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Thomas A, Thevis M. Recent advances in mass spectrometry for the detection of doping. Expert Rev Proteomics 2024; 21:27-39. [PMID: 38214680 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2024.2305432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The analysis of doping control samples is preferably performed by mass spectrometry, because obtained results meet the highest analytical standards and ensure an impressive degree of reliability. The advancement in mass spectrometry and all its associated technologies thus allow for continuous improvements in doping control analysis. AREAS COVERED Modern mass spectrometric systems have reached a status of increased sensitivity, robustness, and specificity within the last decade. The improved sensitivity in particular has, on the other hand, also led to the detection of drug residues that were attributable to scenarios where the prohibited substances were not administered consciously but rather by the unconscious ingestion of or exposure to contaminated products. These scenarios and their doubtless clarification represent a great challenge. Here, too, modern MS systems and their applications can provide good insights in the interpretation of dose-related metabolism of prohibited substances. In addition to the development of new instruments itself, software-assisted analysis of the sometimes highly complex data is playing an increasingly important role and facilitating the work of doping control laboratories. EXPERT OPINION The sensitive analysis and evaluation of a higher number of samples in a shorter time is made possible by the ongoing developments in mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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2
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Thevis M, Görgens C, Guddat S, Thomas A, Geyer H. Mass spectrometry in sports drug testing-Analytical approaches and the athletes' exposome. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2024; 34:e14228. [PMID: 36539355 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Test methods in anti-doping, most of which rely on the most modern mass spectrometric instrumentation, undergo continuous optimization in order to accommodate growing demands as to comprehensiveness, sensitivity, retrospectivity, cost-effectiveness, turnaround times, etc. While developing and improving analytical approaches is vital for appropriate sports drug testing programs, the combination of today's excellent analytical potential and the inevitable exposure of humans to complex environmental factors, specifically chemicals and drugs at the lowest levels, has necessitated dedicated research, particularly into the elite athlete's exposome. Being subjected to routine doping controls, athletes frequently undergo blood and/or urine tests for a plethora of drugs, chemicals, corresponding metabolic products, and various biomarkers. Due to the applicable anti-doping regulations, the presence of prohibited substances in an athlete's organism can constitute an anti-doping rule violation with severe consequences for the individual's career (in contrast to the general population), and frequently the question of whether the analytical data can assist in differentiating scenarios of 'doping' from 'contamination through inadvertent exposure' is raised. Hence, investigations into the athlete's exposome and how to distinguish between deliberate drug use and potential exposure scenarios have become a central topic of anti-doping research, aiming at supporting and consolidating the balance between essential analytical performance characteristics of doping control test methods and the mandate of protecting the clean athlete by exploiting new strategies in sampling and analyzing specimens for sports drug-testing purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Görgens
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sven Guddat
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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3
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Saito K, Ito R, Ohsawa Y. Development of a Solid-Phase Dispersive Extraction Method for Molecularly Imprinted Polymers and LC-MS/MS for Analysis of Clenbuterol Residues in Swine Livers and Kidneys. J AOAC Int 2023; 106:1701-1705. [PMID: 37603714 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsad095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clenbuterol (CLB) is approved as a veterinary drug because of its tracheal smooth muscle and uterine relaxant effects. However, if improperly administered for the purpose of fattening livestock, CLB can remain in the organs, which may pose a health hazard to humans. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the combination of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) and solid-phase dispersive extraction (SPDE) as a pretreatment method for swine liver and kidney, which contain more coexisting impurities than muscle tissue, and attempted to construct an analytical method using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS Swine livers and kidneys were homogenized and extracted using liquid-liquid partitioning with an ethyl acetate-n-hexane (1 + 1) mixture, followed by SPDE using an MIP gel, and measured using LC-MS/MS. For LC-MS/MS, either an absolute calibration method or isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) was used. For method validation, a recovery test (additive concentrations: 0.05 and 0.5 ng/g) was conducted, and the data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). RESULTS The recoveries (trueness), repeatability, and intermediate precision obtained using absolute calibration were similar to those obtained using IDMS. CONCLUSION Using MIP-SPDE as a pretreatment method for CLB in swine liver and kidney samples yielded comparable results for absolute calibration and IDMS in LC-MS/MS analysis. HIGHLIGHTS MIP-SPDE can be used as a pretreatment method to analyze CLB in swine organs with high accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Saito
- Hoshi University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Rie Ito
- Hoshi University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Ohsawa
- Hoshi University, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Analytical Chemistry, 2-4-41, Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
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Zhang J, Lu J, Zhang Y, Wang Y. A LC-MS/MS method for determination of clenbuterol enantiomers in animal tissues and its application to the enantioselective distribution in Bama mini-pigs. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2023; 1226:123790. [PMID: 37329777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2023.123790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To establish and validate a simple and reliable analytical method for separation and determination of clenbuterol enantiomers (R-(-)-clenbuterol & S-(+)-clenbuterol) in animal tissues, and apply it to the enantioselective distribution of clenbuterol in Bama mini-pigs. METHODS A LC-MS/MS analytical method was developed and validated in positive multiple reaction monitoring mode with electrospray ionization. After perchloric acid deproteinization, samples were pretreated only by one step liquid-liquid extraction using tert-butyl methyl ether under strong alkaline condition. Teicoplanin was used as chiral selector and 10 mM ammonium formate methanol solution was used as mobile phase. The optimized chromatographic separation conditions were completed in 8 min. Two chiral isomers in 11 edible tissues from Bama mini-pigs were investigated. RESULTS R-(-)-clenbuterol and S-(+)-clenbuterol can be baseline separated and accurately analyzed with a linear range of 5-500 ng/g. Accuracies ranged from -11.9-13.0% for R-(-)-clenbuterol and -10.2-13.2% for S-(+)-clenbuterol, intra-day and inter-day precisions were between 0.7 and 6.1% for R-(-)-clenbuterol and 1.6-5.9% for S-(+)-clenbuterol. R/S ratios in edible tissues of pigs were all significantly lower than 1. CONCLUSIONS The analytical method has good specificity and robustness in determination of R-(-)-clenbuterol and S-(+)-clenbuterol in animal tissues, and can be used as a routine analysis method for food safety and doping control. There is a significant difference in R/S ratio between pig feeding tissues and pharmaceutical preparations (racemate with R/S ratio of 1), which makes it possible to identify the source of clenbuterol in doping control and investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianli Zhang
- China Institute of Sport Science, No.11 Stadium Road, Dongcheng District, Beijing 100061, China.
