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Zhong H, Dong B, Zhu D, Fu Z, Liu J, Jin Y. Sja-let-7 suppresses the development of liver fibrosis via Schistosoma japonicum extracellular vesicles. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012153. [PMID: 38598555 PMCID: PMC11034668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis is a fatal zoonotic parasitic disease that also threatens human health. The main pathological features of schistosomiasis are granulomatous inflammation and subsequent liver fibrosis, which is a complex, chronic, and progressive disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from schistosome eggs are broadly involved in host-parasite communication and act as important contributors to schistosome-induced liver fibrosis. However, it remains unclear whether substances secreted by the EVs of Schistosoma japonicum, a long-term parasitic "partner" in the hepatic portal vein of the host, also participate in liver fibrosis. Here, we report that EVs derived from S. japonicum worms attenuated liver fibrosis by delivering sja-let-7 into hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). Mechanistically, activation of HSCs was reduced by targeting collagen type I alpha 2 chain (Col1α2) and downregulation of the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway both in vivo and in vitro. Overall, these results contribute to further understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying host-parasite interactions and identified the sja-let-7/Col1α2/TGF-β/Smad axis as a potential target for treatment of schistosomiasis-related liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Zhong
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Bowen Dong
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Danlin Zhu
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhiqiang Fu
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Jinming Liu
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yamei Jin
- National Reference Laboratory for Animal Schistosomiasis, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai, P.R. China
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2
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Huang G, Gong Q, Zhang K, Abdelhafez HEDH, Yu J, Guo J. Regulation of BTB (POZ) Structural Domain 6b by MicroRNA-222b in Zebrafish Embryos after Exposure to Di(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate at Low Concentrations. Chem Res Toxicol 2024; 37:311-322. [PMID: 38238692 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.3c00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is a sort of endocrine disruptor that induces abnormal physiological and biochemical activities such as epigenetic alterations, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of short noncoding RNAs that may regulate the expression of many protein-coding genes when organisms are exposed to environmental chemicals. miR-222b is a differentially expressed miRNA after DEHP exposure. miRNA-mRNA prediction suggested that BTB (POZ) structural domain 6b (BTBD6B) might be a target mRNA of miR-222b, and DEHP exposure altered its expression. However, the correlation between miR-222b and BTBD6B has not been experimentally confirmed. The aim of this study was to investigate the regulation of BTBD6B by miR-222b in zebrafish embryos under the effect of low concentration of DEHP. Dual fluorescent protein assays and dual luciferase reporter gene assays confirmed the interaction between miR-222b and the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of BTBD6B. Ectopic expression assays showed that miR-222b could negatively regulate BTBD6B in ZF4 cells. However, the relative expression of miR-222b and BTBD6B was significantly higher at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels in zebrafish embryos exposed to low concentrations of DEHP. The results of this study improved our understanding of the molecular mechanism of DEHP exposure toxicity. It identified that the aberrant expression of miR-222b/BTBD6B may be one of the mechanisms of DEHP toxicity, which can provide a theoretical reference and scientific basis for environmental management and biological health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Qi Gong
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Hossam El Din H Abdelhafez
- Mammalian and Aquatic Toxicology Department, Central Agricultural Pesticides Lab, Agricultural Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Giza11435, Egypt
| | - Junjie Yu
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jiangfeng Guo
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Zhejiang, Hangzhou 310018, China
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3
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Atsuta Y, Lee C, Rodrigues AR, Colle C, Tomizawa RR, Lujan EG, Tschopp P, Galan L, Zhu M, Gorham JM, Vannier JP, Seidman CE, Seidman JG, Ros MA, Pourquié O, Tabin CJ. Direct reprogramming of non-limb fibroblasts to cells with properties of limb progenitors. Dev Cell 2024; 59:415-430.e8. [PMID: 38320485 PMCID: PMC10932627 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2023.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The early limb bud consists of mesenchymal limb progenitors derived from the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). The LPM also gives rise to the mesodermal components of the flank and neck. However, the cells at these other levels cannot produce the variety of cell types found in the limb. Taking advantage of a direct reprogramming approach, we find a set of factors (Prdm16, Zbtb16, and Lin28a) normally expressed in the early limb bud and capable of imparting limb progenitor-like properties to mouse non-limb fibroblasts. The reprogrammed cells show similar gene expression profiles and can differentiate into similar cell types as endogenous limb progenitors. The further addition of Lin41 potentiates the proliferation of the reprogrammed cells. These results suggest that these same four factors may play pivotal roles in the specification of endogenous limb progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Atsuta
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Biology, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - ChangHee Lee
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Alan R Rodrigues
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Charlotte Colle
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Reiko R Tomizawa
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ernesto G Lujan
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick Tschopp
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Zoological Institute, University of Basel, 4051 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura Galan
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN- Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Meng Zhu
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Joshua M Gorham
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Christine E Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan G Seidman
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Marian A Ros
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria, CSIC, SODERCAN- Universidad de Cantabria, 39011 Santander, Spain
| | - Olivier Pourquié
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 60 Fenwood Road, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Clifford J Tabin
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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4
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Lancman JJ, Hasso SM, Suzuki T, Kherdjemil Y, Kmita M, Ferris A, Dong PDS, Ros MA, Fallon JF. Downregulation of Grem1 expression in the distal limb mesoderm is a necessary precondition for phalanx development. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1439-1455. [PMID: 34719843 PMCID: PMC9054941 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The phalanges are the final skeletal elements to form in the vertebrate limb and their identity is regulated by signaling at the phalanx forming region (PFR) located at the tip of the developing digit ray. Here, we seek to explore the relationship between PFR activity and phalanx morphogenesis, which define the most distal limb skeletal elements, and signals associated with termination of limb outgrowth. RESULTS As Grem1 is extinguished in the distal chick limb mesoderm, the chondrogenesis marker Aggrecan is up-regulated in the metatarsals and phalanges. Fate mapping confirms that subridge mesoderm cells contribute to the metatarsal and phalanges when subridge Grem1 is down-regulated. Grem1 overexpression specifically blocks chick phalanx development by inhibiting PFR activity. PFR activity and digit development are also disrupted following overexpression of a Gli3 repressor, which results in Grem1 expression in the distal limb and downregulation of Bmpr1b. CONCLUSIONS Based on expression and fate mapping studies, we propose that downregulation of Grem1 in the distal limb marks the transition from metatarsal to phalanx development. This suggests that downregulation of Grem1 in the distal limb mesoderm is necessary for phalanx development. Grem1 downregulation allows for full PFR activity and phalanx progenitor cell commitment to digit fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Lancman
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sean M Hasso
- Heat Biologics, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | - Takayuki Suzuki
- Department of Animal Sciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yacine Kherdjemil
- Genetics and Development Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Marie Kmita
- Genetics and Development Research Unit, Institut de Recherches Cliniques de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Département de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea Ferris
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - P Duc S Dong
- Human Genetics Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Marian A Ros
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnología de Cantabria, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad de Cantabria-Sociedad para al Desarrollo Cantabria, Santander, Spain
- Departamento de Anatomía y Biología Celular, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - John F Fallon
- Department of Anatomy, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
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5
