1
|
Torres AK, Fleischhart V, Inestrosa NC. Mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPR mt): what we know thus far. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1405393. [PMID: 38882057 PMCID: PMC11176431 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1405393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are key organelles for the optimal function of the cell. Among their many functions, they maintain protein homeostasis through their own proteostatic machinery, which involves proteases and chaperones that regulate protein import and folding inside mitochondria. In the early 2000s, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) was first described in mammalian cells. This stress response is activated by the accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins within the mitochondrial matrix, which results in the transmission of a signal to the nucleus to increase the expression of proteases and chaperones to address the abnormal mitochondrial protein load. After its discovery, this retrograde signaling pathway has also been described in other organisms of different complexities, suggesting that it is a conserved stress response. Although there are some specific differences among organisms, the mechanism of this stress response is mostly similar and involves the transmission of a signal from mitochondria to the nucleus that induces chromatin remodeling to allow the binding of specific transcription factors to the promoters of chaperones and proteases. In the last decade, proteins and signaling pathways that could be involved in the regulation of the UPRmt, including the Wnt signaling pathway, have been described. This minireview aims to summarize what is known about the mechanism of the UPRmt and its regulation, specifically in mammals and C. elegans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Angie K Torres
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Veronika Fleischhart
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Excelencia en Biomedicina de Magallanes (CEBIMA), Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Magallanes, Punta Arenas, Chile
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abayev-Avraham M, Salzberg Y, Gliksberg D, Oren-Suissa M, Rosenzweig R. DNAJB6 mutants display toxic gain of function through unregulated interaction with Hsp70 chaperones. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7066. [PMID: 37923706 PMCID: PMC10624832 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42735-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular chaperones are essential cellular components that aid in protein folding and preventing the abnormal aggregation of disease-associated proteins. Mutations in one such chaperone, DNAJB6, were identified in patients with LGMDD1, a dominant autosomal disorder characterized by myofibrillar degeneration and accumulations of aggregated protein within myocytes. The molecular mechanisms through which such mutations cause this dysfunction, however, are not well understood. Here we employ a combination of solution NMR and biochemical assays to investigate the structural and functional changes in LGMDD1 mutants of DNAJB6. Surprisingly, we find that DNAJB6 disease mutants show no reduction in their aggregation-prevention activity in vitro, and instead differ structurally from the WT protein, affecting their interaction with Hsp70 chaperones. While WT DNAJB6 contains a helical element regulating its ability to bind and activate Hsp70, in LGMDD1 disease mutants this regulation is disrupted. These variants can thus recruit and hyperactivate Hsp70 chaperones in an unregulated manner, depleting Hsp70 levels in myocytes, and resulting in the disruption of proteostasis. Interfering with DNAJB6-Hsp70 binding, however, reverses the disease phenotype, suggesting future therapeutic avenues for LGMDD1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meital Abayev-Avraham
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Yehuda Salzberg
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Dar Gliksberg
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Meital Oren-Suissa
- Department of Brain Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel
| | - Rina Rosenzweig
- Department of Chemical and Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 761000, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Dhananjay S, Chandhok G, Neumann B. Novel putative interactors of FZO-1/mitofusin 2 identified using large-scale yeast two-hybrid screening in C. elegans. MICROPUBLICATION BIOLOGY 2022; 2022:10.17912/micropub.biology.000674. [PMID: 36530473 PMCID: PMC9756088 DOI: 10.17912/micropub.biology.000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are energy-converting organelles that shift between fusion and fission states in order to perform a variety of essential functions. Disruption of these dynamics is detrimental to cellular health and is associated with a range of human diseases. Mitofusin 2 is an essential large GTPase protein that orchestrates fusion of outer mitochondria membranes, and mutations in the encoding gene are causative for Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. In order to gain further insights into the function of this crucial protein, we have performed large-scale yeast two-hybrid screening to identify interactors of the orthologous protein in Caenorhabditis elegans (FZO-1) . From this screening, we identified 12 novel interactors of FZO-1/mitofusin 2 that, based on their known functions, are strong candidates for further study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samiksha Dhananjay
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia
| | - Gursimran Chandhok
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia.
,
Correspondence to: Gursimran Chandhok (
)
| | - Brent Neumann
- Neuroscience Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Melbourne VIC 3800 Australia.
,
Correspondence to: Brent Neumann (
)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Chen H, Li R, Zhao F, Luan L, Han T, Li Z. Betulinic acid increases lifespan and stress resistance via insulin/IGF-1 signaling pathway in Caenorhabditis elegans. Front Nutr 2022; 9:960239. [PMID: 35967806 PMCID: PMC9372536 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.960239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies reported that betulinic acid (BA), a natural product extracted from birch bark, exhibited various beneficial effects in vitro. However, its pharmacological activities in aging are rarely understood. In this study, Caenorhabditis elegans was deployed as a whole animal model to investigate the impacts of BA on lifespan and stress resistance. Wild-type C. elegans were fed in the presence or absence of BA and tested for a series of phenotypes, including longevity, mobility, reproductive capacity, pharyngeal pumping, heat stress, and oxidative stress. BA at the optimal dose (50 μg/mL) extended the lifespan, improved the healthspan, and significantly evoked the increased oxidative stress resistance in C. elegans. Incorporating the genetic analysis with different types of longevity mutants, DAF-16, the downstream effector of the Insulin/IGF-1 receptor signaling, was revealed to mediate the protective effects of BA on lifespan and antioxidant activity. Together, these data showcased the potential of BA in promoting healthy aging, which shall facilitate its further development in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Chen
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Rongji Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Luan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Jilin Agriculture University, Changchun, China
| | - Tiantian Han
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhong Li
- College of Life Sciences, Changchun Sci-Tech University, Changchun, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xin N, Durieux J, Yang C, Wolff S, Kim HE, Dillin A. The UPRmt preserves mitochondrial import to extend lifespan. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:e202201071. [PMID: 35608535 PMCID: PMC9134095 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202201071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is dedicated to promoting mitochondrial proteostasis and is linked to extreme longevity. The key regulator of this process is the transcription factor ATFS-1, which, upon UPRmt activation, is excluded from the mitochondria and enters the nucleus to regulate UPRmt genes. However, the repair proteins synthesized as a direct result of UPRmt activation must be transported into damaged mitochondria that had previously excluded ATFS-1 owing to reduced import efficiency. To address this conundrum, we analyzed the role of the import machinery when the UPRmt was induced. Using in vitro and in vivo analysis of mitochondrial proteins, we surprisingly find that mitochondrial import increases when the UPRmt is activated in an ATFS-1-dependent manner, despite reduced mitochondrial membrane potential. The import machinery is upregulated, and an intact import machinery is essential for UPRmt-mediated lifespan extension. ATFS-1 has a weak mitochondrial targeting sequence (MTS), allowing for dynamic subcellular localization during the initial stages of UPRmt activation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nan Xin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Department of Integrated Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Jenni Durieux