| | - Jianghai Lu
- China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yinong Zhang
- China Anti-Doping Agency, 1st Anding Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 1st Xiannongtan Street, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China
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Velasco-Bejarano B, Espinoza-Muñoz IM, Álvarez-Sánchez A, Gómez-Tagle A, Velasco-Carrillo R, Bautista J, Rodríguez L. Quantification and enantiomeric distribution of clenbuterol in several bovine tissues using UHPLC-tandem mass spectrometry: Evaluation of a risk factor associated with meat contamination. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 36843387 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/28/2023]
Abstract
Clenbuterol (Clb) (4-amino-α-[(tert-butylamine) methyl]-3,5-dichlorobenzyl alcohol) is a sympathomimetic agent that exhibits β2-agonist activity. It is applied as a bronchodilatory, tocolytic, and mucolytic agent and is authorized for clinical management in both human and veterinary therapeutics as a racemic mixture. However, its use is strictly prohibited in animals destined for food production in countries in the European Union and in the United States and Mexico, among many others. The R-(-) enantiomer in clenbuterol stimulates β2-receptors, whereas the S-(+) enantiomer blocks the effect of β1-receptors. The aims of this study were to develop a method for detecting and quantifying Clb and its enantiomeric distribution in several bovine tissues. The UHPLC-MS/MS method developed to quantify the target compound at trace levels in these tissues combines high sensitivity with good selectivity and short chromatographic run time. The tissue samples tested were found to contain racemic Clb in concentrations of 5-447 pg g-1 . The enantiomeric analysis of Clb showed that R-(-)-Clb is present at higher concentrations in some tissues, whereas S-(+)-Clb was detected in a ratio of 55/45 in the liver and heart tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Velasco-Bejarano
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Organic Chemistry Section, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitlan, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Ivan M Espinoza-Muñoz
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Organic Chemistry Section, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitlan, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Alan Álvarez-Sánchez
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Organic Chemistry Section, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitlan, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Anuar Gómez-Tagle
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Organic Chemistry Section, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitlan, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | | | - Jahir Bautista
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Organic Chemistry Section, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitlan, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
| | - Leonardo Rodríguez
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Organic Chemistry Section, Faculty of Higher Studies Cuautitlan, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico
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Euler L, Wagener F, Thomas A, Thevis M. Determination and enantioselective separation of zilpaterol in human urine after mimicking consumption of contaminated meat using high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry techniques. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9357. [PMID: 35851724 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The synthetic β-adrenoreceptor agonist zilpaterol is legitimately used as an animal feed supplement in selected countries due to its known effects on lipolysis and protein biosynthesis. These pharmacological characteristics of zilpaterol have contributed to its classification as doping agent in sport by the World Anti-Doping Agency. However, the use as a feed supplement can lead to residues of the drug in edible tissues and, possibly, also in the urine of consumers. METHODS To provide urinary elimination profiles of microdosed zilpaterol and to determine whether the ingestion of zilpaterol below or at the acceptable daily intake level of 0.04 μg/kg bodyweight can result in an adverse analytical finding (AAF) in doping controls, healthy volunteers were administered single or multiple oral doses of 0.5 μg or 3 μg zilpaterol to mimic ingestion of contaminated cattle meat. Urine samples were collected and analyzed using a validated high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method and a newly developed chiral high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-APCI-MS/MS) method. RESULTS Urinary peak concentrations of zilpaterol were observed for all volunteers 1.5-12.5 h after ingestion, and maximum levels >5 ng/mL, which would constitute an AAF in doping controls, were found after the intake of 3 μg of zilpaterol on five consecutive days in one out of five study participants. Noteworthy, the enantiomeric ratio of excreted zilpaterol remained constant over time. CONCLUSION This study provides first insights into the urinary excretion of microdosed zilpaterol. Furthermore, a method was successfully developed and applied for the separation of the zilpaterol enantiomers with mass spectrometric detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Euler
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Felicitas Wagener
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Germany
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HAYASHI T, HAMASE K. Simultaneous Determination of Seven β<sub>2</sub>-Agonists in Livestock Products Using an LC-MS/MS System. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2022. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2022.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University
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8
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Thomas A, Thevis M. Stereoisomers in sports drug testing: Analytical strategies and applications. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1674:463154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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9
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Euler L, Gillard N, Delahaut P, Pierret G, Mürdter T, Schwab M, Döhmen G, Thomas A, Thevis M. Assessing human urinary clomiphene metabolites after consumption of eggs from clomiphene-treated laying hens using chromatographic-mass spectrometric approaches. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1202:339661. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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10
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Fedoruk M, Geyer H. Sports drug testing and the athletes' exposome. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1814-1821. [PMID: 34694748 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Similar to the general population, elite athletes are exposed to a complex set of environmental factors including chemicals and radiation and also biological and physical stressors, which constitute an exposome that is, unlike for the general population, subjected to specific scrutiny for athletes due to applicable antidoping regulations and associated (frequent) routine doping controls. Hence, investigations into the athlete's exposome and how to distinguish between deliberate drug use and different contamination scenarios has become a central topic of antidoping research, as a delicate balance is to be managed between the vital and continually evolving developments of sensitive analytical techniques on the one hand, and the risk of the athletes' exposome potentially causing adverse analytical findings on the other.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Matthew Fedoruk
