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Sun L, Ji WX, Li Y, Li ZL, Duan CC, Xia BR, Xiao L. The PAPSS1 gene is a modulator of response to cisplatin by regulating estrogen receptor alpha signaling activity in ovarian cancer cells. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:187. [PMID: 37684671 PMCID: PMC10486135 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cells may develop resistance to cisplatin by various mechanisms. Yet, the exact mechanism of cisplatin in ovarian cancer remains unclear. Recent studies have shown that 3'-phospoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 1 (PAPSS1) inhibition combined with low-dose cisplatin increases DNA damage. The aim of this study was to determine the value of targeting PAPSS1 as a cisplatin modulator in epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). RESULTS Increased expression of PAPSS1 was observed in both EOC cells and tissues. Also, its higher nuclear expression was distinctly associated with FIGO (The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics) stage, histological subtype, metastasis, and recurrence. Down-regulation of the PAPSS1 gene increased the cisplatin sensitivity of EOC in vitro and in vivo. Expression of PAPSS1 was negatively correlated with estrogen receptor α (ERα) in EOC. Also, low nuclear PAPSS1 and high nuclear ERα expression in EOC were associated with longer overall survival and progression-free survival in all ovarian cancer and ovarian cancer patients who received platinum-based chemotherapy. PAPSS1 silencing increased the activity of ERα-signaling in EOC cells, thus sensitizing tumors to cisplatin. CONCLUSIONS These findings characterize a novel interplay between PAPSS1-mediated sulfation and ERα-signaling in EOC cisplatin resistance. PAPSS1 may be exploited as a cisplatin-sensitizing therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230020, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Wei-Xue Ji
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230020, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Lian Li
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230020, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Can-Can Duan
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230020, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Bai-Rong Xia
- Department of Gynecology Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230031, Anhui, P. R. China.
| | - Lan Xiao
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, 230020, Anhui, P. R. China.
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2
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Zhang L, Song W, Li T, Mu Y, Zhang P, Hu J, Lin H, Zhang J, Gao H, Zhang L. Redox switching mechanism of the adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase domain (APSK2) of human PAPS synthase 2. Structure 2023; 31:826-835.e3. [PMID: 37207644 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate kinase (APSK) catalyzes the rate-limiting biosynthetic step of the universal sulfuryl donor 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS). In higher eukaryotes, the APSK and ATP sulfurylase (ATPS) domains are fused in a single chain. Humans have two bifunctional PAPS synthetase isoforms: PAPSS1 with the APSK1 domain and PAPSS2 containing the APSK2 domain. APSK2 displays a distinct higher activity for PAPSS2-mediated PAPS biosynthesis during tumorigenesis. How APSK2 achieves excess PAPS production has remained unclear. APSK1 and APSK2 lack the conventional redox-regulatory element present in plant PAPSS homologs. Here we elucidate the dynamic substrate recognition mechanism of APSK2. We discover that APSK1 contains a species-specific Cys-Cys redox-regulatory element that APSK2 lacks. The absence of this element in APSK2 enhances its enzymatic activity for excess PAPS production and promotes cancer development. Our results help to understand the roles of human PAPSSs during cell development and may facilitate PAPSS2-specific drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Wenyan Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Yajuan Mu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Pan Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jingyan Hu
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Houwen Lin
- Research Centre for Marine Drugs, State Key Laboratory of Oncogene and Related Genes, Department of Pharmacy, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China; Institute of Marine Biomedicine, Shenzhen Polytechnic, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Medicinal Bioinformatics Center, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai China
| | - Hai Gao
- Key Laboratory of Medical Epigenetics and Metabolism, Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Liang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China.
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Mustafa S, Hussain MF, Latif M, Ijaz M, Asif M, Hassan M, Faisal M, Iqbal F. A Missense Mutation (c.1037 G > C, p. R346P) in PAPSS2 Gene Results in Autosomal Recessive form of Brachyolmia Type 1 (Hobaek Form) in A Consanguineous Family. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:2096. [PMID: 36421772 PMCID: PMC9690184 DOI: 10.3390/genes13112096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brachyolmia is a skeletal disorder with an autosomal mode of inheritance (both dominant and recessive) in which the patients have a short height, scoliosis and a reduced trunk size. METHODS From the Muzaffargarh District in Pakistan, a consanguineous family with multiple Brachyolmia-affected subjects were enrolled in the present study. Basic epidemiological data and radiographs were collected for the subjects. Whole exome sequencing (WES) which was followed by Sanger sequencing was applied to report the geneticbasic of Brachyolmia. RESULTS The WES identified a missense mutation (c.1037 G > C, p. R346P) in exon 9 of the PAPSS2 gene that was confirmed by the Sanger sequencing in the enrolled subjects. The mutation followed a Mendalian pattern with an autosomal recessive inheritance mode. Multiple sequence alignment by Clustal Omega indicated that the PAPSS2 mutation-containing domain is highly conserved. The HEK293T whole-cell extract that was transfected with the Myc-tagged PCMV6-PAPSS2 of both the wild and mutant constructs were resolved by SDS-PAGE as well as by a Western blot, which confirmed that there are different PAPSS2 protein expression patterns when they were compared between the control and Brachyolmia patients. This difference between the normal and mutated protein was not evident when the three-dimensional computational structures were generated using homology modeling. CONCLUSION We report a missense mutation (c.1037 G > C, p. R346P) in the PAPSS2 gene that caused Brachyolmia in a consanguineous Pakistani family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Mustafa
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Malik Fiaz Hussain
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Latif
- Department of Zoology, Division of Science and Technology, University of Education, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Ijaz
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Mubashir Hassan
- The Steve and Cindy Rasmussen Institute for Genomic Medicine, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
| | - Muhammad Faisal
- Faculty of Health Studies, University of Bradford, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
| | - Furhan Iqbal
- Institute of Pure and Applied Biology, Zoology Division, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
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4
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Genome-wide CRISPR screen for HSV-1 host factors reveals PAPSS1 contributes to heparan sulfate synthesis. Commun Biol 2022; 5:694. [PMID: 35854076 PMCID: PMC9296583 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03581-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is a ubiquitous pathogen that causes various diseases in humans, ranging from common mucocutaneous lesions to severe life-threatening encephalitis. However, our understanding of the interaction between HSV-1 and human host factors remains incomplete. Here, to identify the host factors for HSV-1 infection, we performed a human genome-wide CRISPR screen using near-haploid HAP1 cells, in which gene knockout (KO) could be efficiently achieved. Along with several already known host factors, we identified 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate synthase 1 (PAPSS1) as a host factor for HSV-1 infection. The KO of PAPSS1 in HAP1 cells reduced heparan sulfate (HepS) expression, consequently diminishing the binding of HSV-1 and several other HepS-dependent viruses (such as HSV-2, hepatitis B virus, and a human seasonal coronavirus). Hence, our findings provide further insights into the host factor requirements for HSV-1 infection and HepS biosynthesis. A genome-wide CRISPR screen for HSV-1 host factors using near-haploid HAP1 cells revealed PAPSS1 as an essential factor for heparan sulfate biosynthesis and HSV-1 infection, and identified several other host factors also involved in both processes.
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5
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Feng S, Bai M, Rivas-González I, Li C, Liu S, Tong Y, Yang H, Chen G, Xie D, Sears KE, Franco LM, Gaitan-Espitia JD, Nespolo RF, Johnson WE, Yang H, Brandies PA, Hogg CJ, Belov K, Renfree MB, Helgen KM, Boomsma JJ, Schierup MH, Zhang G. Incomplete lineage sorting and phenotypic evolution in marsupials. Cell 2022; 185:1646-1660.e18. [PMID: 35447073 PMCID: PMC9200472 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete lineage sorting (ILS) makes ancestral genetic polymorphisms persist during rapid speciation events, inducing incongruences between gene trees and species trees. ILS has complicated phylogenetic inference in many lineages, including hominids. However, we lack empirical evidence that ILS leads to incongruent phenotypic variation. Here, we performed phylogenomic analyses to show that the South American monito del monte is the sister lineage of all Australian marsupials, although over 31% of its genome is closer to the Diprotodontia than to other Australian groups due to ILS during ancient radiation. Pervasive conflicting phylogenetic signals across the whole genome are consistent with some of the morphological variation among extant marsupials. We detected hundreds of genes that experienced stochastic fixation during ILS, encoding the same amino acids in non-sister species. Using functional experiments, we confirm how ILS may have directly contributed to hemiplasy in morphological traits that were established during rapid marsupial speciation ca. 60 mya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaohong Feng
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China
| | - Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; School of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan 750021, China; College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China
| | | | - Cai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | | | - Yijie Tong
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei 071001, China; Hainan Yazhou Bay Seed Lab, Building 1, No. 7 Yiju Road, Yazhou District, Sanya, Hainan 572024, China
| | - Haidong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization, Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510260, China
| | - Guangji Chen
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Duo Xie
- Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Karen E Sears
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lida M Franco
- Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Matemáticas, Universidad de Ibagué, Carrera 22 Calle 67, Ibagué, Colombia
| | - Juan Diego Gaitan-Espitia
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Roberto F Nespolo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia 5090000, Chile; Center of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 6513677, Chile; Millenium Institute for Integrative Biology (iBio), Santiago, Chile; Millennium Nucleus of Patagonian Limit of Life (LiLi), Valdivia, Chile
| | - Warren E Johnson
- Center for Species Survival, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, 1500 Remont Road, Front Royal, VA 22630, USA; The Walter Reed Biosystematics Unit, Museum Support Center MRC-534, Smithsonian Institution, 4210 Silver Hill Rd., Suitland, MD 20746-2863, USA; Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, 503 Robert Grant Avenue, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Parice A Brandies
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Carolyn J Hogg
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Katherine Belov
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Kristofer M Helgen
- Australian Museum Research Institute, Australian Museum, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jacobus J Boomsma
- Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Guojie Zhang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China; State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China; Villum Centre for Biodiversity Genomics, Section for Ecology and Evolution, Department of Biology, Universitetsparken 15, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming 650223, China.