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Chunxia Yang
- Department of Integrated Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Suzanne Wolff
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
| | - Hyun-Eui Kim
- Department of Integrated Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas, Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Navarro-Hortal MD, Romero-Márquez JM, Osta S, Jiménez-Trigo V, Muñoz-Ollero P, Varela-López A. Natural Bioactive Products and Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology: Lessons from Caenorhabditis elegans Transgenic Models. Diseases 2022; 10:diseases10020028. [PMID: 35645249 PMCID: PMC9149938 DOI: 10.3390/diseases10020028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-dependent, progressive disorder affecting millions of people. Currently, the therapeutics for AD only treat the symptoms. Although they have been used to discover new products of interest for this disease, mammalian models used to investigate the molecular determinants of this disease are often prohibitively expensive, time-consuming and very complex. On the other hand, cell cultures lack the organism complexity involved in AD. Given the highly conserved neurological pathways between mammals and invertebrates, Caenorhabditis elegans has emerged as a powerful tool for the investigation of the pathophysiology of human AD. Numerous models of both Tau- and Aβ-induced toxicity, the two prime components observed to correlate with AD pathology and the ease of performing RNA interference for any gene in the C. elegans genome, allow for the identification of multiple therapeutic targets. The effects of many natural products in main AD hallmarks using these models suggest promising health-promoting effects. However, the way in which they exert such effects is not entirely clear. One of the reasons is that various possible therapeutic targets have not been evaluated in many studies. The present review aims to explore shared therapeutical targets and the potential of each of them for AD treatment or prevention.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rai M, Curley M, Coleman Z, Demontis F. Contribution of proteases to the hallmarks of aging and to age-related neurodegeneration. Aging Cell 2022; 21:e13603. [PMID: 35349763 PMCID: PMC9124314 DOI: 10.1111/acel.13603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein quality control ensures the degradation of damaged and misfolded proteins. Derangement of proteostasis is a primary cause of aging and age-associated diseases. The ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome play key roles in proteostasis but, in addition to these systems, the human genome encodes for ~600 proteases, also known as peptidases. Here, we examine the role of proteases in aging and age-related neurodegeneration. Proteases are present across cell compartments, including the extracellular space, and their substrates encompass cellular constituents, proteins with signaling functions, and misfolded proteins. Proteolytic processing by proteases can lead to changes in the activity and localization of substrates or to their degradation. Proteases cooperate with the autophagy-lysosome and ubiquitin-proteasome systems but also have independent proteolytic roles that impact all hallmarks of cellular aging. Specifically, proteases regulate mitochondrial function, DNA damage repair, cellular senescence, nutrient sensing, stem cell properties and regeneration, protein quality control and stress responses, and intercellular signaling. The capacity of proteases to regulate cellular functions translates into important roles in preserving tissue homeostasis during aging. Consequently, proteases influence the onset and progression of age-related pathologies and are important determinants of health span. Specifically, we examine how certain proteases promote the progression of Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and/or Parkinson's disease whereas other proteases protect from neurodegeneration. Mechanistically, cleavage by proteases can lead to the degradation of a pathogenic protein and hence impede disease pathogenesis. Alternatively, proteases can generate substrate byproducts with increased toxicity, which promote disease progression. Altogether, these studies indicate the importance of proteases in aging and age-related neurodegeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mamta Rai
- Department of Developmental NeurobiologySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Michelle Curley
- Department of Developmental NeurobiologySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Zane Coleman
- Department of Developmental NeurobiologySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| | - Fabio Demontis
- Department of Developmental NeurobiologySt. Jude Children’s Research HospitalMemphisTennesseeUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lifespan Extension of Podospora anserina Mic60-Subcomplex Mutants Depends on Cardiolipin Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094741. [PMID: 35563132 PMCID: PMC9099538 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Function of mitochondria largely depends on a characteristic ultrastructure with typical invaginations, namely the cristae of the inner mitochondrial membrane. The mitochondrial signature phospholipid cardiolipin (CL), the F1Fo-ATP-synthase, and the ‘mitochondrial contact site and cristae organizing system’ (MICOS) complex are involved in this process. Previous studies with Podospora anserina demonstrated that manipulation of MICOS leads to altered cristae structure and prolongs lifespan. While longevity of Mic10-subcomplex mutants is induced by mitohormesis, the underlying mechanism in the Mic60-subcomplex deletion mutants was unclear. Since several studies indicated a connection between MICOS and phospholipid composition, we now analyzed the impact of MICOS on mitochondrial phospholipid metabolism. Data from lipidomic analysis identified alterations in phospholipid profile and acyl composition of CL in Mic60-subcomplex mutants. These changes appear to have beneficial effects on membrane properties and promote longevity. Impairments of CL remodeling in a PaMIC60 ablated mutant lead to a complete abrogation of longevity. This effect is reversed by supplementation of the growth medium with linoleic acid, a fatty acid which allows the formation of tetra-octadecanoyl CL. In the PaMic60 deletion mutant, this CL species appears to lead to longevity. Overall, our data demonstrate a tight connection between MICOS, the regulation of mitochondrial phospholipid homeostasis, and aging of P. anserina.
Collapse
|
9
|
Schmitt F, Babylon L, Dieter F, Eckert GP. Effects of Pesticides on Longevity and Bioenergetics in Invertebrates-The Impact of Polyphenolic Metabolites. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413478. [PMID: 34948274 PMCID: PMC8707434 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmentally hazardous substances such as pesticides are gaining increasing interest in agricultural and nutritional research. This study aims to investigate the impact of these compounds on the healthspan and mitochondrial functions in an invertebrate in vivo model and in vitro in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells, and to investigate the potential of polyphenolic metabolites to compensate for potential impacts. Wild-type nematodes (Caenorhabditis elegans, N2) were treated with pesticides such as pyraclostrobin (Pyr), glyphosate (Gly), or fluopyram (Fluo). The lifespans of the nematodes under heat stress conditions (37 °C) were determined, and the chemotaxis was assayed. Energetic metabolites, including adenosine triphosphate (ATP), lactate, and pyruvate, were analyzed in lysates of nematodes and cells. Genetic expression patterns of several genes associated with lifespan determination and mitochondrial parameters were assessed via qRT-PCR. After incubation with environmentally hazardous substances, nematodes were incubated with a pre-fermented polyphenol mixture (Rechtsregulat®Bio, RR) or protocatechuic acid (PCA) to determine heat stress resistance. Treatment with Pyr, Glyph and Fluo leads to dose-dependently decreased heat stress resistance, which was significantly improved by RR and PCA. The chemotaxes of the nematodes were not affected by pesticides. ATP levels were not significantly altered by the pesticides, except for Pyr, which increased ATP levels after 48 h leads. The gene expression of healthspan and mitochondria-associated genes were diversely affected by the pesticides, while Pyr led to an overall decrease of mRNA levels. Over time, the treatment of nematodes leads to a recovery of the nematodes on the mitochondrial level but not on stress resistance on gene expression. Fermented extracts of fruits and vegetables and phenolic metabolites such as PCA seem to have the potential to recover the vitality of C. elegans after damage caused by pesticides.
