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Yamakawa S, Yamazaki A, Morino Y, Wada H. Early expression onset of tissue-specific effector genes during the specification process in sea urchin embryos. EvoDevo 2023; 14:7. [PMID: 37101206 PMCID: PMC10131483 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-023-00210-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the course of animal developmental processes, various tissues are differentiated through complex interactions within the gene regulatory network. As a general concept, differentiation has been considered to be the endpoint of specification processes. Previous works followed this view and provided a genetic control scheme of differentiation in sea urchin embryos: early specification genes generate distinct regulatory territories in an embryo to express a small set of differentiation driver genes; these genes eventually stimulate the expression of tissue-specific effector genes, which provide biological identity to differentiated cells, in each region. However, some tissue-specific effector genes begin to be expressed in parallel with the expression onset of early specification genes, raising questions about the simplistic regulatory scheme of tissue-specific effector gene expression and the current concept of differentiation itself. RESULTS Here, we examined the dynamics of effector gene expression patterns during sea urchin embryogenesis. Our transcriptome-based analysis indicated that many tissue-specific effector genes begin to be expressed and accumulated along with the advancing specification GRN in the distinct cell lineages of embryos. Moreover, we found that the expression of some of the tissue-specific effector genes commences before cell lineage segregation occurs. CONCLUSIONS Based on this finding, we propose that the expression onset of tissue-specific effector genes is controlled more dynamically than suggested in the previously proposed simplistic regulation scheme. Thus, we suggest that differentiation should be conceptualized as a seamless process of accumulation of effector expression along with the advancing specification GRN. This pattern of effector gene expression may have interesting implications for the evolution of novel cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumpei Yamakawa
- Institute of Zoology and Evolutionary Research, Friedrich-Shiller University Jena, Erbertstraße 1, 07747, Jena, Germany.
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Yamazaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Morino
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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2
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Levin N, Yamakawa S, Morino Y, Wada H. Perspectives on divergence of early developmental regulatory pathways: Insight from the evolution of echinoderm double negative gate. Curr Top Dev Biol 2022; 146:1-24. [PMID: 35152980 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2021.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Evolution of gene regulatory networks (GRN) that orchestrate the highly coordinated course of development, is made possible by the network's robust nature for incorporating change without detrimental developmental outcome. It can be considered that the upstream network regulating early development, has immense influence over succeeding pathways thus may be less subjected to evolutionary modification. However, recent studies show incorporation of novel genes in such early developmental pathways such as the echinoderm pmar1 as evidence for drastic change occurring high in the GRN hierarchy. Here we discuss the mechanisms that underlie divergence of early developmental pathways utilizing promising insights from the evolution of echinoderm early mesoderm specification pathway of Pmar1-HesC double negative gate found solely in the euechinoid sea urchin lineage, as well as examples from other groups such as Spiralia and Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Levin
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shumpei Yamakawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Morino
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan.
