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Horita M, Nishida K, Hasei J, Furumatsu T, Sakurai M, Onodera Y, Fukuda K, Salter DM, Ozaki T. Involvement of ADAM12 in Chondrocyte Differentiation by Regulation of TGF-β1-Induced IGF-1 and RUNX-2 Expressions. Calcif Tissue Int 2019; 105:97-106. [PMID: 30993375 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-019-00549-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A disintegrin and metalloproteinase 12 (ADAM12) is known to be involved in chondrocyte proliferation and maturation; however, the mechanisms are not fully understood. In this study, expression and localization of ADAM12 during chondrocyte differentiation were examined in the mouse growth plate by immunohistochemistry. Adam12 expression during ATDC5 chondrogenic differentiation was examined by real-time PCR and compared with the expression pattern of type X collagen. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas9 system was used to generate Adam12-knockout (KO) ATDC5 cells. Adam12-KO and Adam12 overexpressing cells were used for analyses of ADAM12 expression with or without TGF-β1 stimulation. ADAM12 was identified predominantly in chondrocytes of the proliferative zone in mouse growth plates by immunohistochemistry. Adam12 was upregulated prior to Col10a1 during chondrogenic differentiation in wild-type ATDC5 cells. In Adam12-KO ATDC5 cells, following initiation of chondrogenic differentiation, we observed a reduction in Igf-1 expression along with an upregulation of hypertrophy-associated Runx2, Col10a1, and type X collagen protein expressions. In ATDC5 wild-type cells, stimulation with TGF-β1 upregulated the expressions of Adam12 and Igf-1 and downregulated the expression of Runx2. In contrast, in Adam12-KO ATDC5 cells, these TGF-β1-induced changes were suppressed. Adam12 overexpression resulted in an upregulation of Igf-1 and downregulation of Runx2 expression in ATDC5 cells. The findings suggest that ADAM12 has important role in the regulation of chondrocyte differentiation, potentially by regulation of TGF-β1-dependent signaling and that targeting of ADAM12 may have a role in management of abnormal chondrocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Horita
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Nishida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan.
| | - Joe Hasei
- Department of Sports Medicine, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takayuki Furumatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Miwa Sakurai
- Laboratory of Molecular Life Science, Institute of Biomedical Research and Innovation, Foundation for Biomedical Research and Innovation at Kobe (FBRI), Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuta Onodera
- Division of Cell Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kanji Fukuda
- Division of Cell Biology for Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Advanced Clinical Medicine, Kindai University Faculty of Medicine, Osaka, Japan
| | - Donald M Salter
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, IGMM - University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toshifumi Ozaki
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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Wang D, Tan H, Lebaschi AH, Nakagawa Y, Wada S, Donnelly PE, Ying L, Deng XH, Rodeo SA. Kartogenin Enhances Collagen Organization and Mechanical Strength of the Repaired Enthesis in a Murine Model of Rotator Cuff Repair. Arthroscopy 2018; 34:2579-2587. [PMID: 30037570 PMCID: PMC6371391 DOI: 10.1016/j.arthro.2018.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the use of kartogenin (KGN) in augmenting healing of the repaired enthesis after rotator cuff repair in a murine model. METHODS Seventy-two C57BL/6 wild-type mice underwent unilateral detachment and transosseous repair of the supraspinatus tendon augmented with either fibrin sealant (control group; n = 36) or fibrin sealant containing 100 μmol/L of KGN (experimental group; n = 36) applied at the repair site. Postoperatively, mice were allowed free cage activity without immobilization. Mice were humanely killed at 2 and 4 weeks postoperatively. Repair site integrity was evaluated histologically through fibrocartilage formation and collagen fiber organization and biomechanically through load-to-failure testing of the supraspinatus tendon-bone construct. RESULTS At 2 weeks, no differences were noted in percent area of fibrocartilage, collagen organization, or ultimate strength between groups. At 4 weeks, superior collagen fiber organization (based on collagen birefringence [17.3 ± 2.0 vs 7.0 ± 6.5 integrated density/μm2; P < .01]) and higher ultimate failure loads (3.5 ± 0.6 N vs 2.3 ± 1.1 N; P = .04) were seen in the KGN group. The percent area of fibrocartilage (13.2 ± 8.4% vs 4.4 ± 5.4%; P = .04) was higher in the control group compared with the KGN group. CONCLUSIONS Rotator cuff repair augmentation with KGN improved the collagen fiber organization and biomechanical strength of the tendon-bone interface at 4 weeks in a murine model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE These findings have implications for improving the structural integrity of the repaired enthesis and potentially reducing the retear rate after rotator cuff repair, which can ultimately lead to improvements in clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean Wang
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A., Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Hongbo Tan
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Amir H. Lebaschi
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Yusuke Nakagawa
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Susumu Wada
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Patrick E. Donnelly
