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Sadat MA, Moir S, Chun TW, Lusso P, Kaplan G, Wolfe L, Memoli MJ, He M, Vega H, Kim LJY, Huang Y, Hussein N, Nievas E, Mitchell R, Garofalo M, Louie A, Ireland DC, Grunes C, Cimbro R, Patel V, Holzapfel G, Salahuddin D, Bristol T, Adams D, Marciano BE, Hegde M, Li Y, Calvo KR, Stoddard J, Justement JS, Jacques J, Priel DAL, Murray D, Sun P, Kuhns DB, Boerkoel CF, Chiorini JA, Di Pasquale G, Verthelyi D, Rosenzweig SD. Glycosylation, hypogammaglobulinemia, and resistance to viral infections. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:1615-1625. [PMID: 24716661 PMCID: PMC4066413 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1302846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Genetic defects in MOGS, the gene encoding mannosyl-oligosaccharide glucosidase (the first enzyme in the processing pathway of N-linked oligosaccharide), cause the rare congenital disorder of glycosylation type IIb (CDG-IIb), also known as MOGS-CDG. MOGS is expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum and is involved in the trimming of N-glycans. We evaluated two siblings with CDG-IIb who presented with multiple neurologic complications and a paradoxical immunologic phenotype characterized by severe hypogammaglobulinemia but limited clinical evidence of an infectious diathesis. A shortened immunoglobulin half-life was determined to be the mechanism underlying the hypogammaglobulinemia. Impaired viral replication and cellular entry may explain a decreased susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Sadat
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Susan Moir
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Paolo Lusso
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Gerardo Kaplan
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Lynne Wolfe
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Matthew J Memoli
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Miao He
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Hugo Vega
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Leo J Y Kim
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Yan Huang
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Nadia Hussein
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Elma Nievas
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Raquel Mitchell
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Mary Garofalo
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Aaron Louie
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Derek C Ireland
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Claire Grunes
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Raffaello Cimbro
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Vyomesh Patel
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Genevieve Holzapfel
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Daniel Salahuddin
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Tyler Bristol
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - David Adams
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Beatriz E Marciano
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Madhuri Hegde
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Yuxing Li
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Katherine R Calvo
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Jennifer Stoddard
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - J Shawn Justement
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Jerome Jacques
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Debra A Long Priel
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Danielle Murray
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Peter Sun
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Douglas B Kuhns
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Cornelius F Boerkoel
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - John A Chiorini
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Giovanni Di Pasquale
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Daniela Verthelyi
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
| | - Sergio D Rosenzweig
- Infectious Diseases Susceptibility Unit, Laboratory of Host Defenses (M.A.S., N.H., E.N., R.M., M.G., S.D.R.), Laboratory of Immunoregulation (S.M., T.-W.C., P.L., L.J.Y.K., A.L., R.C., J.S.J., D.M.), Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (M.J.M., T.B.), Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases (B.E.M.), Laboratory of Immunogenetics (G.H., D.S., P.S.), and Primary Immunodeficiency Clinic (S.D.R.), National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, the Undiagnosed Diseases Program, National Human Research Genome Institute (L.W., H.V., Y.H. D.A., C.F.B.), the Department of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Center (K.R.C., J.S.), and Oral and Pharyngeal Cancer Branch (V.P.) and Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section (J.A.C., G.D.P.), National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research - all at the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (G.K., J.J.) and the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (D.C.I., C.G., D.V.), Food and Drug Administration Clinical Services Program, Silver Spring, and SAIC-Frederick, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick (D.A.L.P., D.B.K.) - all in Maryland; the Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (M. He, M. Hegde); and the IAVI (International AIDS Vaccine Initiative) Center for Neutralizing Antibodies at TSRI and the Department of Immunology and Microbial Science, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (Y.L.)
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9
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Liu J, Zhang Z, Bando M, Itoh T, Deardorff MA, Li JR, Clark D, Kaur M, Tatsuro K, Kline AD, Chang C, Vega H, Jackson LG, Spinner NB, Shirahige K, Krantz ID. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis in cohesin mutant human cell lines. Nucleic Acids Res 2010; 38:5657-71. [PMID: 20448023 PMCID: PMC2943628 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkq346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The cohesin complex has recently been shown to be a key regulator of eukaryotic gene expression, although the mechanisms by which it exerts its effects are poorly understood. We have undertaken a genome-wide analysis of DNA methylation in cohesin-deficient cell lines from probands with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS). Heterozygous mutations in NIPBL, SMC1A and SMC3 genes account for ∼65% of individuals with CdLS. SMC1A and SMC3 are subunits of the cohesin complex that controls sister chromatid cohesion, whereas NIPBL facilitates cohesin loading and unloading. We have examined the methylation status of 27 578 CpG dinucleotides in 72 CdLS and control samples. We have documented the DNA methylation pattern in human lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs) as well as identified specific differential DNA methylation in CdLS. Subgroups of CdLS probands and controls can be classified using selected CpG loci. The X chromosome was also found to have a unique DNA methylation pattern in CdLS. Cohesin preferentially binds to hypo-methylated DNA in control LCLs, whereas the differential DNA methylation alters cohesin binding in CdLS. Our results suggest that in addition to DNA methylation multiple mechanisms may be involved in transcriptional regulation in human cells and in the resultant gene misexpression in CdLS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Liu
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Zhe Zhang
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Masashige Bando
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Takehiko Itoh
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Matthew A. Deardorff
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer R. Li
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Dinah Clark
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maninder Kaur
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kondo Tatsuro
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Antonie D. Kline
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Celia Chang
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hugo Vega
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Laird G. Jackson
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nancy B. Spinner
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ian D. Krantz
- Division of Human Genetics, Abramson Research Institute, Center for Biomedical Informatics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Laboratory of Chromosome Structure and Function, Department of Biological Science, Graduate School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, B2C 4259, Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 226-8501, Japan, The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, PA 19104, USA, Division of Developmental Disability, Misakaenosono Mutsumi Developmental, Medical, and Welfare Center, Konagai-cho Maki 570-1, Isahaya, 859-0169, Japan, Harvey Institute for Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, Greater Baltimore Medical Center, Baltimore, MD 21204, Genomic and Microarray Facility, the Wistar Institute, 3601 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA, Department of Genetics and Genomics Sciences, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA and Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Drexel University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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