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6
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Cao Y, Guan X, Li S, Wu N, Chen X, Yang T, Yang B, Zhao X. Identification of variants in ACAN and PAPSS2 leading to spondyloepi(meta)physeal dysplasias in four Chinese families. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2022; 10:e1916. [PMID: 35261200 PMCID: PMC9034684 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spondyloepi(meta)physeal dysplasias (SE[M]D) are a group of inherited skeletal disorders that mainly affect bone and cartilage, and next‐generation sequencing has aided the detection of genetic defects of such diseases. In this study, we aimed to identify causative variants in four Chinese families associated with SE(M)D. Methods We recruited four unrelated Chinese families all displaying short stature and growth retardation. Clinical manifestations and X‐ray imaging were recorded for all patients. Candidate variants were identified by whole‐exome sequencing (WES) and verified by Sanger sequencing. Pathogenicity was assessed by conservation analysis, 3D protein modeling and in silico prediction, and was confirmed according to American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics. Results Three novel SE(M)D‐related variants c.1090dupG, c.7168 T > G, and c.2947G > C in ACAN, and one reported variant c.712C > T in PAPSS2 were identified. Among them, c.1090dupG in ACAN and c.712C > T in PAPSS2 caused truncated protein and the other two variants led to amino acid alterations. Conservation analysis revealed sites of the two missense variants were highly conserved, and bioinformatic findings confirmed their pathogenicity. 3D modeling of mutant protein encoded by c.7168 T > G(p.Trp2390Gly) in ACAN proved the structural alteration in protein level. Conclusion Our data suggested ACAN is a common pathogenic gene of SE(M)D. This study enriched the genetic background of skeletal dysplasias, and expanded the mutation spectra of ACAN and PAPSS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixuan Cao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Guan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Shan Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumin Chen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiuli Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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7
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Zhou R, Lu G, Yan Z, Jiang R, Sun Y, Zhang P. Epigenetic mechanisms of DNA methylation in the transgenerational effect of ethylhexyl salicylate on zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 295:133926. [PMID: 35150701 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a 120-day whole-life cycle exposure and oviposition experiment on zebrafish with maternal and paternal mixed mating strategy was conducted to investigate the epigenetic mechanism of DNA methylation in ethylhexyl salicylate (EHS, 1, 10, 100 μg/L)-induced transgenerational effects. Results showed that EHS could induce the decrease of DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) activity and average global DNA methylation level in maternal parents and the increase of the above indexes in paternal parents, while the change of glycine N-methyltransferase activity was opposite to DNMT1. The average global DNA methylation levels were significantly increased in the offsprings of both parents exposed and father-only exposed to EHS, suggesting that EHS-induced epigenetic modifications may be stable and heritable. Hierarchical clustering analysis of promoter at different methylation sites showed that the DNA methylation pattern of offsprings were similar to that of the paternal parents, meaning that the offsprings may have inherited paternal DNA methylation pattern with eya2, pcdh2g5 and pcdh2g1 as key genes and lead to high locomotor activity in offsprings. KEGG pathway analysis showed that parental exposure to EHS may interfere with the central nervous system, insulin function system, melanogenesis system and the normal development of somatic axis of offsprings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranran Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, 30 Puzhu Southern Road, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Guanghua Lu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China.
| | - Zhenhua Yan
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Runren Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Yu Sun
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
| | - Peng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resources Development of Shallow Lakes of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China
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8
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Ahat E, Song Y, Xia K, Reid W, Li J, Bui S, Zhang F, Linhardt RJ, Wang Y. GRASP depletion-mediated Golgi fragmentation impairs glycosaminoglycan synthesis, sulfation, and secretion. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:199. [PMID: 35312866 PMCID: PMC9164142 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of glycosaminoglycans, such as heparan sulfate (HS) and chondroitin sulfate (CS), occurs in the lumen of the Golgi, but the relationship between Golgi structural integrity and glycosaminoglycan synthesis is not clear. In this study, we disrupted the Golgi structure by knocking out GRASP55 and GRASP65 and determined its effect on the synthesis, sulfation, and secretion of HS and CS. We found that GRASP depletion increased HS synthesis while decreasing CS synthesis in cells, altered HS and CS sulfation, and reduced both HS and CS secretion. Using proteomics, RNA-seq and biochemical approaches, we identified EXTL3, a key enzyme in the HS synthesis pathway, whose level is upregulated in GRASP knockout cells; while GalNAcT1, an essential CS synthesis enzyme, is robustly reduced. In addition, we found that GRASP depletion decreased HS sulfation via the reduction of PAPSS2, a bifunctional enzyme in HS sulfation. Our study provides the first evidence that Golgi structural defect may significantly alter the synthesis and secretion of glycosaminoglycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erpan Ahat
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Yuefan Song
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Ke Xia
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Whitney Reid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Sarah Bui
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA
| | - Fuming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Robert J Linhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Biotechnology and Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA.
| | - Yanzhuang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109-1085, USA.
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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9
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Huang Y, Xie Y, Yang D, Xiong M, Chen X, Wu D, Wang Q, Chen H, Zheng L, Huang K. Histone demethylase UTX aggravates acetaminophen overdose induced hepatotoxicity through dual mechanisms. Pharmacol Res 2022; 175:106021. [PMID: 34883214 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.106021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP) overdose is a major cause of acute liver failure, while the underlying mechanisms of APAP hepatotoxicity are not fully understood. Recently, emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic enzymes play roles in APAP-induced liver injury. Here, we found that Utx (ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome, also known as KDM6A), a X-linked histone demethylase which removes the di- and tri-methyl groups from histone H3K27, was markedly induced in the liver of APAP-overdosed female mice. Hepatic deletion of Utx suppressed APAP overdose-induced hepatotoxicity in female but not male mice. RNA-sequencing analysis suggested that Utx deficiency in female mice upregulated antitoxic phase II conjugating enzymes, including sulfotransferase family 2 A member 1 (Sult2a1), thus reduces the amount of toxic APAP metabolites in injured liver; while Utx deficiency also alleviated ER stress through downregulating transcription of ER stress genes including Atf4, Atf3, and Chop. Mechanistically, Utx promoted transcription of ER stress related genes in a demethylase activity-dependent manner, while repressed Sult2a1 expression through mediating H3K27ac levels independent of its demethylase activity. Moreover, overexpression of Sult2a1 in the liver of female mice rescued APAP-overdose induced liver injury. Together, our results indicated a novel UTX-Sult2a1 axis for the prevention or treatment of APAP-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixue Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yunhao Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dong Yang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Mingrui Xiong
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Xingrui Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Di Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ling Zheng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, Frontier Science Center for Immunology and Metabolism, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Kun Huang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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10
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Aponte JD, Katz DC, Roth DM, Vidal-García M, Liu W, Andrade F, Roseman CC, Murray SA, Cheverud J, Graf D, Marcucio RS, Hallgrímsson B. Relating multivariate shapes to genescapes using phenotype-biological process associations for craniofacial shape. eLife 2021; 10:68623. [PMID: 34779766 PMCID: PMC8631940 DOI: 10.7554/elife.68623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Realistic mappings of genes to morphology are inherently multivariate on both sides of the equation. The importance of coordinated gene effects on morphological phenotypes is clear from the intertwining of gene actions in signaling pathways, gene regulatory networks, and developmental processes underlying the development of shape and size. Yet, current approaches tend to focus on identifying and localizing the effects of individual genes and rarely leverage the information content of high-dimensional phenotypes. Here, we explicitly model the joint effects of biologically coherent collections of genes on a multivariate trait – craniofacial shape – in a sample of n = 1145 mice from the Diversity Outbred (DO) experimental line. We use biological process Gene Ontology (GO) annotations to select skeletal and facial development gene sets and solve for the axis of shape variation that maximally covaries with gene set marker variation. We use our process-centered, multivariate genotype-phenotype (process MGP) approach to determine the overall contributions to craniofacial variation of genes involved in relevant processes and how variation in different processes corresponds to multivariate axes of shape variation. Further, we compare the directions of effect in phenotype space of mutations to the primary axis of shape variation associated with broader pathways within which they are thought to function. Finally, we leverage the relationship between mutational and pathway-level effects to predict phenotypic effects beyond craniofacial shape in specific mutants. We also introduce an online application that provides users the means to customize their own process-centered craniofacial shape analyses in the DO. The process-centered approach is generally applicable to any continuously varying phenotype and thus has wide-reaching implications for complex trait genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose D Aponte
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - David C Katz
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Daniela M Roth
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Marta Vidal-García
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Fernando Andrade
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Charles C Roseman
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | | | - James Cheverud
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, United States
| | - Daniel Graf
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Ralph S Marcucio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, United States
| | - Benedikt Hallgrímsson
- Department of Cell Biology & Anatomy, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute and McCaig Bone and Joint Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.,Department of Animal Biology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Urbana, United States
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11
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Comparison of Gene Expression Patterns in Articular Cartilage and Xiphoid Cartilage. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:676-706. [PMID: 34410558 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth connective tissue that is found throughout the body. Among the three major types of cartilage, namely hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, and fibrocartilage, hyaline cartilage is the most widespread type of cartilage predominantly located in the joint surfaces (articular cartilage, AC). It remains a huge challenge for orthopedic surgeons to deal with AC damage since it has limited capacity for self-repair. Xiphoid cartilage (XC) is a vestigial cartilage located in the distal end of the sternum. XC-derived chondrocytes exhibit strong chondrogenic differentiation capacity. Thus, XC could become a potential donor site of chondrocytes for cartilage repair and regeneration. However, the underlying gene expression patterns between AC and XC are still largely unknown. In the present study, we used state-of-the-art RNA-seq technology combined with validation method to investigate the gene expression patterns between AC and XC, and identified a series of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in chondrocyte commitment and differentiation including growth factors, transcription factors, and extracellular matrices. We demonstrated that the majority of significantly up-regulated DEGs (XC vs. AC) in XC were involved in regulating cartilage regeneration and repair, whereas the majority of significantly up-regulated DEGs (XC vs. AC) in AC were involved in regulating chondrocyte differentiation and maturation. This study has increased our knowledge of transcriptional networks in hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage. It also supports the use of XC-derived chondrocytes as a potential cell resource for cartilage regeneration and repair.