- United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), Colorado Springs, Colorado, USA
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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Seyerlein L, Gillard N, Delahaut P, Pierret G, Thomas A, Thevis M. Depletion of clomiphene residues in eggs and muscle after oral administration to laying hens. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2021; 38:1875-1882. [PMID: 34266369 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2021.1949497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The selective oestrogen receptor modulator (SERM) clomiphene is therapeutically used to induce ovulation. While prohibited as a doping agent in sports, it is frequently detected in sports drug testing urine samples. Few reports exist on clomiphene's (illicit) use in the farming industry to increase the egg production rate of laying hens, which creates a risk that eggs as well as edible tissue of these hens contain residues of clomiphene. To investigate the potential transfer of clomiphene into eggs and muscle tissue, laying hens were orally administered with clomiphene citrate at 10 mg/day for 28 days. To determine clomiphene residues in eggs, chicken breast and chicken thigh, the target analyte was extracted from homogenised material with acetonitrile and subjected to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) analysis. The test method reached a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 1 µg/kg and was characterised concerning specificity, precision, trueness and linearity. Analyses were performed on whole egg, egg white and yolk separately, and chicken muscle from breast and thigh. Clomiphene was detectable in eggs two days after the beginning of the drug administration period. The drug concentrations increased to 10-20 µg per egg within one week, and after withdrawal of clomiphene, residues decreased after 4 days, but traces of clomiphene were still detectable until the end of the study (14 days after the last administration). In the chicken's muscle tissue, clomiphene levels up to 150 µg/kg (thigh) and 36 µg/kg (breast) were found. Six days after the last dose, tissue clomiphene concentrations fell below the LOQ. Overall, these results underline the concerns that clomiphene may be transferred into animal-derived food and future research will therefore need to focus on assessing and minimising the risk of unintentional adverse analytical findings in doping controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Seyerlein
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Andreas Thomas
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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12
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Balykova LA, Makarov LM, Ivyanskiy SA, Varlashina KA. [Cardiovascular Risks Associated with the use of Performance-Enhancing Stimulants]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 61:105-112. [PMID: 34311694 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2021.6.n1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of people involved in regular exercise and sports is increasing. Not infrequently, this is associated with intake of sports biologically active food supplements (BAS) and stimulators of physical ability. Data has been reported on the frequency of use of physical ability stimulators among professional athletes and on the use of the most popular food supplements among young people. Special attention is paid to the effect of such use on the cardiovascular system of athletes. This review describes negative cardiac effects and clinical cases of death of athletes due to the use of such supplements and stimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Balykova
- National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk
| | - L M Makarov
- Center for Syncope and Cardiac Arrhythmia in Children and Adolescents of FMBA of Russia, Moscow
| | - S A Ivyanskiy
- National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk
| | - K A Varlashina
- National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk
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13
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HAYASHI T, HAMASE K. Determination of Clenbuterol in Various Edible Parts of Livestock Products by LC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS/MS Methods. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2021. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2020.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takako HAYASHI
- Kanagawa Prefectural Institute of Public Health
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University
| | - Kenji HAMASE
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Science, Kyushu University
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14
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Thomas A, Geyer H. Do dried blood spots have the potential to support result management processes in routine sports drug testing?-Part 2: Proactive sampling for follow-up investigations concerning atypical or adverse analytical findings. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:505-509. [PMID: 33538088 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Capillary blood sampled as dried blood spot (DBS) has shown substantial potential as test matrix in sports drug testing in various different settings, enabling the analysis of numerous different drugs and/or their respective metabolites. In addition to established beneficial aspects of DBS specimens in general (such as the minimally invasive and non-intrusive nature, and simplified sample transport), a yet unexplored advantage of DBS in the anti-doping context could be the opportunity of preserving a source of information complementary to routine doping controls performed in urine or venous blood. Whenever follow-up investigations are warranted or required, frequently collected and stored (but yet not analyzed) DBS samples could be target-tested for the compound(s) in question, in order to contribute to results management and decision-making processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, 50933, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents, Cologne, Germany
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15