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Li J, Glover JD, Zhang H, Peng M, Tan J, Mallick CB, Hou D, Yang Y, Wu S, Liu Y, Peng Q, Zheng SC, Crosse EI, Medvinsky A, Anderson RA, Brown H, Yuan Z, Zhou S, Xu Y, Kemp JP, Ho YYW, Loesch DZ, Wang L, Li Y, Tang S, Wu X, Walters RG, Lin K, Meng R, Lv J, Chernus JM, Neiswanger K, Feingold E, Evans DM, Medland SE, Martin NG, Weinberg SM, Marazita ML, Chen G, Chen Z, Zhou Y, Cheeseman M, Wang L, Jin L, Headon DJ, Wang S. Limb development genes underlie variation in human fingerprint patterns. Cell 2022; 185:95-112.e18. [PMID: 34995520 PMCID: PMC8740935 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fingerprints are of long-standing practical and cultural interest, but little is known about the mechanisms that underlie their variation. Using genome-wide scans in Han Chinese cohorts, we identified 18 loci associated with fingerprint type across the digits, including a genetic basis for the long-recognized “pattern-block” correlations among the middle three digits. In particular, we identified a variant near EVI1 that alters regulatory activity and established a role for EVI1 in dermatoglyph patterning in mice. Dynamic EVI1 expression during human development supports its role in shaping the limbs and digits, rather than influencing skin patterning directly. Trans-ethnic meta-analysis identified 43 fingerprint-associated loci, with nearby genes being strongly enriched for general limb development pathways. We also found that fingerprint patterns were genetically correlated with hand proportions. Taken together, these findings support the key role of limb development genes in influencing the outcome of fingerprint patterning. GWAS identifies variants associated with fingerprint type across all digits Fingerprint-associated genes are strongly enriched for limb development functions Evi1 alters dermatoglyphs in mice by modulating limb rather than skin development Fingerprint patterns are genetically correlated with hand and finger proportions
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - James D Glover
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Haiguo Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Meifang Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Jingze Tan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Chandana Basu Mallick
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK; Centre for Genetic Disorders, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Dan Hou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Yajun Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology, Department of Anthropology and Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC
| | - Sijie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Yu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Qianqian Peng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Shijie C Zheng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Edie I Crosse
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Helen Brown
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ziyu Yuan
- Fudan-Taizhou Institute of Health Sciences, Taizhou, Jiangsu 225326, PRC
| | - Shen Zhou
- Shanghai Foreign Language School, Shanghai 200083, PRC
| | - Yanqing Xu
- Forest Ridge School of the Sacred Heart, Bellevue, WA 98006, USA
| | - John P Kemp
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Yvonne Y W Ho
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Rese Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Danuta Z Loesch
- Psychology Department, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | | | | | | | - Xiaoli Wu
- WeGene, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, PRC
| | - Robin G Walters
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kuang Lin
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Ruogu Meng
- Center for Data Science in Health and Medicine, Peking University, Beijing 100191, PRC
| | - Jun Lv
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, PRC
| | - Jonathan M Chernus
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Katherine Neiswanger
- Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Eleanor Feingold
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - David M Evans
- University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia; MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Sarah E Medland
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Rese Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Seth M Weinberg
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15260, USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics, Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA; Clinical and Translational Science, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Gang Chen
- WeGene, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518040, PRC
| | - Zhengming Chen
- Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Yong Zhou
- Clinical Research Institute, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, PRC
| | - Michael Cheeseman
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Lan Wang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Tissue Microenvironment and Tumor, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC
| | - Li Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences, and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PRC; CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Research Unit of Dissecting the Population Genetics and Developing New Technologies for Treatment and Prevention of Skin Phenotypes and Dermatological Diseases (2019RU058), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Shanghai 200438, PRC.
| | - Denis J Headon
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Sijia Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Computational Biology, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, PRC; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, PRC.
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6
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Torres Fernández LA, Mitschka S, Ulas T, Weise S, Dahm K, Becker M, Händler K, Beyer M, Windhausen J, Schultze JL, Kolanus W. The stem cell-specific protein TRIM71 inhibits maturation and activity of the pro-differentiation miRNA let-7 via two independent molecular mechanisms. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 27:rna.078696.121. [PMID: 33975917 PMCID: PMC8208056 DOI: 10.1261/rna.078696.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The stem cell-specific RNA-binding protein TRIM71/LIN-41 was the first identified target of the pro-differentiation and tumor suppressor miRNA let-7. TRIM71 has essential functions in embryonic development and a proposed oncogenic role in several cancer types, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. Here, we show that TRIM71 regulates let-7 expression and activity via two independent mechanisms. On the one hand, TRIM71 enhances pre-let-7 degradation through its direct interaction with LIN28 and TUT4, thereby inhibiting let-7 maturation and indirectly promoting the stabilization of let-7 targets. On the other hand, TRIM71 represses the activity of mature let-7 via its RNA-dependent interaction with the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC) effector protein AGO2. We found that TRIM71 directly binds and stabilizes let-7 targets, suggesting that let-7 activity inhibition occurs on active RISCs. MiRNA enrichment analysis of several transcriptomic datasets from mouse embryonic stem cells and human hepatocellular carcinoma cells suggests that these let-7 regulatory mechanisms shape transcriptomic changes during developmental and oncogenic processes. Altogether, our work reveals a novel role for TRIM71 as a miRNA repressor and sheds light on a dual mechanism of let-7 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thomas Ulas
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) & Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn
| | - Stefan Weise
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn
| | - Kilian Dahm
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn
| | - Matthias Becker
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Bonn
| | - Kristian Händler
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), University of Bonn
| | - Marc Beyer
- Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES)
| | | | - Joachim L Schultze
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) & Life and Medical Sciences Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn
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7
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Welte T, Tuck AC, Papasaikas P, Carl SH, Flemr M, Knuckles P, Rankova A, Bühler M, Großhans H. The RNA hairpin binder TRIM71 modulates alternative splicing by repressing MBNL1. Genes Dev 2019; 33:1221-1235. [PMID: 31371437 PMCID: PMC6719626 DOI: 10.1101/gad.328492.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Welte et al. investigated the dual roles of mammalian TRIM71, a phylogenetically conserved regulator of development, in the control of stem cell fate. They demonstrate that TRIM71 shapes the transcriptome of mESCs predominantly through its RNA-binding activity and identify a set of primary targets consistently regulated in various human and mouse cell lines, including MBNL1/Muscleblind. TRIM71/LIN-41, a phylogenetically conserved regulator of development, controls stem cell fates. Mammalian TRIM71 exhibits both RNA-binding and protein ubiquitylation activities, but the functional contribution of either activity and relevant primary targets remain poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that TRIM71 shapes the transcriptome of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) predominantly through its RNA-binding activity. We reveal that TRIM71 binds targets through 3′ untranslated region (UTR) hairpin motifs and that it acts predominantly by target degradation. TRIM71 mutations implicated in etiogenesis of human congenital hydrocephalus impair target silencing. We identify a set of primary targets consistently regulated in various human and mouse cell lines, including MBNL1 (Muscleblind-like protein 1). MBNL1 promotes cell differentiation through regulation of alternative splicing, and we demonstrate that TRIM71 promotes embryonic splicing patterns through MBNL1 repression. Hence, repression of MBNL1-dependent alternative splicing may contribute to TRIM71's function in regulating stem cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Welte
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Alex C Tuck
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Panagiotis Papasaikas
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Sarah H Carl
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Matyas Flemr
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Philip Knuckles
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Aneliya Rankova
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Bühler
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Helge Großhans
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Abstract
Most human genes are associated with promoters embedded in non-methylated, G + C-rich CpG islands (CGIs). Not all CGIs are found at annotated promoters, however, raising the possibility that many serve as promoters for transcripts that do not code for proteins. To test this hypothesis, we searched for novel transcripts in embryonic stem cells (ESCs) that originate within orphan CGIs. Among several candidates, we detected a transcript that included three members of the let-7 micro-RNA family: Let-7a-1, let-7f-1, and let-7d. Deletion of the CGI prevented expression of the precursor RNA and depleted the included miRNAs. Mice homozygous for this mutation were sub-viable and showed growth and other defects. The results suggest that despite the identity of their seed sequences, members of the let-7 miRNA family exert distinct functions that cannot be complemented by other members.