Collapse
|
10
|
Yamasaki A, Suzuki M, Funayama T, Moriwaki T, Sakashita T, Kobayashi Y, Zhang-Akiyama QM. High-Dose Irradiation Inhibits Motility and Induces Autophagy in Caenorhabditis elegans. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22189810. [PMID: 34575973 PMCID: PMC8467272 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation damages many cellular components and disrupts cellular functions, and was previously reported to impair locomotion in the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans. However, the response to even higher doses is not clear. First, to investigate the effects of high-dose radiation on the locomotion of C. elegans, we investigated the dose range that reduces whole-body locomotion or leads to death. Irradiation was performed in the range of 0-6 kGy. In the crawling analysis, motility decreased after irradiation in a dose-dependent manner. Exposure to 6 kGy of radiation affected crawling on agar immediately and caused the complete loss of motility. Both γ-rays and carbon-ion beams significantly reduced crawling motility at 3 kGy. Next, swimming in buffer was measured as a motility index to assess the response over time after irradiation and motility similarly decreased. However, swimming partially recovered 6 h after irradiation with 3 kGy of γ-rays. To examine the possibility of a recovery mechanism, in situ GFP reporter assay of the autophagy-related gene lgg-1 was performed. The fluorescence intensity was stronger in the anterior half of the body 7 h after irradiation with 3 kGy of γ-rays. GFP::LGG-1 induction was observed in the pharynx, neurons along the body, and the intestine. Furthermore, worms were exposed to region-specific radiation with carbon-ion microbeams and the trajectory of crawling was measured by image processing. Motility was lower after anterior-half body irradiation than after posterior-half body irradiation. This further supported that the anterior half of the body is important in the locomotory response to radiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Akira Yamasaki
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (A.Y.); (T.M.)
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST-Takasaki), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Michiyo Suzuki
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST-Takasaki), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (Y.K.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (Q.-M.Z.-A.); Tel.: +81-(0)27-346-9114 (M.S.); +81-(0)75-753-4097 (Q.-M.Z.-A.); Fax: +81-(0)27-346-9353 (M.S.); +81-(0)75-753-4087 (Q.-M.Z.-A.)
| | - Tomoo Funayama
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST-Takasaki), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Takahito Moriwaki
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (A.Y.); (T.M.)
- Department of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakashita
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST-Takasaki), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Yasuhiko Kobayashi
- Department of Radiation-Applied Biology Research, Takasaki Advanced Radiation Research Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology (QST-Takasaki), 1233 Watanuki, Takasaki 370-1292, Japan; (T.F.); (T.S.); (Y.K.)
| | - Qiu-Mei Zhang-Akiyama
- Laboratory of Stress Response Biology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan; (A.Y.); (T.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.S.); (Q.-M.Z.-A.); Tel.: +81-(0)27-346-9114 (M.S.); +81-(0)75-753-4097 (Q.-M.Z.-A.); Fax: +81-(0)27-346-9353 (M.S.); +81-(0)75-753-4087 (Q.-M.Z.-A.)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gu LF, Chen JQ, Lin QY, Yang YZ. Roles of mitochondrial unfolded protein response in mammalian stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:737-752. [PMID: 34367475 PMCID: PMC8316864 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrial unfolded protein response (UPRmt) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive mechanism for improving cell survival under mitochondrial stress. Under physiological and pathological conditions, the UPRmt is the key to maintaining intracellular homeostasis and proteostasis. Important roles of the UPRmt have been demonstrated in a variety of cell types and in cell development, metabolism, and immune processes. UPRmt dysfunction leads to a variety of pathologies, including cancer, inflammation, neurodegenerative disease, metabolic disease, and immune disease. Stem cells have a special ability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of somatic cells and have been shown to exist in a variety of tissues. These cells are involved in development, tissue renewal, and some disease processes. Although the roles and regulatory mechanisms of the UPRmt in somatic cells have been widely reported, the roles of the UPRmt in stem cells are not fully understood. The roles and functions of the UPRmt depend on stem cell type. Therefore, this paper summarizes the potential significance of the UPRmt in embryonic stem cells, tissue stem cells, tumor stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. The purpose of this review is to provide new insights into stem cell differentiation and tumor pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Fang Gu
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jia-Qi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Qing-Yin Lin
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yan-Zhou Yang
- Key Laboratory of Fertility Preservation and Maintenance, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics in Ningxia, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medicine, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750001, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China,
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Calculli G, Lee HJ, Shen K, Pham U, Herholz M, Trifunovic A, Dillin A, Vilchez D. Systemic regulation of mitochondria by germline proteostasis prevents protein aggregation in the soma of C. elegans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/26/eabg3012. [PMID: 34172445 PMCID: PMC8232903 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg3012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Protein aggregation causes intracellular changes in neurons, which elicit signals to modulate proteostasis in the periphery. Beyond the nervous system, a fundamental question is whether other organs also communicate their proteostasis status to distal tissues. Here, we examine whether proteostasis of the germ line influences somatic tissues. To this end, we induce aggregation of germline-specific PGL-1 protein in germline stem cells of Caenorhabditis elegans Besides altering the intracellular mitochondrial network of germline cells, PGL-1 aggregation also reduces the mitochondrial content of somatic tissues through long-range Wnt signaling pathway. This process induces the unfolded protein response of the mitochondria in the soma, promoting somatic mitochondrial fragmentation and aggregation of proteins linked with neurodegenerative diseases such as Huntington's and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Thus, the proteostasis status of germline stem cells coordinates mitochondrial networks and protein aggregation through the organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Calculli
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Koning Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Uyen Pham
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marija Herholz
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Trifunovic
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Institute for Mitochondrial Diseases and Aging, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David Vilchez
- Cologne Excellence Cluster for Cellular Stress Responses in Aging-Associated Diseases (CECAD), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Lee SK. Endoplasmic Reticulum Homeostasis and Stress Responses in Caenorhabditis elegans. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR AND SUBCELLULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 59:279-303. [PMID: 34050871 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-67696-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The unfolded protein response (UPR) is an evolutionarily conserved adaptive regulatory pathway that alleviates protein-folding defects in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Physiological demands, environmental perturbations and pathological conditions can cause accumulation of unfolded proteins in the ER and the stress signal is transmitted to the nucleus to turn on a series of genes to respond the challenge. In metazoan, the UPR pathways consisted of IRE1/XBP1, PEK-1 and ATF6, which function in parallel and downstream transcriptional activation triggers the proteostasis networks consisting of molecular chaperones, protein degradation machinery and other stress response pathways ((Labbadia J, Morimoto RI, F1000Prime Rep 6:7, 2014); (Shen X, Ellis RE, Lee K, Annu Rev Biochem 28:893-903, 2014)). The integrated responses act on to resolve the ER stress by increasing protein folding capacity, attenuating ER-loading translation, activating ER-associated proteasomal degradation (ERAD), and regulating IRE1-dependent decay of mRNA (RIDD). Therefore, the effective UPR to internal and external causes is linked to the multiple pathophysiological conditions such as aging, immunity, and neurodegenerative diseases. Recent development in the research of the UPR includes cell-nonautonomous features of the UPR, interplay between the UPR and other stress response pathways, unconventional UPR inducers, and noncanonical UPR independent of the three major branches, originated from multiple cellular and molecular machineries in addition to ER. Caenorhabditis elegans model system has critically contributed to these unprecedented aspects of the ER UPR and broadens the possible therapeutic targets to treat the ER-stress associated human disorders and time-dependent physiological deterioration of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Life Science, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yang X, Wang Y, Wu C, Ling EA. Animal Venom Peptides as a Treasure Trove for New Therapeutics Against Neurodegenerative Disorders. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:4749-4774. [PMID: 30378475 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666181031122438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and cerebral ischemic stroke, impose enormous socio-economic burdens on both patients and health-care systems. However, drugs targeting these diseases remain unsatisfactory, and hence there is an urgent need for the development of novel and potent drug candidates. METHODS Animal toxins exhibit rich diversity in both proteins and peptides, which play vital roles in biomedical drug development. As a molecular tool, animal toxin peptides have not only helped clarify many critical physiological processes but also led to the discovery of novel drugs and clinical therapeutics. RESULTS Recently, toxin peptides identified from venomous animals, e.g. exenatide, ziconotide, Hi1a, and PcTx1 from spider venom, have been shown to block specific ion channels, alleviate inflammation, decrease protein aggregates, regulate glutamate and neurotransmitter levels, and increase neuroprotective factors. CONCLUSION Thus, components of venom hold considerable capacity as drug candidates for the alleviation or reduction of neurodegeneration. This review highlights studies evaluating different animal toxins, especially peptides, as promising therapeutic tools for the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases and disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinwang Yang
