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Lal M, Anvar Ali PH. Early life-history stages of the olive barb, Systomus sarana (Hamilton), and a key ontogenetic systematic character of Smiliogastrinae. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39016103 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.15868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
The current study aims to uncover the early life-history stages of Systomus sarana, a medium-sized smiliogastrin cyprinid important for aquaculture in South Asia. The fish were effectively bred in captivity by administering 0.25 mL of breeding hormone per kilogram of fish. The spawning occurred 8.54 ± 0.55 h after the injection, and the eggs were phyto-lithophilic with a pale yellow color and a diameter of 1.49 ± 0.04 mm. Hatching occurred 17 h after fertilization, and the yolk-sac larvae of 3.43 ± 0.08 mm total length (TL) were adhering to the plant parts and other substrata with the cement glands on the forehead. On the third day, with complete absorption of the yolk sac and the disappearance of the attachment organ, the pre-flexion larvae measured 5.3 ± 0.11 mm TL. On the eighth day, the flexion larvae measured 6 ± 0.4 mm TL with a well-inflated posterior swim bladder, and the post-flexion larvae, at 11 days post-hatching (dph), developed a two-chambered gas bladder. The juvenile stage, on day 21 post-hatching, was marked by the loss of the median finfolds and the appearance of black blotches on the caudal, subdorsal, and supra-anal regions. The commencement of squamation and the appearance of the rudiments of maxillary barbels distinguished the juvenile stage. The subadults measuring 4.6 ± 0.36 cm TL had finished squamation and completely lost the subdorsal and supra-anal blotches. We propose that the presence of subdorsal blotches is a distinctive ontogenetic and systematic feature of larval and juvenile forms of smiliogastrin barbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melbin Lal
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
| | - P H Anvar Ali
- Department of Fisheries Resource Management, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, India
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2
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Lee SH, Wang CY, Li IJ, Abe G, Ota KG. Exploring the origin of a unique mutant allele in twin-tail goldfish using CRISPR/Cas9 mutants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8716. [PMID: 38622170 PMCID: PMC11018756 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58448-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Artificial selection has been widely applied to genetically fix rare phenotypic features in ornamental domesticated animals. For many of these animals, the mutated loci and alleles underlying rare phenotypes are known. However, few studies have explored whether these rare genetic mutations might have been fixed due to competition among related mutated alleles or if the fixation occurred due to contingent stochastic events. Here, we performed genetic crossing with twin-tail ornamental goldfish and CRISPR/Cas9-mutated goldfish to investigate why only a single mutated allele-chdS with a E127X stop codon (also called chdAE127X)-gives rise to the twin-tail phenotype in the modern domesticated goldfish population. Two closely related chdS mutants were generated with CRISPR/Cas9 and compared with the E127X allele in F2 and F3 generations. Both of the CRISPR/Cas9-generated alleles were equivalent to the E127X allele in terms of penetrance/expressivity of the twin-tail phenotype and viability of carriers. These findings indicate that multiple truncating mutations could have produced viable twin-tail goldfish. Therefore, the absence of polymorphic alleles for the twin-tail phenotype in modern goldfish likely stems from stochastic elimination or a lack of competing alleles in the common ancestor. Our study is the first experimental comparison of a singular domestication-derived allele with CRISPR/Cas9-generated alleles to understand how genetic fixation of a unique genotype and phenotype may have occurred. Thus, our work may provide a conceptual framework for future investigations of rare evolutionary events in domesticated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yi Wang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life Science, Tottori University, Nishi-cho 86, Yonago, 683-8503, Japan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan.