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9
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Kumari P, Aeschimann F, Gaidatzis D, Keusch JJ, Ghosh P, Neagu A, Pachulska-Wieczorek K, Bujnicki JM, Gut H, Großhans H, Ciosk R. Evolutionary plasticity of the NHL domain underlies distinct solutions to RNA recognition. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1549. [PMID: 29674686 PMCID: PMC5908797 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03920-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA-binding proteins regulate all aspects of RNA metabolism. Their association with RNA is mediated by RNA-binding domains, of which many remain uncharacterized. A recently reported example is the NHL domain, found in prominent regulators of cellular plasticity like the C. elegans LIN-41. Here we employ an integrative approach to dissect the RNA specificity of LIN-41. Using computational analysis, structural biology, and in vivo studies in worms and human cells, we find that a positively charged pocket, specific to the NHL domain of LIN-41 and its homologs (collectively LIN41), recognizes a stem-loop RNA element, whose shape determines the binding specificity. Surprisingly, the mechanism of RNA recognition by LIN41 is drastically different from that of its more distant relative, the fly Brat. Our phylogenetic analysis suggests that this reflects a rapid evolution of the domain, presenting an interesting example of a conserved protein fold that acquired completely different solutions to RNA recognition. The C. elegans LIN-41 and its homologs, including human TRIM71/LIN41, contain the RNA binding NHL domain. Here the authors combine computational analysis, structural biology and in vivo studies, to explain how these proteins bind RNA and how rapid evolution of NHL domains resulted in different solutions to RNA recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Kumari
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Aeschimann
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dimos Gaidatzis
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy J Keusch
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pritha Ghosh
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anca Neagu
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Janusz M Bujnicki
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics and Protein Engineering, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, ul. Ks. Trojdena 4, 02-109, Warsaw, Poland.,Faculty of Biology, Institute of Biotechnology and Moleular Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznan, Poland
| | - Heinz Gut
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Helge Großhans
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland.,University of Basel, Petersplatz 1, 4001, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafal Ciosk
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058, Basel, Switzerland. .,Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, ul. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznan, Poland.
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10
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Ren H, Xu Y, Wang Q, Jiang J, Wudumuli, Hui L, Zhang Q, Zhang X, Wang E, Sun L, Qiu X. E3 ubiquitin ligase tripartite motif-containing 71 promotes the proliferation of non-small cell lung cancer through the inhibitor of kappaB-α/nuclear factor kappaB pathway. Oncotarget 2017. [PMID: 29541383 PMCID: PMC5834285 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tripartite motif-containing (TRIM) 71 belongs to the TRIM protein family. Many studies have shown that TRIM71 plays conserved roles in stem cell proliferation, differentiation, and embryonic development; however, the relationship between TRIM71 and tumorigenesis is not clear. In this study, we demonstrate that TRIM71 expression in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is associated with tumor size, lymph node metastasis, TNM stage, and poor prognosis. We found that TRIM71 was highly expressed in NSCLC cell lines compared with that in human normal bronchial epithelial cells. Moreover, by altering the expression of TRIM71 in selected cell lines, we found that TRIM71 promoted the proliferation of NSCLC cells through activation of the inhibitor of kappaB/nuclear factor kappaB pathway. These results suggested that TRIM71 plays a role in promoting the development of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiu Ren
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yitong Xu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qiongzi Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Wudumuli
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Linping Hui
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China.,Fouth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Qingfu Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiupeng Zhang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Enhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Limei Sun
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xueshan Qiu
- Department of Pathology, College of Basic Medical Sciences and First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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11
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Faunes F, Larraín J. Conservation in the involvement of heterochronic genes and hormones during developmental transitions. Dev Biol 2016; 416:3-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Revised: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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12
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Abstract
TRIM-NHL proteins are key regulators of developmental transitions, for example promoting differentiation, while inhibiting cell growth and proliferation, in stem and progenitor cells. Abnormalities in these proteins have been also associated with human diseases, particularly affecting muscular and neuronal functions, making them potential targets for therapeutic intervention. The purpose of this review is to provide a systematic and comprehensive summary on the most studied TRIM-NHL proteins, highlighting examples where connections were established between structural features, molecular functions and biological outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Tocchini
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rafal Ciosk
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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13
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de Lucas MP, Sáez AG, Lozano E. miR-58 family and TGF-β pathways regulate each other in Caenorhabditis elegans. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 43:9978-93. [PMID: 26400166 PMCID: PMC4783514 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the fact that microRNAs (miRNAs) modulate the expression of around 60% of protein-coding genes, it is often hard to elucidate their precise role and target genes. Studying miRNA families as opposed to single miRNAs alone increases our chances of observing not only mutant phenotypes but also changes in the expression of target genes. Here we ask whether the TGF-β signalling pathways, which control many animal processes, might be modulated by miRNAs in Caenorhabditis elegans. Using a mutant for four members of the mir-58 family, we show that both TGF-β Sma/Mab (controlling body size) and TGF-β Dauer (regulating dauer, a stress-resistant larval stage) are upregulated. Thus, mir-58 family directly inhibits the expression of dbl-1 (ligand), daf-1, daf-4 and sma-6 (receptors) of TGF-β pathways. Epistasis experiments reveal that whereas the small body phenotype of the mir-58 family mutant must invoke unknown targets independent from TGF-β Sma/Mab, its dauer defectiveness can be rescued by DAF-1 depletion. Additionally, we found a negative feedback loop between TGF-β Sma/Mab and mir-58 and the related mir-80. Our results suggest that the interaction between mir-58 family and TGF-β genes is key on decisions about animal growth and stress resistance in C. elegans and perhaps other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Pilar de Lucas
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto G Sáez
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarnación Lozano
- Unidad Funcional de Investigación de Enfermedades Crónicas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220, Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Lee H, Han S, Kwon CS, Lee D. Biogenesis and regulation of the let-7 miRNAs and their functional implications. Protein Cell 2015; 7:100-13. [PMID: 26399619 PMCID: PMC4742387 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-015-0212-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The let-7 miRNA was one of the first miRNAs discovered in the nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and its biological functions show a high level of evolutionary conservation from the nematode to the human. Unlike in C. elegans, higher animals have multiple isoforms of let-7 miRNAs; these isoforms share a consensus sequence called the ‘seed sequence’ and these isoforms are categorized into let-7 miRNA family. The expression of let-7 family is required for developmental timing and tumor suppressor function, but must be suppressed for the self-renewal of stem cells. Therefore, let-7 miRNA biogenesis must be carefully controlled. To generate a let-7 miRNA, a primary transcript is produced by RNA polymerase II and then subsequently processed by Drosha/DGCR8, TUTase, and Dicer. Because dysregulation of let-7 processing is deleterious, biogenesis of let-7 is tightly regulated by cellular factors, such as the RNA binding proteins, LIN28A/B and DIS3L2. In this review, we discuss the biological functions and biogenesis of let-7 miRNAs, focusing on the molecular mechanisms of regulation of let-7 biogenesis in vertebrates, such as the mouse and the human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hosuk Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Sungwook Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Chang Seob Kwon