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry in Ethnic Medicine Resource, State Ethnic Affairs Commission & Ministry of Education, School of Ethnomedicine and Ethnopharmacy, Yunnan Minzu University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Chunyun Wu
- Department of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, Yunnan, China
| | - Eng-Ang Ling
- Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
de Souza JM, Goncalves BDC, Gomez MV, Vieira LB, Ribeiro FM. Animal Toxins as Therapeutic Tools to Treat Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2018. [PMID: 29527170 PMCID: PMC5829052 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases affect millions of individuals worldwide. So far, no disease-modifying drug is available to treat patients, making the search for effective drugs an urgent need. Neurodegeneration is triggered by the activation of several cellular processes, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial impairment, neuroinflammation, aging, aggregate formation, glutamatergic excitotoxicity, and apoptosis. Therefore, many research groups aim to identify drugs that may inhibit one or more of these events leading to neuronal cell death. Venoms are fruitful natural sources of new molecules, which have been relentlessly enhanced by evolution through natural selection. Several studies indicate that venom components can exhibit selectivity and affinity for a wide variety of targets in mammalian systems. For instance, an expressive number of natural peptides identified in venoms from animals, such as snakes, scorpions, bees, and spiders, were shown to lessen inflammation, regulate glutamate release, modify neurotransmitter levels, block ion channel activation, decrease the number of protein aggregates, and increase the levels of neuroprotective factors. Thus, these venom components hold potential as therapeutic tools to slow or even halt neurodegeneration. However, there are many technological issues to overcome, as venom peptides are hard to obtain and characterize and the amount obtained from natural sources is insufficient to perform all the necessary experiments and tests. Fortunately, technological improvements regarding heterologous protein expression, as well as peptide chemical synthesis will help to provide enough quantities and allow chemical and pharmacological enhancements of these natural occurring compounds. Thus, the main focus of this review is to highlight the most promising studies evaluating animal toxins as therapeutic tools to treat a wide variety of neurodegenerative conditions, including Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, brain ischemia, glaucoma, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and multiple sclerosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M de Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Bruno D C Goncalves
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marcus V Gomez
- Department of Neurotransmitters, Instituto de Ensino e Pesquisa Santa Casa, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Luciene B Vieira
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabiola M Ribeiro
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Amanullah A, Upadhyay A, Joshi V, Mishra R, Jana NR, Mishra A. Progressing neurobiological strategies against proteostasis failure: Challenges in neurodegeneration. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 159:1-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Revised: 06/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
17
|
van der Bliek AM, Sedensky MM, Morgan PG. Cell Biology of the Mitochondrion. Genetics 2017; 207:843-871. [PMID: 29097398 PMCID: PMC5676242 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.117.300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are best known for harboring pathways involved in ATP synthesis through the tricarboxylic acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation. Major advances in understanding these roles were made with Caenorhabditiselegans mutants affecting key components of the metabolic pathways. These mutants have not only helped elucidate some of the intricacies of metabolism pathways, but they have also served as jumping off points for pharmacology, toxicology, and aging studies. The field of mitochondria research has also undergone a renaissance, with the increased appreciation of the role of mitochondria in cell processes other than energy production. Here, we focus on discoveries that were made using C. elegans, with a few excursions into areas that were studied more thoroughly in other organisms, like mitochondrial protein import in yeast. Advances in mitochondrial biogenesis and membrane dynamics were made through the discoveries of novel functions in mitochondrial fission and fusion proteins. Some of these functions were only apparent through the use of diverse model systems, such as C. elegans Studies of stress responses, exemplified by mitophagy and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, have also benefitted greatly from the use of model organisms. Recent developments include the discoveries in C. elegans of cell autonomous and nonautonomous pathways controlling the mitochondrial unfolded protein response, as well as mechanisms for degradation of paternal mitochondria after fertilization. The evolutionary conservation of many, if not all, of these pathways ensures that results obtained with C. elegans are equally applicable to studies of human mitochondria in health and disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M van der Bliek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center and Molecular Biology Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90024
| | - Margaret M Sedensky
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington 98101
| | - Phil G Morgan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Washington and Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Washington 98101
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Abstract
Mitochondria are essential organelles for many aspects of cellular homeostasis, including energy harvesting through oxidative phosphorylation. Alterations of mitochondrial function not only impact on cellular metabolism but also critically influence whole-body metabolism, health, and life span. Diseases defined by mitochondrial dysfunction have expanded from rare monogenic disorders in a strict sense to now also include many common polygenic diseases, including metabolic, cardiovascular, neurodegenerative, and neuromuscular diseases. This has led to an intensive search for new therapeutic and preventive strategies aimed at invigorating mitochondrial function by exploiting key components of mitochondrial biogenesis, redox metabolism, dynamics, mitophagy, and the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. As such, new findings linking mitochondrial function to the progression or outcome of this ever-increasing list of diseases has stimulated the discovery and development of the first true mitochondrial drugs, which are now entering the clinic and are discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Sorrentino
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| | - Keir J Menzies
- Interdisciplinary School of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa Brain and Mind Research Institute and Centre for Neuromuscular Disease, Ottawa K1H 8M5, Canada;
| | - Johan Auwerx
- Laboratory of Integrative and Systems Physiology, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland;
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Kim HE, Grant AR, Simic MS, Kohnz RA, Nomura DK, Durieux J, Riera CE, Sanchez M, Kapernick E, Wolff S, Dillin A. Lipid Biosynthesis Coordinates a Mitochondrial-to-Cytosolic Stress Response. Cell 2016; 166:1539-1552.e16. [PMID: 27610574 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Defects in mitochondrial metabolism have been increasingly linked with age-onset protein-misfolding diseases such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's. In response to protein-folding stress, compartment-specific unfolded protein responses (UPRs) within the ER, mitochondria, and cytosol work in parallel to ensure cellular protein homeostasis. While perturbation of individual compartments can make other compartments more susceptible to protein stress, the cellular conditions that trigger cross-communication between the individual UPRs remain poorly understood. We have uncovered a conserved, robust mechanism linking mitochondrial protein homeostasis and the cytosolic folding environment through changes in lipid homeostasis. Metabolic restructuring caused by mitochondrial stress or small-molecule activators trigger changes in gene expression coordinated uniquely by both the mitochondrial and cytosolic UPRs, protecting the cell from disease-associated proteins. Our data suggest an intricate and unique system of communication between UPRs in response to metabolic changes that could unveil new targets for diseases of protein misfolding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Eui Kim
- Glenn Center for Research on Aging, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Ana Rodrigues Grant
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Milos S Simic
- Glenn Center for Research on Aging, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rebecca A Kohnz
- Departments of Chemistry and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Daniel K Nomura
- Departments of Chemistry and Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jenni Durieux
- Glenn Center for Research on Aging, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Celine E Riera
- Glenn Center for Research on Aging, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Melissa Sanchez
- Glenn Center for Research on Aging, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Erik Kapernick
- Glenn Center for Research on Aging, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Suzanne Wolff
