1
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Wiedfeld C, Skopp G, Musshoff F. Single hair analysis for gamma-hydroxybutyric acid-Method optimization, validation, and application. Drug Test Anal 2024. [PMID: 38517060 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
As gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) underlies fast metabolization, its determination from hair may presumably offer a detection window superior to that of body fluids. Due to the wide range of endogenous concentration levels, the evidence of an exogenous ingestion is challenging. As already shown for other drugs, the temporal resolution obtained by applying single hair microanalysis provides further information. Therefore, a method for the extraction and quantification of GHB in 2-mm hair segments (seg) was optimized and validated (limit of detection [LOD]: 2.5 pg/seg, lower limit of quantification [LLOQ]: 5 pg/seg), and five single hairs were examined, each for three non-users and for three (alleged) users. A major challenge was the choice of appropriate extraction tubes without remains of GHB. In two samples from non-users, GHB could not or could only be detected in trace amounts. In the third sample, concentrations between the LOD and 31.1 pg/seg (mean: 9.5, median: 8.4; each pg/seg) were detected with decreasing values towards the tips. In two samples of persons with assumed GHB intake, maximum concentrations of 6.8 and 30.7 pg/seg were measured, but no significant concentration peaks indicating a single ingestion could be observed. The third sample showed concentrations of 7.6-55.2 pg/seg (mean: 28.8, median: 29.6; each pg/seg). In this case, the obtained profiles showing at least two reproducible concentration maxima between 20 and 40 mm point to an ingestion of GHB. The concentration profiles from single hairs were reproducible in each case, reflecting the concentration course of routine 1-cm segmental analysis. These are the first results published on GHB testing in segmented single hairs, and the results must be verified further.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gisela Skopp
- Forensic Toxicological Center (FTC) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Musshoff
- Forensic Toxicological Center (FTC) Munich, Munich, Germany
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2
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Mestria S, Odoardi S, Biosa G, Strano Rossi S. Pitfalls in assessing the exogenous origin of GHB in hair. Drug Test Anal 2023; 15:998-1002. [PMID: 36564150 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Mestria
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Odoardi
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Biosa
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sabina Strano Rossi
- Department of Health Surveillance and Bioethics, Forensic Toxicology Laboratory, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore F. Policlinico Gemelli IRCCS, Rome, Italy
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3
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Busardò FP, Pichini S, Kintz P. GHB-facilitated sexual assaults: How to proper assess a single GHB exposure in hair. Drug Test Anal 2023. [PMID: 36990969 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence-Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de Médecine légale, Strasbourg University, Strasbourg, France
- X-Pertise Consulting, Oberhausbergen, France
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4
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Fateh ST, Salehi-Najafabadi A. Repurposing of substances with lactone moiety for the treatment of γ-Hydroxybutyric acid and γ-Butyrolactone intoxication through modulating paraoxonase and PPARγ. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:909460. [PMID: 35935832 PMCID: PMC9354891 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.909460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
GHB and GBL are highly accessible recreational drugs of abuse with a high risk of adverse effects and mortality while no specific antidotes exist. These components can also be found in the clinical setting, beverages, and cosmetic products, leading to unwanted exposures and further intoxications. As the structural analogue of GABA, GHB is suggested as the primary mediator of GHB/GBL effects. We further suggest that GBL might be as critical as GHB in this process, acting through PPARγ as its receptor. Moreover, PPARγ and PON (i.e., the GHB-GBL converting enzyme) can be targeted for GHB/GBL addiction and intoxication, leading to modulation of the GHB-GBL balance and blockage of their effects. We suggest that repurposing substances with lactone moiety such as bacterial lactones, sesquiterpene lactones, and statins might lead to potential therapeutic options as they occupy the active sites of PPARγ and PON and interfere with the GHB-GBL balance. In conclusion, this hypothesis improves the GHB/GBL mechanism of action, suggests potential therapeutic options, and highlights the necessity of classifying GBL as a controlled substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepand Tehrani Fateh
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Salehi-Najafabadi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Biology, University College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