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Korea Science Academy of KAIST, Busan, 614-822, Korea
| | - Daeyoup Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
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15
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Lima SA, Pasquinelli AE. Identification of miRNAs and their targets in C. elegans. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 825:431-50. [PMID: 25201113 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-1221-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that direct posttranscriptional regulation of specific target genes. Since their discovery in Caenorhabditis elegans, they have been associated with the control of virtually all biological processes and are known to play major roles in development and cellular homeostasis. Yet the biological roles of most miRNAs remain to be fully known. Furthermore, the precise rules by which miRNAs recognize their targets and mediate gene silencing are still unclear. Systematic identification of miRNAs and of the RNAs they regulate is essential to close these knowledge gaps. Studies in C. elegans have been instrumental not only in the discovery phase of miRNA biology but also in the elucidation of mechanisms regulating miRNA expression, target recognition and regulation. This chapter highlights some of the main challenges still present in the field, while introducing the major studies and methods used to find miRNAs and their targets in the worm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Azoubel Lima
- Division of Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0349, USA
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16
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Spike CA, Coetzee D, Eichten C, Wang X, Hansen D, Greenstein D. The TRIM-NHL protein LIN-41 and the OMA RNA-binding proteins antagonistically control the prophase-to-metaphase transition and growth of Caenorhabditis elegans oocytes. Genetics 2014; 198:1535-58. [PMID: 25261698 PMCID: PMC4256770 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.114.168831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In many animals, oocytes enter meiosis early in their development but arrest in meiotic prophase I. Oocyte growth, which occurs during this arrest period, enables the acquisition of meiotic competence and the capacity to produce healthy progeny. Meiotic resumption, or meiotic maturation, involves the transition to metaphase I (M phase) and is regulated by intercellular signaling and cyclin-dependent kinase activation. Premature meiotic maturation would be predicted to diminish fertility as the timing of this event, which normally occurs after oocyte growth is complete, is crucial. In the accompanying article in this issue, we identify the highly conserved TRIM-NHL protein LIN-41 as a translational repressor that copurifies with OMA-1 and OMA-2, RNA-binding proteins redundantly required for normal oocyte growth and meiotic maturation. In this article, we show that LIN-41 enables the production of high-quality oocytes and plays an essential role in controlling and coordinating oocyte growth and meiotic maturation. lin-41 null mutants display a striking defect that is specific to oogenesis: pachytene-stage cells cellularize prematurely and fail to progress to diplotene. Instead, these cells activate CDK-1, enter M phase, assemble spindles, and attempt to segregate chromosomes. Translational derepression of the CDK-1 activator CDC-25.3 appears to contribute to premature M-phase entry in lin-41 mutant oocytes. Genetic and phenotypic analyses indicate that LIN-41 and OMA-1/2 exhibit an antagonistic relationship, and we suggest that translational regulation by these proteins could be important for controlling and coordinating oocyte growth and meiotic maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Spike
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Donna Coetzee
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Carly Eichten
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - Dave Hansen
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 1N4
| | - David Greenstein
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
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17
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Moss EG, Romer-Seibert J. Cell-intrinsic timing in animal development. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2014; 3:365-77. [PMID: 25124757 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Revised: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED In certain instances we can witness cells controlling the sequence of their behaviors as they divide and differentiate. Striking examples occur in the nervous systems of animals where the order of differentiated cell types can be traced to internal changes in their progenitors. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying such cell fate succession has been of interest for its role in generating cell type diversity and proper tissue structure. Another well-studied instance of developmental timing occurs in the larva of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where the heterochronic gene pathway controls the succession of a variety of developmental events. In each case, the identification of molecules involved and the elucidation of their regulatory relationships is ongoing, but some important factors and dynamics have been revealed. In particular, certain homologs of worm heterochronic factors have been shown to work in neural development, alerting us to possible connections among these systems and the possibility of universal components of timing mechanisms. These connections also cause us to consider whether cell-intrinsic timing is more widespread, regardless of whether multiple differentiated cell types are produced in any particular order. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website. CONFLICT OF INTEREST The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G Moss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University, Stratford, NJ, USA
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18
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Kim D, Song J, Han J, Kim Y, Chun CH, Jin EJ. Two non-coding RNAs, MicroRNA-101 and HOTTIP contribute cartilage integrity by epigenetic and homeotic regulation of integrin-α1. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2878-87. [PMID: 24018042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/31/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-coding RNAs have been less studied in cartilage development and destruction regulated by sophisticated molecular events despite their considerable theranostic potential. In this study, we identified significant down-regulation of mR-101 and up-regulation of lncRNA, HOTTIP in the processes of endochondral ossification and osteoarthritic progression. In wing mesenchymal cells, up-expression of miR-101 by TGF-β3 treatment is targeting DNMT-3B and thereby altered the methylation of integrin-α1 addressed as a positive regulator of endochondral ossification in this study. In like manner, down-regulation of miR-101 also coordinately up-regulated DNMT-3B, down-regulated integrin-α1, and resulted in cartilage destruction. In an OA animal model, introduction of lentiviruses that encoded miR-101 or integrin-α1 successfully reduced cartilage destruction. In like manner, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), HOTTIP, a known regulator for HoxA genes, was highly up-regulated and concurrent down-regulation of HoxA13 displayed the suppression of integrin-α1 in OA chondrocytes. In conclusion, two non-coding RNAs, miR-101 and HOTTIP regulate cartilage development and destruction by modulating integrin-α1 either epigenetically by DNMT-3B or transcriptionally by HoxA13 and data further suggest that these non-coding RNAs could be a potent predictive biomarker for OA as well as a therapeutic target for preventing cartilage-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk 570-749, Republic of Korea
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19
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MicroRNA-9 regulates survival of chondroblasts and cartilage integrity by targeting protogenin. Cell Commun Signal 2013; 11:66. [PMID: 24007463 PMCID: PMC3848287 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-11-66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have shown the roles of miR-9 and its validated target, protogenin (PRTG) in the differentiation of chondroblasts to chondrocyte and in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis (OA). We hypothesized that miR-9 plays a distinct role in endochondral ossification and OA pathogenesis and the present study was undertaken to identify this role. In the studies, chondroblasts were isolated from limb bud of chick and mouse embryos and articular chondrocytes were isolated from rabbit and human cartilage. Osteoarthritic chondrocytes were isolated from cartilage from patients undergoing total knee replacement. Using these cells, we analyzed the changes in the expression of genes and proteins, tested the expression level of miR-9, and applied a target validation system. We also performed functional study of miR-9 and PRTG. Results With the progression of chondrogenesis, decreased miR-9 level was observed at the time of numerous apoptotic cell deaths. And chondrocytes isolated from normal human articular cartilage expressed miR-9, and this expression was significantly reduced in OA chondrocytes, especially decreased its expression in parallel with the degree of cartilage degradation. Over-expression of PRTG induced the activation of caspase-3 signaling and increased apoptosis. However, the co-treatment with the miR-9 precursor or PRTG-specific siRNA blocked this apoptotic signaling. Conclusion This study shows that PRTG is regulated by miR-9, plays an inhibitory action on survival of chondroblasts and articular chondrocytes during chondrogenesis and OA pathogenesis.