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3
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Chang WL, Su YH. Zygotic hypoxia-inducible factor alpha regulates spicule elongation in the sea urchin embryo. Dev Biol 2022; 484:63-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2022.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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4
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Yamazaki A, Morino Y, Urata M, Yamaguchi M, Minokawa T, Furukawa R, Kondo M, Wada H. pmar1/ phb homeobox genes and the evolution of the double-negative gate for endomesoderm specification in echinoderms. Development 2020; 147:dev.182139. [PMID: 32001441 DOI: 10.1242/dev.182139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In several model animals, the earliest phases of embryogenesis are regulated by lineage-specific genes, such as Drosophila bicoid Sea urchin (echinoid) embryogenesis is initiated by zygotic expression of pmar1, a paired-class homeobox gene that has been considered to be present only in the lineage of modern urchins (euechinoids). In euechinoids, Pmar1 promotes endomesoderm specification by repressing the hairy and enhancer of split C (hesC) gene. Here, we have identified the basal echinoid (cidaroid) pmar1 gene, which also promotes endomesoderm specification but not by repressing hesC A further search for related genes demonstrated that other echinoderms have pmar1-related genes named phb Functional analyses of starfish Phb proteins indicated that, similar to cidaroid Pmar1, they promote activation of endomesoderm regulatory gene orthologs via an unknown repressor that is not HesC. Based on these results, we propose that Pmar1 may have recapitulated the regulatory function of Phb during the early diversification of echinoids and that the additional repressor HesC was placed under the control of Pmar1 in the euechinoid lineage. This case provides an exceptional model for understanding how early developmental processes diverge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yamazaki
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Morino
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
| | - Makoto Urata
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Nature and Environmental Technology, Kanazawa University, Ogi, Noto-cho, Ishikawa 927-0553, Japan.,Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takuya Minokawa
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Tohoku University, Sakamoto 9, Asamushi, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
| | - Ryohei Furukawa
- Department of Biology, Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, Hiyoshi, Kouhoku-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8521, Japan
| | - Mariko Kondo
- Misaki Marine Biological Station, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 1024 Koajiro, Misaki, Miura, Kanagawa 238-0225, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Wada
- Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8572, Japan
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5
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Erkenbrack EM, Thompson JR. Cell type phylogenetics informs the evolutionary origin of echinoderm larval skeletogenic cell identity. Commun Biol 2019; 2:160. [PMID: 31069269 PMCID: PMC6499829 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0417-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiplicity of cell types comprising multicellular organisms begs the question as to how cell type identities evolve over time. Cell type phylogenetics informs this question by comparing gene expression of homologous cell types in distantly related taxa. We employ this approach to inform the identity of larval skeletogenic cells of echinoderms, a clade for which there are phylogenetically diverse datasets of spatial gene expression patterns. We determined ancestral spatial expression patterns of alx1, ets1, tbr, erg, and vegfr, key components of the skeletogenic gene regulatory network driving identity of the larval skeletogenic cell. Here we show ancestral state reconstructions of spatial gene expression of extant eleutherozoan echinoderms support homology and common ancestry of echinoderm larval skeletogenic cells. We propose larval skeletogenic cells arose in the stem lineage of eleutherozoans during a cell type duplication event that heterochronically activated adult skeletogenic cells in a topographically distinct tissue in early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M. Erkenbrack
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511 USA
- Yale Systems Biology Institute, Yale University, West Haven, CT 06516 USA
| | - Jeffrey R. Thompson
- Department of Geosciences, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76706 USA
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740 USA
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6
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Adachi S, Niimi I, Sakai Y, Sato F, Minokawa T, Urata M, Sehara-Fujisawa A, Kobayashi I, Yamaguchi M. Anteroposterior molecular registries in ectoderm of the echinus rudiment. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:1297-1307. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Adachi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma Kanazawa Japan
| | - Iyo Niimi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma Kanazawa Japan
| | - Yui Sakai
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma Kanazawa Japan
| | - Fuminori Sato
- Department of Growth Regulation; Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Takuya Minokawa
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Asamushi Aomori Japan
| | - Makoto Urata
- Noto Marine Laboratory, Institute of Natural and Environmental Technology; Kanazawa University; Noto Hosu Japan
| | - Atsuko Sehara-Fujisawa
- Department of Growth Regulation; Institute for Frontier Medical Sciences, Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku Kyoto Japan