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3
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Miyamoto K, Abe G, Tamura K. The dwarf neon rainbowfish Melanotaenia praecox, a small spiny-rayed fish with potential as a new Acanthomorpha model fish: I. Fin ray ontogeny and postembryonic staging. Dev Dyn 2024. [PMID: 38323724 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fish fins with highly variable color patterns and morphologies have many functions. In Actinopterygii, the free parts of fins are supported by "soft rays" and "spiny rays." Spiny rays have various functions and are extremely modified in some species, but they are lacking in popular model fish such as zebrafish and medaka. Additionally, some model fish with spiny rays are difficult to maintain in ordinary laboratory systems. RESULTS Characteristics of the small, spiny-rayed rainbowfish Melanotaenia praecox render it useful as an experimental model species. Neither fish age nor body size correlate well with fin development during postembryonic development in this species. A four-stage developmental classification is proposed that is based on fin ray development. CONCLUSIONS Melanotaenia praecox is an ideal species to rear in laboratories for developmental studies. Our classification allows for postembryonic staging of this species independent of individual age and body size. Development of each fin ray may be synchronized with dorsal fin development. We discuss the differences in mechanisms regulating soft, spiny, and procurrent ray development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhide Miyamoto
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Division of Developmental Biology, Department of Functional Morphology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Life Science, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
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4
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He B, Sridhar A, Streiff C, Deketelaere C, Zhang H, Gao Y, Hu Y, Pirotte S, Delrez N, Davison AJ, Donohoe O, Vanderplasschen AFC. In Vivo Imaging Sheds Light on the Susceptibility and Permissivity of Carassius auratus to Cyprinid Herpesvirus 2 According to Developmental Stage. Viruses 2023; 15:1746. [PMID: 37632088 PMCID: PMC10459324 DOI: 10.3390/v15081746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyprinid herpesvirus 2 (CyHV-2) is a virus that causes mass mortality in economically important Carassius spp. However, there have been no comprehensive studies into host susceptibility or permissivity with respect to developmental stage, and the major portal of viral entry into the host is still unclear. To help bridge these knowledge gaps, we developed the first ever recombinant strain of CyHV-2 expressing bioluminescent and fluorescent reporter genes. Infection of Carassius auratus hosts with this recombinant by immersion facilitated the exploitation of various in vivo imaging techniques to establish the spatiotemporal aspects of CyHV-2 replication at larval, juvenile, and adult developmental stages. While less susceptible than later developmental stages, larvae were most permissive to CyHV-2 replication, leading to rapid systemic infection and high mortality. Permissivity to CyHV-2 decreased with advancing development, with adults being the least permissive and, thus, also exhibiting the least mortality. Across all developmental stages, the skin was the most susceptible and permissive organ to infection at the earliest sampling points post-infection, indicating that it represents the major portal of entry into these hosts. Collectively these findings provide important fundamental insights into CyHV-2 pathogenesis and epidemiology in Carassius auratus with high relevance to other related economically important virus-host models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo He
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Arun Sridhar
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Cindy Streiff
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Caroline Deketelaere
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Yuan Gao
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Yunlong Hu
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Sebastien Pirotte
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Natacha Delrez
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
| | - Andrew J. Davison
- MRC-University of Glasgow Centre for Virus Research, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK;
| | - Owen Donohoe
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
- Bioscience Research Institute, Technological University of the Shannon, Athlone N37 HD68, Co. Westmeath, Ireland
| | - Alain F. C. Vanderplasschen
- Immunology-Vaccinology, Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Fundamental and Applied Research for Animals & Health (FARAH), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (B.H.); (A.S.); (C.S.); (C.D.); (H.Z.); (Y.G.); (Y.H.); (S.P.); (N.D.); (O.D.)
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5
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Full-Length RNA Sequencing Provides Insights into Goldfish Evolution under Artificial Selection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032735. [PMID: 36769054 PMCID: PMC9916754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Goldfish Carassius auratus is an ideal model for exploring fish morphology evolution. Although genes underlying several ornamental traits have been identified, little is known about the effects of artificial selection on embryo gene expression. In the present study, hybrid transcriptome sequencing was conducted to reveal gene expression profiles of Celestial-Eye (CE) and Ryukin (RK) goldfish embryos. Full-length transcriptome sequencing on the PacBio platform identified 54,218 and 54,106 transcript isoforms in CE and RK goldfish, respectively. Of particular note was that thousands of alternative splicing (AS) and alternative polyadenylation (APA) events were identified in both goldfish breeds, and most of them were inter-breed specific. RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing showed that most of the predicted AS and APA were correct. Moreover, abundant long non-coding RNA and fusion genes were detected, and again most of them were inter-breed specific. Through RNA-seq, we detected thousands of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in each embryonic stage between the two goldfish breeds. KEGG enrichment analysis on DEGs showed extensive differences between CE and RK goldfish in gene expression. Taken together, our results demonstrated that artificial selection has led to far-reaching influences on goldfish gene expression, which probably laid the genetic basis for hundreds of goldfish variations.