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20
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Abstract
lin-41 (lineage variant 41)/TRIM71 (tripartite motif 71) is well known for being a conserved target of the let-7 (lethal 7) microRNA (miRNA), a regulatory relationship found in animals evolutionarily as distant as Caenorhabditis elegans and humans. It has thus been studied extensively as a model for miRNA-mediated gene silencing. In contrast, the developmental and molecular functions of LIN41 have historically received less attention. However, LIN41 proteins are now emerging as important regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation in stem and progenitor cells. Moreover, LIN41's functions appear to involve two distinct molecular activities; namely, protein ubiquitylation and post-transcriptional silencing of mRNAs. Thus, LIN41 is ready for a scientific life of its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matyas Ecsedi
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland
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21
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Fu Y, Shi Z, Wang G, Zhang J, Li W, Jia L. Expression of let-7 microRNAs that are involved in Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) metamorphosis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 165:106-13. [PMID: 23528201 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The let-7 microRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small noncoding RNAs, are phylogenetically conserved and temporally expressed and control the proper timing of events during development as heterochronic genes in many animals. Japanese flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) undergoes a metamorphosis from the larval to juvenile form. Here, we identified 21 let-7 miRNA precursors from different genome loci in Japanese flounder. P. olivaceus let-7 miRNAs are widely expressed in adult tissues, highly expressed during metamorphosis, but weakly during embryonic development. Exogenous thyroid hormone (0.1 mg/L), which induces premature metamorphosis, significantly promotes the expression of let-7 miRNAs, while thiourea (30 mg/L), which affects metamorphic arrest, inhibits the expression of let-7 miRNAs in metamorphosis in P. olivaceus. These results show that let-7 miRNAs widely participate in tissue development and metabolism during development and are also involved in regulation of temporal transitions associated with cell proliferation and differentiation during metamorphosis, in P. olivaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanshuai Fu
- Key laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
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22
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Song J, Kim D, Chun CH, Jin EJ. MicroRNA-375, a new regulator of cadherin-7, suppresses the migration of chondrogenic progenitors. Cell Signal 2012. [PMID: 23178988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2012.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Endochondral bone formation requires a complex interplay among immature mesenchymal progenitor cells to form the cartilaginous anlagen, involving migration, aggregation and condensation. Even though condensation of chondrogenic progenitors is an essential step in this process, the mechanism(s) by which this occurs has not been well studied. Here, we investigated the involvement of microRNAs (miRNAs) in this process and found that the expression of miR-375 decreased upon chondrogenic differentiation of limb mesenchymal cells. Blockade of miR-375 via peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) increased the migration of chondrogenic progenitors, the formation of precartilage condensations and the expression level of cadherin-7. Furthermore, miR-375 was necessary and sufficient to down-regulate cell migration through negative regulation of cadherin-7 by the direct interaction with 3' UTR of cadherin-7. In addition, miR-375 is also involved in the cell migration and precartilage condensation mediated by p38MAPK, a positive signaling in the chondrogenic differentiation. Collectively, our results suggest that miR-375 negatively modulates cell migration and subsequent precartilage condensation by targeting cadherin-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
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23
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Loedige I, Gaidatzis D, Sack R, Meister G, Filipowicz W. The mammalian TRIM-NHL protein TRIM71/LIN-41 is a repressor of mRNA function. Nucleic Acids Res 2012; 41:518-32. [PMID: 23125361 PMCID: PMC3592402 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gks1032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIM-NHL proteins are conserved regulators of development and differentiation but their molecular function has remained largely elusive. Here, we report an as yet unrecognized activity for the mammalian TRIM-NHL protein TRIM71 as a repressor of mRNAs. We show that TRIM71 is associated with mRNAs and that it promotes translational repression and mRNA decay. We have identified Rbl1 and Rbl2, two transcription factors whose down-regulation is important for stem cell function, as TRIM71 targets in mouse embryonic stem cells. Furthermore, one of the defining features of TRIM-NHL proteins, the NHL domain, is necessary and sufficient to target TRIM71 to RNA, while the RING domain that confers ubiquitin ligase activity is dispensable for repression. Our results reveal strong similarities between TRIM71 and Drosophila BRAT, the best-studied TRIM-NHL protein and a well-documented translational repressor, suggesting that BRAT and TRIM71 are part of a family of mRNA repressors regulating proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Loedige
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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24
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Hayes GD, Riedel CG, Ruvkun G. The Caenorhabditis elegans SOMI-1 zinc finger protein and SWI/SNF promote regulation of development by the mir-84 microRNA. Genes Dev 2011; 25:2079-92. [PMID: 21979920 DOI: 10.1101/gad.17153811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hundreds of microRNAs (miRNAs) have been discovered in metazoans and plants, and understanding of their biogenesis has advanced dramatically; however, relatively little is known about the cofactors necessary for miRNA regulation of target gene expression. In Caenorhabditis elegans, the conserved miRNA let-7 and its paralogs, including mir-84, control the timing of stage-specific developmental events. To identify factors required for the activity of mir-84 and possibly other miRNAs, we screened for mutations that suppress the developmental defects caused by overexpression of mir-84. Mutations in the somi-1 gene prevent these defects without affecting the expression level of mir-84. Loss of somi-1 also causes phenotypes similar to deletion of mir-84, showing that somi-1 is necessary for the normal function of this miRNA. somi-1 encodes a zinc finger protein that localizes to nuclear foci and binds the promoters of let-60/RAS, lin-14, and lin-28, genes that may be targeted by mir-84 and similar miRNAs. Genetic evidence shows that somi-1 inhibits lin-14 and induction of the vulval precursors by the let-60/RAS pathway. Proteomic and genetic screens identified conserved chromatin-remodeling and homeodomain transcription factor complexes that work with somi-1 to regulate differentiation. Our results suggest that somi-1 coordinates a nuclear response that complements the activity of mir-84.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel D Hayes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Mukhopadhyay P, Brock G, Pihur V, Webb C, Pisano MM, Greene RM. Developmental microRNA expression profiling of murine embryonic orofacial tissue. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 88:511-34. [PMID: 20589883 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.20684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orofacial development is a multifaceted process involving precise, spatio-temporal expression of a panoply of genes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), the largest family of noncoding RNAs involved in gene silencing, represent critical regulators of cell and tissue differentiation. MicroRNA gene expression profiling is an effective means of acquiring novel and valuable information regarding the expression and regulation of genes, under the control of miRNA, involved in mammalian orofacial development. METHODS To identify differentially expressed miRNAs during mammalian orofacial ontogenesis, miRNA expression profiles from gestation day (GD) -12, -13 and -14 murine orofacial tissue were compared utilizing miRXplore microarrays from Miltenyi Biotech. Quantitative real-time PCR was utilized for validation of gene expression changes. Cluster analysis of the microarray data was conducted with the clValid R package and the UPGMA clustering method. Functional relationships between selected miRNAs were investigated using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis. RESULTS Expression of over 26% of the 588 murine miRNA genes examined was detected in murine orofacial tissues from GD-12-GD-14. Among these expressed genes, several clusters were seen to be developmentally regulated. Differential expression of miRNAs within such clusters wereshown to target genes encoding proteins involved in cell proliferation, cell adhesion, differentiation, apoptosis and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, all processes critical for normal orofacial development. CONCLUSIONS Using miRNA microarray technology, unique gene expression signatures of hundreds of miRNAs in embryonic orofacial tissue were defined. Gene targeting and functional analysis revealed that the expression of numerous protein-encoding genes, crucial to normal orofacial ontogeny, may be regulated by specific miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partha Mukhopadhyay
- University of Louisville Birth Defects Center, Department of Molecular Cellular and Craniofacial Biology, ULSD, University of Louisville, Kentucky, USA
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26
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Yu G, Yang Y, Tian G. Expressing and characterization of mLIN-41 in mouse early embryos and adult muscle tissues. J Mol Histol 2010; 41:295-305. [PMID: 20824311 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-010-9292-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Heterochronical gene lin-41 plays an important role in regulate the timing of many decelopmental events in Caenorhabditis elegans. Mammalian developmental timing is poorly understood even though many tissues are under temporal control during development. The lin-41 homologues in mouse and chick has been isolated and its expression in developing limb buds and branchial arches has been reported by in situ (Kanamoto et al. in Dev Dyn 235:1142-1149, 2006; Lancman et al. in Dev Dyn 234:948-960, 2005; Schulman et al. in Dev Dyn 234:1046-1054, 2005), but the protein expression pattern in mouse adult tissue and embryo remained to be clarified. To help elucidate the expression of C. elegans lin-41 orthorlogs in mouse adult tissue and developmental embryo, lin-41 cDNA fragment was amplified from the mouse embryonic day 9.5(E9.5) mRNA and expressed in E. coli. The transcripts of mlin-41 and the protein level in mouse adult tissues and embryos from 9.5 to 13 days were detected by RT-PCR and western blot. RT-PCR and western blot showed the expression of mLIN-41 was detected in the mouse adult heart, muscle, and small intestine as well as in the day E9.5 to E12 embryos. Immuno-localization of mLIN-41 in the day E10.5 embryo revealed that mLIN-41 was present in the neuro-epithelium and epithelial tissue covering the first and second branchial arch, somites and mesoderm cells, limb buds as well as the gut epithelium. The expression of mLIN-41 represented the tissue-specific expression pattern. Immuno-precipitation combine with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry was used to identify the potential proteins interacting with LIN-41. Five potential specific proteins were obtained for future identification in mouse.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/metabolism
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Embryo, Mammalian/cytology
- Embryo, Mammalian/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Immunohistochemistry
- Mice
- Muscles/cytology
- Muscles/embryology