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12
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Jagannath S, Chilkunda ND. High cholesterol-supplemented diet during gestation and lactation alters liver glycosaminoglycans and associated lipoprotein receptors and results in fat accumulation in adulthood. Nutr Res 2021; 93:50-60. [PMID: 34365197 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In utero insults to growing fetus impact its health in adulthood. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are involved in lipoprotein metabolism in the liver and vary both quantitively and qualitatively on feeding adult rats a diet rich in cholesterol. However, no reports are available to show the modulation of GAGs when the offspring are subjected to a high cholesterol diet in gestation and lactation stages. Hypercholesterolemia in pregnant rats was induced by feeding an AIN-93 diet supplemented with 0.5% cholesterol. The pups born to mothers fed with high cholesterol diet showed a significant increase in cholesterol and triglycerides accumulation in the liver. Quantitative changes in sulfated glycosaminoglycans (sGAGs), in particular of heparan sulfate, were observed across the developmental stages. Other players involved in lipoprotein metabolism, namely low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, apolipoprotein E, and low-density lipoprotein receptor expression levels, also showed differential changes across developmental stages. Interestingly, when pups from hypercholesterolemic mothers were fed a normal diet after weaning until adulthood, a considerable amount of fat accumulation in the liver was observed, implicating fetal exposure to early high cholesterol exposure on long term health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjana Jagannath
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, JLB Road, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India
| | - Nandini D Chilkunda
- Department of Molecular Nutrition, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute, JLB Road, Mysore 570020, Karnataka, India.
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13
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Comparative antler proteome of sika deer from different developmental stages. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10484. [PMID: 34006919 PMCID: PMC8131589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89829-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Antler is a special bone tissue that has the ability to regenerate completely periodically. It is the fastest growing bone in the animal kingdom. Antler provides a valuable research model for bone growth and mineralization. Antler grows longitudinally by endochondral ossification with their growth center located in its tip. Many scholars have carried out detailed studies on morphology and gene expression of antler tip. However, few scholars have analyzed the protein expression patterns of antler tip at different development stages. This study used label-free proteomics approach to analyze the protein expression dynamics of the antler tip in six developmental periods (15, 25, 45, 65, 100 and 130 days after the previous antler cast) and costal cartilage. In result, 2052 proteins were confidently quantified, including 1937 antler proteins and 1044 costal cartilage proteins. Moreover, 913 antler core proteins and 132 antler-special proteins were obtained. Besides, the stages special proteins and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in different development stages were analyzed. A total of 875 DEPs were determined by one-way AVOVA. It is found that the growth period (15, 25, 45 and 65 days) showed more up-regulated protein including several chondrogenesis-associated proteins (collagen types II, collagen types XI, HAPLN1, PAPSS1 and PAPSS2). In ossification stages, the up-regulated proteins related with lysosome (CTSD, CTSB, MMP9, CAII) indicated that the antler has higher bone remodeling activity. Given the up-regulated expression of immune-related molecules (S100A7, CATHL7, LTF, AZU1, ELANE and MPO), we speculate that the local immune system may contribute to the ossification of antler tip. In conclusion, proteomics technology was used to deeply analyze the protein expression patterns of antler at different development stages. This provides a strong support for the research on the molecular regulation mechanism of rapid growth and ossification of velvet antler.
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14
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Guo H, Chen C, Lee DJ. Manipulating denitrifying sulfide removal of Pseudomonas sp. C27 with nitrite as sole nitrogen source: Shotgun proteomics analysis. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124074. [PMID: 32916462 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas sp. C27 can effectively conduct denitrifying sulfide removal (DSR) reactions via autotrophic denitrification, heterotrophic denitrification and coupled-cycle pathway. This study is the first to cultivate strain C27 using nitrite as the sole nitrogen source, and to conduct shotgun proteomics analysis and investigate the characteristics of DSR growth of strain C27 with nitrate or nitrite as sole nitrogen source. Shotgun proteomics analysis identified a total of 42 specially expressed proteins of C27 in the nitrite medium, based on which, together with chemical analysis data, a supplementary pathway of sulfur metabolism for C27 from sulfate to thiosulfate via intermediate adenosine-5'-phosphosulfate and 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate was proposed. Based on the newly revised scheme, the use of nitrite as sole nitrogen source expands the assessible regime of DSR reactions by C27 and provides the potential to recover renewable chemicals such as pyruvate and succinate from the coupled-cycle pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongliang Guo
- College of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China; College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 10607, Taiwan; College of Technology and Engineering, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan; College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 40070, Taiwan.
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15
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Bownass L, Abbs S, Armstrong R, Baujat G, Behzadi G, Berentsen RD, Burren C, Calder A, Cormier-Daire V, Newbury-Ecob R, Foulds N, Juliusson PB, Kant SG, Lefroy H, Mehta SG, Merckoll E, Michot C, Monsell F, Offiah AC, Richards A, Rosendahl K, Rustad CF, Shears D, Tveten K, Wellesley D, Wordsworth P, Smithson S. PAPSS2-related brachyolmia: Clinical and radiological phenotype in 18 new cases. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:1884-1894. [PMID: 31313512 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Brachyolmia is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by short spine-short stature, platyspondyly, and minor long bone abnormalities. We describe 18 patients, from different ethnic backgrounds and ages ranging from infancy to 19 years, with the autosomal recessive form, associated with PAPSS2. The main clinical features include disproportionate short stature with short spine associated with variable symptoms of pain, stiffness, and spinal deformity. Eight patients presented prenatally with short femora, whereas later in childhood their short-spine phenotype emerged. We observed the same pattern of changing skeletal proportion in other patients. The radiological findings included platyspondyly, irregular end plates of the elongated vertebral bodies, narrow disc spaces and short over-faced pedicles. In the limbs, there was mild shortening of femoral necks and tibiae in some patients, whereas others had minor epiphyseal or metaphyseal changes. In all patients, exome and Sanger sequencing identified homozygous or compound heterozygous PAPSS2 variants, including c.809G>A, common to white European patients. Bi-parental inheritance was established where possible. Low serum DHEAS, but not overt androgen excess was identified. Our study indicates that autosomal recessive brachyolmia occurs across continents and may be under-recognized in infancy. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of short femora presenting in the second trimester.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Bownass
- Clinical Genetics, St Michael's Hospital Bristol, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen Abbs
- East Midlands and East of England NHS Genomic Laboratory Hub, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Ruth Armstrong
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Genevieve Baujat
- Département of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Gry Behzadi
- Department of Radiology, Stavanger University Hospital, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - Christine Burren
- Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Alistair Calder
- Department of Radiology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Valérie Cormier-Daire
- Département of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Ruth Newbury-Ecob
- Clinical Genetics, St Michael's Hospital Bristol, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Nicola Foulds
- Wessex Clinical Genetics, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Petur B Juliusson
- Department of Health Registries, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Paediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Sarina G Kant
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Henrietta Lefroy
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Sarju G Mehta
- East Anglian Medical Genetics Service, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Else Merckoll
- Department of Radiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Caroline Michot
- Département of Genetics, INSERM UMR1163, Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Institut Imagine, AP-HP, Hôpital Necker Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Fergal Monsell
- Department of Paediatric Orthopaedics, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
| | - Amaka C Offiah
- University of Sheffield, Academic Unit of Child Health, Sheffield Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Allan Richards
- East Midlands and East of England NHS Genomic Laboratory Hub, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK
| | - Karen Rosendahl
- Section of Paediatric Radiology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Cecilie F Rustad
- Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Deborah Shears
- Oxford Centre for Genomic Medicine, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Kristian Tveten
- Department of Medical Genetics, Telemark Hospital Trust, Skien, Norway
| | - Diana Wellesley
- Wessex Clinical Genetics, Princess Anne Hospital, Southampton, UK
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- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Sarah Smithson
- Clinical Genetics, St Michael's Hospital Bristol, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, UK
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16
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Fan L, He Y, Han J, Ybuan P, Guo X, Wang W. The osteoarthritis-associated gene PAPSS2 promotes differentiation and matrix formation in ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5190-5200. [PMID: 30546414 PMCID: PMC6256856 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2 (PAPSS2) has been shown to be important in the development of normal skeletal structure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of PAPSS2 in the differentiation of chondrocytes as well as their mechanisms. Using RNA interference-mediated via a lentivirus and a retrovirus, PAPSS2 gene silence and overexpression in ATDC5 chondrogenic cells were performed. Chondrocyte differentiation and chondrogenic-related gene markers associated with extracellular matrix formation were noted. The mRNA and protein expression for Wnt4, β-catenin and SOX9 genes were observed. The PAPSS2 transcript expression levels progressively decline in ATDC5-induced chondrocyte-like cells during differentiation. Silencing of PAPSS2 expression had a significantly attenuating effect on cell differentiation and decreased expression of collagen II and X. In contrast, over-expression of PAPSS2 promoted the differentiation of ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. The mRNA expression levels of Wnt4 and SOX9 decreased significantly in PAPSS2 knock down cells vs. control cells. However, this expression was increased in the cells over-expressing PAPSS2. These data indicate that PAPSS2 regulates aggrecan activity as well as cell differentiation. The findings favor a mechanism by which PAPSS2 induces differentiation in ATDC5 cells via direct regulation of early signaling events that promote formation of collagenous matrix components. This control is probably mediated via extracellular matrix formation Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Beijing Novartis Pharma Ltd., Beijing 100004, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Puwei Ybuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Department of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Weizhuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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17