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Liang Ying
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Xiang-Hua Deng
- Laboratory for Joint Tissue Repair and Regeneration Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
| | - Scott A. Rodeo
- Sports Medicine and Shoulder Service, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, U.S.A
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Sieker JT, Proffen BL, Waller KA, Chin KE, Karamchedu NP, Akelman MR, Perrone GS, Kiapour AM, Konrad J, Fleming BC, Murray MM. Transcriptional profiling of synovium in a porcine model of early post-traumatic osteoarthritis. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:10.1002/jor.23876. [PMID: 29460983 PMCID: PMC6102098 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
To determine the transcriptional profile of synovium during the molecular phase of post-traumatic osteoarthritis, anterior cruciate ligament transections (ACL) were performed in 36 Yucatan minipigs. Equal numbers were randomly assigned to no further treatment, ACL reconstruction or repair. Perimeniscal synovium for histopathology and RNA-sequencing was harvested at 1 and 4 weeks post-operatively and from six healthy control animals. Microscopic synovitis scores significantly worsened at 1 (p < 0.001) and 4 weeks (p = 0.003) post-surgery relative to controls, and were driven by intimal hyperplasia and increased stromal cellularity without inflammatory infiltrates. Synovitis scores were similar between no treatment, reconstruction, and repair groups (p ≥ 0.668). Relative to no treatment at 1 week, 88 and 367 genes were differentially expressed in the reconstruction and repair groups, respectively (227 and 277 at 4 weeks). Relative to controls and with the treatment groups pooled, 1,683 transcripts were concordantly differentially expressed throughout the post-surgery time-course. Affected pathways included, proteolysis_connective tissue degradation (including upregulations of protease-encoding MMP1, MMP13, and ADAMTS4), and development_cartilage development (including upregulations of ACAN, SOX9, and RUNX2), among others. Using linear regression, significant associations of post-surgery synovial expression levels of 20 genes with the articular cartilage glycosaminoglycan loss were identified. These genes were predominantly related to embryonic skeletal system development and included RUNX2. In conclusion, this study confirmed an increased synovial expression of genes that may serve as targets to prevent cartilage degradation, including MMP1, MMP13, and ADAMTS4, in knees with microscopic synovitis and cartilage proteoglycan loss. Attractive novel targets include regulators of embryonic developmental processes in synovium. © 2018 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob T. Sieker
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | | | - Kimberly A. Waller
- Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Kaitlyn E. Chin
- Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Matthew R. Akelman
- Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
| | | | - Ata M. Kiapour
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Johannes Konrad
- Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Braden C. Fleming
- Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI
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Nakamura DS, Hollander JM, Uchimura T, Nielsen HC, Zeng L. Pigment Epithelium-Derived Factor (PEDF) mediates cartilage matrix loss in an age-dependent manner under inflammatory conditions. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2017; 18:39. [PMID: 28122611 PMCID: PMC5264335 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-017-1410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a major cause of cartilage destruction and leads to the imbalance of metabolic activities in the arthritic joint. Pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF) has been reported to have both pro- and anti-inflammatory activities in various cell types and to be upregulated in the arthritic joint, but its role in joint destruction is unclear. Our aim was to investigate the role of PEDF in cartilage degeneration under inflammatory conditions. Methods PEDF was ectopically expressed in primary human articular chondrocytes, and catabolic gene expression and protein secretion in response to the pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) were evaluated. Metatarsal bones from PEDF-deficient and wild type mice were cultured in the presence or absence of IL-1β. Cartilage matrix integrity and matrix metalloproteinases MMP-1, MMP-3, and MMP-13 were evaluated. PEDF-deficient and wild type mice were evaluated in the monosodium iodoacetate (MIA) inflammatory joint destruction animal model to determine the role of PEDF in inflammatory arthritis in vivo. Student’s t-tests and Mann–Whitney tests were employed where appropriate, for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively. Results We showed that PEDF protein levels were higher in human osteoarthritis samples compared to normal samples. We demonstrated that ectopic PEDF expression in primary human articular chondrocytes exacerbated catabolic gene expression in the presence of IL-1β. In whole bone organ cultures, IL-1β induced MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13 protein production, and caused significant cartilage matrix loss. Interestingly, Toluidine Blue staining showed that PEDF-deficient bones from 29 week old animals, but not 10 week old animals, had reduced matrix loss in response to IL-1β compared to their wild type counterparts. In addition, PEDF-deficiency in 29 week old animals preserved matrix integrity and protected against cell loss in the MIA joint destruction model in vivo. Conclusion We conclude that PEDF exacerbates cartilage degeneration in an age-dependent manner under an inflammatory setting. This is the first study identifying a specific role for PEDF in joint inflammation and highlights the multi-faceted activities of PEDF. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12891-017-1410-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy S Nakamura