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Protti M, Sberna PM, Sardella R, Vovk T, Mercolini L, Mandrioli R. VAMS and StAGE as innovative tools for the enantioselective determination of clenbuterol in urine by LC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 195:113873. [PMID: 33422835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2020.113873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol is a chiral, selective β2-adrenergic agonist. It is administered as a racemic mixture for therapeutic purposes (as a bronchodilator or prospective neuroprotective agent), but also for non-therapeutic uses (athletic performance enhancement, cattle growth promotion). Aim of the present study is to develop an original, enantioselective workflow for the analysis of clenbuterol enantiomers in urine microsamples. An innovative miniaturised sampling procedure by volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) and a microsample pretreatment strategy based on stop-and-go extraction (StAGE) tips were developed and coupled to an original, chiral analytical method, exploiting liquid chromatography with triple quadrupole detection (LC-MS/MS). The method was validated, with satisfactory results: good linearity (r2 ≥ 0.9995) and LOQ values (0.3 ng/mL) were found over suitable concentration ranges. Extraction yield (>87 %), precision (RSD < 4.3 %) and matrix effect (85-90 %) were all within acceptable levels of confidence. After validation, the method was applied to the determination of clenbuterol in dried urine sampled by VAMS from patients taking the drug for therapeutic reasons. Analyte content ranged from 0.8 to 2.5 ng/mL per single enantiomer, with substantial retention of the original drug racemic composition. The VAMS-StAGE-LC-MS/MS workflow seems to be suitable for future application to anti-doping testing of clenbuterol in urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Protti
- Research group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo M Sberna
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Feldmannweg 17, 2628 CT Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Roccaldo Sardella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Via Fabretti 48, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Tomaž Vovk
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Aškerčeva 7, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Research group of Pharmaco-Toxicological Analysis (PTA Lab), Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FaBiT), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Roberto Mandrioli
- Department for Life Quality Studies (QuVi), Alma Mater Studiorum - University of Bologna, Corso d'Augusto 237, 47921 Rimini, Italy
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16
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Collins J, Maughan RJ, Gleeson M, Bilsborough J, Jeukendrup A, Morton JP, Phillips SM, Armstrong L, Burke LM, Close GL, Duffield R, Larson-Meyer E, Louis J, Medina D, Meyer F, Rollo I, Sundgot-Borgen J, Wall BT, Boullosa B, Dupont G, Lizarraga A, Res P, Bizzini M, Castagna C, Cowie CM, D'Hooghe M, Geyer H, Meyer T, Papadimitriou N, Vouillamoz M, McCall A. UEFA expert group statement on nutrition in elite football. Current evidence to inform practical recommendations and guide future research. Br J Sports Med 2020; 55:416. [PMID: 33097528 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2019-101961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Football is a global game which is constantly evolving, showing substantial increases in physical and technical demands. Nutrition plays a valuable integrated role in optimising performance of elite players during training and match-play, and maintaining their overall health throughout the season. An evidence-based approach to nutrition emphasising, a 'food first' philosophy (ie, food over supplements), is fundamental to ensure effective player support. This requires relevant scientific evidence to be applied according to the constraints of what is practical and feasible in the football setting. The science underpinning sports nutrition is evolving fast, and practitioners must be alert to new developments. In response to these developments, the Union of European Football Associations (UEFA) has gathered experts in applied sports nutrition research as well as practitioners working with elite football clubs and national associations/federations to issue an expert statement on a range of topics relevant to elite football nutrition: (1) match day nutrition, (2) training day nutrition, (3) body composition, (4) stressful environments and travel, (5) cultural diversity and dietary considerations, (6) dietary supplements, (7) rehabilitation, (8) referees and (9) junior high-level players. The expert group provide a narrative synthesis of the scientific background relating to these topics based on their knowledge and experience of the scientific research literature, as well as practical experience of applying knowledge within an elite sports setting. Our intention is to provide readers with content to help drive their own practical recommendations. In addition, to provide guidance to applied researchers where to focus future efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Collins
- Intra Performance Group, London, UK.,Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Johann Bilsborough
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,New England Patriots, Foxboro, MA, USA
| | - Asker Jeukendrup
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,MySport Science, Birmingham, UK
| | - James P Morton
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - S M Phillips
- Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lawrence Armstrong
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Louise M Burke
- Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Graeme L Close
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Rob Duffield
- Faculty of Health, University of Technology, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Enette Larson-Meyer
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods, and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Julien Louis
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Daniel Medina
- Athlete Care and Performance, Monumental Sports & Entertainment, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Flavia Meyer
- Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ian Rollo
- School of Sports Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK.,PepsiCo Life Sciences, Global R&D, Gatorade Sports Science Institute, Birmingham, UK
| | | | - Benjamin T Wall
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Gregory Dupont
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Peter Res
- Dutch Olympic Team, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mario Bizzini
- Research and Human Performance Lab, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carlo Castagna
- University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy.,Technical Department, Italian Football Federation (FIGC), Florence, Italy.,Italian Football Referees Association, Bologna, Italy
| | - Charlotte M Cowie
- Technical Directorate, Football Association, Burton upon Trent, UK.,Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland
| | - Michel D'Hooghe
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Medical Centre of Excelence, Schulthess Clinic, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Tim Meyer
- Medical Committee, UEFA, Nyon, Switzerland.,Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
| | | | | | - Alan McCall
- Performance and Research Team, Arsenal Football Club, London, UK .,Medical Department, Football Federation Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, Edinburgh Napier University, Edinburgh, UK
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17