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Sorrell JM, Somoza RA, Caplan AI. Human mesenchymal stem cells induced to differentiate as chondrocytes follow a biphasic pattern of extracellular matrix production. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1757-1766. [PMID: 29194731 PMCID: PMC5976510 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Regenerative medicine and tissue engineering studies are actively developing novel means to repair adult articular cartilage defects using biological approaches. One such approach is the harnessing of adult human therapeutic cells such as those referred to as mesenchymal stem cells. Upon exposure to chondrogenic signals, these cells differentiate and initiate the production of a complex and voluminous cartilaginous matrix that is crucial to both the structure and function of cartilage. Furthermore, this complexity requires the time-sensitive activation of a large number of genes to produce the components of this matrix. The current study analyzed the kinetics of matrix production in an aggregate culture model where adult human mesenchymal stem cells were induced to differentiate as chondrocytes. The results indicate the existence of a biphasic mode of differentiation and maturation during which matrix genes and molecules are differentially activated and secreted. These results have important implications for developing novel approaches for the creation of tissue engineered articular cartilage. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1757-1766, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. Michael Sorrell
- Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Rodrigo A. Somoza
- Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
| | - Arnold I. Caplan
- Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center; Case Western Reserve University; Cleveland Ohio 44106
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18
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Mueller JW, Idkowiak J, Gesteira TF, Vallet C, Hardman R, van den Boom J, Dhir V, Knauer SK, Rosta E, Arlt W. Human DHEA sulfation requires direct interaction between PAPS synthase 2 and DHEA sulfotransferase SULT2A1. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:9724-9735. [PMID: 29743239 PMCID: PMC6016456 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.002248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The high-energy sulfate donor 3′-phosphoadenosine-5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS), generated by human PAPS synthase isoforms PAPSS1 and PAPSS2, is required for all human sulfation pathways. Sulfotransferase SULT2A1 uses PAPS for sulfation of the androgen precursor dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), thereby reducing downstream activation of DHEA to active androgens. Human PAPSS2 mutations manifest with undetectable DHEA sulfate, androgen excess, and metabolic disease, suggesting that ubiquitous PAPSS1 cannot compensate for deficient PAPSS2 in supporting DHEA sulfation. In knockdown studies in human adrenocortical NCI-H295R1 cells, we found that PAPSS2, but not PAPSS1, is required for efficient DHEA sulfation. Specific APS kinase activity, the rate-limiting step in PAPS biosynthesis, did not differ between PAPSS1 and PAPSS2. Co-expression of cytoplasmic SULT2A1 with a cytoplasmic PAPSS2 variant supported DHEA sulfation more efficiently than co-expression with nuclear PAPSS2 or nuclear/cytosolic PAPSS1. Proximity ligation assays revealed protein–protein interactions between SULT2A1 and PAPSS2 and, to a lesser extent, PAPSS1. Molecular docking studies showed a putative binding site for SULT2A1 within the PAPSS2 APS kinase domain. Energy-dependent scoring of docking solutions identified the interaction as specific for the PAPSS2 and SULT2A1 isoforms. These findings elucidate the mechanistic basis for the selective requirement for PAPSS2 in human DHEA sulfation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Mueller
- From the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom, .,the Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Jan Idkowiak
- From the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.,the Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
| | - Tarsis F Gesteira
- the Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom, and
| | - Cecilia Vallet
- the Departments of Molecular Biology II, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB) and
| | - Rebecca Hardman
- From the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes van den Boom
- Molecular Biology I, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Vivek Dhir
- From the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Shirley K Knauer
- the Departments of Molecular Biology II, Centre for Medical Biotechnology (ZMB) and
| | - Edina Rosta
- the Department of Chemistry, King's College London, London SE1 1DB, United Kingdom, and
| | - Wiebke Arlt
- From the Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.,the Centre for Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism (CEDAM), Birmingham Health Partners, Birmingham B15 2TH, United Kingdom
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19
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Sex-specific effects of serum sulfate level and SLC13A1 nonsense variants on DHEA homeostasis. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2017; 10:84-91. [PMID: 28154797 PMCID: PMC5278115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Sulfate is critical in the biotransformation of multiple compounds via sulfation. These compounds include neurotransmitters, proteoglycans, xenobiotics, and hormones such as dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA). Sulfation reactions are thought to be rate-limited by endogenous sulfate concentrations. The gene, SLC13A1, encodes the sodium-sulfate cotransporter NaS1, responsible for sulfate (re)absorption in the intestines and kidneys. We previously reported two rare, non-linked, nonsense variants in SLC13A1 (R12X and W48X) associated with hyposulfatemia (P = 9 × 10− 20). Objective To examine the effect of serum sulfate concentration and sulfate-lowering genotype on DHEA homeostasis. Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Academic research. Patients Participants of the Amish Pharmacogenomics of Anti-Platelet Intervention (PAPI) Study and the Amish Hereditary and Phenotype Intervention (HAPI) Study. Main outcome measures DHEA, DHEA-S, and DHEA-S/DHEA ratio. Results Increased serum sulfate was associated with decreased DHEA-S (P = 0.03) and DHEA-S/DHEA ratio (P = 0.06) in males but not females. Female SLC13A1 nonsense variant carriers, who had lower serum sulfate (P = 9 × 10− 13), exhibited 14% lower DHEA levels (P = 0.01) and 7% higher DHEA-S/DHEA ratios compared to female non-carriers (P = 0.002). Consistent with this finding, female SLC13A1 nonsense variant carriers also had lower total testosterone levels compared to non-carrier females (P = 0.03). Conclusions Our results demonstrate an inverse relationship between serum sulfate, and DHEA-S and DHEA-S/DHEA ratio in men, while also suggesting that the sulfate-lowering variants, SLC13A1 R12X and W48X, decrease DHEA and testosterone levels, and increase DHEA-S/DHEA ratio in women. While paradoxical, these results illustrate the complexity of the mechanisms involved in DHEA homeostasis and warrant additional studies to better understand sulfate's role in hormone physiology.
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20
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Chavez RD, Coricor G, Perez J, Seo HS, Serra R. SOX9 protein is stabilized by TGF-β and regulates PAPSS2 mRNA expression in chondrocytes. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2017; 25:332-340. [PMID: 27746378 PMCID: PMC5258840 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We previously identified 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2 (PAPSS2) as a transcriptional target of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in chondrocytes. PAPSS2 is required for proper sulfation of proteoglycans in cartilage. Defective sulfation in the matrix results in alterations in mechanical properties of the cartilage that would be expected to result in degeneration. The objective of this study was to identify factors that regulate PAPSS2 expression and compare to a known TGF-β responsive gene, proteoglycan 4/lubricin (PRG4). In this study, TGF-β-mediated regulation of SOX9 was characterized, and the involvement of SOX9 in regulation of PAPSS2 mRNA was investigated. DESIGN Primary bovine articular chondrocytes grown in micromass culture and ATDC5 cells were used as the model system. Adenoviruses were used to express SOX9 and SMAD3. siRNA was used to knock-down Sox9 and Smad3. Western blot and real-time quantitative RT-PCR (qPCR) were used to measure changes in protein and mRNA levels in response to treatment. RESULTS Over-expression of SOX9 was sufficient to up-regulate PAPSS2 mRNA. TGF-β treatment of SOX9-expressing cells resulted in enhanced up-regulation of PAPSS2 mRNA, suggesting that SOX9 cooperates with TGF-β signaling. Furthermore, Sox9 was required for full TGF-β-mediated induction of Papss2. In contrast, PRG4 was regulated by SMAD3 but not SOX9. SOX9 protein levels were increased after treatment with TGF-β, although SOX9 mRNA was not. SOX9 protein was post-translationally stabilized after treatment with TGF-β. CONCLUSIONS TGF-β stabilizes SOX9 protein, and SOX9 is sufficient and necessary for TGF-β-mediated regulation of PAPSS2 mRNA, providing a novel mechanism for TGF-β-mediated gene regulation in chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - R Serra
- corresponding author. Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1918 University Blvd., 660 MCLM, Birmingham, AL, 35294-0005
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21
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Wang T, Cook I, Leyh TS. Isozyme Specific Allosteric Regulation of Human Sulfotransferase 1A1. Biochemistry 2016; 55:4036-46. [PMID: 27356022 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The human cytosolic sulfotransferases (SULTs) comprise a 13-member enzyme family that regulates the activities of hundreds, perhaps thousands, of signaling small molecules via regiospecific transfer of the sulfuryl moiety (-SO3) from PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) to the hydroxyls and amines of acceptors. Signaling molecules regulated by sulfonation include numerous steroid and thyroid hormones, epinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine. SULT1A1, a major phase II metabolism SULT isoform, is found at a high concentration in liver and has recently been show to harbor two allosteric binding sites, each of which binds a separate and complex class of compounds: the catechins (naturally occurring polyphenols) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Among catechins, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) displays high affinity and specificity for SULT1A1. The allosteric network associated with either site has yet to be defined. Here, using equilibrium binding and pre-steady state studies, the network is shown to involve 14 distinct complexes. ECGG binds both the allosteric site and, relatively weakly, the active site of SULT1A1. It is not a SULT1A1 substrate but is sulfonated by SULT2A1. EGCG binds 17-fold more tightly when the active-site cap of the enzyme is closed by the binding of the nucleotide. When nucleotide is saturating, EGCG binds in two phases. In the first, it binds to the cap-open conformer; in the second, it traps the cap in the closed configuration. Cap closure encapsulates the nucleotide, preventing its release; hence, the EGCG-induced cap stabilization slows nucleotide release, inhibiting turnover. Finally, a comprehensive quantitative model of the network is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461-1926, United States
| | - Ian Cook
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461-1926, United States
| | - Thomas S Leyh
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine , 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, New York 10461-1926, United States
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22