- Glenn Center for Research on Aging, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Glenn Center for Research on Aging, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Xiang Y, Zhang J, Li H, Wang Q, Xiao L, Weng H, Zhou X, Ma CW, Ma F, Hu M, Huang Z. Epimedium Polysaccharide Alleviates Polyglutamine-Induced Neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans by Reducing Oxidative Stress. Rejuvenation Res 2016; 20:32-41. [PMID: 27222166 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2016.1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Epimedium has been traditionally used to treat a variety of medical conditions, including neurological disorders. In this study, an acidic polysaccharide EbPS-A1 is isolated from Epimedium brevicornum and found to contain mainly galacturonic acid, galactose, and rhamnose but also arabinose and glucuronic acid. Using Caenorhabditis elegans models, we show that EbPS-A1 is capable of inhibiting behavioral dysfunction mediated by polyglutamine (polyQ), which is implicated in several neurodegenerative disorders such as Huntington's disease. Interestingly, EbPS-A1 does not inhibit polyQ aggregation or extend lifespan in the nematodes; it does, however, improve the survival under increased oxidative stress of both polyQ and wild-type nematodes intoxicated by paraquat. Further studies reveal that EbPS-A1 is capable of not only scavenging free radicals in vitro but also reducing reactive oxygen species levels, enhancing antioxidant enzyme activities, and decreasing lipid peroxidation product in C. elegans models. Together, these results suggest that the protective effect of Epimedium polysaccharide against polyQ-mediated neurotoxicity is likely due to its antioxidant function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Xiang
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
- 2 Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Ju Zhang
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
- 2 Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Haifeng Li
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
- 2 Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiangqiang Wang
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
- 3 Research & Development Center , Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingyun Xiao
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
- 3 Research & Development Center , Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Huandi Weng
- 2 Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China
- 4 Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobin Zhou
- 2 Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China
- 4 Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Chung Wah Ma
- 3 Research & Development Center , Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangli Ma
- 3 Research & Development Center , Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghua Hu
- 3 Research & Development Center , Infinitus (China) Company Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zebo Huang
- 1 School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University , Wuhan, China
- 2 Center for Bioresources & Drug Discovery and School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China
- 4 Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Biotechnology Drug Candidates, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University , Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Taferner A, Pircher H, Koziel R, von Grafenstein S, Baraldo G, Palikaras K, Liedl KR, Tavernarakis N, Jansen-Dürr P. FAH domain containing protein 1 (FAHD-1) is required for mitochondrial function and locomotion activity in C. elegans. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0134161. [PMID: 26266933 PMCID: PMC4534308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0134161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (FAH) protein superfamily of metabolic enzymes comprises a diverse set of enzymatic functions, including ß-diketone hydrolases, decarboxylases, and isomerases. Of note, the FAH superfamily includes many prokaryotic members with very distinct functions that lack homologs in eukaryotes. A prokaryotic member of the FAH superfamily, referred to as Cg1458, was shown to encode a soluble oxaloacetate decarboxylase (ODx). Based on sequence homologies to Cg1458, we recently identified human FAH domain containing protein-1 (FAHD1) as the first eukaryotic oxaloacetate decarboxylase. The physiological functions of ODx in eukaryotes remain unclear. Here we have probed the function of fahd-1, the nematode homolog of FAHD1, in the context of an intact organism. We found that mutation of fahd-1 resulted in reduced brood size, a deregulation of the egg laying process and a severe locomotion deficit, characterized by a reduced frequency of body bends, reduced exploratory movements and reduced performance in an endurance exercise test. Notably, mitochondrial function was altered in the fahd-1(tm5005) mutant strain, as shown by a reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential and a reduced oxygen consumption of fahd-1(tm5005) animals. Mitochondrial dysfunction was accompanied by lifespan extension in worms grown at elevated temperature; however, unlike in mutant worms with a defect in the electron transport chain, the mitochondrial unfolded protein response was not upregulated in worms upon inactivation of fahd-1. Together these data establish a role of fahd-1 to maintain mitochondrial function and consequently physical activity in nematodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Taferner
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Haymo Pircher
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rafal Koziel
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Susanne von Grafenstein
- Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80–82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giorgia Baraldo
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Konstantinos Palikaras
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Klaus R. Liedl
- Institute for General, Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 80–82, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nektarios Tavernarakis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Pidder Jansen-Dürr
- Institute for Biomedical Aging Research and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), Universität Innsbruck, Rennweg 10, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Pattabiraman S, Kaganovich D. Imperfect asymmetry: The mechanism governing asymmetric partitioning of damaged cellular components during mitosis. BIOARCHITECTURE 2015; 4:203-9. [PMID: 25941938 DOI: 10.1080/19490992.2015.1014213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Aging is universally associated with organism-wide dysfunction and a decline in cellular fitness. From early development onwards, the efficiency of self-repair, energy production, and homeostasis all decrease. Due to the multiplicity of systems that undergo agingrelated decline, the mechanistic basis of organismal aging has been difficult to pinpoint. At the cellular level, however, recent work has provided important insight. Cellular aging is associated with the accumulation of several types of damage, in particular damage to the proteome and organelles. Groundbreaking studies have shown that replicative aging is the result of a rejuvenation mechanism that prevents the inheritance of damaged components during division, thereby confining the effects of aging to specific cells, while removing damage from others. Asymmetric inheritance of misfolded and aggregated proteins, as well as reduced mitochondria, has been shown in yeast. Until recently, however, it was not clear whether a similar mechanism operates in mammalian cells, which were thought to mostly divide symmetrically. Our group has recently shown that vimentin establishes mitotic polarity in immortalized mammalian cells, and mediates asymmetric partitioning of multiple factors through direct interaction. These findings prompt a provocative hypothesis: that intermediate filaments serve as asymmetric partitioning modules or "sponges" that, when expressed prior to mitosis, can "clean" emerging cells of the damage they have accumulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sundararaghavan Pattabiraman
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology ; Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences; Hebrew University of Jerusalem ; Jerusalem , Israel
| | - Daniel Kaganovich
- a Department of Cell and Developmental Biology ; Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences; Hebrew University of Jerusalem ; Jerusalem , Israel
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Diomede L, Rognoni P, Lavatelli F, Romeo M, di Fonzo A, Foray C, Fiordaliso F, Palladini G, Valentini V, Perfetti V, Salmona M, Merlini G. Investigating heart-specific toxicity of amyloidogenic immunoglobulin light chains: A lesson from C. elegans. WORM 2014; 3:e965590. [PMID: 26430549 DOI: 10.4161/21624046.2014.965590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Abnormalities in protein folding are involved in many localized and systemic diseases, all of which are characterized by insoluble amyloid formation and deposition. In immunoglobulin light chain (LC) amyloidosis, the most frequent systemic form of amyloidosis, the amyloid involvement of the heart dictates the prognosis and the elucidation of the mechanism of heart targeting and toxicity is essential for designing and testing new effective treatments. To this end, the availability of an appropriate animal model is crucial. We recently described the use of C. elegans as an innovative experimental system to investigate in vivo the pathogenic effects of monoclonal LC. This idea stems from the knowledge that the worm's pharynx is an "ancestral heart" with the additional ability to recognize stressor compounds. The feeding of worms with LC purified from patients suffering from cardiomyopathy, selectively and permanently impaired the pharyngeal function. This irreversible damage resulted in time, in a significant reduction in the lifespan of worms. We also reported that the ability of LC to generate reactive oxygen species was associated with their toxic effects and was counteracted by anti-oxidant compounds. This new nematode-based assay represents a promising model for elucidating the heart-specific toxicity of LC and for a rapid screening of new therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Diomede
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" ; Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Rognoni
- Amyloid Research and Treatment Center; Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo ; Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesca Lavatelli
- Amyloid Research and Treatment Center; Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo ; Pavia, Italy
| | - Margherita Romeo