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Judith M Hollander
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tomoya Uchimura
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heber C Nielsen
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Li Zeng
- Program in Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology, Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Integrative Physiology and Pathobiology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, USA. .,Department of Orthopaedics, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Suppression of Nkx3.2 by phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase signaling regulates cartilage development by modulating chondrocyte hypertrophy. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2389-400. [PMID: 26363466 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) is a key regulator of diverse biological processes including cell proliferation, migration, survival, and differentiation. While a role of PI3K in chondrocyte differentiation has been suggested, its precise mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Here we show that PI3K signaling can down-regulate Nkx3.2 at both mRNA and protein levels in various chondrocyte cultures in vitro. In addition, we have intriguingly found that p85β, not p85α, is specifically employed as a regulatory subunit for PI3K-mediated Nkx3.2 suppression. Furthermore, we found that regulation of Nkx3.2 by PI3K requires Rac1-PAK1, but not Akt, signaling downstream of PI3K. Finally, using embryonic limb bud cultures, ex vivo long bone cultures, and p85β knockout mice, we demonstrated that PI3K-mediated suppression of Nkx3.2 in chondrocytes plays a role in the control of cartilage hypertrophy during skeletal development in vertebrates.
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Kozhemyakina E, Lassar AB, Zelzer E. A pathway to bone: signaling molecules and transcription factors involved in chondrocyte development and maturation. Development 2015; 142:817-31. [PMID: 25715393 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Decades of work have identified the signaling pathways that regulate the differentiation of chondrocytes during bone formation, from their initial induction from mesenchymal progenitor cells to their terminal maturation into hypertrophic chondrocytes. Here, we review how multiple signaling molecules, mechanical signals and morphological cell features are integrated to activate a set of key transcription factors that determine and regulate the genetic program that induces chondrogenesis and chondrocyte differentiation. Moreover, we describe recent findings regarding the roles of several signaling pathways in modulating the proliferation and maturation of chondrocytes in the growth plate, which is the 'engine' of bone elongation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Kozhemyakina
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Building C-Room 305A, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Andrew B Lassar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Building C-Room 305A, 240 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elazar Zelzer
- Weizmann Institute of Science, Department of Molecular Genetics, PO Box 26, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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7
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Chatterjee S, Sivakamasundari V, Yap SP, Kraus P, Kumar V, Xing X, Lim SL, Sng J, Prabhakar S, Lufkin T. In vivo genome-wide analysis of multiple tissues identifies gene regulatory networks, novel functions and downstream regulatory genes for Bapx1 and its co-regulation with Sox9 in the mammalian vertebral column. BMC Genomics 2014; 15:1072. [PMID: 25480362 PMCID: PMC4302147 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-1072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Vertebrate organogenesis is a highly complex process involving sequential cascades of transcription factor activation or repression. Interestingly a single developmental control gene can occasionally be essential for the morphogenesis and differentiation of tissues and organs arising from vastly disparate embryological lineages. Results Here we elucidated the role of the mammalian homeobox gene Bapx1 during the embryogenesis of five distinct organs at E12.5 - vertebral column, spleen, gut, forelimb and hindlimb - using expression profiling of sorted wildtype and mutant cells combined with genome wide binding site analysis. Furthermore we analyzed the development of the vertebral column at the molecular level by combining transcriptional profiling and genome wide binding data for Bapx1 with similarly generated data sets for Sox9 to assemble a detailed gene regulatory network revealing genes previously not reported to be controlled by either of these two transcription factors. Conclusions The gene regulatory network appears to control cell fate decisions and morphogenesis in the vertebral column along with the prevention of premature chondrocyte differentiation thus providing a detailed molecular view of vertebral column development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1072) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Thomas Lufkin
- Department of Biology, Clarkson University, 8 Clarkson Avenue, Potsdam, NY 13699, USA.