- *Correspondence: Amir Salehi-Najafabadi,
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5
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Ricci G, Busardò F, Gibelli F, Sirignano A, Brunetti P. Evaluating the risk of toxicity and adverse drug interactions involving recreational GHB use and prescribed drugs. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2022; 17:1445-1454. [DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2021.2029404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanna Ricci
- Section of Legal Medicine, School of Law, University of Camerino, Via Andrea D’Accorso 16, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Francesco Busardò
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University of Ancona, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Filippo Gibelli
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, Section of Forensic Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Ascanio Sirignano
- Section of Legal Medicine, School of Law, University of Camerino, Via Andrea D’Accorso 16, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Pietro Brunetti
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology, Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Marche Polytechnic University of Ancona, Via Tronto 10, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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6
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Abstract
Hair analysis has been mainly used to document drug use history in abusers, drug-facilitated crime cases, doping control analysis and postmortem toxicology in the fields of forensic toxicology, clinical toxicology, and doping control. Hair analysis has also gained more attention in the last 30 years in China. Relevant technology has been promoted as more research has appeared concerning hair analysis, and consensus has been sought among forensic toxicologists regarding aspects such as hair decontamination treatment, detection of abused substances in hair, segmental hair analysis and interpretation of analytical results. However, there are still some limitations in the estimation of drug intake time and frequency by segmental hair analysis due to the different growth cycles evident within a bundle of hairs, the drug incorporation mechanism and sampling errors. Microsampling and imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) technology based on a single hair may be a good choice to estimate drug intake time more accurately. Analysis of hair root samples may also be used to document acute poisoning in postmortem toxicology, and the analysis of the hair shaft can document long-term use of drugs depending on the length of the hair being evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Shen
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
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7
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Levels of GHB in hair after regular application. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110885. [PMID: 34214830 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a central nervous system depressant that is an approved drug for the treatment of narcolepsy with cataplexy and other syndromes. Due to its dose dependent stimulating, relaxing or sedative effects, illicit abuses include recreational use by young people and cases of drug-facilitated crime (DFC). Since GHB is also produced endogenously, for forensic questions, it is important to be able to differentiate between endogenous GHB and elevated levels due to additional intake. In this study, we measured GHB concentrations in hair of patients with narcolepsy receiving daily GHB treatment. The results were compared to endogenous concentrations and concentrations after chronic intake presented in several former studies. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a regular intake of a known dosage of GHB leads to elevated levels of GHB concentration in hair. We collected hair samples of 19 patients (14 female, 5 male) with narcolepsy under regular GHB treatment and examined the hair samples segmentally by digestion of the hair followed by liquid-liquid extraction and analysis using a Shimadzu LC20 UFLC system coupled with an AB Sciex API 4000 Qtrap tandem mass spectrometer. All volunteers received daily treatment with different doses of sodium oxybate (sodium salt of GHB) ranging between 3 and 9g per night. The observed mean value of GHB concentration in hair was 2.69ng GHB per mg hair for the 5 male participants, 1.56ng/mg for the 14 female participants giving an overall mean value of 1.86ng/mg for all participants. Our results showed no correlation between the daily dose or the duration intake of GHB and the measured concentration of GHB in hair. Although we did find a significant (p<0.01) difference between published endogenous levels of GHB in hair and GHB levels in hair of patients with regular daily GHB intake, the forensic relevance however is disputable. We hypothesise this narrow margin or even overlap to be the reason why analytical results from hair analysis in some cases fail to provide a reliable prove of a single exposition.
