after treatment was evaluated with four organisms Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna, Caenorhabditis elegans, and Vicia faba. The results provided evidence that BE and its transformation by-products do not have significant adverse effects on R. subcapitata, while D. magna underwent an increase of lipid droplets. C. elegans was the most sensitive to BE and its by-products. Furthermore, a genotoxicity assay, using V. faba, showed cytogenic damages during the cell mitosis of primary roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Spasiano
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Civile, Ambientale, del Territorio, Edile e di Chimica, Politecnico di Bari, Via E. Orabona, 4-70125 Bari, Italy.
| | - D Russo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - M Vaccaro
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - A Siciliano
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - R Marotta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - M Guida
- Dipartimento di Biologia, Università di Napoli Federico II, Via Cinthia, 80126 Napoli, Italy
| | - N M Reis
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - G Li Puma
- Environmental Nanocatalysis & Photoreaction Engineering Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK.
| | - R Andreozzi
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, Università di Napoli Federico II, p.le V. Tecchio, 80-80125 Napoli, Italy
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11
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Sapone A, Canistro D, Vivarelli F, Paolini M. Perturbation of xenobiotic metabolism in Dreissena polymorpha model exposed in situ to surface water (Lake Trasimene) purified with various disinfectants. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:548-554. [PMID: 26397472 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Sanitation is of crucial importance for the microbiological safety of drinking water. However, chlorination of water rich in organic material produces disinfection by-products (DBPs), many of which have been reported to be mutagenic and/or carcinogenic compounds such as haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes. Epidemiological studies have suggested a link between drinking water consumption and cancer. We previously observed that Cyprinus carpio fish exposed to DBPs, may be subject to epigenetic effects such as those referable to the up-regulation of cytochrome P450 (CYP) superfamily (ex. co-mutagenesis/co-carcinogenesis and oxidative stress) that has been associated to non-genotoxic carcinogenesis. Our goal was to study the xenobiotic metabolism in mollusks exposed in situ to surface water of Lake Trasimene (Central Italy) treated with several disinfectants such as the traditional chlorine dioxide (ClO2), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) or the relatively new one peracetic acid (PAA). The freshwater bivalves (Dreissena polymorpha) being selected as biomarker, have the unique ability to accumulate pollutants. Freshwater bivalves were maintained in surface water containing each disinfectant individually (1-2 mg/L). Following an exposure period up to 20 days during the fall period, microsomes were collected from the mussels, then tested for various monooxygenases. Strong CYP inductions were observed. These data indicate that drinking water disinfection generates harmful DBP mixtures capable of determining a marked perturbation of CYP-supported reactions. This phenomenon, being associated to an increased pro-carcinogen bioactivation and persistent oxidative stress, could provide an explanation for the observational studies connecting the regular consumption of drinking water to increased risk of various cancers in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Sapone
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Donatella Canistro
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fabio Vivarelli
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Moreno Paolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, Alma Mater Studiorum, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio, 48, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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12
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Marco-Ramell A, de Almeida AM, Cristobal S, Rodrigues P, Roncada P, Bassols A. Proteomics and the search for welfare and stress biomarkers in animal production in the one-health context. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:2024-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00788g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Stress and welfare are important factors in animal production in the context of growing production optimization and scrutiny by the general public.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Marco-Ramell
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular
- Facultat de Veterinària
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Spain
| | - A. M. de Almeida
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnologica
- Oeiras
- Portugal
- CIISA/FMV – Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação em Sanidade Animal
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária
| | - S. Cristobal
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine
- Cell Biology
- Faculty of Medicine
- Linköping University
- Linköping
| | - P. Rodrigues
- CCMAR
- Center of Marine Science
- University of Algarve
- 8005-139 Faro
- Portugal