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Dietary Supplement and Food Contaminations and Their Implications for Doping Controls. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081012. [PMID: 32727139 PMCID: PMC7466328 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A narrative review with an overall aim of indicating the current state of knowledge and the relevance concerning food and supplement contamination and/or adulteration with doping agents and the respective implications for sports drug testing is presented. The identification of a doping agent (or its metabolite) in sports drug testing samples constitutes a violation of the anti-doping rules defined by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Reasons for such Adverse Analytical Findings (AAFs) include the intentional misuse of performance-enhancing/banned drugs; however, also the scenario of inadvertent administrations of doping agents was proven in the past, caused by, amongst others, the ingestion of contaminated dietary supplements, drugs, or food. Even though controversial positions concerning the effectiveness of dietary supplements in healthy subjects exist, they are frequently used by athletes, anticipating positive effects on health, recovery, and performance. However, most supplement users are unaware of the fact that the administration of such products can be associated with unforeseeable health risks and AAFs in sports. In particular anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) and stimulants have been frequently found as undeclared ingredients of dietary supplements, either as a result of cross-contaminations due to substandard manufacturing practices and missing quality controls or an intentional admixture to increase the effectiveness of the preparations. Cross-contaminations were also found to affect therapeutic drug preparations. While the sensitivity of assays employed to test pharmaceuticals for impurities is in accordance with good manufacturing practice guidelines allowing to exclude any physiological effects, minute trace amounts of contaminating compounds can still result in positive doping tests. In addition, food was found to be a potential source of unintentional doping, the most prominent example being meat tainted with the anabolic agent clenbuterol. The athletes’ compliance with anti-doping rules is frequently tested by routine doping controls. Different measures including offers of topical information and education of the athletes as well as the maintenance of databases summarizing low- or high-risk supplements are important cornerstones in preventing unintentional anti-doping rule violations. Further, the collection of additional analytical data has been shown to allow for supporting result management processes.
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18
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Solheim SA, Jessen S, Mørkeberg J, Thevis M, Dehnes Y, Eibye K, Hostrup M, Nordsborg NB. Single‐dose administration of clenbuterol is detectable in dried blood spots. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1366-1372. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Amalie Solheim
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Sport Anti Doping Denmark Brøndby Denmark
| | - Søren Jessen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Mario Thevis
- Institute of Biochemistry / Center for Preventive Doping Research German Sport University Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Yvette Dehnes
- Norwegian Doping Control Laboratory, Department of Pharmacology Oslo University Hospital Oslo Norway
| | - Kasper Eibye
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Morten Hostrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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19
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Enantiomeric analysis of clenbuterol in Chinese people by LC–MS/MS to distinguish doping abuse from meat contamination. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:783-790. [DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Follow-up investigations are often required for clenbuterol-positive cases. A method to distinguish doping abuse from meat contamination was developed. Materials & methods: A total of 26 volunteers were recruited to ingest clenbuterol contaminated-pork and clenbuterol tablets. Results: For 20 volunteers, after ingestion of contaminated-pork, R-(-)/S-(+)-clenbuterol ratio was <1.0, while the value was >1.0 after taking clenbuterol tablets. However, after taking clenbuterol tablets, some ratio points of the other six volunteers were between 0.9 and 1.0. A case of an abnormal cold and fever, which returned to normal after recovery, was also reported firstly. Conclusion: A change in R-(-)/S-(+)-clenbuterol was reported in the Chinese population initially. A ratio of 0.9 was recommended in doping related cases for the Chinese population.
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20
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Espinoza W, Vargas Jentzsch P, Gualpa F, Andrade P, Moreno C, Vaca I, Betancourt R, Medina L, Enríquez D, Guijarro M, Garrido P, Bravo J, Ulic S, Montalvo García G, Ortega F, Stolker L, Ramos L. Survey of clenbuterol in bovine muscle and liver in Ecuador. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS PART B-SURVEILLANCE 2020; 13:107-114. [PMID: 32151232 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2020.1735534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol is a steroid-type drug used in respiratory treatments in both humans and animals. However, it has a secondary effect related to the hypertrophy process in muscle and fat reduction. The illegal or bad use of clenbuterol has been reported in several countries, but there is scarce information in South America, where the production and consumption of meat are considerable. In this sense, the present study aimed at evaluating the occurrence of clenbuterol in bovine muscle and liver samples from a high cattle production area of Ecuador in 2015 and 2018. For this purpose, 57-58 samples were evaluated in 2015 and 20 samples in 2018 using the Enzyme-Linked Inmuno Sorbent Assay and ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed complained results for clenbuterol in meat samples from both years and 23% (2015) and 85% (2018) of the samples of meat complied the maximum residue level defined by CODEX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wania Espinoza
- Coordinación de Posgrados, Universidad del Azuay , Cuenca, Ecuador
| | - Paul Vargas Jentzsch
- Departamento de Ciencias Nucleares, Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Agroindustria, Escuela Politécnica Nacional , Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Paulette Andrade
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Carla Moreno
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Israel Vaca
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Rommel Betancourt
- Agencia de Regulación Fito y Zoosanitario_AGROCALIDAD , Tumbaco, Ecuador
| | - Lorena Medina
- Instituto Interamericano de Cooperación Agropecuaria_IICA_Ecuador , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Dominique Enríquez
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Michelle Guijarro
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Patricia Garrido
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Juan Bravo
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
| | - Sonia Ulic
- CEQUINOR (UNLP-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de La Plata , La Plata, Argentina.,Depto de Cs. Básicas, Universidad Nacional de Luján , Luján, Argentina
| | - Gemma Montalvo García
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Fernando Ortega
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Química Física e Ingeniería Química, e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Ciencias Policiales, Universidad de Alcalá , Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Linda Stolker
- Wageningen Food Safety Research Part of Wageningen University & Research , Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Luis Ramos
- Centro de Investigación de Alimentos, CIAL, Universidad UTE , Quito, Ecuador