| | - Isao Kobayashi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma Kanazawa Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology; Kanazawa University; Kakuma Kanazawa Japan
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7
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Shashikant T, Khor JM, Ettensohn CA. From genome to anatomy: The architecture and evolution of the skeletogenic gene regulatory network of sea urchins and other echinoderms. Genesis 2018; 56:e23253. [PMID: 30264451 PMCID: PMC6294693 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The skeletogenic gene regulatory network (GRN) of sea urchins and other echinoderms is one of the most intensively studied transcriptional networks in any developing organism. As such, it serves as a preeminent model of GRN architecture and evolution. This review summarizes our current understanding of this developmental network. We describe in detail the most comprehensive model of the skeletogenic GRN, one developed for the euechinoid sea urchin Strongylocentrotus purpuratus, including its initial deployment by maternal inputs, its elaboration and stabilization through regulatory gene interactions, and its control of downstream effector genes that directly drive skeletal morphogenesis. We highlight recent comparative studies that have leveraged the euechinoid GRN model to examine the evolution of skeletogenic programs in diverse echinoderms, studies that have revealed both conserved and divergent features of skeletogenesis within the phylum. Last, we summarize the major insights that have emerged from analysis of the structure and evolution of the echinoderm skeletogenic GRN and identify key, unresolved questions as a guide for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanvi Shashikant
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jian Ming Khor
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Charles A Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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8
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Paleogenomics of echinoids reveals an ancient origin for the double-negative specification of micromeres in sea urchins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 114:5870-5877. [PMID: 28584090 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610603114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishing a timeline for the evolution of novelties is a common, unifying goal at the intersection of evolutionary and developmental biology. Analyses of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) provide the ability to understand the underlying genetic and developmental mechanisms responsible for the origin of morphological structures both in the development of an individual and across entire evolutionary lineages. Accurately dating GRN novelties, thereby establishing a timeline for GRN evolution, is necessary to answer questions about the rate at which GRNs and their subcircuits evolve, and to tie their evolution to paleoenvironmental and paleoecological changes. Paleogenomics unites the fossil record and all aspects of deep time, with modern genomics and developmental biology to understand the evolution of genomes in evolutionary time. Recent work on the regulatory genomic basis of development in cidaroid echinoids, sand dollars, heart urchins, and other nonmodel echinoderms provides an ideal dataset with which to explore GRN evolution in a comparative framework. Using divergence time estimation and ancestral state reconstructions, we have determined the age of the double-negative gate (DNG), the subcircuit which specifies micromeres and skeletogenic cells in Strongylocentrotus purpuratus We have determined that the DNG has likely been used for euechinoid echinoid micromere specification since at least the Late Triassic. The innovation of the DNG thus predates the burst of post-Paleozoic echinoid morphological diversification that began in the Early Jurassic. Paleogenomics has wide applicability for the integration of deep time and molecular developmental data, and has wide utility in rigorously establishing timelines for GRN evolution.
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9
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Notch-mediated lateral inhibition is an evolutionarily conserved mechanism patterning the ectoderm in echinoids. Dev Genes Evol 2017; 228:1-11. [PMID: 29249002 DOI: 10.1007/s00427-017-0599-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Notch signaling is a crucial cog in early development of euechinoid sea urchins, specifying both non-skeletogenic mesodermal lineages and serotonergic neurons in the apical neuroectoderm. Here, the spatial distributions and function of delta, gcm, and hesc, three genes critical to these processes in euechinoids, are examined in the distantly related cidaroid sea urchin Eucidaris tribuloides. Spatial distribution and experimental perturbation of delta and hesc suggest that the function of Notch signaling in ectodermal patterning in early development of E. tr ibuloides is consistent with canonical lateral inhibition. Delta transcripts were observed in t he archenteron, apical ectoderm, and lateral ectoderm in gastrulating e mbryos of E. tribuloides. Perturbation of Notch signaling by either delta morpholino or treatment of DAPT downregulated hesc and upregulated delta and gcm, resulting in ectopic expression of delta and gcm. Similarly, hesc perturbation mirrored the effects of delta perturbation. Interestingly, perturbation of delta or hesc resulted in more cells expressing gcm and supernumerary pigment cells, suggesting that pigment cell proliferation is regulated by Notch in E. tribuloides. These results are consistent with an evolutionary scenario whereby, in the echinoid ancestor, Notch signaling was deployed in the ectoderm to specify neurogenic progenitors and controlled pigment cell proliferation in the dorsal ectoderm.