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6
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Pleiotropic functions of chordin gene causing drastic morphological changes in ornamental goldfish. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19961. [PMID: 36402810 PMCID: PMC9675773 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24444-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breeders and fanciers have established many peculiar morphological phenotypes in ornamental goldfish. Among them, the twin-tail and dorsal-finless phenotypes have particularly intrigued early and recent researchers, as equivalent morphologies are extremely rare in nature. These two mutated phenotypes appeared almost simultaneously within a short time frame and were fixed in several strains. However, little is known about how these two different mutations could have co-occurred during such a short time period. Here, we demonstrate that the chordin gene, a key factor in dorsal-ventral patterning, is responsible not only for the twin-tail phenotype but also for the dorsal-finless phenotype. Our F2 backcrossing and functional analyses revealed that the penetrance/expressivity of the dorsal-finless phenotype can be suppressed by the wild-type allele of chdS. Based on these findings, we propose that chdSwt may have masked the expression of the dorsal-finless phenotype, acting as a capacitor buffering gene to allow accumulation of genetic mutations. Once this gene lost its original function in the twin-tail goldfish lineages, the dorsal-finless phenotype could be highly expressed. Thus, this study experimentally demonstrates that the rapid genetic fixation of morphological mutations during a short domestication time period may be related to the robustness of embryonic developmental mechanisms.
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7
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Desvignes T, Robbins AE, Carey AZ, Bailon-Zambrano R, Nichols JT, Postlethwait JH, Stankunas K. Coordinated patterning of zebrafish caudal fin symmetry by a central and two peripheral organizers. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1306-1321. [PMID: 35403297 PMCID: PMC9357109 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caudal fin symmetry characterizes teleosts and likely contributes to their evolutionary success. However, the coordinated development and patterning of skeletal elements establishing external symmetry remains incompletely understood. We explore the spatiotemporal emergence of caudal skeletal elements in zebrafish to consider evolutionary and developmental origins of caudal fin symmetry. RESULTS Transgenic reporters and skeletal staining reveal that the hypural diastema-defining gap between hypurals 2 and 3 forms early and separates progenitors of two plates of connective tissue. Two sets of central principal rays (CPRs) synchronously, sequentially, and symmetrically emerge around the diastema. The two dorsal- and ventral-most rays (peripheral principal rays, PPRs) arise independently and earlier than adjacent CPRs. Muscle and tendon markers reveal that different muscles attach to CPR and PPR sets. CONCLUSIONS We propose that caudal fin symmetry originates from a central organizer that establishes the hypural diastema and bidirectionally patterns surrounding tissue into two plates of connective tissue and two mirrored sets of CPRs. Further, two peripheral organizers unidirectionally specify PPRs, forming a symmetric "composite" fin derived from three fields. Distinct CPR and PPR ontogenies may represent developmental modules conferring ray identities, muscle connections, and biomechanical properties. Our model contextualizes mechanistic studies of teleost fin morphological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403, USA
| | - Amy E. Robbins
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403, USA
| | - Andrew Z. Carey
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403, USA
| | - Raisa Bailon-Zambrano
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045, USA
| | - James T. Nichols
- Department of Craniofacial Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora CO 80045, USA
| | | | - Kryn Stankunas
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403, USA
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Kon T, Omori Y, Fukuta K, Wada H, Watanabe M, Chen Z, Iwasaki M, Mishina T, Matsuzaki SIS, Yoshihara D, Arakawa J, Kawakami K, Toyoda A, Burgess SM, Noguchi H, Furukawa T. The Genetic Basis of Morphological Diversity in Domesticated Goldfish. Curr Biol 2020; 30:2260-2274.e6. [PMID: 32392470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Although domesticated goldfish strains exhibit highly diversified phenotypes in morphology, the genetic basis underlying these phenotypes is poorly understood. Here, based on analysis of transposable elements in the allotetraploid goldfish genome, we found that its two subgenomes have evolved asymmetrically since a whole-genome duplication event in the ancestor of goldfish and common carp. We conducted whole-genome sequencing of 27 domesticated goldfish strains and wild goldfish. We identified more than 60 million genetic variations and established a population genetic structure of major goldfish strains. Genome-wide association studies and analysis of strain-specific variants revealed genetic loci associated with several goldfish phenotypes, including dorsal fin loss, long-tail, telescope-eye, albinism, and heart-shaped tail. Our results suggest that accumulated mutations in the asymmetrically evolved subgenomes led to generation of diverse phenotypes in the goldfish domestication history. This study is a key resource for understanding the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity among goldfish strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuo Kon