| | - P. Roncada
- Istituto Sperimentale Italiano L. Spallanzani
- Milano
- Italy
| | - A. Bassols
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular
- Facultat de Veterinària
- Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
- 08193 Cerdanyola del Vallès
- Spain
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13
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García-Cambero JP, García-Cortés H, Valcárcel Y, Catalá M. Environmental concentrations of the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine induced sublethal toxicity in the development of plants but not in a zebrafish embryo-larval model. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2015; 300:866-872. [PMID: 26340554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2015.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have found cocaine and its main active metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE) in the aquatic environment and drinking water, derived from its consumption by humans as well as the inability of water treatment processes to eliminate it. A few studies have already investigated the ecotoxicology of BE to aquatic invertebrates, but none has still addressed the effects of BE on aquatic vertebrates or vascular plants. The goal of this publication is to provide information on the toxicity of environmental concentrations of BE during animal and vascular plant development, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the potential risk of this substance for the environment. BE induced alterations in mitochondrial activity and DNA levels of fern spores at environmental concentrations (1 ng L(-1)), which could disrupt gametophyte germination. However, BE at concentrations ranging from 1 ng L(-1) to 1 mg L(-1) did not disturb morphogenesis, hatching, heartbeat rate or larval motility in a zebrafish embryo-larval model. Adverse effects on ferns agree with the allelophathic role described for alkaloids and their unspecific interference with plant germination. Therefore, the anthropogenic dispersion of alkaloid allelochemicals may pose a risk for biodiversity and irrigated food production that should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P García-Cambero
- National Centre for Environmental Health, Institute of Health Carlos III, Ctra Majadahonda-Pozuelo km 2, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain.
| | - H García-Cortés
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Higher School of Science and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, ESCET - Campus de Móstoles, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Department of Preventive Medicine & Surgery, Psychology, Public Health, Inmunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Science, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda Atenas S/N, E-28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Catalá
- Department of Biology and Geology, Physics and Inorganic Chemistry, Higher School of Science and Technology, Rey Juan Carlos University, ESCET - Campus de Móstoles, C/Tulipán s/n, E-28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Parolini M, Magni S, Castiglioni S, Zuccato E, Binelli A. Realistic mixture of illicit drugs impaired the oxidative status of the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha). CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 128:96-102. [PMID: 25676616 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.12.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs are considered to be emerging aquatic pollutants since they are commonly found in freshwater ecosystems in the high ng L(-1) to low μg L(-1) range concentrations. Although the environmental occurrence of the most common psychoactive compounds is well known, recently some investigations showed their potential toxicity toward non-target aquatic organisms. However, to date, these studies completely neglected that organisms in the real environment are exposed to a complex mixture, which could lead to dissimilar adverse effects. The present study investigated the oxidative alterations of the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha induced by a 14-d exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of the most common illicit drugs found in the aquatic environment, namely cocaine (50 ng L(-1)), benzoylecgonine (300 ng L(-1)), amphetamine (300 ng L(-1)), morphine (100 ng L(-1)) and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (50 ng L(-1)). The total oxidant status (TOS) was measured to investigate the increase in the reactive oxygen species' levels, while the activity of antioxidant enzymes and glutathione S-transferase were measured to note the eventual imbalances between pro-oxidant and antioxidant molecules. In addition, oxidative damage was assessed by measuring the levels of lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation. Significant time-dependent increases of all the antioxidant activities were induced by the mixture. Moreover, the illicit drug mixture significantly increased the levels of carbonylated proteins and caused a slight variation in lipid peroxidation. Our results showed that a mixture of illicit drugs at realistic environmental concentrations can impair the oxidative status of the zebra mussel, posing a serious hazard to the health status of this bivalve species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
| | - Stefano Magni
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Castiglioni
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Ettore Zuccato