- Muscles/metabolism
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/isolation & purification
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Spectrometry, Mass, Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption-Ionization
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Cell Biology and Tumor Cell Engineering, Department of Biology, School of Life Science, Xiamen University, 361005 Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
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Resnick TD, McCulloch KA, Rougvie AE. miRNAs give worms the time of their lives: small RNAs and temporal control in Caenorhabditis elegans. Dev Dyn 2010; 239:1477-89. [PMID: 20232378 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration in the timing of particular developmental events can lead to major morphological changes that have profound effects on the life history of an organism. Insights into developmental timing mechanisms have been revealed in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans, in which a regulatory network of heterochronic genes times events during larval development, ensuring that stage-specific programs occur in the appropriate sequence and on schedule. Developmental timing studies in C. elegans led to the landmark discovery of miRNAs and continue to enhance our understanding of the regulation and activity of these small regulatory molecules. Current views of the heterochronic gene pathway are summarized here, with a focus on the ways in which miRNAs contribute to temporal control and how miRNAs themselves are regulated. Finally, the conservation of heterochronic genes and their functions in timing, as well as their related roles in stem cells and cancer, are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar D Resnick
- University of Minnesota, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
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28
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Kim D, Song J, Jin EJ. MicroRNA-221 regulates chondrogenic differentiation through promoting proteosomal degradation of slug by targeting Mdm2. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:26900-26907. [PMID: 20576614 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.115105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that fulfill diverse functions by negatively regulating gene expression. Here, we investigated the involvement of miRNAs in the chondrogenic differentiation of chick limb mesenchymal cells and found that the expression of miR-221 increased upon chondrogenic inhibition. Blockade of miR-221 via peanut agglutinin-based antisense oligonucleotides reversed the chondro-inhibitory actions of a JNK inhibitor on the proliferation and migration of chondrogenic progenitors as well as the formation of precartilage condensations. We determined that mdm2 is a relevant target of miR-221 during chondrogenesis. miR-221 was necessary and sufficient to down-regulate Mdm2 expression, and this down-modulation of Mdm2 by miR-221 prevented the degradation of (and consequently up-regulated) the Slug protein, which negatively regulates the proliferation of chondroprogenitors. These results indicate that miR-221 contributes to the regulation of cell proliferation by negatively regulating Mdm2 and thereby inhibiting Slug degradation during the chondrogenesis of chick limb mesenchymal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongkyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk 570-749, Korea
| | - Jinsoo Song
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk 570-749, Korea
| | - Eun-Jung Jin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Chunbuk 570-749, Korea.
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29
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Abstract
A class of small, non-coding transcripts called microRNAs (miRNAs) that play a major role in post-transcriptional gene regulation has recently emerged and become the focus of intense research. MicroRNAs are abundant in the nervous system, where they have key roles in development and are likely to be important mediators of plasticity. A highly conserved pathway of miRNA biogenesis is closely linked to the transport and translatability of mRNAs in neurons. MicroRNAs have been shown to modulate programmed cell death during development. Although there are nearly 750 known human miRNA sequences, each of only approximately 20-25 nucleotides in length that bind to multiple mRNA targets, the accurate prediction of miRNA targets seems to lie just beyond our grasp. Nevertheless, the identification of such targets promises to provide new insights into many facets of neuronal function. In this review, we briefly describe miRNA biogenesis and the principle approaches for studying the function of miRNAs and potential application of miRNAs as biomarkers, diagnostic targets, and potential therapeutic tools of human diseases in general and neurological disorders in particular.
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The let-7 target gene mouse lin-41 is a stem cell specific E3 ubiquitin ligase for the miRNA pathway protein Ago2. Nat Cell Biol 2009; 11:1411-20. [PMID: 19898466 DOI: 10.1038/ncb1987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2009] [Accepted: 09/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The let-7 miRNA and its target gene Lin-28 interact in a regulatory circuit controlling pluripotency. We investigated an additional let-7 target, mLin41 (mouse homologue of lin-41), as a potential contributor to this circuit. We demonstrate the presence of mLin41 protein in several stem cell niches, including the embryonic ectoderm, epidermis and male germ line. mLin41 colocalized to cytoplasmic foci with P-body markers and the miRNA pathway proteins Ago2, Mov10 and Tnrc6b. In co-precipitation assays, mLin41 interacted with Dicer and the Argonaute proteins Ago1, Ago2 and Ago4. Moreover, we show that mLin41 acts as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in an auto-ubiquitylation assay and that mLin41 mediates ubiquitylation of Ago2 in vitro and in vivo. Overexpression and depletion of mLin41 led to inverse changes in the level of Ago2 protein, implicating mLin41 in the regulation of Ago2 turnover. mLin41 interfered with silencing of target mRNAs for let-7 and miR-124, at least in part by antagonizing Ago2. Furthermore, mLin41 cooperated with the pluripotency factor Lin-28 in suppressing let-7 activity, revealing a dual control mechanism regulating let-7 in stem cells.
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32
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Nimmo RA, Slack FJ. An elegant miRror: microRNAs in stem cells, developmental timing and cancer. Chromosoma 2009; 118:405-18. [PMID: 19340450 DOI: 10.1007/s00412-009-0210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2008] [Revised: 03/17/2009] [Accepted: 03/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) were first discovered in genetic screens for regulators of developmental timing in the stem-cell-like seam cell lineage in Caenorhabditis elegans. As members of the heterochronic pathway, the lin-4 and let-7 miRNAs are required in the seam cells for the correct progression of stage-specific events and to ensure that cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation occur at the correct time. Other heterochronic genes such as lin-28 and lin-41 are direct targets of the lin-4 and let-7 miRNAs. Recent findings on the functions of the let-7 and lin-4/mir-125 miRNA families and lin-28 and lin-41 orthologs from a variety of organisms suggest that core elements of the heterochronic pathway are retained in mammalian stem cells and development. In particular, these genes appear to form bistable switches via double-negative feedback loops in both nematode and mammalian stem cell development, the functional relevance of which is finally becoming clear. let-7 inhibits stem cell self-renewal in both normal and cancer stem cells of the breast and acts as a tumor suppressor in lung and breast cancer. let-7 also promotes terminal differentiation at the larval to adult transition in both nematode stem cells and fly wing imaginal discs and inhibits proliferation of human lung and liver cancer cells. Conversely, LIN-28 is a highly specific embryonic stem cell marker and is one of four "stemness" factors used to reprogram adult fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells; furthermore, lin-28 is oncogenic in hepatocellular carcinomas. Therefore, a core module of heterochronic genes--lin-28, lin-41, let-7, and lin-4/mir-125-acts as an ancient regulatory switch for differentiation in stem cells (and in some cancers), illustrating that nematode seam cells mirror miRNA regulatory networks in mammalian stem cells during both normal development and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael A Nimmo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, P.O. Box 208103, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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33
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Maller Schulman BR, Liang X, Stahlhut C, DelConte C, Stefani G, Slack FJ. The let-7 microRNA target gene, Mlin41/Trim71 is required for mouse embryonic survival and neural tube closure. Cell Cycle 2008; 7:3935-42. [PMID: 19098426 DOI: 10.4161/cc.7.24.7397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, the let-7 microRNA (miRNA) controls the timing of key developmental events and terminal differentiation in part by directly regulating lin-41. C. elegans lin-41 mutants display precocious cell cycle exit and terminal differentiation of epidermal skin cells. lin-41 orthologues are found in more complex organisms including both mice and humans, but their roles are not known. We generated Mlin41 mouse mutants to ascertain a functional role for Mlin41. Strong loss of function Mlin41 gene-trap mutants demonstrated a striking neural tube closure defect during development, and embryonic lethality. Like C. elegans lin-41, Mlin41 also appears to be regulated by the let-7 and mir-125 miRNAs. Since Mlin41 is required for neural tube closure and survival it points to human lin-41 (HLIN41/TRIM71) as a potential human development and disease gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betsy R Maller Schulman
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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34
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The let-7 family of microRNAs. Trends Cell Biol 2008; 18:505-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2008.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 988] [Impact Index Per Article: 61.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2008] [Revised: 07/30/2008] [Accepted: 07/31/2008] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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35
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Identification of SNPs located in putative microRNA target region of six functional genes in chickens through bioinformatic analysis. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2008; 30:1026-32. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2008.01026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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36
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let-7 microRNAs in development, stem cells and cancer. Trends Mol Med 2008; 14:400-9. [PMID: 18674967 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2008.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 479] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2008] [Revised: 07/04/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, approximately 22 nucleotides in length, that repress target messenger RNAs (mRNAs) through an antisense mechanism. The let-7 miRNA was originally discovered in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, where it regulates cell proliferation and differentiation, but subsequent work has shown that both its sequence and its function are highly conserved in mammals. Recent results have now linked decreased let-7 expression to increased tumorigenicity and poor patient prognosis. Moreover, during normal development, accumulation of let-7 can be prevented by LIN28, a promoter of pluripotency. Based on these findings, we propose that let-7 regulates 'stemness' by repressing self-renewal and promoting differentiation in both normal development and cancer. A more complete understanding of its function will thus provide insights into these processes and might yield diagnostic and therapeutic advances for cancer treatment.