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Omori
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
| | - Kentaro Fukuta
- Center for Genome Informatics, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Hironori Wada
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Watanabe
- Laboratory of Pattern Formation, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, 1-3 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka
| | - Zelin Chen
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miki Iwasaki
- College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, Kitasato University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tappei Mishina
- Laboratory of Animal Ecology, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | | | - Daiki Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jumpei Arakawa
- Yatomi Station, Aichi Fisheries Research Institute, Yatomi, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawakami
- Laboratory of Molecular and Developmental Biology, National Institute of Genetics, and Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Mishima, Japan
| | - Atsushi Toyoda
- Comparative Genomics Laboratory, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Shawn M Burgess
- Translational and Functional Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hideki Noguchi
- Center for Genome Informatics, Joint Support-Center for Data Science Research, Research Organization of Information and Systems, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan; Advanced Genomics Center, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Takahisa Furukawa
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Roux N, Salis P, Lambert A, Logeux V, Soulat O, Romans P, Frédérich B, Lecchini D, Laudet V. Staging and normal table of postembryonic development of the clownfish (Amphiprion ocellaris). Dev Dyn 2019; 248:545-568. [PMID: 31070818 PMCID: PMC6771578 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris is one of the rare coral reef fish species that can be reared in aquaria. With relatively short embryonic and larval development, it could be used as a model species to study the impact of global changes such as temperature rise or anthropogenic threats (eg, pollution) on the postembryonic development at molecular and endocrinological levels. Establishing a developmental table allows us to standardize sampling for the scientific community willing to conduct experiments on this species on different areas: ecology, evolution, and developmental biology. Results Here, we describe the postembryonic developmental stages for the clownfish A. ocellaris from hatching to juvenile stages (30 days posthatching). We quantitatively followed the postembryonic growth and described qualitative traits: head, paired and unpaired fins, notochord flexion, and pigmentation changes. The occurrence of these changes over time allowed us to define seven stages, for which we provide precise descriptions. Conclusions Our work gives an easy system to determine A. ocellaris postembryonic stages allowing, thus, to develop this species as a model species for coral reef fishes. In light of global warming, the access to the full postembryonic development stages of coral reef fish is important to determine stressors that can affect such processes. Seven developmental stages have been identified to describe the larval development of the clownfish Amphiprion ocellaris. Clownfish larvae undergo two distinct developmental growth phases that correspond to growth and metamorphosis. A dichotomous key determination has been created to assist users in identifying the various developmental stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natacha Roux
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,PSL Research University, USR 3278, EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Pauline Salis
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Anne Lambert
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon, Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Valentin Logeux
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Olivier Soulat
- Aquarium de Canet-en-Roussillon, Canet-en-Roussillon, France
| | - Pascal Romans
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Bruno Frédérich
- Laboratory of Functional and Evolutionary Morphology, FOCUS, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - David Lecchini
- PSL Research University, USR 3278, EPHE-CNRS-UPVD, Moorea, French Polynesia.,Laboratoire d'Excellence CORAIL, Moorea, French Polynesia
| | - Vincent Laudet