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8
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Ciarimboli E, Pirani F, Beck R, Zaami S. The health threat of γ-butyrolactone (GBL): Hair analysis in a case of intoxication. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2020.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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9
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Strickland EC, Thomas JL, Lloyd EW, Smith MA, LeBeau MA, Montgomery MA, Karas RP, Peters EM, Miller ML. Endogenous GHB in Segmented Hair Part II: Intra-individual Variation for Exogenous Discrimination. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:637-650. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The endogenous presence of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) complicates the interpretation of results in cases where an exogenous dosing is suspected. Due to GHB’s rapid metabolism and clearance following exogenous doses, hair has become a preferential matrix for confirmation of GHB exposure in drug-facilitated crimes. However, unlike blood and urine where an agreed-upon cut-off concentration for differentiation between endogenous and exogenous GHB has been made, there has been no consensus on a cut-off concentration for hair. This is due in part to the wide inter- and intra-individual variation that has been observed in endogenous GHB hair studies. A large (>50) population study of 214 donors was conducted to better understand these variations and to evaluate whether a cut-off concentration could be established for endogenous GHB in human hair. As seen in our previous study, the inter-individual variation was large, with concentrations ranging from <0.40 to 5.47 ng/mg. This range made an absolute cut-off concentration recommendation inappropriate, so an alternative approach for GHB discrimination was investigated utilizing the intra-individual variation. Male donors appeared to have greater intra-individual variation than female donors, yet it was noted that segment-to-segment variation along the length of hair had minimal change between individual donor’s adjacent segments. Overall, 97.1% of the adjacent segment differences were within ±0.5 ng/mg. Therefore, instead of a recommended cut-off concentration, it appears that using adjacent segment concentration differences could be a strategy to assist in differentiating endogenous from single exogenous GHB exposure. In the absence of controlled dosing data, previously published segmented results from controlled and suspected dosing donors are examined using the adjacent segmental difference approach and the results compared to currently used ratio-based calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin C Strickland
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Visiting Scientist Program, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Jennifer L Thomas
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Visiting Scientist Program, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Erin W Lloyd
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Visiting Scientist Program, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Michael A Smith
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Marc A LeBeau
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Madeline A Montgomery
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Roman P Karas
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Eugene M Peters
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Mark L Miller
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
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10
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Violence against women and drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA): A review of the main drugs. J Forensic Leg Med 2020; 74:102020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2020.102020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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11
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Thomas JL, Strickland EC, Lloyd EW, Donnelly CC, Rankoth A, Pieczonka SM, Colpoys C, Smith MA, LeBeau MA, Montgomery MA, Karas RP, Peters EM, Miller ML. Endogenous GHB in Segmented Hair Part I: Inter-individual Variation for Group Comparisons. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:628-636. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
While earlier studies have attempted to resolve the challenges encountered when interpreting gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) concentrations in hair (primarily due to its endogenous presence), few have had large sample sizes. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the inter-individual variation of endogenous GHB concentrations. The second objective, to be detailed in another report, was to assess intra-individual variation and the impact on exogenous GHB discrimination. Over 2,000 hair segments from 141 women and 73 men (all processed hair 3–12 cm long) were analyzed in this study. The raw calculated range of endogenous GHB concentrations was <0.40–5.47 ng/mg with 97.5% of the segmental results calculated less than 2.00 ng/mg. Imputation, assuming a lognormal distribution, was applied to the data to include non-detect (ND) data (<LOQ), which led to an estimated endogenous GHB range of 0.16–5.47 ng/mg. Kruskal–Wallis tests were employed on a segmental basis for group comparisons. This test was applied to the male and female segmental medians and subsequently indicated that these groups were different at the α = 0.05 level of significance. Additionally, female hair samples appeared to have a trend comprising higher endogenous GHB concentrations close to the scalp and a mean net decrease of ~0.2–0.3 ng/mg distally. Male hair samples displayed the opposite trend, with a mean net increase of ~0.5–0.6 ng/mg from the proximal to the distal end of the hair shaft. It was also concluded that differences exist between the median GHB concentrations of the ‘treated’ and ‘untreated’ hair in the female group at the α = 0.05 level of significance. Age groups and races were analyzed, but none of the observed differences in median concentration were significant at α = 0.05. This is the largest endogenous GHB hair population study to date and provides substantial new data on inter-individual variation and chronological trends of GHB concentrations in hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Thomas
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Visiting Scientist Program, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Erin C Strickland
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Visiting Scientist Program, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Erin W Lloyd
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Visiting Scientist Program, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Christopher C Donnelly
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Visiting Scientist Program, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Anusha Rankoth
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, Visiting Scientist Program, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Sandra M Pieczonka
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Caroline Colpoys
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Michael A Smith
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Marc A LeBeau
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Madeline A Montgomery
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Roman P Karas
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Eugene M Peters
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
| | - Mark L Miller
- Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory Division, 2501 Investigation Parkway, Quantico, VA 22135, USA
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13
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Chan WS, Wong GF, Hung CW, Wong YN, Fung KM, Lee WK, Dao KL, Leung CW, Lo KM, Lee WM, Cheung BKK. Interpol review of toxicology 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:563-607. [PMID: 33385147 PMCID: PMC7770452 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature in toxicology from 2016 to 2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/content/download/14458/file/Interpol%20Review%20.Papers%202019.pdf.