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Decker RS, Koyama E, Enomoto-Iwamoto M, Maye P, Rowe D, Zhu S, Schultz PG, Pacifici M. Mouse limb skeletal growth and synovial joint development are coordinately enhanced by Kartogenin. Dev Biol 2014; 395:255-67. [PMID: 25238962 PMCID: PMC4253021 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Limb development requires the coordinated growth of several tissues and structures including long bones, joints and tendons, but the underlying mechanisms are not wholly clear. Recently, we identified a small drug-like molecule - we named Kartogenin (KGN) - that greatly stimulates chondrogenesis in marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and enhances cartilage repair in mouse osteoarthritis (OA) models. To determine whether limb developmental processes are regulated by KGN, we tested its activity on committed preskeletal mesenchymal cells from mouse embryo limb buds and whole limb explants. KGN did stimulate cartilage nodule formation and more strikingly, boosted digit cartilaginous anlaga elongation, synovial joint formation and interzone compaction, tendon maturation as monitored by ScxGFP, and interdigit invagination. To identify mechanisms, we carried out gene expression analyses and found that several genes, including those encoding key signaling proteins, were up-regulated by KGN. Amongst highly up-regulated genes were those encoding hedgehog and TGFβ superfamily members, particularly TFGβ1. The former response was verified by increases in Gli1-LacZ activity and Gli1 mRNA expression. Exogenous TGFβ1 stimulated cartilage nodule formation to levels similar to KGN, and KGN and TGFβ1 both greatly enhanced expression of lubricin/Prg4 in articular superficial zone cells. KGN also strongly increased the cellular levels of phospho-Smads that mediate canonical TGFβ and BMP signaling. Thus, limb development is potently and harmoniously stimulated by KGN. The growth effects of KGN appear to result from its ability to boost several key signaling pathways and in particular TGFβ signaling, working in addition to and/or in concert with the filamin A/CBFβ/RUNX1 pathway we identified previously to orchestrate overall limb development. KGN may thus represent a very powerful tool not only for OA therapy, but also limb regeneration and tissue repair strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah S Decker
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Eiki Koyama
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Motomi Enomoto-Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Peter Maye
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center School of, Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - David Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center School of, Dental Medicine, 263 Farmington Ave, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Shoutian Zhu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research, 11119 North Torrey Pines Road, Suite 100, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter G Schultz
- The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Maurizio Pacifici
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Children׳s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Zhao J, Li S, Trilok S, Tanaka M, Jokubaitis-Jameson V, Wang B, Niwa H, Nakayama N. Small molecule-directed specification of sclerotome-like chondroprogenitors and induction of a somitic chondrogenesis program from embryonic stem cells. Development 2014; 141:3848-58. [PMID: 25294938 PMCID: PMC7055718 DOI: 10.1242/dev.105981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) generate rostral paraxial mesoderm-like progeny in 5-6 days of differentiation induced by Wnt3a and Noggin (Nog). We report that canonical Wnt signaling introduced either by forced expression of activated β-catenin, or the small-molecule inhibitor of Gsk3, CHIR99021, satisfied the need for Wnt3a signaling, and that the small-molecule inhibitor of BMP type I receptors, LDN193189, was able to replace Nog. Mesodermal progeny generated using such small molecules were chondrogenic in vitro, and expressed trunk paraxial mesoderm markers such as Tcf15 and Meox1, and somite markers such as Uncx, but failed to express sclerotome markers such as Pax1. Induction of the osteochondrogenically committed sclerotome from somite requires sonic hedgehog and Nog. Consistently, Pax1 and Bapx1 expression was induced when the isolated paraxial mesodermal progeny were treated with SAG1 (a hedgehog receptor agonist) and LDN193189, then Sox9 expression was induced, leading to cartilaginous nodules and particles in the presence of BMP, indicative of chondrogenesis via sclerotome specification. By contrast, treatment with TGFβ also supported chondrogenesis and stimulated Sox9 expression, but failed to induce the expression of Pax1 and Bapx1. On ectopic transplantation to immunocompromised mice, the cartilage particles developed under either condition became similarly mineralized and formed pieces of bone with marrow. Thus, the use of small molecules led to the effective generation from ESCs of paraxial mesodermal progeny, and to their further differentiation in vitro through sclerotome specification into growth plate-like chondrocytes, a mechanism resembling in vivo somitic chondrogenesis that is not recapitulated with TGFβ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangang Zhao
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Songhui Li
- Australian Stem Cell Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Suprita Trilok
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Makoto Tanaka
- Australian Stem Cell Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - Bei Wang
- Australian Stem Cell Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Hitoshi Niwa
- RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
| | - Naoki Nakayama
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center Medical School at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA Australian Stem Cell Centre, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Abstract
Transcription factor, Nkx3.2, is a member of the NK family of developmental genes and is expressed during embryogenesis in a variety of mammalian model organisms, including chicken and mouse. It was first identified in Drosophila as the Bagpipe (bap) gene, where it has been demonstrated to be essential during formation of the midgut musculature. However, mammalian homolog Nkx3.2 has been shown to play a significant role in axial and limb skeletogenesis; in particular, the human skeletal disease, spondylo-megaepiphyseal-metaphyseal dysplasia (SMMD), is associated with mutations of the Nkx3.2 gene. In this review, we highlight the role of Nkx3.2 during musculoskeletal development, with an emphasis on the factor's role in determining chondrogenic cell fate and its subsequent role in endochondral ossification and chondrocyte survival.