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" ; Milan, Italy
| | - Andrea di Fonzo
- Amyloid Research and Treatment Center; Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo ; Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudia Foray
- Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Research; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" ; Milano, Italy
| | - Fabio Fiordaliso
- Bio-imaging Unit, Department of Cardiovascular Research; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" ; Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Palladini
- Amyloid Research and Treatment Center; Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo ; Pavia, Italy ; Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Pavia ; Pavia, Italy
| | - Veronica Valentini
- Amyloid Research and Treatment Center; Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo ; Pavia, Italy
| | - Vittorio Perfetti
- Medical Oncology Unit; Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo ; Pavia, Italy
| | - Mario Salmona
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Pharmacology; IRCCS-Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche "Mario Negri" ; Milan, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Merlini
- Amyloid Research and Treatment Center; Foundation IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo ; Pavia, Italy ; Department of Molecular Medicine; University of Pavia ; Pavia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Protein folding and misfolding in the neurodegenerative disorders: a review. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2014; 170:151-61. [PMID: 24613386 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2013.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Protein misfolding is an intrinsic aspect of normal folding within the complex cellular environment. Its effects are minimized in living system by the action of a range of protective mechanisms including molecular chaperones and quality control systems. According to the current growing research, protein misfolding is a recognized key feature of most neurodegenerative diseases. Extensive biochemical, neuropathological, and genetic evidence suggest that the cerebral accumulation of amyloid fibrils is the central event in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. In the first part of this review we have discussed the general course of action of folding and misfolding of the proteins. Later part of this review gives an outline regarding the role of protein misfolding in the molecular and cellular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's and Parkinson along with their treatment possibilities. Finally, we have mentioned about the recent findings in neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Axons of the mammalian CNS lose the ability to regenerate soon after development due to both an inhibitory CNS environment and the loss of cell-intrinsic factors necessary for regeneration. The complex molecular events required for robust regeneration of mature neurons are not fully understood, particularly in vivo. To identify genes affecting axon regeneration in Caenorhabditis elegans, we performed both an RNAi-based screen for defective motor axon regeneration in unc-70/β-spectrin mutants and a candidate gene screen. From these screens, we identified at least 50 conserved genes with growth-promoting or growth-inhibiting functions. Through our analysis of mutants, we shed new light on certain aspects of regeneration, including the role of β-spectrin and membrane dynamics, the antagonistic activity of MAP kinase signaling pathways, and the role of stress in promoting axon regeneration. Many gene candidates had not previously been associated with axon regeneration and implicate new pathways of interest for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
26
|
Liang V, Ullrich M, Lam H, Chew YL, Banister S, Song X, Zaw T, Kassiou M, Götz J, Nicholas HR. Altered proteostasis in aging and heat shock response in C. elegans revealed by analysis of the global and de novo synthesized proteome. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:3339-61. [PMID: 24458371 PMCID: PMC4131143 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1558-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Protein misfolding and aggregation as a consequence of impaired protein homeostasis (proteostasis) not only characterizes numerous age-related diseases but also the aging process itself. Functionally related to the aging process are, among others, ribosomal proteins, suggesting an intimate link between proteostasis and aging. We determined by iTRAQ quantitative proteomic analysis in C. elegans how the proteome changes with age and in response to heat shock. Levels of ribosomal proteins and mitochondrial chaperones were decreased in aged animals, supporting the notion that proteostasis is altered during aging. Mitochondrial enzymes of the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport chain were also reduced, consistent with an age-associated energy impairment. Moreover, we observed an age-associated decline in the heat shock response. In order to determine how protein synthesis is altered in aging and in response to heat shock, we complemented our global analysis by determining the de novo proteome. For that, we established a novel method that enables both the visualization and identification of de novo synthesized proteins, by incorporating the non-canonical methionine analogue, azidohomoalanine (AHA), into the nascent polypeptides, followed by reacting the azide group of AHA by ‘click chemistry’ with an alkyne-labeled tag. Our analysis of AHA-tagged peptides demonstrated that the decreased abundance of, for example, ribosomal proteins in aged animals is not solely due to degradation but also reflects a relative decrease in their synthesis. Interestingly, although the net rate of protein synthesis is reduced in aged animals, our analyses indicate that the synthesis of certain proteins such as the vitellogenins increases with age.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Liang
- Brain and Mind Research Institute, University of Sydney, Camperdown, 2050, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Muñoz-Lobato F, Rodríguez-Palero MJ, Naranjo-Galindo FJ, Shephard F, Gaffney CJ, Szewczyk NJ, Hamamichi S, Caldwell KA, Caldwell GA, Link CD, Miranda-Vizuete A. Protective role of DNJ-27/ERdj5 in Caenorhabditis elegans models of human neurodegenerative diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 20:217-35. [PMID: 23641861 PMCID: PMC3887457 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2012.5051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cells have developed quality control systems for protection against proteotoxicity. Misfolded and aggregation-prone proteins, which are behind the initiation and progression of many neurodegenerative diseases (ND), are known to challenge the proteostasis network of the cells. We aimed to explore the role of DNJ-27/ERdj5, an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident thioredoxin protein required as a disulfide reductase for the degradation of misfolded proteins, in well-established Caenorhabditis elegans models of Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington diseases. RESULTS We demonstrate that DNJ-27 is an ER luminal protein and that its expression is induced upon ER stress via IRE-1/XBP-1. When dnj-27 expression is downregulated by RNA interference we find an increase in the aggregation and associated pathological phenotypes (paralysis and motility impairment) caused by human β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), α-synuclein (α-syn) and polyglutamine (polyQ) proteins. In turn, DNJ-27 overexpression ameliorates these deleterious phenotypes. Surprisingly, despite being an ER-resident protein, we show that dnj-27 downregulation alters cytoplasmic protein homeostasis and causes mitochondrial fragmentation. We further demonstrate that DNJ-27 overexpression substantially protects against the mitochondrial fragmentation caused by human Aβ and α-syn peptides in these worm models. INNOVATION We identify C. elegans dnj-27 as a novel protective gene for the toxicity associated with the expression of human Aβ, α-syn and polyQ proteins, implying a protective role of ERdj5 in Alzheimer, Parkinson and Huntington diseases. CONCLUSION Our data support a scenario where the levels of DNJ-27/ERdj5 in the ER impact cytoplasmic protein homeostasis and the integrity of the mitochondrial network which might underlie its protective effects in models of proteotoxicity associated to human ND.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Muñoz-Lobato
- 1 Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC), Depto. de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide , Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hanover JA, Wang P. O-GlcNAc cycling shows neuroprotective potential in C. elegans models of neurodegenerative disease. WORM 2013; 2:e27043. [PMID: 24744983 DOI: 10.4161/worm.27043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
C. elegans has proven to be an excellent organism in which to model human neurodegenerative disease.(1) (-) (7) The worm's simple nervous system, lineage, and neural maps, easily scored movement phenotypes, and robust forward and reverse genetics make it optimal for studying age-dependent processes on a reasonable time scale. A popular approach has been the introduction of transgenes expressing GFP-tagged proteotoxic human proteins into neurons leading to visible aggregation or movement phenotypes.(2) (,) (4) (,) (6) (,) (8) (-) (13) In addition, the maintenance of proteostasis networks has been extensively studied using the power of worm genetics.(8) (-) (13) These networks include genes involved in insulin-like signaling, the heat shock response, the response to hypoxia, and mTOR and AMPK pathways linked to aging.(14) Another pathway with suggestive links to neurodegeneration is the O-GlcNAc cycling pathway, a nutrient-dependent post-translational modification known to be altered in brains from patients with Alzheimer disease.(15) (-) (19) In this commentary, we summarize our recent findings showing that viable mutants of O-GlcNAc cycling in C. elegans dramatically alter the neurotoxicity of four distinct C. elegans models of neurodegenerative disease.(7) Mutants in O-GlcNAc cycling alter the toxicity of mutant tau, polyglutamine expansion reporters, and amyloid β-peptide. The findings further suggest that O-GlcNAc cycling acts at many steps in the lifecycle of aggregation-prone targets. The C. elegans system is likely to continue to provide insights into this complex problem. The involvement of O-GlcNAc cycling in the maintenance of proteostasis raises the possibility of targeting the enzymes catalyzing this critical post-translational modification for therapeutic intervention.