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Iida A, Simsek-Kiper PÖ, Mizumoto S, Hoshino T, Elcioglu N, Horemuzova E, Geiberger S, Yesil G, Kayserili H, Utine GE, Boduroglu K, Watanabe S, Ohashi H, Alanay Y, Sugahara K, Nishimura G, Ikegawa S. Clinical and radiographic features of the autosomal recessive form of brachyolmia caused by PAPSS2 mutations. Hum Mutat 2013; 34:1381-6. [PMID: 23824674 DOI: 10.1002/humu.22377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Brachyolmia is a heterogeneous skeletal dysplasia characterized by generalized platyspondyly without significant long-bone abnormalities. Based on the mode of inheritance and radiographic features, at least three types of brachyolmia have been postulated. We recently identified an autosomal recessive form of brachyolmia that is caused by loss-of-function mutations of PAPSS2, the gene encoding PAPS (3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate) synthase 2. To understand brachyolmia caused by PAPSS2 mutations (PAPSS2-brachyolmia), we extended our PAPSS2 mutation analysis to 13 patients from 10 families and identified homozygous or compound heterozygous mutations in all. Nine different mutations were found: three splice donor-site mutations, three missense mutations, and three insertion or deletion mutations within coding regions. In vitro enzyme assays showed that the missense mutations were also loss-of-function mutations. Phenotypic characteristics of PAPSS2-brachyolmia include short-trunk short stature, normal intelligence and facies, spinal deformity, and broad proximal interphalangeal joints. Radiographic features include platyspondyly with rectangular vertebral bodies and irregular end plates, broad ilia, metaphyseal changes of the proximal femur, including short femoral neck and striation, and dysplasia of the short tubular bones. PAPSS2-brachyolmia includes phenotypes of the conventional clinical concept of brachyolmia, the Hobaek and Toledo types, and is associated with abnormal androgen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aritoshi Iida
- Laboratory for Bone and Joint Diseases, Center for Integrative Medical Science, RIKEN, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Tüysüz B, Yılmaz S, Gül E, Kolb L, Bilguvar K, Evliyaoğlu O, Günel M. Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia Pakistani type: expansion of the phenotype. Am J Med Genet A 2013; 161A:1300-8. [PMID: 23633440 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.35906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia (SEMD), Pakistani type, is a skeletal dysplasia characterized by platyspondyly, delayed epiphyseal ossification, mild metaphyseal abnormalities, short stature, and short and bowed legs, and is caused by mutations in PAPSS2. In a single Turkish patient also hyperandrogenism was reported. We describe five patients from a Turkish family with SEMD Pakistani type with homozygosity for a nonsense mutation (p.R329X) leading to a stop codon in PAPSS2. Plasma levels of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and androstenedione were normal, but DHEA sulfate levels were low in four of the patients. Two patients and a mother had history of pubertal hyperandrogenism. Testosterone level was mildly elevated in one of the female patients, and insulin resistance was not detected in any of the patients. The patients also had precocious costal calcification, small iliac bones, short femoral necks, coxa vara, short halluces and fused vertebral bodies, none of which has been reported previously in this entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beyhan Tüysüz
- Department of Pediatric Genetics, Cerrahpaşa Medical School, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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24
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Henry SP, Liang S, Akdemir KC, de Crombrugghe B. The postnatal role of Sox9 in cartilage. J Bone Miner Res 2012; 27:2511-25. [PMID: 22777888 PMCID: PMC3502666 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/05/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Sox9 is an essential transcription factor for the differentiation of the chondrocytic lineage during embryonic development. To test whether Sox9 continues to play a critical role in cartilaginous tissues in the adult mice, we used an inducible, genetic strategy to disrupt the Sox9 gene postnatally in these tissues. The postnatal inactivation of Sox9 led to stunted growth characterized by decreased proliferation, increased cell death, and dedifferentiation of growth plate chondrocytes. Upon postnatal Sox9 inactivation in the articular cartilage, the sulfated proteoglycan and aggrecan content of the uncalcified cartilage were rapidly depleted and the degradation of aggrecan was accompanied by higher ADAMTS5 immunostaining and increased detection of the aggrecan neoepitope, NITEGE. In spite of the severe loss of Collagen 2a1 mRNA, the Collagen II protein persisted in the articular cartilage, and no histopathological signs of osteoarthritis were observed. The homeostasis of the intervertebral disk (IVD) was dramatically altered upon Sox9 depletion, resulting in disk compression and subsequent degeneration. Inactivation of Sox9 in the IVD markedly reduced the expression of several genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins, as well as some of the enzymes responsible for their posttranslational modification. Furthermore, the loss of Sox9 in the IVD decreased the expression of cytokines, cell-surface receptors, and ion channels, suggesting that Sox9 coordinates a large genetic program that is instrumental for the proper homeostasis of the cells contained in the IVD postnatally. Our results indicate that Sox9 has an essential role in the physiological control of cartilaginous tissues in adult mice. © 2012 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P Henry
- Department of Genetics, The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center; Houston, TX, USA.
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25
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Kreuger J, Kjellén L. Heparan sulfate biosynthesis: regulation and variability. J Histochem Cytochem 2012; 60:898-907. [PMID: 23042481 DOI: 10.1369/0022155412464972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nearly all vertebrate cells have been shown to express heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) at the cell surface. The HSPGs bind to many secreted signaling proteins, including numerous growth factors, cytokines, and morphogens, to affect their tissue distribution and signaling. The heparan sulfate (HS) chains may have variable length and may differ with regard to both degree and pattern of sulfation. As the sulfation pattern of HS chains in most cases will determine if an interaction with a potential ligand will take place, as well as the affinity of the interaction, a key to understanding the function of HSPGs is to clarify how HS biosynthesis is regulated in different biological contexts. This review provides an introduction to the current understanding of HS biosynthesis and its regulation, and identifies research areas where more knowledge is needed to better understand how the HS biosynthetic machinery works.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Kreuger
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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26
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Zhao Y, Zhu X, Wu H, Zhuang D, Yu G, Li X, Li F, Yu A. Evaluation of fetal skeletal malformations in deoxynivalenol-treated mice using microarray analysis. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2012; 63:445-452. [PMID: 22878731 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-012-9781-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON [vomitoxin]), one of trichothecene mycotoxins produced by the fungus Fusarium, is commonly detected in cereal foods across the world. DON induces diverse toxic effects in humans and animals, including emesis and diarrhea, anorexia, and immunotoxicity, and impaired maternal reproduction and fetal development. Recently, the teratogenic potential of DON has been shown and has received much attention. DON can cause various skeletal deformities in fetuses, but the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully examined. In this study, fetal skeletal malformations in DON-treated maternal mice were thoroughly investigated using microarray assay. The results showed that DON administration caused various skeletal defects in fetuses, including misaligned or fused sternebrae and vertebrae, divided or fused ribs and polydactyly, hemivertebrae, short toes, and tail anomalies. Microarray analysis showed that 282 genes, including 148 downregulated and 134 upregulated genes, were abnormally expressed in fetal vertebral bones after maternal DON exposure. These identified genes can be classified into several categories: skeletal development, carcinogenesis, nervous disorders, sperm development and embryogenesis, and inflammation. Of these, 6 genes, mostly related to bone development, were intentionally selected for further validation using real-time reverse transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR). It was confirmed that the mRNA expression of 4 genes, i.e., fibrillin-1, Col9A2, 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthase 2, and Pax1, was upregulated significantly by DON administration, whereas that of 2 other genes, Runx2 and parathyroid hormone-like hormone, was downregulated significantly. Taken together, the results of our study suggest that altered expression of these 6 genes plays a critical role in fetal skeletal deformities induced by DON and thus they are worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghui Zhao
- Department of Aetiology and Institute of Aetiology, Taishan Medical University, Taian 271000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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27
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Wang W, Li F, Wang K, Cheng B, Guo X. PAPSS2 promotes alkaline phosphates activity and mineralization of osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells by crosstalk and Smads signal pathways. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43475. [PMID: 22916269 PMCID: PMC3420899 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have indicated that PAPSS2 (3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2) activity is important to normal skeletal development. Mouse PAPSS2 is predominantly expressed during the formation of the skeleton and cartilaginous elements of the mouse embryo and in newborn mice. However, the role and mechanism of PAPSS2 in bone formation remains largely unidentified. By analyzing the expression pattern of the PAPSS2 gene, we have found that PAPSS2 is expressed in bone tissue and bone formation. PAPSS2 transcripts increase during osteoblast differentiation and are in less level in RANKL-induced osteoclast like cells. By using lentivirus-mediated RNA interference (RNAi) technology, we knocked down PAPSS2 expression in MC3T3-E1 osteoblast. Silencing of PAPSS2 expression significantly decreases ALP activity and cell mineralization, inhibits expression of osteoblast marker osteopontin (OPN) and collagen I. Conversely, overexpression of PAPSS2 promotes the MC3T3-E1 to differentiate into osteoblast and mineralization. Moreover, compared to that in the control cells, the mRNA level and protein expression of phosphorylated Smad 2/3, which is a key transcriptional factor in the Smad osteoblast differentiation pathway, showed significant decreases in PAPSS2-silenced cells and increases in PAPSS2-overexpression cells. These results suggest that PAPSS2 might regulate osteoblast ALP activity and cell mineralization, probably through Smads signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Gruber HE, Riley FE, Hoelscher GL, Bayoumi EM, Ingram JA, Ramp WK, Bosse MJ, Kellam JF. Osteogenic and chondrogenic potential of biomembrane cells from the PMMA-segmental defect rat model. J Orthop Res 2012; 30:1198-212. [PMID: 22246998 DOI: 10.1002/jor.22047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A layer of cells (the "biomembrane") has been identified in large segmental defects between bone and surgically placed methacrylate spacers or antibiotic-impregnated cement beads. We hypothesize that this contains a pluripotent stem cell population with potential valuable applications in orthopedic tissue engineering. Objectives using biomembranes harvested from rat segmental defects were to: (1) Culture biomembrane cells in specialized media to direct progenitor cells along bone or cartilage cell differentiation lineages; (2) evaluate harvested biomembranes for mesenchymal stem cell markers, and (3) define relevant gene expression patterns in harvested biomembranes using microarray analysis. Culture in osteogenic media produced mineralized nodules; culture in chondrogenic media produced masses containing chondroitin sulfate/sulfated proteoglycans. Molecular analysis of biomembrane cells versus control periosteum showed significant upregulation of key genes functioning in mesenchymal stem cell differentiation, development, maintenance, and proliferation. Results identified significant upregulation of WNT receptor signaling pathway genes and significant upregulation of BMP signaling pathway genes. Findings confirm that the biomembrane has a pluripotent stem cell population. The ability to heal large bone defects is clinically challenging, and novel tissue engineering uses of the biomembrane hold great promise in treating non-unions, open fractures with large bone loss and/or infections, and defects associated with tumor resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen E Gruber
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Carolinas Medical Center, Charlotte, North Carolina 28232, USA.