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14
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Interpreting GHB concentrations in hair: can a cut-off be established? Forensic Sci Int 2020; 306:110009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Prego-Meleiro P, Quintela-Jorge Ó, Montalvo G, García-Ruiz C. Multi-target methodology for the screening of blood specimens in drug-facilitated sexual assault cases. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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16
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Kuwayama K. [Development of High-resolution Methods for the Analysis of Drug Distribution in Biological Tissue Samples and Their Applications]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2019; 139:1063-1070. [PMID: 31366839 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.19-00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The abuse of drugs has become a serious social problem worldwide. Amphetamine-type stimulants such as methamphetamine are recreationally abused and can cause toxic effects in the body. Unfortunately, death from drug poisoning can occur due to careless intake. In postmortem examinations, the distribution of drugs in an entire organ gives valuable information for evaluating their toxicity. We developed methods to measure the distribution of drugs in organs using LC/MS and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-imaging mass spectrometry (MALDI-IMS). The complementary use of the two methods provides more detailed information on the distribution and concentration of drugs in organs because the accurate quantification in LC/MS and small spatial resolution in MALDI-IMS are combined. On the other hand, it is important to elucidate the drug intake history of suspects and victims in drug-facilitated crimes (DFCs). Hair and nail samples are often used to confirm chronic drug intake because ingested drugs can stably remain in these specimens over several months. However, it is impossible to determine the day of drug ingestion in conventional segmental analysis of bulk samples. Therefore, we developed methods to cut hair strands at 0.4-mm intervals and nails at 0.2-mm intervals, which correspond to their respective growth rates over 1-2 d, to analyze the drugs in each segment efficiently using LC/MS. The microsegmental hair analysis method is applied to estimate the day of drug ingestion in DFC investigations. These methods could be applied to measure the distribution of compounds in various solid samples.
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Pellegrini M, Bolino G, Varì MR, Giorgetti R, Pichini S, Busardò FP. A fatal chemsex case involving γ‐butyrolactone and 4‐methylethcathinone. Drug Test Anal 2019; 11:1465-1470. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Pellegrini
- National Centre on Addiction and DopingIstituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Giorgio Bolino
- Unit of Forensic Pathology, SAIMLAL DepartmentSapienza University of Rome Rome Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria Varì
- National Centre on Addiction and DopingIstituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Raffaele Giorgetti
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence SBSPUniversity Politecnica delle Marche of Ancona Ancona Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and DopingIstituto Superiore di Sanità Rome Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Excellence SBSPUniversity Politecnica delle Marche of Ancona Ancona Italy
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18
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Hair Metabolomics in Animal Studies and Clinical Settings. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24122195. [PMID: 31212725 PMCID: PMC6630908 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24122195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolomics is a powerful tool used to understand comprehensive changes in the metabolic response and to study the phenotype of an organism by instrumental analysis. It most commonly involves mass spectrometry followed by data mining and metabolite assignment. For the last few decades, hair has been used as a valuable analytical sample to investigate retrospective xenobiotic exposure as it provides a wider window of detection than other biological samples such as saliva, plasma, and urine. Hair contains functional metabolomes such as amino acids and lipids. Moreover, segmental analysis of hair based on its growth rate can provide information on metabolic changes over time. Therefore, it has great potential as a metabolomics sample to monitor chronic diseases, including drug addiction or abnormal conditions. In the current review, the latest applications of hair metabolomics in animal studies and clinical settings are highlighted. For this purpose, we review and discuss the characteristics of hair as a metabolomics sample, the analytical techniques employed in hair metabolomics and the consequence of hair metabolome alterations in recent studies. Through this, the value of hair as an alternative biological sample in metabolomics is highlighted.
