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Guo C, Ran Q, Sun C, Zhou T, Yang X, Zhang J, Pang S, Xiao Y. Loss of FGFR3 Delays Acute Myeloid Leukemogenesis by Programming Weakly Pathogenic CD117-Positive Leukemia Stem-Like Cells. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:632809. [PMID: 33584313 PMCID: PMC7879375 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.632809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic patients with leukemia often relapse and produce drug resistance due to the existence of leukemia stem cells (LSCs). Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) signaling mediates the drug resistance of LSCs in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). However, the function of FGFR3 in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is less understood. Here, we identified that the loss of FGFR3 reprograms MLL-AF9 (MA)-driven murine AML cells into weakly pathogenic CD117-positive leukemia stem-like cells by activating the FGFR1-ERG signaling pathway. FGFR3 deletion significantly inhibits AML cells engraftment in vivo and extends the survival time of leukemic mice. FGFR3 deletion sharply decreased the expression of chemokines and the prolonged survival time in mice receiving FGFR3-deficient MA cells could be neutralized by overexpression of CCL3. Here we firstly found that FGFR3 had a novel regulatory mechanism for the stemness of LSCs in AML, and provided a promising anti-leukemia approach by interrupting FGFR3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Guo
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiuju Ran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chun Sun
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jizhou Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shifeng Pang
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
| | - Yechen Xiao
- Department of Biotechnology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Basic Medical Science, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Loss of FGFR3 Accelerates Bone Marrow Suppression-Induced Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cell Expansion by Activating FGFR1-ELK1-Cyclin D1 Signaling. Transplant Cell Ther 2020; 27:45.e1-45.e10. [PMID: 32966879 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2020.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Patients with chemotherapy or radiation therapy often generate anemia and low immunity due to the therapy-induced bone marrow (BM) suppression. To enhance hematopoietic regeneration during the therapy-induced BM suppression urgently need to be solved. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) play important regulatory roles in hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) expansion in vitro and in vivo by the FGF receptor (FGFR1-4)-mediated signaling pathway. FGFR3 is an important member of the FGFR family, and its regulatory function in hematopoiesis is largely unknown. Using knockout (KO) mice of FGFR3, we found that loss of FGFR3 does not affect HSPC functions or lineage differentiation during steady-state hematopoiesis, but FGFR3 deletion accelerates HSPC expansion and hematopoiesis recovery via a cell-autonomous manner under 5-fluorouracil-induced BM suppression. Our results showed that FGFR3 inactivation accelerates BM suppression-induced HSPC expansion by upregulating FGFR1 and its downstream transcriptional factor, ELK, which regulates the expression of the cyclin D1 gene at the level of transcription. Further studies confirmed that loss of FGFR3 in hematopoietic cells inhibits in vivo leukemogenesis under BM suppression. Our data found a novel hematopoietic regulatory mechanism by which FGFR3 deletion promotes HSPC expansion under BM suppression and also provided a promising approach to enhance antileukemia and hematopoietic regeneration by inhibiting FGFR3 functions in HSPCs combined with leukemic chemotherapy.
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Dash S, Trainor PA. The development, patterning and evolution of neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. Bone 2020; 137:115409. [PMID: 32417535 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2020.115409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are a vertebrate-specific migratory, multipotent cell population that give rise to a diverse array of cells and tissues during development. Cranial neural crest cells, in particular, generate cartilage, bone, tendons and connective tissue in the head and face as well as neurons, glia and melanocytes. In this review, we focus on the chondrogenic and osteogenic potential of cranial neural crest cells and discuss the roles of Sox9, Runx2 and Msx1/2 transcription factors and WNT, FGF and TGFβ signaling pathways in regulating neural crest cell differentiation into cartilage and bone. We also describe cranioskeletal defects and disorders arising from gain or loss-of-function of genes that are required for patterning and differentiation of cranial neural crest cells. Finally, we discuss the evolution of skeletogenic potential in neural crest cells and their function as a conduit for intraspecies and interspecies variation, and the evolution of craniofacial novelties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Dash
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA
| | - Paul A Trainor
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.