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29
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Suzuki T, Kusakabe M, Nakayama K, Nishida E. The protein kinase MLTK regulates chondrogenesis by inducing the transcription factor Sox6. Development 2012; 139:2988-98. [PMID: 22764049 DOI: 10.1242/dev.078675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sox9 acts together with Sox5 or Sox6 as a master regulator for chondrogenesis; however, the inter-relationship among these transcription factors remains unclear. Here, we show that the protein kinase MLTK plays an essential role in the onset of chondrogenesis through triggering the induction of Sox6 expression by Sox9. We find that knockdown of MLTK in Xenopus embryos results in drastic loss of craniofacial cartilages without defects in neural crest development. We also find that Sox6 is specifically induced during the onset of chondrogenesis, and that the Sox6 induction is inhibited by MLTK knockdown. Remarkably, Sox6 knockdown phenocopies MLTK knockdown. Moreover, we find that ectopic expression of MLTK induces Sox6 expression in a Sox9-dependent manner. Our data suggest that p38 and JNK pathways function downstream of MLTK during chondrogenesis. These results identify MLTK as a novel key regulator of chondrogenesis, and reveal its action mechanism in chondrocyte differentiation during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyasu Suzuki
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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30
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Xu Y, Liu X, Guo F, Ning Y, Zhi X, Wang X, Chen S, Yin L, Li X. Effect of estrogen sulfation by SULT1E1 and PAPSS on the development of estrogen-dependent cancers. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:1000-9. [PMID: 22380844 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02258.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 01/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogens are involved in the complex regulation of cell proliferation and apoptosis of hormone sensitive tumors including breast and endometrial cancers. Sulfation is the main pathway for estrogen metabolism, which is believed to be involved in the inactivation of estrogens in target tissues. SULT1E1 and PAPSS (PAPSS1 and PAPSS2) are responsible for the estrogen sulfation by providing catalyzing enzyme and universal sulfate donor. The present study showed the expression patterns of SULT1E1 and PAPSS in the breast and endometrial tissues by tissue array analysis and the assessment of clinical samples. The estrogen sulfation enzymes were comparatively higher in the tumorous tissues than their adjacent normal tissues. SULT1E1 overexpression inhibited the tumorigenesis in subcutaneous xenograft model. By CCK-8 assay and flow cytometry assay, overexpression of SULT1E1 and PAPSS1 by adenovirus blocked the estrogen pro-proliferating effect and promoted cell apoptosis induced by H(2)O(2) in MCF-7 cells. By real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and western-blot assays, overexpression of SULT1E1 and PAPSS1 suppressed cell growth and triggered apoptosis by downregulating the levels of c-myc, cyclin D1 and bcl-2, meanwhile, upregulating bax expression. In conclusion, the discrepancies in expressions of SULT1E1 and PAPSS between breast and endometrial tumorous tissues and their adjacent normal tissues were prominent. Overexpression of SULT1E1 and PAPSS1 retarded MCF-7 cells growth in vivo and in vitro by arresting cell cycles and inducing apoptosis. Thus, targeting SULT1E1 and PAPSS expressions might be an important approach for estrogen-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Xu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
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31
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van den Boom J, Heider D, Martin SR, Pastore A, Mueller JW. 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthases, naturally fragile enzymes specifically stabilized by nucleotide binding. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:17645-17655. [PMID: 22451673 PMCID: PMC3366831 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.325498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated sulfate in the form of 3′-phosphoadenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is needed for all sulfation reactions in eukaryotes with implications for the build-up of extracellular matrices, retroviral infection, protein modification, and steroid metabolism. In metazoans, PAPS is produced by bifunctional PAPS synthases (PAPSS). A major question in the field is why two human protein isoforms, PAPSS1 and -S2, are required that cannot complement for each other. We provide evidence that these two proteins differ markedly in their stability as observed by unfolding monitored by intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence as well as circular dichroism spectroscopy. At 37 °C, the half-life for unfolding of PAPSS2 is in the range of minutes, whereas PAPSS1 remains structurally intact. In the presence of their natural ligand, the nucleotide adenosine 5′-phosphosulfate (APS), PAPS synthase proteins are stabilized. Invertebrates only possess one PAPS synthase enzyme that we classified as PAPSS2-type by sequence-based machine learning techniques. To test this prediction, we cloned and expressed the PPS-1 protein from the roundworm Caenorhabditis elegans and also subjected this protein to thermal unfolding. With respect to thermal unfolding and the stabilization by APS, PPS-1 behaved like the unstable human PAPSS2 protein suggesting that the less stable protein is evolutionarily older. Finally, APS binding more than doubled the half-life for unfolding of PAPSS2 at physiological temperatures and effectively prevented its aggregation on a time scale of days. We propose that protein stability is a major contributing factor for PAPS availability that has not as yet been considered. Moreover, naturally occurring changes in APS concentrations may be sensed by changes in the conformation of PAPSS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes van den Boom
- Departments for Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany; MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Dominik Heider
- Departments for Bioinformatics, ZMB, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Stephen R Martin
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Annalisa Pastore
- MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan W Mueller
- Departments for Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany; MRC National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, London NW7 1AA, United Kingdom.