- IRCCS - Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri", Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Via La Masa 19, 20156 Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy
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15
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Jaafar SNT, Coelho AV, Sheehan D. Redox proteomic analysis ofmytilus edulisgills: effects of the pharmaceutical diclofenac on a non-target organism. Drug Test Anal 2015; 7:957-66. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siti Nur Tahirah Jaafar
- Proteomics Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Environmental Research Institute; University College Cork; Ireland
- Marine Biology Program, School of Marine Science and Environment; Universiti Malaysia Terengganu; Terengganu Malaysia
| | - Ana Varela Coelho
- Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Analytical Services Unit, Institute of Chemical and Biological Technology (ITQB); New University of Lisbon; Avenida República - Quinta do Marquês 2784-505 Oeiras Portugal
| | - David Sheehan
- Proteomics Research Group, School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology and Environmental Research Institute; University College Cork; Ireland
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16
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Binelli A, Della Torre C, Magni S, Parolini M. Does zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha) represent the freshwater counterpart of Mytilus in ecotoxicological studies? A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 196:386-403. [PMID: 25463737 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the fundamentals in the ecotoxicological studies is the need of data comparison, which can be easily reached with the help of a standardized biological model. In this context, any biological model has been still proposed for the biomonitoring and risk evaluation of freshwaters until now. The aim of this review is to illustrate the ecotoxicological studies carried out with the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha in order to suggest this bivalve species as possible reference organism for inland waters. In detail,we showed its application in biomonitoring, as well as for the evaluation of adverse effects induced by several pollutants, using both in vitro and in vivo experiments. We discussed the advantages by the use of D. polymorpha for ecotoxicological studies, but also the possible limitations due to its invasive nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Binelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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17
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Sellami B, Khazri A, Mezni A, Louati H, Dellali M, Aissa P, Mahmoudi E, Beyrem H, Sheehan D. Effect of permethrin, anthracene and mixture exposure on shell components, enzymatic activities and proteins status in the Mediterranean clam Venerupis decussata. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2015; 158:22-32. [PMID: 25461742 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Anthracene (ANT) and permethrin (PER) are two of the more toxic compounds reaching the marine environment. This study aimed to determine the impact of these molecules on Venerupis decussata, an economically important species cultured on the Tunisian coast. Shell structure and its possible transformation upon exposure to the two contaminants were studied by X-ray diffraction and gravimetric analyses. Results revealed a phase transition in shell composition from aragonite to calcite after PER exposure, to a mixture of PER and ANT (Mix) but not for ANT alone. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione transferase (GST) activities were determined in digestive gland and gills after exposure to ANT, PER and Mix to assess the impact of the contamination on the oxidative status of V. decussata. Enzyme activities increased in the digestive gland after PER treatment and in the gills after ANT treatment. PER exposure significantly reduced the levels of free thiols and increased levels of carbonylated proteins in the digestive gland, as compared to controls. In contrast, ANT exposure significantly reduced free thiols and increased the number of carbonylated proteins in the gills. Mix induced additive effects as measured by both enzymatic and proteomic approaches. The present study suggests that PER has a strong effect on shell structure; that PER and ANT exposure generate compound-dependent oxidative stress in the tissues of V. decussata and that a mixture of the two compounds has synergistic effects on biochemical response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Sellami
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Abdelhafidh Khazri
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Amine Mezni
- Unit of Research 99/UR12-30, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, 7021 Jarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Héla Louati
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Dellali
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Patricia Aissa
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Ezzeddine Mahmoudi
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Hamouda Beyrem
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - David Sheehan
- Environmental Research Institute and Department of Biochemistry, University College Cork, Western Gateway Building, Western Road, Cork, Ireland.