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Kakoi H, Maeda S, Shinohara N, Matsuyama K, Imamura K, Kawamura I, Nagano S, Setoguchi T, Yokouchi M, Ishidou Y, Komiya S. Bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling up-regulates neutral sphingomyelinase 2 to suppress chondrocyte maturation via the Akt protein signaling pathway as a negative feedback mechanism. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:8135-50. [PMID: 24505141 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.509331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although bone morphogenic protein (BMP) signaling promotes chondrogenesis, it is not clear whether BMP-induced chondrocyte maturation is cell-autonomously terminated. Loss of function of Smpd3 in mice results in an increase in mature hypertrophic chondrocytes. Here, we report that in chondrocytes the Runx2-dependent expression of Smpd3 was increased by BMP-2 stimulation. Neutral sphingomyelinase 2 (nSMase2), encoded by the Smpd3 gene, was detected both in prehypertrophic and hypertrophic chondrocytes of mouse embryo bone cartilage. An siRNA for Smpd3, as well as the nSMase inhibitor GW4869, significantly enhanced BMP-2-induced differentiation and maturation of chondrocytes. Conversely, overexpression of Smpd3 or C2-ceramide, which mimics the function of nSMase2, inhibited chondrogenesis. Upon induction of Smpd3 siRNA or GW4869, phosphorylation of both Akt and S6 proteins was increased. The accelerated chondrogenesis induced by Smpd3 silencing was negated by application of the Akt inhibitor MK2206 or the mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor rapamycin. Importantly, in mouse bone culture, GW4869 treatment significantly promoted BMP-2-induced hypertrophic maturation and calcification of chondrocytes, which subsequently was eliminated by C2-ceramide. Smpd3 knockdown decreased the apoptosis of terminally matured ATDC5 chondrocytes, probably as a result of decreased ceramide production. In addition, we found that expression of hyaluronan synthase 2 (Has2) was elevated by a loss of Smpd3, which was restored by MK2206. Indeed, expression of Has2 protein decreased in nSMase2-positive hypertrophic chondrocytes in the bones of mouse embryos. Our data suggest that the Smpd3/nSMase2-ceramide-Akt signaling axis negatively regulates BMP-induced chondrocyte maturation and Has2 expression to control the rate of endochondral ossification as a negative feedback mechanism.
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12
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Deprez PML, Nichane MG, Lengelé BG, Rezsöhazy R, Nyssen-Behets C. Molecular study of a Hoxa2 gain-of-function in chondrogenesis: a model of idiopathic proportionate short stature. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:20386-98. [PMID: 24129174 PMCID: PMC3821620 DOI: 10.3390/ijms141020386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In a previous study using transgenic mice ectopically expressing Hoxa2 during chondrogenesis, we associated the animal phenotype to human idiopathic proportionate short stature. Our analysis showed that this overall size reduction was correlated with a negative influence of Hoxa2 at the first step of endochondral ossification. However, the molecular pathways leading to such phenotype are still unknown. Using protein immunodetection and histological techniques comparing transgenic mice to controls, we show here that the persistent expression of Hoxa2 in chondrogenic territories provokes a general down-regulation of the main factors controlling the differentiation cascade, such as Bapx1, Bmp7, Bmpr1a, Ihh, Msx1, Pax9, Sox6, Sox9 and Wnt5a. These data confirm the impairment of chondrogenic differentiation by Hoxa2 overexpression. They also show a selective effect of Hoxa2 on endochondral ossification processes since Gdf5 and Gdf10, and Bmp4 or PthrP were up-regulated and unmodified, respectively. Since Hoxa2 deregulation in mice induces a proportionate short stature phenotype mimicking human idiopathic conditions, our results give an insight into understanding proportionate short stature pathogenesis by highlighting molecular factors whose combined deregulation may be involved in such a disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre M. L. Deprez
- Ecole de Kinésiologie et Récréologie, Faculté des Sciences de la Santé et Services Communautaires, Université de Moncton, Moncton, NB E1A 3E9, Canada; E-Mail:
| | - Miloud G. Nichane
- Embryologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Animale, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium; E-Mails: (M.G.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Benoît G. Lengelé
- Pôle de Morphologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium; E-Mail:
| | - René Rezsöhazy
- Embryologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire Animale, Institut des Sciences de la Vie, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve 1348, Belgium; E-Mails: (M.G.N.); (R.R.)