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32
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Ramaswamy G, Sohn P, Eberhardt A, Serra R. Altered responsiveness to TGF-β results in reduced Papss2 expression and alterations in the biomechanical properties of mouse articular cartilage. Arthritis Res Ther 2012; 14:R49. [PMID: 22394585 PMCID: PMC3446415 DOI: 10.1186/ar3762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies have indicated that transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling has a critical role in cartilage homeostasis and repair, yet the mechanisms of TGF-β's chondroprotective effects are not known. Our objective in this study was to identify downstream targets of TGF-β that could act to maintain biochemical and biomechanical properties of cartilage. METHODS Tibial joints from 20-week-old mice that express a dominant-negative mutation of the TGF-β type II receptor (DNIIR) were graded histologically for osteoarthritic changes and tested by indentation to evaluate their mechanical properties. To identify gene targets of TGF-β, microarray analysis was performed using bovine articular chondrocytes grown in micromass culture that were either treated with TGF-β or left untreated. Phosphoadenosine phosphosynthetase 2 (PAPSS2) was identified as a TGF-β-responsive gene. Papss2 expression is crucial for proper sulfation of cartilage matrix, and its deficiency causes skeletal defects in mice and humans that overlap with those seen in mice with mutations in TGF-β-signaling genes. Regulation of Papss2 was verified by real time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Alterations in sulfation of glycosaminoglycans were analyzed by critical electrolyte concentration and Alcian blue staining and immunofluorescence for chondroitin-4-sulfate, unsulfated chondroitin and the aggrecan core protein. RESULTS DNIIR mutants showed reduced mechanical properties and osteoarthritis-like changes when compared to wild-type control mice. Microarray analysis identified a group of genes encoding matrix-modifying enzymes that were regulated by TGF-β. Papss2 was upregulated in bovine articular chondrocytes after treatment with TGF-β and downregulated in cartilage from DNIIR mice. Articular cartilage in DNIIR mice demonstrated reduced Alcian blue staining at critical electrolyte concentrations and reduced chondroitin-4-sulfate staining. Staining for unsulfated chondroitin sulfate was increased, whereas staining for the aggrecan core protein was comparable in DNIIR and wild-type mice. CONCLUSION TGF-β maintains biomechanical properties and regulates expression of Papss2 and sulfation of glycosaminoglycans in mouse articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girish Ramaswamy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0005, USA
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Murillo-Cuesta S, Rodríguez-de la Rosa L, Cediel R, Lassaletta L, Varela-Nieto I. The role of insulin-like growth factor-I in the physiopathology of hearing. Front Mol Neurosci 2011; 4:11. [PMID: 21845174 PMCID: PMC3146045 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2011.00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 07/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) belongs to the family of polypeptides of insulin, which play a central role in embryonic development and adult nervous system homeostasis by endocrine, autocrine, and paracrine mechanisms. IGF-I is fundamental for the regulation of cochlear development, growth, and differentiation, and its mutations are associated with hearing loss in mice and men. Low levels of IGF-I have been shown to correlate with different human syndromes showing hearing loss and with presbyacusis. Animal models are fundamental to understand the genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors that contribute to human hearing loss. In the mouse, IGF-I serum levels decrease with aging and there is a concomitant hearing loss and retinal degeneration. In the Igf1(-/-) null mouse, hearing loss is due to neuronal loss, poor innervation of the sensory hair cells, and age-related stria vascularis alterations. In the inner ear, IGF-I actions are mediated by intracellular signaling networks, RAF, AKT, and p38 MAPK protein kinases modulate the expression and activity of transcription factors, as AP1, MEF2, FoxM1, and FoxP3, leading to the regulation of cell cycle and metabolism. Therapy with rhIGF-I has been approved in humans for the treatment of poor linear growth and certain neurodegenerative diseases. This review will discuss these findings and their implications in new IGF-I-based treatments for the protection or repair of hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Murillo-Cuesta
- Servicio de Evaluación Neurofuncional no Invasiva, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid, Spain
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Dawson PA. Sulfate in fetal development. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2011; 22:653-9. [PMID: 21419855 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2011.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 03/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Sulfate (SO(4)(2-)) is an important nutrient for human growth and development, and is obtained from the diet and the intra-cellular metabolism of sulfur-containing amino acids, including methionine and cysteine. During pregnancy, fetal tissues have a limited capacity to produce sulfate, and rely on sulfate obtained from the maternal circulation. Sulfate enters and exits placental and fetal cells via transporters on the plasma membrane, which maintain a sufficient intracellular supply of sulfate and its universal sulfonate donor 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) for sulfate conjugation (sulfonation) reactions to function effectively. Sulfotransferases mediate sulfonation of numerous endogenous compounds, including proteins and steroids, which biotransforms their biological activities. In addition, sulfonation of proteoglycans is important for maintaining normal structure and development of tissues, as shown for reduced sulfonation of cartilage proteoglycans that leads to developmental dwarfism disorders and four different osteochondrodysplasias (diastrophic dysplasia, atelosteogenesis type II, achondrogenesis type IB and multiple epiphyseal dysplasia). The removal of sulfate via sulfatases is an important step in proteoglycan degradation, and defects in several sulfatases are linked to perturbed fetal bone development, including mesomelia-synostoses syndrome and chondrodysplasia punctata 1. In recent years, interest in sulfate and its role in developmental biology has expanded following the characterisation of sulfate transporters, sulfotransferases and sulfatases and their involvement in fetal growth. This review will focus on the physiological roles of sulfate in fetal development, with links to human and animal pathophysiologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Dawson
- Mater Medical Research Institute, South Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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Saito F, Kajii TS, Sugawara-Kato Y, Tsukamoto Y, Arai Y, Hirabayashi Y, Fujimori O, Iida J. Morphological evaluation of cranial and maxillary shape differences of the brachymorphic mouse with spontaneous malocclusion using three-dimensional micro-computed tomography. Orthod Craniofac Res 2011; 14:100-6. [PMID: 21457459 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-6343.2011.01513.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to determine whether significant cranial and maxillary deformity exists in BALB/c-bm/bm (brachymorphism) mouse with spontaneous malocclusion using three-dimensional (3D) images. MATERIALS AND METHODS Thirty female mice were divided into the following three groups: control group (BALB/c mice, n = 10), Norm group (BALB/c-bm/bm mice with normal occlusion, n = 10), and Mal group (BALB/c-bm/bm mice with malocclusion, n = 10). Nine points in the skull were selected, and transverse and antero-posterior distances were measured using three-dimensional images of micro-computed tomography (CT). Moreover, 3D images were superimposed at the median plane to visualize the skull shape asymmetry. RESULTS The transverse distances at the posterior cranial and maxillary region and the antero-posterior distances in the Norm and Mal groups were significantly shorter than those in the control group. The nasal septum of the Mal group was significantly shorter than that of the Norm group. Morphological measurements and superimposed 3D images showed that lateral deviation occurred at the anterior cranial and maxillary region in the Mal group. CONCLUSION The 3D micro-CT images revealed that the antero-posterior length and posterior transverse width at the cranium and maxilla in BALB/c-bm/bm mice were significantly smaller than those in BALB/c mice. It was quantitatively and morphologically clear that BALB/c-bm/bm mice show a spontaneous transverse crossbite owing to lateral deviation of the maxilla and nasal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Saito
- Department of Orthodontics, Division of Oral Functional Science, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Japan
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Herlofsen SR, Küchler AM, Melvik JE, Brinchmann JE. Chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in self-gelling alginate discs reveals novel chondrogenic signature gene clusters. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 17:1003-13. [PMID: 21087199 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2010.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used a disc-shaped self-gelling alginate hydrogel as a scaffold for in vitro chondrogenic differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. The comparison of monolayer cells and alginate embedded cells with or without differentiation medium allowed us to perform a detailed kinetic study of the expression of a range of genes and proteins known to be involved in chondrogenesis, using real-time polymerase chain reaction, fluorescence immunohistochemistry, and glycosaminoglycan measurement in the supernatant. mRNA encoding type II collagen (COL2), COL10, aggrecan, and SOX5, 6, and 9 were greatly elevated already at day 7, whereas COL1 and versican mRNA were gradually reduced. COL2 and aggrecan were dispersed throughout the extracellular matrix at day 21, whereas COL10 distribution was mainly intra/pericellular. COL1 seemed to be produced by only some of the cells. SOX proteins were predominantly localized in the nuclei. Then, using microarray analysis, we identified a signature cluster of extracellular matrix and transcription factor genes upregulated during chondrogenesis similar to COL2A1, and clusters of genes involved in immune responses, blood vessel development, and cell adhesion downregulated similar to the chemokine CXCL12. Analysis of the signature chondrogenic clusters, including novel potential marker genes identified here, may provide a better understanding of how the stem cell fate could be directed to produce perfect hyaline cartilage implants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Roxana Herlofsen
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Grum D, van den Boom J, Neumann D, Matena A, Link NM, Mueller JW. A heterodimer of human 3'-phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS) synthases is a new sulphate activating complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 395:420-5. [PMID: 20382111 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/06/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
3'-Phospho-adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate (PAPS) synthases are fundamental to mammalian sulphate metabolism. These enzymes have recently been linked to a rising number of human diseases. Despite many studies, it is not yet understood how the mammalian PAPS synthases 1 and 2 interact with each other. We provide first evidence for heterodimerisation of these two enzymes by pull-down assays and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements. Kinetics of dimer dissociation/association indicates that these heterodimers form as soon as PAPSS1 and -S2 encounter each other in solution. Affinity of the homo- and heterodimers were found to be in the low nanomolar range using anisotropy measurements employing proteins labelled with the fluorescent dye IAEDANS that--in spite of its low quantum yield--is well suited for anisotropy due to its large Stokes shift. Within its kinase domain, the PAPS synthase heterodimer displays similar substrate inhibition by adenosine-5'-phosphosulphate (APS) as the homodimers. Due to divergent catalytic efficacies of PAPSS1 and -S2, the heterodimer might be a way of regulating PAPS synthase function within mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Grum
- Structural and Medicinal Biochemistry, Centre for Medical Biotechnology - ZMB, Faculty of Biology and Geography, University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany.