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Schneider RA. Neural crest and the origin of species-specific pattern. Genesis 2018; 56:e23219. [PMID: 30134069 PMCID: PMC6108449 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
For well over half of the 150 years since the discovery of the neural crest, the special ability of these cells to function as a source of species-specific pattern has been clearly recognized. Initially, this observation arose in association with chimeric transplant experiments among differentially pigmented amphibians, where the neural crest origin for melanocytes had been duly noted. Shortly thereafter, the role of cranial neural crest cells in transmitting species-specific information on size and shape to the pharyngeal arch skeleton as well as in regulating the timing of its differentiation became readily apparent. Since then, what has emerged is a deeper understanding of how the neural crest accomplishes such a presumably difficult mission, and this includes a more complete picture of the molecular and cellular programs whereby neural crest shapes the face of each species. This review covers studies on a broad range of vertebrates and describes neural-crest-mediated mechanisms that endow the craniofacial complex with species-specific pattern. A major focus is on experiments in quail and duck embryos that reveal a hierarchy of cell-autonomous and non-autonomous signaling interactions through which neural crest generates species-specific pattern in the craniofacial integument, skeleton, and musculature. By controlling size and shape throughout the development of these systems, the neural crest underlies the structural and functional integration of the craniofacial complex during evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A. Schneider
- Department of Orthopedic SurgeryUniversity of California at San Francisco, 513 Parnassus AvenueS‐1161San Francisco, California
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Peskett E, Kumar S, Baird W, Jaiswal J, Li M, Patel P, Britto JA, Pauws E. Analysis of the Fgfr2C342Y mouse model shows condensation defects due to misregulation of Sox9 expression in prechondrocytic mesenchyme. Biol Open 2017; 6:223-231. [PMID: 28069589 PMCID: PMC5312100 DOI: 10.1242/bio.022178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Syndromic craniosynostosis caused by mutations in FGFR2 is characterised by developmental pathology in both endochondral and membranous skeletogenesis. Detailed phenotypic characterisation of features in the membranous calvarium, the endochondral cranial base and other structures in the axial and appendicular skeleton has not been performed at embryonic stages. We investigated bone development in the Crouzon mouse model (Fgfr2C342Y) at pre- and post-ossification stages to improve understanding of the underlying pathogenesis. Phenotypic analysis was performed by whole-mount skeletal staining (Alcian Blue/Alizarin Red) and histological staining of sections of CD1 wild-type (WT), Fgfr2C342Y/+ heterozygous (HET) and Fgfr2C342Y/C342Y homozygous (HOM) mouse embryos from embryonic day (E)12.5-E17.5 stages. Gene expression (Sox9, Shh, Fgf10 and Runx2) was studied by in situ hybridisation and protein expression (COL2A1) by immunohistochemistry. Our analysis has identified severely decreased osteogenesis in parts of the craniofacial skeleton together with increased chondrogenesis in parts of the endochondral and cartilaginous skeleton in HOM embryos. The Sox9 expression domain in tracheal and basi-cranial chondrocytic precursors at E13.5 in HOM embryos is increased and expanded, correlating with the phenotypic observations which suggest FGFR2 signalling regulates Sox9 expression. Combined with abnormal staining of type II collagen in pre-chondrocytic mesenchyme, this is indicative of a mesenchymal condensation defect. An expanded spectrum of phenotypic features observed in the Fgfr2C342Y/C342Y mouse embryo paves the way towards better understanding the clinical attributes of human Crouzon-Pfeiffer syndrome. FGFR2 mutation results in impaired skeletogenesis; however, our findings suggest that many phenotypic aberrations stem from a primary failure of pre-chondrogenic/osteogenic mesenchymal condensation and link FGFR2 to SOX9, a principal regulator of skeletogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Peskett
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Samin Kumar
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - William Baird
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Janhvi Jaiswal
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Ming Li
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Priyanca Patel
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jonathan A Britto
- Craniofacial Unit, Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
| | - Erwin Pauws
- UCL Great Ormond Street, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
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Abstract
Molecular and cellular mechanisms that control jaw length are becoming better understood. This is significant since the jaws are not only critical for species-specific adaptation and survival, but they are often affected by a variety of size-related anomalies including mandibular hypoplasia, retrognathia, asymmetry, and clefting. This chapter overviews how jaw length is established during the allocation, proliferation, differentiation, and growth of jaw precursor cells, which originate from neural crest mesenchyme (NCM). The focus is mainly on results from experiments transplanting NCM between quail and duck embryos. Quail have short jaws whereas those of duck are relatively long. Quail-duck chimeras reveal that the determinants of jaw length are NCM mediated throughout development and include species-specific differences in jaw progenitor number, differential regulation of various signaling pathways, and the autonomous activation of programs for skeletal matrix deposition and resorption. Such insights help make the goal of devising new therapies for birth defects, diseases, and injuries to the jaw skeleton seem ever more likely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Schneider
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA.