| | - Catherine Nyssen-Behets
- Pôle de Morphologie, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Université catholique de Louvain, Brussels 1200, Belgium; E-Mail:
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13
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Zhang Q, Zhou J, Ge H, Cheng B. Tgif1 and SnoN modified chondrocytes or stem cells for tendon-bone insertion regeneration. Med Hypotheses 2013; 81:163-6. [PMID: 23747175 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2013.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Tendon-bone insertion injuries are a common occurrence but rarely heal, despite the many strategies that have been employed. The tendon-bone insertion consists of four types of tissues: tendon, fibrocartilage, mineral fibrocartilage and bone, making it hard to regenerate. The key to reconstructing the tendon enthesis is to rebuild the gradations of cell type, collagen type, mineral content and collagen fiber orientation. Chondrocytes were found to be able to differentiate into tendon and bone tissues upon special stimulation, which offers promise for tendon enthesis regeneration. Tgif1 is a key factor that represses the expression of the cartilage master gene Sox9, which is induced by TGFβs, and changes the expression rate of Sox9 versus Scx, eventually promoting fibrogenesis. SnoN is a key factor that is induced by TGFβs to inhibit the hypertrophy of chondrocytes and therefore bone formation. It appears that the induction of Tgif1 and the repression of SnoN can cause chondrocytes to differentiate into tendon and bone tissues. Moreover, a gradation of the expression levels of Tgif1 and SnoN in chondrocytes may create a gradation of the tissue from tendon to fibrocartilage to bone. Consequently, we propose that a gradation of gene-modified chondrocytes (Tgif1-inducing cells, primary cells, SnoN-repressing cells) or stem cells that arise from a gradation of stimulation (Tgif1 induction and SnoN repression) will aid in the regeneration of the tendon-bone insertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University School of Medcine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Kawamura I, Maeda S, Imamura K, Setoguchi T, Yokouchi M, Ishidou Y, Komiya S. SnoN suppresses maturation of chondrocytes by mediating signal cross-talk between transforming growth factor-β and bone morphogenetic protein pathways. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:29101-13. [PMID: 22767605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.349415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes is a crucial step in endochondral ossification, whereas abnormally accelerated differentiation of hypertrophic chondrocytes in articular cartilage is linked to pathogenesis of osteoarthritis. This cellular process is promoted or inhibited by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) or transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling, respectively, suggesting that these signaling pathways cross-talk during chondrocyte maturation. Here, we demonstrated that expression of Tgfb1 was increased, followed by phosphorylation of Smad2, during BMP-2-induced hypertrophic maturation of ATDC5 chondrocytes. Application of a TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor compound, SB431542, increased the expression of Id1, without affecting the phosphorylation status of Smad1/5/8, indicating that the activated endogenous TGF-β pathway inhibited BMP signaling downstream of the Smad activation step. We searched for TGF-β-inducible effectors that are able to inhibit BMP signaling in ATDC5 cells and identified SnoN. Overexpression of SnoN suppressed the activity of a BMP-responsive luciferase reporter in COS-7 cells as well as expression of Id1 in ATDC5 cells and, subsequently, the expression of Col10a1, a hallmark of hypertrophic chondrocyte maturation. siRNA-mediated loss of SnoN showed opposite effects in BMP-treated ATDC5 cells. In adult mice, we found the highest level of SnoN expression in articular cartilage. Importantly, SnoN was expressed, in combination with phosphorylated Smad2/3, in prehypertrophic chondrocytes in the growth plate of mouse embryo bones and in chondrocytes around the ectopically existing hypertrophic chondrocytes of human osteoarthritis cartilage. Our results indicate that SnoN mediates a negative feedback mechanism evoked by TGF-β to inhibit BMP signaling and, subsequently, hypertrophic maturation of chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Kawamura
- Department of Medical Joint Materials, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima 890-8544, Japan
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15
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Human chondrogenic paraxial mesoderm, directed specification and prospective isolation from pluripotent stem cells. Sci Rep 2012; 2:455. [PMID: 22701159 PMCID: PMC3374161 DOI: 10.1038/srep00455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed specification and prospective isolation of chondrogenic paraxial mesoderm progeny from human pluripotent stem (PS) cells have not yet been achieved. Here we report the successful generation of KDR−PDGFRα+ progeny expressing paraxial mesoderm genes and the mesendoderm reporter MIXL1-GFP in a chemically defined medium containing the canonical WNT signaling activator, BMP-inhibitor, and the Nodal/Activin/TGFβ signaling controller. Isolated (GFP+)KDR−PDGFRα+ mesoderm cells were sensitive to sequential addition of the three chondrogenic factors PDGF, TGFβ and BMP. Under these conditions, the cells showed robust chondrogenic activity in micromass culture, and generated a hyaline-like translucent cartilage particle in serum-free medium. In contrast, both STRO1+ mesenchymal stem/stromal cells from adult human marrow and mesenchymal cells spontaneously arising from hPS cells showed a relatively weaker chondrogenic response in vitro, and formed more of the fibrotic cartilage particles. Thus, hPS cell-derived KDR−PDGFRα+ paraxial mesoderm-like cells have potential in engineered cartilage formation and cartilage repair.