Collapse
|
29
|
Nagpal J, Tan JL, Truscott KN, Heras B, Dougan DA. Control of protein function through regulated protein degradation: biotechnological and biomedical applications. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 23:335-44. [PMID: 23920496 DOI: 10.1159/000352043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation is crucial for the correct function and maintenance of a cell. In bacteria, this process is largely performed by a handful of ATP-dependent machines, which generally consist of two components - an unfoldase and a peptidase. In some cases, however, substrate recognition by the protease may be regulated by specialized delivery factors (known as adaptor proteins). Our detailed understanding of how these machines are regulated to prevent uncontrolled degradation within a cell has permitted the identification of novel antimicrobials that dysregulate these machines, as well as the development of tunable degradation systems that have applications in biotechnology. Here, we focus on the physiological role of the ClpP peptidase in bacteria, its role as a novel antibiotic target and the use of protein degradation as a biotechnological approach to artificially control the expression levels of a protein of interest.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotsna Nagpal
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science LIMS, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Novel approaches for studying amyloidogenic peptides/proteins. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2013; 13:797-801. [PMID: 23742923 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A growing number of important human diseases are associated with the aggregation and deposition of incorrectly folded proteins in the form of highly structured amyloid fibrils. The aggregation process involves the formation of intermediate oligomeric assemblies with toxic properties. There are many commonalities among the different amyloid diseases, that is, similarities in structural features of amyloid fibrils or determinants of oligomer toxicity. Thus, a better knowledge of the general mechanisms of protein aggregation, the characterization of the aggregate's toxicity, and the identification of compounds interfering with these processes, may help for developing therapeutic strategies for different diseases. A variety of analytical methods are currently applied for these purposes. Here we focus on new applications of consolidated technologies which allow one to obtain informative data in a rapid and convenient manner. In particular, we discuss new applications of Surface Plasmon Resonance to study fibril elongation and to specifically recognize oligomers, as well as to screen for ligands of aggregated species and inhibitors of oligomer formation. We also review new advances in the use of wild-type or transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans as suitable in vivo models for the rapid and relatively inexpensive analysis of oligomer toxicity and for testing putative antagonists against this toxicity.
Collapse
|
31
|
Eckley DM, Rahimi S, Mantilla S, Orlov NV, Coletta CE, Wilson MA, Iser WB, Delaney JD, Zhang Y, Wood W, Becker KG, Wolkow CA, Goldberg IG. Molecular characterization of the transition to mid-life in Caenorhabditis elegans. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:689-703. [PMID: 22610697 PMCID: PMC3636400 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9401-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We present an initial molecular characterization of a morphological transition between two early aging states. In previous work, an age score reflecting physiological age was developed using a machine classifier trained on images of worm populations at fixed chronological ages throughout their lifespan. The distribution of age scores identified three stable post-developmental states and transitions. The first transition occurs at day 5 post-hatching, where a significant percentage of the population exists in both state I and state II. The temperature dependence of the timing of this transition (Q 10 ~ 1.17) is too low to be explained by a stepwise process with an enzymatic or chemical rate-limiting step, potentially implicating a more complex mechanism. Individual animals at day 5 were sorted into state I and state II groups using the machine classifier and analyzed by microarray expression profiling. Despite being isogenic, grown for the same amount of time, and indistinguishable by eye, these two morphological states were confirmed to be molecularly distinct by hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis of the microarray results. These molecular differences suggest that pharynx morphology reflects the aging state of the whole organism. Our expression profiling yielded a gene set that showed significant overlap with those from three previous age-related studies and identified several genes not previously implicated in aging. A highly represented group of genes unique to this study is involved in targeted ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, including Skp1-related (SKR), F-box-containing, and BTB motif adaptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D. Mark Eckley
- />Image Informatics and Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Salim Rahimi
- />Image Informatics and Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sandra Mantilla
- />Image Informatics and Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Nikita V. Orlov
- />Image Informatics and Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Christopher E. Coletta
- />Image Informatics and Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Mark A. Wilson
- />Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Wendy B. Iser
- />Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John D. Delaney
- />Image Informatics and Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Yongqing Zhang
- />Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Central Laboratory Service Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - William Wood
- />Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Central Laboratory Service Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kevin G. Becker
- />Gene Expression and Genomics Unit, Central Laboratory Service Section, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Catherine A. Wolkow
- />Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Ilya G. Goldberg
- />Image Informatics and Computational Biology Unit, Laboratory of Genetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD USA
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Bacteria are frequently exposed to changes in environmental conditions, such as fluctuations in temperature, pH or the availability of nutrients. These assaults can be detrimental to cell as they often result in a proteotoxic stress, which can cause the accumulation of unfolded proteins. In order to restore a productive folding environment in the cell, bacteria have evolved a network of proteins, known as the protein quality control (PQC) network, which is composed of both chaperones and AAA+ proteases. These AAA+ proteases form a major part of this PQC network, as they are responsible for the removal of unwanted and damaged proteins. They also play an important role in the turnover of specific regulatory or tagged proteins. In this review, we describe the general features of an AAA+ protease, and using two of the best-characterised AAA+ proteases in Escherichia coli (ClpAP and ClpXP) as a model for all AAA+ proteases, we provide a detailed mechanistic description of how these machines work. Specifically, the review examines the physiological role of these machines, as well as the substrates and the adaptor proteins that modulate their substrate specificity.