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Morita J, Nakamura M, Kobayashi Y, Deng CX, Funato N, Moriyama K. Soluble form of FGFR2 with S252W partially prevents craniosynostosis of the apert mouse model. Dev Dyn 2013; 243:560-7. [PMID: 24259495 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apert syndrome (AS) is characterized by craniosynostosis, midfacial hypoplasia, and bony syndactyly. It is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease caused by point mutations (S252W or P253R) in fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR) 2. These mutations cause activation of FGFR2 depending on ligand binding. Recently, an AS mouse model, Fgfr2(+/) (S252W) , showed phenotypes similar to those of AS patients. We previously reported that the soluble form of FGFR2(S252W) (sFGFR2IIIc(S252W) ) efficiently inhibits enhanced osteoblastic differentiation caused by FGFR2 activation in AS in vitro, presumably because FGFs binding to FGFRs is interrupted. In this study, we developed Fgfr2(+/) (S252W) (Ap) mice expressing the sFGFR2IIIc(S252W) protein, and we investigated the effects of sFGFR2IIIc(S252W) on AS-like phenotypes. RESULTS In Ap mice, the coronal suture (CS) was fused prematurely at P1. In addition, the mice exhibited a widened interfrontal suture (IFS) with ectopic bone and thickened cartilage formation. In Fgfr2(+/) (S252W) sFGFR2IIIc(S252W) (Ap/Sol) mice, the CS was similar to that of wild-type mice. Ap/Sol mice did not show any ectopic bone or cartilage formation in the IFS, but showed a wider IFS than that of the wild-type mice. CONCLUSIONS sFGFR2IIIc(S252W) may partially prevent craniosynostosis in the Apert mouse model by affecting the CS and IFS in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jumpei Morita
- Maxillofacial Orthognathics, Department of Maxillofacial Reconstruction and Function, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan; Human Gene Sciences Center, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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Bittencourt DA, da Costa MC, Calloni GW, Alvarez-Silva M, Trentin AG. Fibroblast Growth Factor 2 Promotes the Self-Renewal of Bipotent Glial Smooth Muscle Neural Crest Progenitors. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:1241-51. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Denise Avani Bittencourt
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Meline Coelho da Costa
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Giordano Wosgrau Calloni
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alvarez-Silva
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Andréa Gonçalves Trentin
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário—Trindade, Florianópolis, Brazil
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Solem RC, Eames BF, Tokita M, Schneider RA. Mesenchymal and mechanical mechanisms of secondary cartilage induction. Dev Biol 2011; 356:28-39. [PMID: 21600197 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Secondary cartilage occurs at articulations, sutures, and muscle attachments, and facilitates proper kinetic movement of the skeleton. Secondary cartilage requires mechanical stimulation for its induction and maintenance, and accordingly, its evolutionary presence or absence reflects species-specific variation in functional anatomy. Avians illustrate this point well. In conjunction with their distinct adult mode of feeding via levered straining, duck develop a pronounced secondary cartilage at the insertion (i.e., enthesis) of the mandibular adductor muscles on the lower jaw skeleton. An equivalent cartilage is absent in quail, which peck at their food. We hypothesized that species-specific pattern and a concomitant dissimilarity in the local mechanical environment promote secondary chondrogenesis in the mandibular adductor enthesis of duck versus quail. To test our hypothesis we employed two experimental approaches. First, we transplanted neural crest mesenchyme (NCM) from quail into duck, which produced chimeric "quck" with a jaw complex resembling that of quail, including an absence of enthesis secondary cartilage. Second, we modified the mechanical environment in embryonic duck by paralyzing skeletal muscles, and by blocking the ability of NCM to support mechanotransduction through stretch-activated ion channels. Paralysis inhibited secondary cartilage, as evidenced by changes in histology and expression of genes that affect chondrogenesis, including members of the FGF and BMP pathways. Ion channel inhibition did not alter enthesis secondary cartilage but caused bone to form in place of secondary cartilage at articulations. Thus, our study reveals that enthesis secondary cartilage forms through mechanisms that are distinct from those regulating other secondary cartilage. We conclude that by directing the musculoskeletal patterning and integration of the jaw complex, NCM modulates the mechanical forces and molecular signals necessary to control secondary cartilage formation during development and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Christian Solem