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10
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Minokawa T. Comparative studies on the skeletogenic mesenchyme of echinoids. Dev Biol 2017; 427:212-218. [PMID: 27856261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Skeletogenic mesenchyme cells in echinoids are suitable for studying developmental mechanisms, and have been used extensively. Most of these studies have been performed on species in the order Camarodonta, which are modern echinoids (subclass Euechinoidea) and are considered "model" echinoid species. In contrast, species belonging to other orders are studied less frequently, especially investigations of their molecular developmental biology such as gene regulatory networks. Recent studies on mesenchyme development in non-camarodont species suggest that these species are potential sources of comparative information to elucidate the mechanisms underlying skeletogenic mesenchyme development. In this review, the importance of using comparative data to understand development and evolution is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Minokawa
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori, Aomori 039-3501, Japan.
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11
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Yamazaki A, Minokawa T. Roles of hesC and gcm in echinoid larval mesenchyme cell development. Dev Growth Differ 2016; 58:315-26. [PMID: 27046223 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To understand the roles of hesC and gcm during larval mesenchyme specification and differentiation in echinoids, we performed perturbation experiments for these genes in two distantly related euechinoids, Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus and Scaphechinus mirabilis. The number of larval mesenchyme cells increased when the translation of hesC was inhibited, thereby suggesting that hesC has a general role in larval mesenchyme development. We confirmed previous results by demonstrating that gcm is involved in pigment cell differentiation. Simultaneous inhibition of the translation of hesC and gcm induced a significant increase in the number of skeletogenic cells, which suggests that gcm functions in skeletogenic fate repression. Based on these observations, we suggest that: (i) hesC participates in some general aspects of mesenchymal cell development; and (ii) gcm is involved in the mechanism responsible for the binary specification of skeletogenic and pigment cell fates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori, Aomori, 039-3501, Japan
| | - Takuya Minokawa
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori, Aomori, 039-3501, Japan
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12
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Yamazaki A, Minokawa T. Expession patterns of mesenchyme specification genes in two distantly related echinoids, Glyptocidaris crenularis and Echinocardium cordatum. Gene Expr Patterns 2015; 17:87-97. [PMID: 25801498 DOI: 10.1016/j.gep.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the larval mesenchyme cell specification in echinoids has been well analyzed. However, most of the data have been provided by studies of a single group of echinoids, the order Camarodonta. Little is known about this mechanism in other echinoid orders. We examined the expression patterns of mesenchyme specification genes, micro1, hesC, alx1, tbr, ets1, cyp1, and gcm, in the two non-Camarodonta echinoids, Glyptocidaris crenularis and Echinocardium cordatum. We found that the expression patterns of some genes contained characteristics that were unique to one of the species; others were shared by the two species. Some of the shared characteristics of G. crenularis and E. cordatum are not found in the species belonging to Camarodonta, suggesting the derived status of this order. The expression of ets1 in E. cordatum aboral ectoderm is one of the molecular level modifications possibly related to an evolutionarily novel larval structure, the posterior process. Our results suggest that a considerable number of modifications in the mesenchyme specification mechanisms have been introduced during the echinoid evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
| | - Takuya Minokawa
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori, Aomori 039-3501, Japan.