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37
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Abstract
Members of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors are pivotal to the formation of complex tissues and organs in animals. They mediate cell adhesion by interacting with the extracellular matrix and by binding to intracellular linker proteins that connect to the cytoskeleton. We have recently identified a new and evolutionarily conserved component of the linker complex, the Drosophila Wech protein. Wech is essential for embryonic muscle attachment. It belongs to the RBCC/TRIM family of cytoplasmic multidomain proteins and contains a carboxyterminal NHL domain. Wech protein is specifically localized to the embryonic muscle attachment sites and wech mutant embryos show muscle detachment from the body wall. In beta-integrin or talin mutants Wech is mislocalized, as the localization of Integrin-linked-kinase (ILK) depends on Wech. Biochemical data indicate that Wech is associated with the head domain of Talin and the kinase domain of ILK suggesting that Wech may be involved in the linkage of both core proteins of the linker complex. We discuss that Wech proteins may be crucial and evolutionarily conserved regulators of cell-type specific integrin functions and that their activities may underlie complex regulation by microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Löer
- Life & Medical Sciences-Institute, Program Unit Development, Genetics & Molecular Physiology, Laboratory for Molecular Developmental Biology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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38
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O'Farrell F, Esfahani SS, Engström Y, Kylsten P. Regulation of the Drosophila lin-41 homologue dappled by let-7 reveals conservation of a regulatory mechanism within the LIN-41 subclade. Dev Dyn 2008; 237:196-208. [PMID: 18069688 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drosophila Dappled (DPLD) is a member of the RBCC/TRIM superfamily, a protein family involved in numerous diverse processes such as developmental timing and asymmetric cell divisions. DPLD belongs to the LIN-41 subclade, several members of which are micro RNA (miRNA) regulated. We re-examined the LIN-41 subclade members and their relation to other RBCC/TRIMs and dpld paralogs, and identified a new Drosophila muscle specific RBCC/TRIM: Another B-Box Affiliate, ABBA. In silico predictions of candidate miRNA regulators of dpld identified let-7 as the strongest candidate. Overexpression of dpld led to abnormal eye development, indicating that strict regulation of dpld mRNA levels is crucial for normal eye development. This phenotype was sensitive to let-7 dosage, suggesting let-7 regulation of dpld in the eye disc. A cell-based assay verified let-7 miRNA down-regulation of dpld expression by means of its 3'-untranslated region. Thus, dpld seems also to be miRNA regulated, suggesting that miRNAs represent an ancient mechanism of LIN-41 regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fergal O'Farrell
- Department of Natural Sciences, Södertörns Högskola, Huddinge, Sweden.
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39
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Lin YC, Hsieh LC, Kuo MW, Yu J, Kuo HH, Lo WL, Lin RJ, Yu AL, Li WH. Human TRIM71 and its nematode homologue are targets of let-7 microRNA and its zebrafish orthologue is essential for development. Mol Biol Evol 2007; 24:2525-34. [PMID: 17890240 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msm195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal microRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNAs that function as posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression by binding to the target mRNAs. Noting that some miRNAs are highly conserved in evolution, we explored the possibility of evolutionary conservation of their targets. We identified human orthologues of experimentally verified let-7 miRNA target genes in Caenorhabditis elegans and used the luciferase reporter system to examine whether these human genes are still the targets of let-7 miRNA. We found that in some cases, the miRNA-target relationship has indeed been conserved in human. Interestingly, human TRIM71, an orthologue of C. elegans let-7-target lin-41 gene, can be repressed by hsa-let-7a and hsa-let-7c. This repression was abolished when both predicted let-7 target sites of TRIM71 were mutated. Moreover, the zebrafish lin-41 orthologue was also repressed by let-7 to a similar degree as was TRIM71. When the expression of zebrafish lin-41 orthologue was silenced by microinjection of RNA interference or morpholino into zebrafish zygotes, retarded embryonic development was observed, providing direct evidence for an essential role of lin-41 in zebrafish development. Taken together, our results suggest that the regulation of TRIM71 expression by let-7 has been evolutionarily conserved and that TRIM71 likely plays an important role in development.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Chin Lin
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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40
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41
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Lee CT, Risom T, Strauss WM. Evolutionary Conservation of MicroRNA Regulatory Circuits: An Examination of MicroRNA Gene Complexity and Conserved MicroRNA-Target Interactions through Metazoan Phylogeny. DNA Cell Biol 2007; 26:209-18. [PMID: 17465887 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2006.0545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last decade, a variety of critical biological processes, including early embryo development, cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and metabolic regularity, have been shown to be genetically regulated by a large gene family encoding a class of tiny RNA molecules termed microRNAs (miRNAs). All miRNAs share a common biosynthetic pathway and reaction mechanisms. The sequence of many miRNAs is found to be conserved, in their mature form, among different organisms. In addition, the evolutionary appearance of multicellular organisms appears to correlate with the appearance of the miRNA pathway for regulating gene expression. The miRNA pathway has the potential to regulate vast networks of gene products in a coordinate manner. Recent evidence has not only implicated the miRNA pathway in regulating a vast array of basic cellular processes but also specialized processes that are required for cellular identity and tissue specificity. A survey of the literature shows that some miRNA pathways are conserved virtually intact throughout phylogeny while miRNA diversity also correlates with speciation. The number of miRNA genes, the expression of miRNAs, and target diversities of miRNAs tend to be positively correlated with morphological complexities observed in animals. Thus, organismal complexity can be estimated by the complexity of the miRNA circuitry. The complexity of the miRNA gene families establishes a link between genotypic complexity and phenotypic complexity in animal evolution. In this paper, we start with the discussion of miRNA conservation. Then we interpret the trends in miRNA conservation to deduce miRNA evolutionary trends in metazoans. Based on these conservation patterns observed in each component of the miRNA regulatory system, we attempt to propose a global insight on the probable consistency between morphological evolution in animals and the molecular evolution of miRNA gene activity in the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Tien Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, USA
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42
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Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a large class of small RNAs that function as negative gene regulators in eukaryotes. They regulate diverse biological processes, and bioinformatics data indicate that each miRNA can control hundreds of gene targets, underscoring the potential influence of miRNAs on almost every genetic pathway. In addition to the roles in ontogeny, recent evidence has suggested the possibility that miRNAs have huge impacts on animal phylogeny. The dramatically expanding repertoire of miRNAs and their targets appears to be associated with major body-plan innovations as well as the emergence of phenotypic variation in closely related species. Research in the area of miRNA phylogenetic conservation and diversity suggests that miRNAs play important roles in animal evolution, by driving phenotypic variation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryusuke Niwa