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18
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Mendoza A, Rodríguez-Gil JL, González-Alonso S, Mastroianni N, López de Alda M, Barceló D, Valcárcel Y. Drugs of abuse and benzodiazepines in the Madrid Region (Central Spain): seasonal variation in river waters, occurrence in tap water and potential environmental and human risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2014; 70:76-87. [PMID: 24908641 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This work analyzes the seasonal variation (winter and summer) of ten drugs of abuse, six metabolites and three benzodiazepines in surface waters from the Jarama and Manzanares Rivers in the Madrid Region, the most densely populated area in Spain. The occurrence of these compounds in tap water in this region is also investigated and a preliminary human health risk characterization performed for those substances found in tap water. Finally, a screening level risk assessment that combines the measured environmental concentrations (MECs) with dose-response data to estimate Hazard Quotients (HQs) for the compounds studied is also presented. The results of this study show the presence of fourteen out of the nineteen compounds analyzed in winter and twelve of them in summer. The most ubiquitous compounds, with a frequency of detection of 100% in both seasons, were the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine (BE), the amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) ephedrine (EPH), the opioid methadone (METH), the METH metabolite 2-ethylene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3-diphenylpyrrolidine (EDDP), and the three benzodiazepines investigated, namely alprazolam (ALP), diazepam (DIA) and lorazepam (LOR). The highest concentrations observed corresponded to EPH (1020ngL(-1) in winter and 250ngL(-1) in summer). The only compounds not detected in both seasons were heroin (HER) and its metabolite 6-acetylmorphine (6ACM), lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and its metabolite 2-oxo-3-hydroxy-LSD (O-H-LSD), and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). In terms of overall concentration, all sampling points presented higher concentrations in winter than in summer. Statistical analyses performed to gather evidence concerning occasional seasonal differences in the concentrations of individual substances between summer and winter showed statistically significantly higher concentrations (p<0.05) of BE, EPH and the opioid morphine (MOR) in winter than in summer. Two out of the nineteen compounds studied, namely cocaine (CO) and EPH, were detected in tap water from one sampling point at concentrations of 1.61 and 0.29ngL(-1), respectively. The preliminary human health risk characterization showed that no toxic effects could be expected at the detected concentration level in tap water. The screening level risk assessment showed that MOR, EDDP and the THC metabolite 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC-COOH) were present in at least one of the sampling sites in a concentration leading to a Hazard Quotient (HQ) value between 1.0 and 10.0, thus indicating some possible adverse effects. The cumulative HQ or Toxic units (TUs) calculated for each of the groups studied showed that opioids and cannabinoids were present at concentrations high enough to potentially generate some adverse effects on at least one sampling point.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mendoza
- Research Group in Environmental Health and Eco-Toxicology (ToxAmb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Tulipán, s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain.
| | - J L Rodríguez-Gil
- Research Group in Environmental Health and Eco-Toxicology (ToxAmb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Tulipán, s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Toxicology, School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario N1G2W1, Canada
| | - S González-Alonso
- Research Group in Environmental Health and Eco-Toxicology (ToxAmb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Tulipán, s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - N Mastroianni
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - D Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H(2)O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Y Valcárcel
- Research Group in Environmental Health and Eco-Toxicology (ToxAmb), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Tulipán, s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain; Department of Preventive Medicine, Public Health, Immunology and Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avda. Atenas, s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Ilyas S, Rehman A, Varela AC, Sheehan D. Redox proteomics changes in the fungal pathogen Trichosporon asahii on arsenic exposure: identification of protein responses to metal-induced oxidative stress in an environmentally-sampled isolate. PLoS One 2014; 9:e102340. [PMID: 25062082 PMCID: PMC4111368 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0102340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichosporon asahii is a yeast pathogen implicated in opportunistic infections. Cultures of an isolate collected from industrial wastewater were exposed for 2 days to 100 mg/L sodium arsenite (NaAsO2) and cadmium (CdCl2). Both metals reduced glutathione transferase (GST) activity but had no effect on superoxide dismutase or catalase. NaAsO2 exposure increased glutathione reductase activity while CdCl2 had no effect. Protein thiols were labeled