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 513 Parnassus Avenue, University of California San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
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Yokota Y, Saito D, Tadokoro R, Takahashi Y. Genomically integrated transgenes are stably and conditionally expressed in neural crest cell-specific lineages. Dev Biol 2011; 353:382-95. [PMID: 21310145 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Revised: 01/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCCs) are a transient embryonic structure that gives rise to a variety of cells including peripheral nervous system, melanocytes, and Schwann cells. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying NCC development, a gene manipulation of NCCs by in ovo electroporation technique is a powerful tool, particularly in chicken embryos, the model animal that has long been used for the NCC research. However, since expression of introduced genes by the conventional electroporation method is transient, the mechanisms of late development of NCCs remain unexplored. We here report novel methods by which late-developing NCCs are successfully manipulated with electroporated genes. Introduced genes can be stably and/or conditionally expressed in a NCC-specific manner by combining 4 different techniques: Tol2 transposon-mediated genomic integration (Sato et al., 2007), a NCC-specific enhancer of the Sox10 gene (identified in this study), Cre/loxP system, and tet-on inducible expression (Watanabe et al., 2007). This is the first demonstration that late-developing NCCs in chickens are gene-manipulated specifically and conditionally. These methods have further allowed us to obtain ex vivo live-images of individual Schwann cells that are associated in axon bundles in peripheral tissues. Cellular activity and morphology dynamically change as development proceeds. This study has opened a new way to understand at the molecular and cellular levels how late NCCs develop in association with other tissues during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Yokota
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192, Japan
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Lee KM, Santos-Ruiz L, Ferretti P. A single-point mutation in FGFR2 affects cell cycle and Tgfβ signalling in osteoblasts. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2010; 1802:347-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2009] [Revised: 11/20/2009] [Accepted: 11/24/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Garcez RC, Teixeira BL, Schmitt SDS, Alvarez-Silva M, Trentin AG. Epidermal growth factor (EGF) promotes the in vitro differentiation of neural crest cells to neurons and melanocytes. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2010; 29:1087-91. [PMID: 19415484 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-009-9406-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/13/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Proliferation of neural crest (NC) stem cells and their subsequent differentiation into different neural cell types are key early events in the development of the peripheral nervous system. Soluble growth factors present at the sites where NC cells migrate are critical to the development of NC derivatives in each part of the body. In the present study, we further investigate the effect of microenvironmental factors on quail trunk NC development. We show for the first time that EGF induces differentiation of NC to the neuronal and melanocytic phenotypes, while fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) promotes NC differentiation to Schwann cells. In the presence of both EGF and FGF2, the neuronal differentiation predominates. Our results suggest that FGF2 stimulates gliogenesis, while EGF promotes melanogenesis and neurogenesis. The combination of both growth factors stimulates neurogenesis. These findings suggest that these two growth factors may play an important role in the fate decision of NC progenitors and in the development of the peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Castilho Garcez
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Embriologia e Genética, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Campus Universitário, Trindade, Florianópolis, SC, 88040-900, Brazil
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Abstract