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, KBT 936, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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Darnell DK, Kaur S, Stanislaw S, Konieczka JH, Konieczka JK, Yatskievych TA, Antin PB. MicroRNA expression during chick embryo development. Dev Dyn 2007; 235:3156-65. [PMID: 17013880 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small, abundant, noncoding RNAs that modulate protein abundance by interfering with target mRNA translation or stability. miRNAs are detected in organisms from all domains and may regulate 30% of transcripts in vertebrates. Understanding miRNA function requires a detailed determination of expression, yet this has not been reported in an amniote species. High-throughput whole mount in situ hybridization was performed on chicken embryos to map expression of 135 miRNA genes including five miRNAs that had not been previously reported in chicken. Eighty-four miRNAs were detected before day 5 of embryogenesis, and 75 miRNAs showed differential expression. Whereas few miRNAs were expressed during formation of the primary germ layers, the number of miRNAs detected increased rapidly during organogenesis. Patterns highlighted cell-type, organ or structure-specific expression, localization within germ layers and their derivatives, and expression in multiple cell and tissue types and within sub-regions of structures and tissues. A novel group of miRNAs was highly expressed in most tissues but much reduced in one or a few organs, including the heart. This study presents the first comprehensive overview of miRNA expression in an amniote organism and provides an important foundation for investigations of miRNA gene regulation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana K Darnell
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
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Hayes GD, Ruvkun G. Misexpression of the Caenorhabditis elegans miRNA let-7 is sufficient to drive developmental programs. COLD SPRING HARBOR SYMPOSIA ON QUANTITATIVE BIOLOGY 2006; 71:21-7. [PMID: 17381276 DOI: 10.1101/sqb.2006.71.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans microRNAs (miRNAs) lin-4 and let-7 promote transitions between stage-specific events in development by down-regulating the translation of their target genes. Expression of let-7 is required at the fourth larval stage for the proper transition from larval to differentiated, adult fates in the hypodermis; however, it was not known whether expression of let-7 is sufficient to specify these adult fates. To test this, we created fusion genes between lin-4 and let-7 that direct the expression of let-7 two stages early, at the L2 stage. We find that animals bearing the fusion genes show precocious adult development at the L4 stage, indicating that temporal misexpression of let-7 is sufficient to direct the larval-to-adult transition. Additionally, an RNA interference (RNAi)-based screen for enhancers of the precocious phenotype identified the period ortholog lin-42, among other genes, which are candidate modulators of the effects of let-7 expression. let-7 is conserved throughout bilaterian phylogeny, and orthologs of its targets have roles in vertebrate development, suggesting the importance of understanding how let-7 promotes terminal differentiation in C. elegans and other organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Hayes
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
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Kanamoto T, Terada K, Yoshikawa H, Furukawa T. Cloning and regulation of the vertebrate homologue oflin-41 that functions as a heterochronic gene inCaenorhabditis elegans. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:1142-9. [PMID: 16477647 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The Caenorhabditis elegans gene lin-41 is the one of the heterochronic genes that regulate the timing of many developmental events. MicroRNA let-7 negatively regulates the expression of lin-41 through RNA-RNA interaction on its 3' untranslated region (UTR). Here, we report the isolation of chick and mouse homologues of lin-41 that encode the RBCC-NHL family protein and their expression patterns. C. elegans lin-41 is one of the RBCC-NHL families and the predicted amino acid sequences of isolated two genes encode the same family proteins. Chick and mouse lin-41 expression was also observed in developing limb buds, branchial arches, and tail buds. The 3'UTRs of the mouse and chick lin-41 genes contain multiple let-7 complementary sites. Using luciferase assay, we showed that lin-41 expression can be regulated through let-7 complementary sites.
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MESH Headings
- 3' Untranslated Regions
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Blotting, Northern
- Caenorhabditis elegans/embryology
- Caenorhabditis elegans/genetics
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/chemistry
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/genetics
- Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins/metabolism
- Chick Embryo
- Cloning, Molecular
- Consensus Sequence
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- Embryo, Nonmammalian
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Genes, Helminth
- Genes, Reporter
- HeLa Cells
- Humans
- In Situ Hybridization
- Luciferases/metabolism
- Mice
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Protein Structure, Tertiary
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Transcription Factors/chemistry
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Vertebrates/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanamoto
- Osaka Bioscience Institute, 6-2-4 Furuedai, Suita, Osaka 565-0874, Japan
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Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of newly identified endogenous non-protein-coding small RNAs. They exist in animals, plants, and viruses, and play an important role in gene silencing. Translational repression, mRNA cleavage, and mRNA decay initiated by miRNA-directed deadenylation of targeted mRNAs are three mechanisms of miRNA-guided gene regulation at the post-transcriptional levels. Many miRNAs are highly conserved in animals and plants, suggesting that they play an essential function in plants and animals. Lots of investigations indicate that miRNAs are involved in multiple biological processes, including stem cell differentiation, organ development, phase change, signaling, disease, cancer, and response to biotic and abiotic environmental stresses. This review provides a general background and current advance on the discovery, history, biogenesis, genomics, mechanisms, and functions of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohong Zhang
- The Institute of Environmental and Human Health, and Department of Environmental Toxicology, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas 79409, USA.
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Ouellet DL, Perron MP, Gobeil LA, Plante P, Provost P. MicroRNAs in gene regulation: when the smallest governs it all. J Biomed Biotechnol 2006; 2006:69616. [PMID: 17057368 PMCID: PMC1559927 DOI: 10.1155/jbb/2006/69616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2006] [Accepted: 04/17/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Encoded by the genome of most eukaryotes examined so far, microRNAs (miRNAs) are small approximately 21-nucleotide (nt) noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) derived from a biosynthetic cascade involving sequential processing steps executed by the ribonucleases (RNases) III Drosha and Dicer. Following their recent identification, miRNAs have rapidly taken the center stage as key regulators of gene expression. In this review, we will summarize our current knowledge of the miRNA biosynthetic pathway and its protein components, as well as the processes it regulates via miRNAs, which are known to exert a variety of biological functions in eukaryotes. Although the relative importance of miRNAs remains to be fully appreciated, deregulated protein expression resulting from either dysfunctional miRNA biogenesis or abnormal miRNA-based gene regulation may represent a key etiologic factor in several, as yet unidentified, diseases. Hence is our need to better understand the complexity of the basic mechanisms underlying miRNA biogenesis and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique L. Ouellet
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie,
Centre de Recherche du CHUL, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4
| | - Marjorie P. Perron
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie,
Centre de Recherche du CHUL, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4
| | - Lise-Andrée Gobeil
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie,
Centre de Recherche du CHUL, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4
| | - Pierre Plante
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie,
Centre de Recherche du CHUL, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4
| | - Patrick Provost
- Centre de Recherche en Rhumatologie et Immunologie,
Centre de Recherche du CHUL, 2705 Boulevard Laurier, Ste-Foy, Quebec, Canada G1V 4G2
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada G1K 7P4
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