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19
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Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, gamma-butyrolactone, and 1,4-butanediol addiction: a serious health threat. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2019; 70:149-150. [PMID: 31246568 DOI: 10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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20
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Case report: Another death associated to γ-hydroxybutyric acid intoxication. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 299:34-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Ramírez Fernández MDM, Wille SM, Di Fazio V, Samyn N. Influence of bleaching and thermal straightening on endogenous GHB concentrations in hair: An in vitro experiment. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 297:277-283. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Chagas AGDR, Spinelli E, Souza TM, Pinto Junior JA, Pereira Netto AD. Simultaneous determination of alpha-, beta- and gamma-hydroxybutyric acids in micro-pulverized human hair by GC-MS: Method development, validation and application. Talanta 2019; 194:576-584. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Busardò FP, Pichini S, Zaami S, Pacifici R, Kintz P. Hair testing of GHB: an everlasting issue in forensic toxicology. Clin Chem Lab Med 2019; 56:198-208. [PMID: 28763296 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2017-0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this paper, the authors present a critical review of different studies regarding hair testing of endogenous γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), concentrations in chronic users, and values measured after a single GHB exposure in drug facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) cases together with the role of a recently identified GHB metabolite, GHB-glucuronide. CONTENT The following databases (up to March 2017) PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science were used, searching the following key words: γ-hydroxybutyrate, GHB, GHB glucuronide, hair. The main key words "GHB" and "γ-hydroxybutyrate" were searched singularly and then associated individually to each of the other keywords. SUMMARY Of the 2304 sources found, only 20 were considered appropriate for the purpose of this paper. Summing up all the studies investigating endogenous GHB concentration in hair, a very broad concentration range from 0 to 12 ng/mg was found. In order to detect a single GHB dose in hair it is necessary to commonly wait 1 month for collecting hair and a segmental analysis of 3 or 5 mm fragments and the calculation of a ratio between the targeted segment and the others represent a reliable method to detect a single GHB intake considering that the ratios presently proposed vary from 3 and 10. The only two studies so far performed, investigating GHB-Glucuronide in hair, show that the latter does not seem to provide any diagnostic information regarding GHB exposure. OUTLOOK A practical operative protocol is proposed to be applied in all suspected cases of GHB-facilitated sexual assault (GHB-FSA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | - Simona Zaami
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Pacifici
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanitá, Rome, Italy
| | - Pascal Kintz
- Institut de Médecine légale, Strasbourg, France.,X-Pertise Consulting, Oberhausbergen, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Kintz
- Institut de Médecine légale Strasbourg France
- X‐Pertise Consulting Oberhausbergen France
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Busardò FP, Jones AW. Interpreting γ-hydroxybutyrate concentrations for clinical and forensic purposes. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018; 57:149-163. [PMID: 30307336 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2018.1519194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION γ-Hydroxybutyric acid is an endogenous substance, a therapeutic agent, and a recreational drug of abuse. This psychoactive substance acts as a depressant of the central nervous system and is commonly encountered in clinical and forensic practice, including impaired drivers, poisoned patients, and drug-related intoxication deaths. OBJECTIVE The aim of this review is to assist clinical and forensic practitioners with the interpretation of γ-hydroxybutyric acid concentrations in blood, urine, and alternative biological specimens from living and deceased persons. METHODS The information sources used to prepare this review were PubMed, Scopus, and Web-of-Science. These databases were searched using keywords γ-hydroxybutyrate (GHB), blood, urine, alternative specimens, non-conventional biological matrices, saliva, oral fluid, sweat, hair, vitreous humor (VH), brain, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), dried