with 5-iodoacetamido fluorescein followed by one dimensional electrophoresis which revealed extensive protein thiol oxidation in response to CdCl2 treatment but thiol reduction in response to NaAsO2. Two dimensional electrophoresis analyses showed that the intensity of some protein spots was enhanced on treatment as judged by SameSpots image analysis software. In addition, some spots showed decreased IAF fluorescence suggesting thiol oxidation. Selected spots were excised and tryptic digested for identification by MALDI-TOF/TOF MS. Twenty unique T. asahii proteins were identified of which the following proteins were up-regulated in response to NaAsO2: 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, phospholipase B, alanine-glyoxylate aminotransferase, ATP synthase alpha chain, 20S proteasome beta-type subunit Pre3p and the hypothetical proteins A1Q1_08001, A1Q2_03020, A1Q1_06950, A1Q1_06913. In addition, the following showed decreased thiol-associated fluorescence consistent with thiol oxidation; aconitase; aldehyde reductase I; phosphoglycerate kinase; translation elongation factor 2; heat shock protein 70 and hypothetical protein A1Q2_04745. Some proteins showed both increase in abundance coupled with decrease in IAF fluorescence; 3-hydroxyisobutyryl- CoA hydrolase; homoserine dehydrogenase Hom6 and hypothetical proteins A1Q2_03020 and A1Q1_00754. Targets implicated in redox response included 10 unique metabolic enzymes, heat shock proteins, a component of the 20S proteasome and translation elongation factor 2. These data suggest extensive proteomic alterations in response to metal-induced oxidative stress in T. asahii. Amino acid metabolism, protein folding and degradation are principally affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidra Ilyas
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Rehman
- Dept. Of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ana Coelho Varela
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - David Sheehan
- Environmental Research Institute and School of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- * E-mail:
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20
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Demartini DR, Schilling LP, da Costa JC, Carlini CR. Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: an environmental proteomic point of view. J Proteomics 2014; 104:24-36. [PMID: 24751585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2014] [Accepted: 04/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are severe neurodegenerative conditions triggered by complex biochemical routes. Many groups are currently pursuing the search for valuable biomarkers to either perform early diagnostic or to follow the disease's progress. Several studies have reported relevant findings regarding environmental issues and the progression of such diseases. Here the etiology and mechanisms of these diseases are briefly reviewed. Approaches that might reveal candidate biomarkers and environmental stressors associated to the diseases were analyzed under a proteomic perspective. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Environmental and structural proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Ribeiro Demartini
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43431, Sala 214, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Lucas Porcello Schilling
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Jaderson Costa da Costa
- Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Célia Regina Carlini
- Center of Biotechnology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Prédio 43431, Sala 214, 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Av. Ipiranga 6690, 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Sellami B, Louati H, Dellali M, Aissa P, Mahmoudi E, Coelho AV, Sheehan D. Effects of permethrin exposure on antioxidant enzymes and protein status in Mediterranean clams Ruditapes decussatus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:4461-4472. [PMID: 24337996 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-2404-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of permethrin (PER) on a panel of antoxidant enzymes; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) and indices of protein oxidation status (carbonylation and free thiols) were determined in digestive gland and gills of the clam Ruditapes decussatus. Animals were exposed to 100 ppb PER for 2 days. These enzyme activities increased significantly in digestive gland (p<0.05) after PER treatment and oxidative modification of proteins was detected in both gill and digestive gland extracts using redox proteomics. PER exposure significantly reduced the amount of protein free thiol groups in digestive gland rather than in gill, when compared to controls. Conversely, digestive gland showed significantly higher levels of carbonylated proteins than gill after PER exposure. Some proteins were successfully identified by mass spectrometry of tryptic peptides. Our data suggest that digestive gland of R. decussatus can be used as a model tissue for investigating environmental risk of PER contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Sellami
- Laboratory of Environment Biomonitoring, Coastal Ecology Unit, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerta, University of Carthage, 7021, Zarzouna, Tunisia
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22