Collapse
|
33
|
Perney NM, Braddick L, Jurna M, Garbacik ET, Offerhaus HL, Serpell LC, Blanch E, Holden-Dye L, Brocklesby WS, Melvin T. Polyglutamine aggregate structure in vitro and in vivo; new avenues for coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40536. [PMID: 22911702 PMCID: PMC3401212 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/11/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy is applied for the first time for the evaluation of the protein secondary structure of polyglutamine (polyQ) aggregates in vivo. Our approach demonstrates the potential for translating information about protein structure that has been obtained in vitro by X-ray diffraction into a microscopy technique that allows the same protein structure to be detected in vivo. For these studies, fibres of polyQ containing peptides (D2Q15K2) were assembled in vitro and examined by electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction methods; the fibril structure was shown to be cross β-sheet. The same polyQ fibres were evaluated by Raman spectroscopy and this further confirmed the β-sheet structure, but indicated that the structure is highly rigid, as indicated by the strong Amide I signal at 1659 cm−1. CARS spectra were simulated using the Raman spectrum taking into account potential non-resonant contributions, providing evidence that the Amide I signal remains strong, but slightly shifted to lower wavenumbers. Combined CARS (1657 cm−1) and multi-photon fluorescence microscopy of chimeric fusions of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) with polyQ (Q40) expressed in the body wall muscle cells of Caenorhabditis elegans nematodes (1 day old adult hermaphrodites) revealed diffuse and foci patterns of Q40-YFP that were both fluorescent and exhibited stronger CARS (1657 cm−1) signals than in surrounding tissues at the resonance for the cross β-sheet polyQ in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas M. Perney
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lucy Braddick
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Jurna
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Erik T. Garbacik
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Herman L. Offerhaus
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Louise C. Serpell
- School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Falmer, Sussex, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan Blanch
- Faculty of Life Sciences and Manchester Interdisciplinary Biocentre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - William S. Brocklesby
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Tracy Melvin
- Optoelectronics Research Centre, University of Southampton, Highfield, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Lowth BR, Kirstein-Miles J, Saiyed T, Brötz-Oesterhelt H, Morimoto RI, Truscott KN, Dougan DA. Substrate recognition and processing by a Walker B mutant of the human mitochondrial AAA+ protein CLPX. J Struct Biol 2012; 179:193-201. [PMID: 22710082 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial matrix of mammalian cells contains several different ATP-dependent proteases, including CLPXP, some of which contribute to protein maturation and quality control. Currently however, the substrates and the physiological roles of mitochondrial CLPXP in humans, has remained elusive. Similarly, the mechanism by which these ATP-dependent proteases recognize their substrates currently remains unclear. Here we report the characterization of a Walker B mutation in human CLPX, in which the highly conserved glutamate was replaced with alanine. This mutant protein exhibits improved interaction with the model unfolded substrate casein and several putative physiological substrates in vitro. Although this mutant lacks ATPase activity, it retains the ability to mediate casein degradation by hCLPP, in a fashion similar to the small molecule ClpP-activator, ADEP. Our functional dissection of hCLPX structure, also identified that most model substrates are recognized by the N-terminal domain, although some substrates bypass this step and dock, directly to the pore-1 motif. Collectively these data reveal, that despite the difference between bacterial and human CLPXP complexes, human CLPXP exhibits a similar mode of substrate recognition and is deregulated by ADEPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R Lowth
- Department of Biochemistry, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Cacho-Valadez B, Muñoz-Lobato F, Pedrajas JR, Cabello J, Fierro-González JC, Navas P, Swoboda P, Link CD, Miranda-Vizuete A. The characterization of the Caenorhabditis elegans mitochondrial thioredoxin system uncovers an unexpected protective role of thioredoxin reductase 2 in β-amyloid peptide toxicity. Antioxid Redox Signal 2012; 16:1384-400. [PMID: 22220943 PMCID: PMC3329951 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2011.4265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Functional in vivo studies on the mitochondrial thioredoxin system are hampered by the embryonic or larval lethal phenotypes displayed by murine or Drosophila knock-out models. Thus, the access to alternative metazoan knock-out models for the mitochondrial thioredoxin system is of critical importance. RESULTS We report here the characterization of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system of Caenorhabditis elegans that is composed of the genes trx-2 and trxr-2. We demonstrate that the proteins thioredoxin 2 (TRX-2) and thioredoxin reductase 2 (TRXR-2) localize to the mitochondria of several cells and tissues of the nematode and that trx-2 and trxr-2 are upregulated upon induction of the mitochondrial unfolded protein response. Surprisingly, C. elegans trx-2 (lof ) and trxr-2 (null) single and double mutants are viable and display similar growth rates as wild-type controls. Moreover, the lack of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system does not affect longevity, reactive oxygen species production or the apoptotic program. Interestingly, we found a protective role of TRXR-2 in a transgenic nematode model of Alzheimer's disease (AD) that expresses human β-amyloid peptide and causes an age-dependent progressive paralysis. Hence, trxr-2 downregulation enhanced the paralysis phenotype, while a strong decrease of β-amyloid peptide and amyloid deposits occurred when TRXR-2 was overexpressed. INNOVATION C. elegans provides the first viable metazoan knock-out model for the mitochondrial thioredoxin system and identifies a novel role of this system in β-amyloid peptide toxicity and AD. CONCLUSION The nematode strains characterized in this work make C. elegans an ideal model organism to study the pathophysiology of the mitochondrial thioredoxin system at the level of a complete organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Briseida Cacho-Valadez
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo (CABD-CSIC), Depto. de Fisiología, Anatomía y Biología Celular, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Lindquist SL, Kelly JW. Chemical and biological approaches for adapting proteostasis to ameliorate protein misfolding and aggregation diseases: progress and prognosis. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2011; 3:a004507. [PMID: 21900404 PMCID: PMC3225948 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a004507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the proteome to preserve the health of an organism in the face of developmental changes, environmental insults, infectious diseases, and rigors of aging is a formidable task. The challenge is magnified by the inheritance of mutations that render individual proteins subject to misfolding and/or aggregation. Maintenance of the proteome requires the orchestration of protein synthesis, folding, degradation, and trafficking by highly conserved/deeply integrated cellular networks. In humans, no less than 2000 genes are involved. Stress sensors detect the misfolding and aggregation of proteins in specific organelles and respond by activating stress-responsive signaling pathways. These culminate in transcriptional and posttranscriptional programs that up-regulate the homeostatic mechanisms unique to that organelle. Proteostasis is also strongly influenced by the general properties of protein folding that are intrinsic to every proteome. These include the kinetics and thermodynamics of the folding, misfolding, and aggregation of individual proteins. We examine a growing body of evidence establishing that when cellular proteostasis goes awry, it can be reestablished by deliberate chemical and biological interventions. We start with approaches that employ chemicals or biological agents to enhance the general capacity of the proteostasis network. We then introduce chemical approaches to prevent the misfolding or aggregation of specific proteins through direct binding interactions. We finish with evidence that synergy is achieved with the combination of mechanistically distinct approaches to reestablish organismal proteostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan L Lindquist
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Modeling general proteostasis: proteome balance in health and disease. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2010; 23:126-34. [PMID: 21131189 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2010.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/07/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Protein function is generated and maintained by the proteostasis network (PN) (Balch et al. (2008) Science, 319:916). The PN is a modular, yet integrated system unique to each cell type that is sensitive to signaling pathways that direct development and aging, and respond to folding stress. Mismanagement of protein folding and function triggered by genetic, epigenetic and environmental causes poses a major challenge to human health and lifespan. Herein, we address the impact of proteostasis defined by the FoldFx model on our understanding of protein folding and function in biology. FoldFx describes how general proteostasis control (GPC) enables the polypeptide chain sequence to achieve functional balance in the context of the cellular proteome. By linking together the chemical and energetic properties of the protein fold with the composition of the PN we discuss the principle of the proteostasis boundary (PB) as a key component of GPC. The curved surface of the PB observed in 3-dimensional space suggests that the polypeptide chain sequence and the PN operate as an evolutionarily conserved functional unit to generate and sustain protein dynamics required for biology. Modeling general proteostasis provides a rational basis for tackling some of the most challenging diseases facing mankind in the 21st century.
Collapse
|