How do cartilaginous elements attain their characteristic size and shape? Two intimately coupled processes underlie the patterned growth of cartilage. The first is histogenesis, which entails the production of cartilage as a discrete tissue; the second is morphogenesis, which pertains to the origins of three-dimensional form. Histogenesis relies on cues that promote the chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal cells, whereas morphogenesis requires information that imbues cartilage with stage-specific (e.g. embryonic versus adult), region-specific (e.g. cranial versus appendicular) and species-specific size and shape. Previous experiments indicate that early programmatic events and subsequent signaling interactions enable chondrogenic mesenchyme to undergo histogenesis and morphogenesis, but precise molecular and cellular mechanisms that generate cartilage size and shape remain unclear. In the face and jaws, neural crest-derived mesenchyme clearly plays an important role, given that this embryonic population serves as the source of chondrocytes and of species-specific patterning information. To elucidate mechanisms through which neural crest-derived mesenchyme affects cartilage size and shape, we made chimeras using quail and duck embryos, which differ markedly in their craniofacial anatomy and rates of maturation. Transplanting neural crest cells from quail to duck demonstrates that mesenchyme imparts both stage-specific and species-specific size and shape to cartilage by controlling the timing of preceding and requisite molecular and histogenic events. In particular, we find that mesenchyme regulates FGF signaling and the expression of downstream effectors such as sox9 and col2a1. The capacity of neural crest-derived mesenchyme to orchestrate spatiotemporal programs for chondrogenesis autonomously, and to implement cartilage size and shape across embryonic stages and between species simultaneously, provides a novel mechanism linking ontogeny and phylogeny.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Richard A. Schneider
- University of California at San Francisco, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, 533 Parnassus Avenue, U-453, San Francisco, CA 94143-0514, USA
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Maurer J, Fuchs S, Jäger R, Kurz B, Sommer L, Schorle H. Establishment and controlled differentiation of neural crest stem cell lines using conditional transgenesis. Differentiation 2007; 75:580-91. [PMID: 17381545 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00164.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Murine neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a multipotent transient population of stem cells. After being formed during early embryogenesis as a consequence of neurulation at the apical neural fold, the cells rapidly disperse throughout the embryo, migrating along specific pathways and differentiating into a wide variety of cell types. In vitro the multipotency is lost rapidly, making it difficult to study differentiation potential as well as cell fate decisions. Using a transgenic mouse line, allowing for spatio-temporal control of the transforming c-myc oncogene, we derived a cell line (JoMa1), which expressed NCSC markers in a transgene-activity dependent manner. JoMa1 cells express early NCSC markers and can be instructed to differentiate into neurons, glia, smooth muscle cells, melanocytes, and also chondrocytes. A cell-line, clonally derived from JoMa1 culture, termed JoMa1.3 showed identical behavior and was studied in more detail. This system therefore represents a powerful tool to study NCSC biology and signaling pathways. We observed that when proliferative and differentiation stimuli were given, enhanced cell death could be detected, suggesting that the two signals are incompatible in the cellular context. However, the cells regain their differentiation potential after inactivation of c-MycER(T). In summary, we have established a system, which allows for the biochemical analysis of the molecular pathways governing NCSC biology. In addition, we should be able to obtain NCSC lines from crossing the c-MycER(T) mice with mice harboring mutations affecting neural crest development enabling further insight into genetic pathways controlling neural crest differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen Maurer
- Department of Developmental Pathology, Institute for Pathology, University of Bonn Medical School, Sigmund-Freud-Strasse 25 53127 Bonn, Germany
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15