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21
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Hostrup M, Jacobson GA, Jessen S, Lemminger AK. Anabolic and lipolytic actions of beta
2
‐agonists in humans and antidoping challenges. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:597-609. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hostrup
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Glenn A. Jacobson
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, College of Health and MedicineUniversity of Tasmania Hobart Australia
| | - Søren Jessen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Anders Krogh Lemminger
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Section of Integrative PhysiologyUniversity of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
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22
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Dolores HM, Villaseñor A, Piña OS, Mercado Márquez C, Bejarano BV, Bonaparte MEG, López-Arellano R. Evaluation of R- (-) and S- (+) Clenbuterol enantiomers during a doping cycle or continuous ingestion of contaminated meat using chiral liquid chromatography by LC-TQ-MS. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1238-1247. [PMID: 31069953 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Clenbuterol is known to improve competition resistance and muscular growth in athletes. Although it is an illegal drug, its use by farmers is widely spread to induce growth of their cattle. Thus, when clenbuterol is found in the urine of an athlete, there is doubt whether it was consumed with doping purposes or if it is due to the consumption of meat from a clenbuterol-fed animal. Previous studies suggest that enantiomeric relationship of clenbuterol may be different according to the intake source. However, the enantiomeric relationship throughout a doping cycle or a continuous intake of contaminated meat has not yet been explored. In this first approximation, our aim was the development and validation of a sensitive and rapid method for the determination of S- (+) and R- (─) clenbuterol enantiomers to be used in a controlled study in rats fed for one week with contaminated meat or simulating a doping cycle. Enantiomers were measured using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with a triple quadrupole analyzer (LC-TQ-MS) and were separated on an AGP Chiralpak column. The method was fully validated following the VICH (Veterinary International Conference on Harmonization guidelines) and was linear in the range of 12.5-800 pg/mL with a correlation coefficient of ≥0.98 for each enantiomer, and with a limit of quantitation and detection (LOQ and LOD) of 12.5 pg/mL and 6.5 pg/mL, respectively, for both enantiomers. The application of this method pointed out the shift of the enantiomeric relationship in urine from rats during the first five days of the doping cycle compared to those fed with contaminated meat. This finding can be of substantial importance in further doping studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernández Mariana Dolores
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development Tests, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Faculty of Higher Education Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico state
| | - Alma Villaseñor
- Institute of Applied Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, San Pablo CEU University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olmos Sofia Piña
- Laboratory of Cellular Toxicology, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico state
| | - Crisóforo Mercado Márquez
- Multidisciplinary Research Unit, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico State, Mexico
| | - Benjamín Velasco Bejarano
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Section of Organic Chemistry, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, State of Mexico, Mexico
| | - María Eugenia Gonsebatt Bonaparte
- Genomic Medicine and Environmental Toxicology Research, Biomedical Institute, National Autonomous University of Mexico, University Exterior Circuit, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Raquel López-Arellano
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Development Tests, Multidisciplinary Research Unit, Faculty of Higher Education Cuautitlán, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Cuautitlán Izcalli, Mexico state
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23
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Sardela VF, Anselmo CDS, Nunes IKDC, Carneiro GRA, Santos GRC, Carvalho AR, Labanca BDJ, Silva Oliveira D, Ribeiro WD, Araujo ALD, Padilha MC, Lima CKF, Sousa VP, Aquino Neto FR, Gualberto Pereira HM. Zebrafish (
Danio rerio
) water tank model for the investigation of drug metabolism: Progress, outlook, and challenges. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1657-1669. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina de Souza Anselmo
- LBCD‐LADETECUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Aline Reis Carvalho
- LBCD‐LADETECUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Bruna de Jesus Labanca
- LBCD‐LADETECUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Daniely Silva Oliveira
- LBCD‐LADETECUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - William Dias Ribeiro
- LBCD‐LADETECUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | | | - Monica Costa Padilha
- LBCD‐LADETECUniversidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Química Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Cleverton Kleiton Freitas Lima
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Laboratory of Experimental Pharmacology (LEFEx)Federal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Valeria Pereira Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Drugs and PharmaceuticsFederal University of Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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24
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Favretto D, Visentin S, Scrivano S, Roselli E, Mattiazzi F, Pertile R, Vogliardi S, Tucci M, Montisci M. Multiple incidence of the prescription diuretic hydrochlorothiazide in compounded nutritional supplements. Drug Test Anal 2018; 11:512-522. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donata Favretto
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Sindi Visentin
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Salvatore Scrivano
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Emanuele Roselli
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Fabio Mattiazzi
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Roberto Pertile
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
| | - Susanna Vogliardi
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Marianna Tucci
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
| | - Massimo Montisci
- Department of Cardiac Thoracic and Vascular Sciences and Public HealthUniversity of Padova Padova Italy
- University Hospital of Padova via Falloppio 50 35121 Padova Italy
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25
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Analytical challenges in sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2275-2281. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0934-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Velasco‐Bejarano B, Bautista J, Noguez MO, Camacho E, Rodríguez ME, Rodríguez L. Resolution of
R‐(−)
and
S‐(+)‐
enantiomers of clenbuterol in pharmaceutical preparations and black‐market products using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1738-1743. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamín Velasco‐Bejarano