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16
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Ionescu A, Kozhemyakina E, Nicolae C, Kaestner KH, Olsen BR, Lassar AB. FoxA family members are crucial regulators of the hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation program. Dev Cell 2012; 22:927-39. [PMID: 22595668 PMCID: PMC3356573 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During endochondral ossification, small, immature chondrocytes enlarge to form hypertrophic chondrocytes, which express collagen X. In this work, we demonstrate that FoxA factors are induced during chondrogenesis, bind to conserved binding sites in the collagen X enhancer, and can promote the expression of a collagen X-luciferase reporter in both chondrocytes and fibroblasts. In addition, we demonstrate by both gain- and loss-of-function analyses that FoxA factors play a crucial role in driving the expression of both endogenous collagen X and other hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific genes. Mice engineered to lack expression of both FoxA2 and FoxA3 in their chondrocytes display defects in chondrocyte hypertrophy, alkaline phosphatase expression, and mineralization in their sternebrae and, in addition, exhibit postnatal dwarfism that is coupled to significantly decreased expression of both collagen X and MMP13 in their growth plates. Our findings indicate that FoxA family members are crucial regulators of the hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ionescu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School 240 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115
| | - Elena Kozhemyakina
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School 240 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115
| | - Claudia Nicolae
- Department of Developmental Biology Harvard School of Dental Medicine 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Klaus H. Kaestner
- Dept. of Genetics Institute of Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania 3400 Civic Center Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145
| | - Bjorn R. Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology Harvard School of Dental Medicine 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andrew B. Lassar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School 240 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115
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17
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Lian JB, Stein GS, van Wijnen AJ, Stein JL, Hassan MQ, Gaur T, Zhang Y. MicroRNA control of bone formation and homeostasis. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012; 8:212-27. [PMID: 22290358 PMCID: PMC3589914 DOI: 10.1038/nrendo.2011.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) repress cellular protein levels to provide a sophisticated parameter of gene regulation that coordinates a broad spectrum of biological processes. Bone organogenesis is a complex process involving the differentiation and crosstalk of multiple cell types for formation and remodeling of the skeleton. Inhibition of mRNA translation by miRNAs has emerged as an important regulator of developmental osteogenic signaling pathways, osteoblast growth and differentiation, osteoclast-mediated bone resorption activity and bone homeostasis in the adult skeleton. miRNAs control multiple layers of gene regulation for bone development and postnatal functions, from the initial response of stem/progenitor cells to the structural and metabolic activity of the mature tissue. This Review brings into focus an emerging concept of bone-regulating miRNAs, the evidence for which has been gathered largely from in vivo mouse models and in vitro studies in human and mouse skeletal cell populations. Characterization of miRNAs that operate through tissue-specific transcription factors in osteoblast and osteoclast lineage cells, as well as intricate feedforward and reverse loops, has provided novel insights into the supervision of signaling pathways and regulatory networks controlling normal bone formation and turnover. The current knowledge of miRNAs characteristic of human pathologic disorders of the skeleton is presented with a future goal towards translational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane B Lian
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Cell Biology and Cancer Center, 55 Lake Avenue North, Room S3-326, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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18
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Muramatsu K, Ide M, Miyawaki F. Biological Evaluation of Tissue-Engineered Cartilage Using Thermoresponsive Poly(<i>N</i>-isopropylacrylamide)-Grafted Hyaluronan. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2012.31001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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19
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Kamei CN, Kempf H, Yelin R, Daoud G, James RG, Lassar AB, Tabin CJ, Schultheiss TM. Promotion of avian endothelial cell differentiation by GATA transcription factors. Dev Biol 2011; 353:29-37. [PMID: 21354132 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2011.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In the avian embryo, endothelial cells originate from several sources, including the lateral plate and somite mesoderm. In this study, we show that Gata transcription factors are expressed in the lateral plate and in vasculogenic regions of the avian somite and are able to promote a vascular endothelial fate when ectopically expressed in somite precursors. A fusion of GATA4 to the transcriptional activator VP16 promoted endothelium formation, indicating that GATA transcription factors promote vasculogenesis via activation of downstream targets, while a fusion of GATA4 to the transcriptional repressor engrailed repressed expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor 2, a marker of endothelial precursors. These findings indicate a role for GATA transcription factors in the differentiation of the endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caramai N Kamei