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Sohn P, Cox M, Chen D, Serra R. Molecular profiling of the developing mouse axial skeleton: a role for Tgfbr2 in the development of the intervertebral disc. BMC DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2010; 10:29. [PMID: 20214815 PMCID: PMC2848151 DOI: 10.1186/1471-213x-10-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Background Very little is known about how intervertebral disc (IVD) is formed or maintained. Members of the TGF-β superfamily are secreted signaling proteins that regulate many aspects of development including cellular differentiation. We recently showed that deletion of Tgfbr2 in Col2a expressing mouse tissue results in alterations in development of IVD annulus fibrosus. The results suggested TGF-β has an important role in regulating development of the axial skeleton, however, the mechanistic basis of TGF-β action in these specialized joints is not known. One of the hurdles to understanding development of IVD is a lack of known markers. To identify genes that are enriched in the developing mouse IVD and to begin to understand the mechanism of TGF-β action in IVD development, we undertook a global analysis of gene expression comparing gene expression profiles in developing mouse vertebrae and IVD. We also compared expression profiles in tissues from wild type and Tgfbr2 mutant mice as well as in sclerotome cultures treated with TGF-β or BMP4. Results Lists of IVD and vertebrae enriched genes were generated. Expression patterns for several genes were verified either through in situ hybridization or literature/database searches resulting in a list of genes that can be used as markers of IVD. Cluster analysis using genes listed under the Gene Ontology terms multicellular organism development and pattern specification indicated that mutant IVD more closely resembled vertebrae than wild type IVD. We also generated lists of genes regulated by TGF-β or BMP4 in cultured sclerotome. As expected, treatment with BMP4 resulted in up-regulation of cartilage marker genes including Acan, Sox 5, Sox6, and Sox9. In contrast, treatment with TGF-β1 did not regulate expression of cartilage markers but instead resulted in up-regulation of many IVD markers including Fmod and Adamtsl2. Conclusions We propose TGF-β has two functions in IVD development: 1) to prevent chondrocyte differentiation in the presumptive IVD and 2) to promote differentiation of annulus fibrosus from sclerotome. We have identified genes that are enriched in the IVD and regulated by TGF-β that warrant further investigation as regulators of IVD development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Sohn
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham AL, USA
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Ji YH, Ji JL, Sun FY, Zeng YY, He XH, Zhao JX, Yu Y, Yu SH, Wu W. Quantitative proteomics analysis of chondrogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 mesenchymal stem cells by iTRAQ labeling coupled with on-line two-dimensional LC/MS/MS. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:550-64. [PMID: 20008835 PMCID: PMC2849707 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m900243-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The chondrogenic potential of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) makes them a promising source for cell-based therapy of cartilage defects; however, the exact intracellular molecular mechanisms of chondrogenesis as well as self-renewal of MSCs remain largely unknown. To gain more insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms, we applied isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) labeling coupled with on-line two-dimensional LC/MS/MS technology to identify proteins differentially expressed in an in vitro model for chondrogenesis: chondrogenic differentiation of C3H10T1/2 cells, a murine embryonic mesenchymal cell line, was induced by micromass culture and 100 ng/ml bone morphogenetic protein 2 treatment for 6 days. A total of 1756 proteins were identified with an average false discovery rate <0.21%. Linear regression analysis of the quantitative data gave strong correlation coefficients: 0.948 and 0.923 for two replicate two-dimensional LC/MS/MS analyses and 0.881, 0.869, and 0.927 for three independent iTRAQ experiments, respectively (p < 0.0001). Among 1753 quantified proteins, 100 were significantly altered (95% confidence interval), and six of them were further validated by Western blotting. Functional categorization revealed that the 17 up-regulated proteins mainly comprised hallmarks of mature chondrocytes and enzymes participating in cartilage extracellular matrix synthesis, whereas the 83 down-regulated were predominantly involved in energy metabolism, chromatin organization, transcription, mRNA processing, signaling transduction, and cytoskeleton; except for a number of well documented proteins, the majority of these altered proteins were novel for chondrogenesis. Finally, the biological roles of BTF3l4 and fibulin-5, two novel chondrogenesis-related proteins identified in the present study, were verified in the context of chondrogenic differentiation. These data will provide valuable clues for our better understanding of the underlying mechanisms that modulate these complex biological processes and assist in the application of MSCs in cell-based therapy for cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-hua Ji
- Institute of Tissue Transplantation and Immunology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetic Engineering, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Noordam C, Dhir V, McNelis JC, Schlereth F, Hanley NA, Krone N, Smeitink JA, Smeets R, Sweep FCGJ, Claahsen-van der Grinten HL, Arlt W. Inactivating PAPSS2 mutations in a patient with premature pubarche. N Engl J Med 2009; 360:2310-8. [PMID: 19474428 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa0810489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) sulfotransferase, known as SULT2A1, converts the androgen precursor DHEA to its inactive sulfate ester, DHEAS [corrected], thereby preventing the conversion of DHEA to an active androgen. SULT2A1 requires 3'-phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) for catalytic activity. We have identified compound heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding human PAPS synthase 2 (PAPSS2) in a girl with premature pubarche, hyperandrogenic anovulation, very low DHEAS levels, and increased androgen levels. In vitro coincubation of human SULT2A1 and wild-type or mutant PAPSS2 proteins confirmed the inactivating nature of the mutations. These observations indicate that PAPSS2 deficiency is a monogenic adrenocortical cause of androgen excess.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cees Noordam
- Department of Pediatrics-Metabolic and Endocrine Disorders, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Bando M, Itoh T, Deardorff MA, Clark D, Kaur M, Tandy S, Kondoh T, Rappaport E, Spinner NB, Vega H, Jackson LG, Shirahige K, Krantz ID. Transcriptional dysregulation in NIPBL and cohesin mutant human cells. PLoS Biol 2009; 7:e1000119. [PMID: 19468298 PMCID: PMC2680332 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 04/17/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide studies using cells from patients with Cornelia de Lange Syndrome reveal a role for cohesin in regulating gene expression in human cells. Cohesin regulates sister chromatid cohesion during the mitotic cell cycle with Nipped-B-Like (NIPBL) facilitating its loading and unloading. In addition to this canonical role, cohesin has also been demonstrated to play a critical role in regulation of gene expression in nondividing cells. Heterozygous mutations in the cohesin regulator NIPBL or cohesin structural components SMC1A and SMC3 result in the multisystem developmental disorder Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS). Genome-wide assessment of transcription in 16 mutant cell lines from severely affected CdLS probands has identified a unique profile of dysregulated gene expression that was validated in an additional 101 samples and correlates with phenotypic severity. This profile could serve as a diagnostic and classification tool. Cohesin binding analysis demonstrates a preference for intergenic regions suggesting a cis-regulatory function mimicking that of a boundary/insulator interacting protein. However, the binding sites are enriched within the promoter regions of the dysregulated genes and are significantly decreased in CdLS proband, indicating an alternative role of cohesin as a transcription factor. Appropriate segregation of chromosomes to daughter cells depends upon proper cohesion of sister chromatids during mitosis. The multiprotein cohesin complex and its regulators are key factors in this process. Intriguingly, recent work has shown that the cohesin complex also has other cellular roles, including a role in regulating gene expression. Additionally, mutations in cohesin structural and regulatory components have been linked to human multisystem developmental disorders such as Cornelia de Lange Syndrome (CdLS), but the role cohesin is playing in the pathogenesis of this disorder is unknown. To define the role that cohesin plays in regulating gene expression in human cells, we analyzed gene expression and genome-wide cohesin binding patterns in cells from normal subjects and from CdLS probands with mutations in the cohesin regulator NIPBL or in the cohesin structural component SMC1A. We found a strikingly conserved pattern of gene dysregulation in these different cell lines that correlates with disease severity and a significant correlation between gene dysregulation and cohesin binding around misexpressed genes. The observed pattern of binding and misexpression is consistent with cohesin having a putative role as a boundary/insulator interacting protein or transcription factor, the activity of which is disrupted in CdLS probands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Liu
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Masashige Bando
- Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Matthew A. Deardorff
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dinah Clark
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Maninder Kaur
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Stephany Tandy
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tatsuro Kondoh
- Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Isahaya, Japan
| | - Eric Rappaport
- NAPCORE, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Hugo Vega
- Instituto de Genética, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Laird G. Jackson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Cortes M, Baria AT, Schwartz NB. Sulfation of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans is necessary for proper Indian hedgehog signaling in the developing growth plate. Development 2009; 136:1697-706. [PMID: 19369399 DOI: 10.1242/dev.030742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In contrast to the functional role of heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs), the importance of chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) in modulating signaling pathways involving hedgehog proteins, wingless-related proteins and fibroblast growth factors remains unclear. To elucidate the importance of sulfated CSPGs in signaling paradigms required for endochondral bone formation, the brachymorphic (bm) mouse was used as a model for undersulfated CSPGs. The bm mouse exhibits a postnatal chondrodysplasia caused by a mutation in the phosphoadenosine phosphosulfate (PAPS) synthetase (Papss2) gene, leading to reduced levels of PAPS and undersulfated proteoglycans. Biochemical analysis of the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content in bm cartilage via sulfate labeling and fluorophore-assisted carbohydrate electrophoresis revealed preferential undersulfation of chondroitin chains (CS) and normal sulfation of heparan sulfate chains. In situ hybridization and immunohistochemical analysis of bm limb growth plates showed diminished Indian hedgehog (Ihh) signaling and abnormal Ihh protein distribution in the extracellular matrix. Consistent with the decrease in hedgehog signaling, BrdU incorporation exhibited a significant reduction in chondrocyte proliferation. Direct measurements of Ihh binding to defined GAG chains demonstrated that Ihh interacts with CS, particularly chondroitin-4-sulfate. Furthermore, co-immunoprecipitation experiments showed that Ihh binds to the major cartilage CSPG aggrecan via its CS chains. Overall, this study demonstrates an important function for CSPGs in modulating Ihh signaling in the developing growth plate, and highlights the importance of carbohydrate sulfation in regulating growth factor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Cortes
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Comparative analysis of gene expression profiles between the normal human cartilage and the one with endemic osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2009; 17:83-90. [PMID: 18579416 DOI: 10.1016/j.joca.2008.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the differences in gene expression profiles of adult articular cartilage with endemic osteoarthritis (OA), Kashin-Beck disease (KBD), and the same regions in the normal joint. METHODS The messenger RNA expression profiles of articular cartilage with KBD diagnosed according to "Diagnosing Criteria of Kashin-Beck Disease in China" were compared with the normal cartilage. Total RNA isolated separately from four pairs of the KBD and normal cartilage samples were evaluated by oligonucleotide microarray analysis. The microarray data were confirmed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) amplification and were compared with previously published experiments. RESULTS About 4100 transcripts, which corresponded to 35% of the expressed transcripts, showed >or=twofold differences in expression between the cartilage tissues in pairs. Approximately 2% of the expressed genes (79, 55 genes expressed in KBD>normal; 24 genes expressed in KBD<normal) were commonly expressed in the four pairs of samples. The expression of some genes related to the metabolism, apoptosis, cell proliferation and matrix degradation activity was significantly different in KBD cartilage than in the normal, similar to the findings for genes that inhibit matrix degradation. Comparisons of qRT-PCR data and the previously reported data with the result of gene chips support the validity of our microarray data. CONCLUSION Differences between KBD cartilage and the normal exhibited a similar pattern among the four pairs examined, indicating the presence of common mechanisms mainly including chondrocyte metabolism and apoptosis that contribute to cartilage destruction in KBD.
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