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13
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Yamazaki A, Kidachi Y, Yamaguchi M, Minokawa T. Larval mesenchyme cell specification in the primitive echinoid occurs independently of the double-negative gate. Development 2014; 141:2669-79. [PMID: 24924196 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Echinoids (sea urchins) are divided into two major groups - cidaroids (a 'primitive' group) and euechinoids (a 'derived' group). The cidaroids are a promising model species for understanding the ancestral developmental mechanisms in echinoids, but little is known about the molecular mechanisms of cidaroid development. In euechinoids, skeletogenic mesenchyme cell specification is regulated by the double-negative gate (DNG), in which hesC represses the transcription of the downstream mesenchyme specification genes (alx1, tbr and ets1), thereby defining the prospective mesenchyme region. To estimate the ancestral mechanism of larval mesenchyme cell specification in echinoids, the expression patterns and roles of mesenchyme specification genes in the cidaroid Prionocidaris baculosa were examined. The present study reveals that the expression pattern and function of hesC in P. baculosa were inconsistent with the DNG model, suggesting that the euechinoid-type DNG is not utilized during cidaroid mesenchyme specification. In contrast with hesC, the expression patterns and functions of alx1, tbr and ets1 were similar between P. baculosa and euechinoids. Based on these results, we propose that the roles of alx1, tbr and ets1 in mesenchyme specification were established in the common ancestor of echinoids, and that the DNG system was acquired in the euechinoid lineage after divergence from the cidaroid ancestor. The evolutionary timing of the establishment of the DNG suggests that the DNG was originally related to micromere and/or primary mesenchyme cell formation but not to skeletogenic cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
| | - Yumi Kidachi
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Aomori University, 2-3-1 Kobata, Aomori, Aomori 030-0943, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamaguchi
- Division of Life Science, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University, Kakuma, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takuya Minokawa
- Research Center for Marine Biology, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 9 Sakamoto, Asamushi, Aomori, Aomori 039-3501, Japan
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14
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Tsuchimoto J, Yamaguchi M. Hoxexpression in the direct-type developing sand dollarPeronella japonica. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:1020-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tsuchimoto
- Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
- Institute for Molecular Science of Medicine, Aichi Medical University; Nagakute Japan
| | - Masaaki Yamaguchi
- Division of Life Science; Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
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15
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Fresques T, Zazueta-Novoa V, Reich A, Wessel GM. Selective accumulation of germ-line associated gene products in early development of the sea star and distinct differences from germ-line development in the sea urchin. Dev Dyn 2014; 243:568-87. [PMID: 24038550 PMCID: PMC3996927 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Echinodermata is a diverse phylum, a sister group to chordates, and contains diverse organisms that may be useful to understand varied mechanisms of germ-line specification. RESULTS We tested 23 genes in development of the sea star Patiria miniata that fall into five categories: (1) Conserved germ-line factors; (2) Genes involved in the inductive mechanism of germ-line specification; (3) Germ-line associated genes; (4) Molecules involved in left-right asymmetry; and (5) Genes involved in regulation and maintenance of the genome during early embryogenesis. Overall, our results support the contention that the posterior enterocoel is a source of the germ line in the sea star P. miniata. CONCLUSIONS The germ line in this organism appears to be specified late in embryogenesis, and in a pattern more consistent with inductive interactions amongst cells. This is distinct from the mechanism seen in sea urchins, a close relative of the sea star clad. We propose that P. miniata may serve as a valuable model to study inductive mechanisms of germ-cell specification and when compared with germ-line formation in the sea urchin S. purpuratus may reveal developmental transitions that occur in the evolution of inherited and inductive mechanisms of germ-line specification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adrian Reich
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Gary M. Wessel
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence RI 02912 USA
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16
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Ettensohn CA. Encoding anatomy: Developmental gene regulatory networks and morphogenesis. Genesis 2013; 51:383-409. [PMID: 23436627 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.22380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Charles A. Ettensohn
- Department of Biological Sciences; Carnegie Mellon University; Pittsburgh; Pennsylvania
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17
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Yamazaki A, Kidachi Y, Minokawa T. “Micromere” formation and expression of endomesoderm regulatory genes during embryogenesis of the primitive echinoid Prionocidaris baculosa. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 54:566-78. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-169x.2012.01360.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Atsuko Yamazaki
- Research Center for Marine Biology; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aomori; Japan
| | - Yumi Kidachi
- Department of Pharmacy; Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Aomori University; Aomori; Japan
| | - Takuya Minokawa
- Research Center for Marine Biology; Graduate School of Life Sciences; Tohoku University; Aomori; Japan
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