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Hartmann C. Transcriptional networks controlling skeletal development. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2009; 19:437-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2009.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2009] [Revised: 09/04/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Hu D, Colnot C, Marcucio RS. Effect of bone morphogenetic protein signaling on development of the jaw skeleton. Dev Dyn 2009; 237:3727-37. [PMID: 18985754 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.21781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) regulate many aspects of development including skeletogenesis. Here, we examined the response of neural crest-derived cells to ectopic BMP signaling by infecting avian embryos with retroviruses encoding Bmp-2 or Bmp-4 at various times of development. Infection at stages 10 and 15 transformed large areas of the skull into cartilage by day 13. At this time cartilage condensations were still forming, which revealed the presence of uncommitted mesenchymal cells. By day 19, hypertrophic chondrocytes were present in the cartilage possibly due to changes in the perichondrium that relieved repression on hypertrophy. While these cells expressed Sox9, Collagen-2, Runx2, Ihh, Noggin, and Collagen-10, cartilage was not replaced by bone. Whether this is an intrinsic property of the skull cartilage, or results from sustained Bmp signaling is not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diane Hu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 04110, USA
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22
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Zhang P, Han D, Tang T, Zhang X, Dai K. The destruction evaluation in different foot joints: new ideas in collagen-induced arthritis rat model. Rheumatol Int 2008; 29:607-13. [PMID: 18982329 DOI: 10.1007/s00296-008-0731-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2008] [Accepted: 09/24/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) has been widely used as the animal model of rheumatoid arthritis since 1977, while till now, no paper has depicted the destruction characteristics in different foot joints. In this study, we observed the differences among the foot joint destruction process of CIA to elucidate further the pathological process of this model. CIA was induced in male Wistar rat immunized with bovine type II collagen and Freund's incomplete adjuvant. Radiological studies were performed 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 months after the second immunization to follow the development of disease. At last, all the animals were killed and histological research was performed. In the histological observation, three main types of joint destructions such as subchondral side erosion, external joint erosion and the cartilaginous fusion of articular cartilage were identified. All these destruction forms exist in one joint or several different joints. Furthermore, we found that tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain-positive cells participated in the destruction of articular cartilage. These new findings showed that in the disease process of the CIA model, different foot joints show different destruction characteristics and cartilaginous fusion of foot joints is another typical pathological characteristic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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23
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Sonic Hedgehog promotes the development of multipotent neural crest progenitors endowed with both mesenchymal and neural potentials. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:19879-84. [PMID: 18077420 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0708806104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In the vertebrate embryo, the cephalic neural crest cells (CNCCs) produce cells belonging to two main lineages: the neural [including neurons, glial cells of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), and melanocytes] and the mesenchymal (chondrocytes, osteoblasts, smooth muscle cells, and connective tissue cells), whereas the trunk NCCs (TNCCs) in amniotes yield only neural derivatives. Although multipotent cells have previously been evidenced by in vitro clonal analysis, the issue as to whether all of the mesenchymal and neural phenotypes can be derived from a unique NC stem cell has remained elusive. In the present work, we devised culture conditions that led us to identify a highly multipotent NCC endowed with both neural and mesenchymal potentials, which lies upstream of all the other NC progenitors known so far. We found that addition of recombinant Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) increased the number of CNCC progenitors yielding both mesenchymal and neural lineages and promoted the development of such precursors from the TNCC. Shh decreased the neural-restricted precursors without affecting the overall CNCC survival and proliferation. By showing a differential positive effect of Shh on the expression of mesenchymal phenotypes (i.e., chondrocytes and smooth muscle cells) by multipotent CNCCs, these results shed insights on the in vivo requirement of Shh for craniofacial morphogenesis. Together with evolutionary considerations, these data also suggest that the mesenchymal-neural precursor represents the ancestral form of the NC stem cell, which in extinct forms of vertebrates (the ostracoderms) was able to yield both the PNS and superficial skeleton.
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