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Ota M, Ito K. BMP and FGF-2 regulate neurogenin-2 expression and the differentiation of sensory neurons and glia. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:646-55. [PMID: 16425218 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the effects of signaling molecules and Notch signaling on the mechanisms regulating neurogenin (ngn)-2 expression. This ngn-2 is a transcription factor that is essential for the specification of early differentiating sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. In the presence of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), anti-ngn-2-positive cells appeared in mouse trunk neural crest cell cultures, and they expressed Brn3, indicating that ngn-2-expressing cells are sensory neurons. These cells did not differentiate after fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 treatment or after Notch activation. The suppression of ngn-2 expression by FGF-2 was recovered by treatment with a Notch signaling inhibitor. Thus, FGF-2 may prevent ngn-2 expression through Notch activation. Whereas BMP-4 inhibited glial differentiation, FGF-2 promoted gliogenesis by means of Notch activation. Our data suggest that BMP and FGF-2 act as positive and negative regulators in ngn-2 expression, respectively, and that these signaling molecules regulate the differentiation of sensory neurons and glia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Ota
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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Wang Y, Xiao R, Yang F, Karim BO, Iacovelli AJ, Cai J, Lerner CP, Richtsmeier JT, Leszl JM, Hill CA, Yu K, Ornitz DM, Elisseeff J, Huso DL, Jabs EW. Abnormalities in cartilage and bone development in the Apert syndrome FGFR2+/S252W mouse. Development 2005; 132:3537-48. [PMID: 15975938 DOI: 10.1242/dev.01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Apert syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by malformations of the skull, limbs and viscera. Two-thirds of affected individuals have a S252W mutation in fibroblast growth factor receptor 2(FGFR2). To study the pathogenesis of this condition, we generated a knock-in mouse model with this mutation. The Fgfr2+/S252W mutant mice have abnormalities of the skeleton, as well as of other organs including the brain, thymus, lungs, heart and intestines. In the mutant neurocranium, we found a midline sutural defect and craniosynostosis with abnormal osteoblastic proliferation and differentiation. We noted ectopic cartilage at the midline sagittal suture, and cartilage abnormalities in the basicranium, nasal turbinates and trachea. In addition, from the mutant long bones, in vitro cell cultures grown in osteogenic medium revealed chondrocytes, which were absent in the controls. Our results suggest that altered cartilage and bone development play a significant role in the pathogenesis of the Apert syndrome phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingli Wang
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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Henson FMD, Bowe EA, Davies ME. Promotion of the intrinsic damage-repair response in articular cartilage by fibroblastic growth factor-2. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2005; 13:537-44. [PMID: 15922188 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2005.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2004] [Accepted: 02/06/2005] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify the effect of fibroblastic growth factor-2 (FGF-2) on the intrinsic damage-repair response in articular cartilage in vitro. METHODS Articular equine cartilage explants, without subchondral bone, had a single impact load of 500 g applied from a height of 2.5 cm. Explants were then cultured in 0, 12, 25, 50 or 100 ng/ml FGF-2 for up to 28 days. Unimpacted discs served as controls for each time-point. Histological and immunohistochemical techniques were used to quantify and characterise the response of putative chondrocyte progenitor cells (CPC) to damage and FGF-2 treatment. RESULTS FGF-2 significantly accelerated the appearance and increased the numbers of de novo repair cells identified histologically at the cartilage surface. The response was affected by the dose of FGF-2. The repair cells were shown to be chondrocytes by their expression of collagen types II, IX/XI, but not of type I collagen. In addition, these cells, and those underlying the articular surface, were shown to be immunopositive for Notch-1 and PCNA, markers for proliferating cartilage progenitor cells. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that, following single impact load, CPC can be stimulated in mature articular cartilage in vitro. These CPC and the cells arising from them appear to represent the cartilage's response to damage. The timing of the appearance of CPC and their overall numbers can be significantly increased by FGF-2, providing further evidence for an important role for FGF-2 in modulating cartilage repair. These results indicate that further study into the mechanisms of repair in mature cartilage using this in vitro model are vital in understanding the repair capacity of mature cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M D Henson
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.