blood spots (DBS), breast milk, and various combinations thereof. The resulting 4228 references were screened to exclude duplicates, which left 1980 articles for further consideration. These publications were carefully evaluated by taking into account the main aims of the review and 143 scientific papers were considered relevant. Analytical methods: The analytical methods used to determine γ-hydroxybutyric acid in blood and other biological specimens make use of gas- or liquid-chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. These hyphenated techniques are accurate, precise, and specific for their intended purposes and the lower limit of quantitation in blood and other specimens is 0.5 mg/L or less. Human pharmacokinetics: GHB is rapidly absorbed from the gut and distributes into the total body water compartment. Only a small fraction of the dose (1-2%) is excreted unchanged in the urine. The plasma elimination half-life of γ-hydroxybutyric acid is short, being only about 0.5-0.9 h, which requires timely sampling of blood and other biological specimens for clinical and forensic analysis. Endogenous concentrations of GHB in blood: GHB is both an endogenous metabolite and a drug of abuse, which complicates interpretation of the laboratory results of analysis. Moreover, the concentrations of GHB in blood and other specimens tend to increase after sampling, especially in autopsy cases. This requires the use of practical "cut-off" concentrations to avoid reporting false positive results. These cut-offs are different for different biological specimen types. Concentrations of GHB in clinical and forensic practice: As a recreational drug GHB is predominantly used by young males (94%) with a mean age of 27.1 years. The mean (median) and range of concentrations in blood from apprehended drivers was 90 mg/L (82 mg/L) and 8-600 mg/L, respectively. The concentration distributions in blood taken from living and deceased persons overlapped, although the mean (median) and range of concentrations were higher in intoxication deaths; 640 mg/L (280 mg/L) and 30-9200 mg/L, respectively. Analysis of GHB in alternative specimens: All biological fluids and tissue containing water are suitable for the analysis of GHB. Examples of alternative specimens discussed in this review are CSF, saliva, hair strands, breast milk, DBS, VH, and brain tissue. CONCLUSIONS Body fluids for the analysis of GHB must be obtained as quickly as possible after a poisoned patient is admitted to hospital or after a person is arrested for a drug-related crime to enhance chances of detecting the drug. The sampling of urine lengthens the window of detection by 3-4 h compared with blood samples, but with longer delays between last intake of GHB and obtaining specimens, hair strands, and/or nails might be the only option. In postmortem toxicology, the concentrations of drugs tend to be more stable in bladder urine, VH, and CSF compared with blood, because these sampling sites are protected from the spread of bacteria from the gut. Accordingly, the relationship between blood and urine concentrations of GHB furnishes useful information when drug intoxication deaths are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Paolo Busardò
- a Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopaedic Sciences , Sapienza University of Rome , Rome , Italy
| | - Alan Wayne Jones
- b Department of Clinical Pharmacology , University of Linköping , Linköping , Sweden
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Kuwayama K, Nariai M, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Abe H, Iwase H, Inoue H. Accurate Estimation of Drug Intake Day by Microsegmental Analysis of a Strand of Hair by Use of Internal Temporal Markers. J Appl Lab Med 2018; 3:37-47. [DOI: 10.1373/jalm.2017.025346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Segmental hair analysis can be useful for estimating the time of drug intake. However, this estimation is currently only accurate to within several months. We previously conducted microsegmental analysis of a strand of hair to visualize drug distribution at a spatial resolution of 0.4 mm, which corresponds to daily hair-growth length. Herein, we describe a procedure for accurately estimating the day of drug intake by using internal temporal markers (ITMs) to mark a timescale in the analyzed strand of hair.
Methods
Five drugs were administered in a single dose to the subjects, and then administration was stopped for several weeks. Two subsequent cycles of drug administration and similar withdrawal were performed. For analysis, a strand of hair was plucked from the subject's scalp. The first intake day was considered as the unknown and the drugs administered second and third were regarded as the ITMs. The first intake day was estimated based on the distance from hair root end to 3 drug peaks and 3 known days (hair sampling and 2 ITM cycles).