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán‐UNAMDepartamento de Ciencias Químicas, Sección de Química Orgánica Av. 1 de mayo S/N, Col. Sta. María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México C.P. 54740
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Jahir Bautista
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Ma. Olivia Noguez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán‐UNAMDepartamento de Ciencias Químicas, Sección de Química Orgánica Av. 1 de mayo S/N, Col. Sta. María las Torres Cuautitlán Izcalli Estado de México México C.P. 54740
| | - Evangelina Camacho
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Martha E. Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
| | - Leonardo Rodríguez
- Laboratorio Nacional de Prevención y Control del Dopaje‐CONADEDirección de Medicina y Ciencias Aplicadas Camino a Santa Teresa No. 482, Col. Peña Pobre, Delegación Tlalpan Ciudad de México México C. P. 14060
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27
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Sonksen P. Determination and regulation of body composition in elite athletes. Br J Sports Med 2016; 52:219-229. [DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2016-096742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
In 2011, the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and IOC introduced a ‘hyperandrogenism’ rule that excluded women with a serum testosterone >10 nmol/L from participating in elite sport. This rule was based on the false premise that the greater lean body mass in men was a consequence of their higher serum testosterone. This rule did not have scientific backing and the Court of Arbitration for Sport subsequently rescinded the rule following an appeal from an Indian athlete barred from the Commonwealth Games. This review covers the scientific knowledge about the development and regulation of body composition in humans but also considers the lessons learnt from evolution and breeding in animals. The importance of heredity has been documented in family and twin studies. The roles of growth hormone and sex steroids are reviewed. The Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) is considered as a model of the role of testosterone in development of body composition and also as evidence of the importance of other factors carried on the Y-chromosome that are of prime importance but have been systematically ignored. Finally the key factors determining body composition are considered and placed in a suggested order of importance.
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28
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Parr MK, Blokland MH, Liebetrau F, Schmidt AH, Meijer T, Stanic M, Kwiatkowska D, Waraksa E, Sterk SS. Distinction of clenbuterol intake from drug or contaminated food of animal origin in a controlled administration trial - the potential of enantiomeric separation for doping control analysis. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2016; 34:525-535. [PMID: 27690842 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2016.1242169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The differentiation of clenbuterol abuse and unintentional ingestion from contaminated meat is crucial with respect to the valuation of an adverse analytical finding in human sports doping control. The proportion of the two enantiomers of clenbuterol may serve as potential discriminating parameter. For the determination of the individual enantiomers, specific methods were developed and validated for the different matrices under investigation based on chiral chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Data are presented from the administration to humans of clenbuterol from a pharmaceutical preparation, and from cattle meat and liver containing residues. A shift in the proportion of the enantiomers in cattle meat is detected and this signature is also found in human urine after ingestion. Thus, an altered enantiomeric composition of clenbuterol may be used to substantiate athletes' claims following adverse analytical findings in doping control. However, in meat, the enantiomeric composition was found to be highly variable. Species as well as tissue dependent variances need to be considered in interpreting enantiomer discrimination. Analysis of post administration urines from a controlled experiment comparing the administration of racemic clenbuterol from a registered pharmaceutical preparation and the administration of residue-containing meat and liver (nonracemic mixture) from treated animals is reported. Furthermore doping control samples from Mexican U17 World Championship 2011 of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), with adverse analytical findings for clenbuterol, were re-analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Kristina Parr
- a Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Marco H Blokland
- b Institute for Food Safety , RIKILT Wageningen UR , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | - Franz Liebetrau
- a Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany
| | - Alexander H Schmidt
- a Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Biology, Chemistry, Pharmacy , Freie Universität Berlin , Berlin , Germany.,c Chromicent GmbH , Berlin , Germany
| | - Thijs Meijer
- b Institute for Food Safety , RIKILT Wageningen UR , Wageningen , Netherlands
| | | | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- d Department of Anti-Doping Research , Institute of Sport - National Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Emilia Waraksa
- d Department of Anti-Doping Research , Institute of Sport - National Research Institute , Warsaw , Poland
| | - Saskia S Sterk
- b Institute for Food Safety , RIKILT Wageningen UR , Wageningen , Netherlands
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Thevis M, Geyer H, Tretzel L, Schänzer W. Sports drug testing using complementary matrices: Advantages and limitations. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:220-230. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Baume N, Jan N, Emery C, Mandanis B, Schweizer C, Giraud S, Leuenberger N, Marclay F, Nicoli R, Perrenoud L, Robinson N, Dvorak J, Saugy M. Antidoping programme and biological monitoring before and during the 2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil. Br J Sports Med 2016; 49:614-22. [PMID: 25878079 PMCID: PMC4413745 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2015-094762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background The FIFA has implemented an important antidoping programme for the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Aim To perform the analyses before and during the World Cup with biological monitoring of blood and urine samples. Methods All qualified players from the 32 teams participating in the World Cup were tested out-of-competition. During the World Cup, 2–8 players per match were tested. Over 1000 samples were collected in total and analysed in the WADA accredited Laboratory of Lausanne. Results The quality of the analyses was at the required level as described in the WADA technical documents. The urinary steroid profiles of the players were stable and consistent with previously published papers on football players. During the competition, amphetamine was detected in a sample collected on a player who had a therapeutic use exemption for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The blood passport data showed no significant difference in haemoglobin values between out-of-competition and postmatch samples. Conclusions Logistical issues linked to biological samples collection, and the overseas shipment during the World Cup did not impair the quality of the analyses, especially when used as the biological passport of football players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norbert Baume