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Armengaud J, Trapp J, Pible O, Geffard O, Chaumot A, Hartmann EM. Non-model organisms, a species endangered by proteogenomics. J Proteomics 2014; 105:5-18. [PMID: 24440519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Previously, large-scale proteomics was possible only for organisms whose genomes were sequenced, meaning the most common model organisms. The use of next-generation sequencers is now changing the deal. With "proteogenomics", the use of experimental proteomics data to refine genome annotations, a higher integration of omics data is gaining ground. By extension, combining genomic and proteomic data is becoming routine in many research projects. "Proteogenomic"-flavored approaches are currently expanding, enabling the molecular studies of non-model organisms at an unprecedented depth. Today draft genomes can be obtained using next-generation sequencers in a rather straightforward way and at a reasonable cost for any organism. Unfinished genome sequences can be used to interpret tandem mass spectrometry proteomics data without the need for time-consuming genome annotation, and the use of RNA-seq to establish nucleotide sequences that are directly translated into protein sequences appears promising. There are, however, certain drawbacks that deserve further attention for RNA-seq to become more efficient. Here, we discuss the opportunities of working with non-model organisms, the proteomic methods that have been used until now, and the dramatic improvements proffered by proteogenomics. These put the distinction between model and non-model organisms in great danger, at least in terms of proteomics! BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Model organisms have been crucial for in-depth analysis of cellular and molecular processes of life. Focusing the efforts of thousands of researchers on the Escherichia coli bacterium, Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast, Arabidopsis thaliana plant, Danio rerio fish and other models for which genetic manipulation was possible was certainly worthwhile in terms of fundamental and invaluable biological insights. Until recently, proteomics of non-model organisms was limited to tedious, homology-based techniques, but today draft genomes or RNA-seq data can be straightforwardly obtained using next-generation sequencers, allowing the establishment of a draft protein database for any organism. Thus, proteogenomics opens new perspectives for molecular studies of non-model organisms, although they are still difficult experimental organisms. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Proteomics of non-model organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Armengaud
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Biochim System Perturb, Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207, France.
| | - Judith Trapp
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Biochim System Perturb, Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207, France; Irstea, UR MALY, F-69626 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Olivier Pible
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Biochim System Perturb, Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207, France
| | | | | | - Erica M Hartmann
- CEA, DSV, IBEB, Lab Biochim System Perturb, Bagnols-sur-Cèze F-30207, France
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23
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Parolini M, Pedriali A, Riva C, Binelli A. Sub-lethal effects caused by the cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine to the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2013; 444:43-50. [PMID: 23266551 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Illicit drugs have been recognized as emerging environmental pollutants that could represent a potential risk for aquatic communities. Even if many studies have shown the occurrence of several drugs of abuse and their metabolites in freshwaters in the High ng/L to Low μg/L range worldwide, no information on their potentially harmful effects on non-target organisms is available. The aim of this study was to investigate sub-lethal effects induced by the main metabolite of cocaine, the benzoylecgonine (BE), on the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha. Mussels were exposed under semi-static conditions for 14 days to two environmentally relevant BE concentrations (0.5 μg/L and 1 μg/L) and induced adverse effects were evaluated through the application of a suite of ten different biomarkers. We applied on bivalve hemocytes the single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, the DNA diffusion assay and the micronucleus test (MN test) to investigate DNA injuries, while the neutral red retention assay (NRRA) was used to assess BE cytotoxicity. Catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities, as well as the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and protein carbonyl content (PCC), were measured as oxidative stress indices in zebra mussel homogenates. Significant decrease in lysosomal membrane stability and imbalances of defense enzyme activities were found at both exposure concentrations, suggesting the involvement of oxidative stress in BE toxicity. Significant increases in LPO and PCC, as well as in primary (DNA strand breaks) and fixed DNA damage (apoptotic and micronucleated cell frequency), were found at the highest BE treatment, confirming that adverse effects to macromolecules were due to the increase of BE-induced oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Parolini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, Via Celoria 26, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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