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Abstract
Vertebrate neural crest cells are multipotent and differentiate into structures that include cartilage and the bones of the face, as well as much of the peripheral nervous system. Understanding how different model vertebrates utilize signaling pathways reiteratively during various stages of neural crest formation and differentiation lends insight into human disorders associated with the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Taneyhill
- Division of Biology 139-74, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA
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Abstract
Characterisation of human craniofacial syndromes and studies in transgenic mice have demonstrated the requirement for Fgf signalling during morphogenesis of membrane bone of the cranium. Here, we report that Fgf activity is also required for development of the oro-pharyngeal skeleton, which develops first as cartilage with some elements subsequently becoming ossified. We show that inhibition of FGF receptor activity in the zebrafish embryo following neural crest emigration from the neural tube results in complete absence of neurocranial and pharyngeal cartilages. Moreover, this Fgf signal is required during a 6-h period soon after initiation of neural crest migration. The spatial and temporal expression of Fgf3 and Fgf8 in pharyngeal endoderm and ventral forebrain and its correlation with patterns of Fgf signalling activity in migrating neural crest makes them candidate regulators of cartilage development. Inhibition of Fgf3 results in the complete absence of cartilage elements that normally form in the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth pharyngeal arches, while those of the first, second, and seventh arches are largely unaffected. Inhibition of Fgf8 alone has variable, but mild, effects. However, inhibition of both Fgf3 and Fgf8 together causes a complete absence of pharyngeal cartilages and the near-complete loss of the neurocranial cartilage. These data implicate Fgf3 and Fgf8 as key regulators of cartilage formation in the vertebrate head.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Walshe
- MRC Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, New Hunt's House, King's College London, Guy's Campus, London, UK SE1 1UL
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Abzhanov A, Tzahor E, Lassar AB, Tabin CJ. Dissimilar regulation of cell differentiation in mesencephalic (cranial) and sacral (trunk) neural crest cells in vitro. Development 2003; 130:4567-79. [PMID: 12925584 DOI: 10.1242/dev.00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
During development neural crest cells give rise to a wide variety of specialized cell types in response to cytokines from surrounding tissues. Depending on the cranial-caudal level of their origin, different populations of neural crest cells exhibit differential competence to respond to these signals as exemplified by the unique ability of cranial neural crest to form skeletal cell types. We show that in addition to differences in whether they respond to particular signals, cranial neural crest cells differ dramatically from the trunk neural crest cells in how they respond to specific extracellular signals, such that under identical conditions the same signal induces dissimilar cell fate decisions in the two populations in vitro. Conversely, the same differentiated cell types are induced by different signals in the two populations. These in vitro differences in neural crest response are consistent with in vivo manipulations. We also provide evidence that these differences in responsiveness are modulated, at least in part, by differential expression of Hox genes within the neural crest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arhat Abzhanov
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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Ota M, Ito K. Induction of neurogenin-1 expression by sonic hedgehog: Its role in development of trigeminal sensory neurons. Dev Dyn 2003; 227:544-51. [PMID: 12889063 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.10336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have examined the roles of signaling molecules in the mechanisms underlying the induction of neurogenin (ngn)-1 expression. ngn-1 is a basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor, which is essential for the specification of trigeminal sensory neurons. Semiquantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using cranial explants in organ cultures showed that sonic hedgehog (Shh) promotes ngn-1 expression. This promoting activity was not observed in other signaling molecules examined. The promotion of ngn-1 expression by Shh, furthermore, was inhibited by cyclopamine, a specific inhibitor of Shh signaling. Shh did not affect the expression of ngn-2, a bHLH transcription factor that plays an important role in the specification of epibranchial placode-derived sensory neurons. The expression levels of ngn-1 and ngn-2 decreased after fibroblast growth factor-2 treatment. These results suggest that Shh induces ngn-1 expression specifically and that expression of ngn-1 and ngn-2 is regulated by different mechanisms. The induction of ngn-1 expression by Shh suggests that this signaling molecule participates in the specification of trigeminal sensory neurons. We therefore examined the effect of Shh on the development of these neurons. Immunostaining using anti-ngn-1 demonstrated that Shh promotes ngn-1 expression in trigeminal neural crest cells. Trigeminal neural crest cells are derived from the posterior mesencephalon and the most-anterior rhombencephalon, and they contain a subset of precursors of trigeminal sensory neurons. Moreover, a subpopulation of trigeminal neural crest cells expressed the Shh receptor Patched. The number of cells that express Brn3a, a POU-domain transcription factor that plays an important role in differentiation of sensory neurons, also increased with Shh treatment. Our data suggest that Shh signaling is involved in the specification of trigeminal sensory neurons through the induction of ngn-1 expression. Furthermore, Shh promotes the differentiation of neural crest cells into trigeminal sensory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsunori Ota
- Department of Biology, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, Japan
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