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Jan
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Caroline Emery
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Béatrice Mandanis
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Carine Schweizer
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Giraud
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Leuenberger
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - François Marclay
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Perrenoud
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- FIFA, Zürich, Switzerland FIFA Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) and Schulthess Clinic, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva & Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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31
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Krumbholz A, Anielski P, Gfrerer L, Graw M, Geyer H, Schänzer W, Dvorak J, Thieme D. Statistical significance of hair analysis of clenbuterol to discriminate therapeutic use from contamination. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:1108-16. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aniko Krumbholz
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden; Germany
| | - Patricia Anielski
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden; Germany
| | - Lena Gfrerer
- Institute of Legal Medicine of the University of Munich; Germany
| | - Matthias Graw
- Institute of Legal Medicine of the University of Munich; Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne (DSHS); Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Institute of Biochemistry/Center for Preventive Doping Research; German Sport University Cologne (DSHS); Germany
| | - Jiri Dvorak
- Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA); Medical Assessment and Research Centre (F-MARC) and Schulthess Clinic; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis and Sports Biochemistry (IDAS) Dresden; Germany
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32
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Dvorak J, Baume N, Botré F, Broséus J, Budgett R, Frey WO, Geyer H, Harcourt PR, Ho D, Howman D, Isola V, Lundby C, Marclay F, Peytavin A, Pipe A, Pitsiladis YP, Reichel C, Robinson N, Rodchenkov G, Saugy M, Sayegh S, Segura J, Thevis M, Vernec A, Viret M, Vouillamoz M, Zorzoli M. Time for change: a roadmap to guide the implementation of the World Anti-Doping Code 2015. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:801-6. [PMID: 24764550 PMCID: PMC4033186 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A medical and scientific multidisciplinary consensus meeting was held from 29 to 30 November 2013 on Anti-Doping in Sport at the Home of FIFA in Zurich, Switzerland, to create a roadmap for the implementation of the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code. The consensus statement and accompanying papers set out the priorities for the antidoping community in research, science and medicine. The participants achieved consensus on a strategy for the implementation of the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code. Key components of this strategy include: (1) sport-specific risk assessment, (2) prevalence measurement, (3) sport-specific test distribution plans, (4) storage and reanalysis, (5) analytical challenges, (6) forensic intelligence, (7) psychological approach to optimise the most deterrent effect, (8) the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) and confounding factors, (9) data management system (Anti-Doping Administration & Management System (ADAMS), (10) education, (11) research needs and necessary advances, (12) inadvertent doping and (13) management and ethics: biological data. True implementation of the 2015 World Anti-Doping Code will depend largely on the ability to align thinking around these core concepts and strategies. FIFA, jointly with all other engaged International Federations of sports (Ifs), the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), are ideally placed to lead transformational change with the unwavering support of the wider antidoping community. The outcome of the consensus meeting was the creation of the ad hoc Working Group charged with the responsibility of moving this agenda forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiri Dvorak
- FIFA/F-MARC FIFA-Strasse, , Zurich, Switzerland
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Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Anabolic agents: recent strategies for their detection and protection from inadvertent doping. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:820-6. [PMID: 24632537 PMCID: PMC4033149 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List, anabolic agents consist of exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), endogenous AAS and other anabolic agents such as clenbuterol and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Currently employed strategies for their improved detection include the prolongation of the detection windows for exogenous AAS, non-targeted and indirect analytical approaches for the detection of modified steroids (designer steroids), the athlete's biological passport and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the detection of the misuse of endogenous AAS, as well as preventive doping research for the detection of SARMs. The recent use of these strategies led to 4-80-fold increases of adverse analytical findings for exogenous AAS, to the detection of the misuse of new designer steroids, to adverse analytical findings of different endogenous AAS and to the first adverse analytical findings of SARMs. The strategies of the antidoping research are not only focused on the development of methods to catch the cheating athlete but also to protect the clean athlete from inadvertent doping. Within the past few years several sources of inadvertent doping with anabolic agents have been identified. Among these are nutritional supplements adulterated with AAS, meat products contaminated with clenbuterol, mycotoxin (zearalenone) contamination leading to zeranol findings, and natural products containing endogenous AAS. The protection strategy consists of further investigations in case of reasonable suspicion of inadvertent doping, publication of the results, education of athletes and development of methods to differentiate between intentional and unintentional doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, , Cologne, Germany
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34
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Thevis M, Kuuranne T, Geyer H, Schänzer W. Annual banned-substance review: analytical approaches in human sports drug testing. Drug Test Anal 2013; 6:164-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents; Cologne Germany
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Doping Control Laboratory; United Medix Laboratories; Höyläämötie 14 00380 Helsinki Finland
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; German Sport University Cologne; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6 50933 Cologne Germany
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