Results
The drug concentration–hair segment curve had 3 peaks, which reflected the 3 drug cycles. The use of ITMs reduced the error of the true intake day to within 2 days, because the growth rate of the analyzed strand of hair was accounted for by the 2 ITMs.
Conclusions
The estimated accuracy showed little dependency on drug and individual variation. This procedure for estimating the time of drug intake down to a particular day can be used in drug-related crimes, drug abuse and compliance, and for medical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Maika Nariai
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Yuko T Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Tsujikawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | | | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Abe
- Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hirotaro Iwase
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Education and Research Center of Legal Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science, Kashiwa, Japan
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Moretti M, Andrello L, Visonà S, Vignali C, Groppi A, Freni F, Osculati A, Tajana L, Morini L. Evaluation of benzodiazepines and zolpidem in nails and their stability after prolonged exposure to chlorinated water. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 152:137-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Busardò FP, Pichini S. GHB concentration in breast milk of narcoleptic women treated with sodium oxybate. How important it is to be careful when interpreting values. Sleep Med 2017; 40:129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Kuwayama K, Miyaguchi H, Iwata YT, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Yamamuro T, Segawa H, Inoue H. Different localizations of drugs simultaneously administered in a strand of hair by micro-segmental analysis. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:750-760. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | | | - Yuko T. Iwata
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiroki Segawa
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Inoue
- National Research Institute of Police Science; Chiba Japan
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Piper T, Mehling LM, Spottke A, Heidbreder A, Young P, Madea B, Hess C, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Potential of GHB phase-II-metabolites to complement current approaches in GHB post administration detection. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:157-164. [PMID: 28869822 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, phase-II-metabolites of γ-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB), namely GHB-β-O-glucuronide and GHB-4-sulfate, were implemented in the scope of drug testing methods The clearance of GHB from the circulation is extremely fast due to its incorporation into the metabolic pathway of the citrate cycle. The elimination half-life of GHB from blood was reported to be dose dependent between 30 and 50min resulting in narrow detection windows of less than 12h after illicit administration or cases of drug facilitated sexual assault regardless of the biological matrix used. As sulfated metabolites tend to show prolonged half-lives and slower elimination kinetics compared to unmodified or glucuronidated drugs, the potential of GHB-4-sulfate in prolonging the detection of GHB administration was assessed. Its urinary concentrations were determined in n=100 samples from athletes and n=50 samples from sport students, and the resulting data were used to calculate a preliminary reference population-based threshold for urinary GHB-sulfate concentration. The threshold was then compared to concentrations found in post-administration urine samples collected from 3 volunteers who administered GHB within the setting of a clinical trial. Due to the large inter-individual variability of concentrations found in the reference population, GHB-4-sulfate itself was not suitable to prolong the detection times for GHB applications, even when specific gravity-corrected values were used. Therefore, a metabolomics-based approach was applied to the reference population samples and evaluated regarding other urinary metabolites that potentially correlate with the urinary excretion of GHB-4-sulfate and GHB-β-O-glucuronide in order to find a suitable marker to normalize urinary concentrations. The most promising candidate was found at a molecular mass of 321.0696 and was preliminarily identified as β-citryl-glutamic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany.
| | - Lena-Maria Mehling
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Annika Spottke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Young
- Division of Sleep Medicine and Neuromuscular Disorders, Department of Neurology, University Hospital, University of Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cornelius Hess
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933 Köln, Germany
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Mehling LM, Wang X, Johansen SS, Spottke A, Heidbreder A, Young P, Madea B, Hess C. Determination of GHB and GHB-β-O-glucuronide in hair of three narcoleptic patients-Comparison between single and chronic GHB exposure. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:e8-e13. [PMID: 28811136 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (GHB) can be used as a knock-out drug in drug facilitated crime (DFC). Due to its rapid metabolism and resulting narrow detection window, uncovering GHB use in DFC still constitutes a problem. In this experiment we determined the GHB and GHB-β-O-glucuronide (GHB-Gluc) concentrations in hair samples after single and chronic GHB exposures. Hair samples of three narcoleptic patients therapeutically taking sodium oxybate (GHB-sodium-salt) were collected. Patients 1 (P1) and 2 (P2) took the medication for nine and six years, respectively. P1 took daily the pharmaceutical Xyrem® in a total dose of 5.78g GHB at bed time (2.89g) and four hours (2.89g) later. P2 took a dose of 3.10g GHB at bed time and an additional dose of 2.68g GHB four hours later. Patient 3 (P3) was newly diagnosed with narcolepsy and started his therapy with oral dose of 6g (divided in three portions of 2g GHB) within 24h. The hair samples were extracted both with and without forerunning washing steps. GHB and GHB-Gluc were determined by a published ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method using GHB-d6 and GHB-Gluc-d4 as internal standards. GHB and GHB-Gluc concentrations in unwashed hair samples of P1 and P2 were determined in a range of 0.56-1.30ng/mg and <0.48-0.85ng/mg, respectively. In washed hair samples of P1 and P2 the concentrations were in a range of <0.32-0.68ng/mg and <0.48-1.20ng/mg for GHB and GHB-Gluc, respectively. The determined concentrations were within the published endogenous range. The confirmed results showed that the washing procedure before extraction causes a minor decrease of GHB concentrations in hair (difference: <1ng/mg). The investigations showed that a single GHB exposure might not be determined by hair analysis of GHB and GHB-Gluc. The chronical intake of therapeutic sodium oxybate with doses up to 7g per night was also not confirmed by hair analysis maybe due to hair treatments. Therefore, GHB hair analysis should be assessed critically and determined negative results could not exclude GHB exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena-Maria Mehling
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sys-Stybe Johansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annika Spottke
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Straße 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna Heidbreder
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Peter Young
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Straße 1, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Burkhard Madea
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany
| | - Cornelius Hess
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Bonn, Stiftsplatz 12, 53111 Bonn, Germany.
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When a death apparently associated to sexual assault is instead a natural death due to idiopathic hypereosinophilic syndrome: The importance of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid analysis in vitreous humor. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2017; 26:92-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2017.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Johansen SS, Wang X, Sejer Pedersen D, Pearl PL, Roullet JB, Ainslie GR, Vogel KR, Gibson KM. Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate (GHB) Content in Hair Samples Correlates Negatively with Age in Succinic Semialdehyde Dehydrogenase Deficiency. JIMD Rep 2017; 36:93-98. [PMID: 28213850 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2017_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) is a drug of abuse, an approved therapeutic for narcolepsy, an agent employed for facilitation of sexual assault, as well as a biomarker of succinic semialdehyde dehydrogenase deficiency (SSADHD). Our laboratory seeks to identify surrogate biomarkers in SSADHD that can shed light on the developmental course of this neurometabolic disease. Since GHB may be quantified in hair as a potential surrogate to identify victims of drug-related assault, we have opted to examine its level in SSADHD. We quantified GHB in hair derived from ten patients with SSADHD, and documented a significant negative age correlation. These findings are consistent with recent results in patient biological fluids, including plasma and red blood cells. These findings may provide additional insight into the developmental course of SSADHD (Jansen et al., J Inherit Metab Dis 39:795-800, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- S S Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - X Wang
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Sejer Pedersen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P L Pearl
- Department of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - J-B Roullet
- Section of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 347, Health Sciences Campus, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99214, USA
| | - G R Ainslie
- Section of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 347, Health Sciences Campus, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99214, USA
| | - K R Vogel
- Section of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 347, Health Sciences Campus, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99214, USA
| | - K M Gibson
- Section of Experimental and Systems Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, Washington State University, Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences Building, Room 347, Health Sciences Campus, 412 E. Spokane Falls Blvd., Spokane, WA, 99214, USA.
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