- Observatoire Océanologique de Banyuls-sur-Mer, CNRS UMR 7232 BIOM, Sorbonne Université, Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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Zadmajid V, Falahipour E, Ghaderi E, Sørensen SR, Butts IAE. Outcomes of in vitro fertilization with frozen‐thawed sperm: An analysis of post‐thaw recovery of sperm, embryogenesis, offspring morphology, and skeletogenesis for a cyprinid fish. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:449-464. [DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Zadmajid
- Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Natural Resources University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
| | - Elham Falahipour
- Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Natural Resources University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
| | - Edris Ghaderi
- Department of Fisheries Science, Faculty of Natural Resources University of Kurdistan Sanandaj Iran
| | - Sune Riis Sørensen
- National Institute of Aquatic Resources Technical University of Denmark Lyngby Denmark
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11
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Abe G, Lee SH, Li IJ, Ota KG. An alternative evolutionary pathway for the twin-tail goldfish via szl gene mutation. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2019; 330:234-241. [PMID: 29947476 PMCID: PMC6033011 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The twin‐tail of ornamental goldfish provides unique evolutionary evidence that the highly conserved midline localization of axial skeleton components can be changed by artificial selection. This morphological change is known to be caused by a nonsense mutation in one of the recently duplicated chordin genes, which are key players in dorsal–ventral (DV) patterning. Since all of the multiple twin‐tail ornamental goldfish strains share the same mutation, it is reasonable to presume that this mutation occurred only once in domesticated goldfish. However, zebrafish with mutated szl gene (another DV patterning‐related gene) also exhibit twin‐tail morphology and higher viability than dino/chordin‐mutant zebrafish. This observation raises the question of whether the szl gene mutation could also reproduce the twin‐tail morphology in goldfish. Here we show that goldfish have at least two subfunctionalized szl genes, designated szlA and szlB, and depletion of these genes in single‐fin goldfish was able to reproduce the bifurcated caudal fin found in twin‐tail ornamental goldfish. Interestingly, several phenotypes were observed in szlA‐depleted fish, while low expressivity of the twin‐tail phenotype was observed in szlB‐depleted goldfish. Thus, even though szl gene mutations may produce twin‐tail goldfish, these szl gene mutations might not be favorable for selection in domestic breeding. These results highlight the uniqueness and rarity of mutations that are able to cause large‐scale morphological changes, such as a bifurcated axial skeleton, with high viability and expressivity in natural and domesticated populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
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Omori Y, Kon T. Goldfish: an old and new model system to study vertebrate development, evolution and human disease. J Biochem 2019; 165:209-218. [PMID: 30219851 DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvy076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The goldfish (Carassius auratus) is a domesticated cyprinid teleost closely related to the crucian carp. Goldfish domestication occurred in South China around 1,000 years ago. At least 180 variants and 70 genetically established strains are currently produced. These strains possess diverse phenotypes in body shape, colouration, scales, and fin, eye and hood morphology. These include biologically interesting phenotypes that have not been observed in mutants of zebrafish or medaka. In addition, goldfish strains have been maintained in a non-wild environment for several hundreds of generations, and certain goldfish strains have phenotypes similar to some human diseases. The recent progress in the assembly of the whole-genome sequence of goldfish provides strong tools for a genetic analysis of these phenotypes. The whole-genome duplication (WGD) event occurred in the goldfish genome 8-14 million years ago; this is one of the latest WGD in vertebrates. Goldfish are a useful model for studying genome evolution after the WGD event. This review focuses on the potential for goldfish as a model system in understanding the molecular basis of vertebrate development and evolution and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Omori
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kon
- Laboratory for Molecular and Developmental Biology, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Li IJ, Lee SH, Abe G, Ota KG. Embryonic and postembryonic development of the ornamental twin-tail goldfish. Dev Dyn 2019; 248:251-283. [PMID: 30687996 PMCID: PMC6593469 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Twin‐tail ornamental goldfish have “bifurcated median fins,” a peculiar morphology known to be caused by a mutation in the chdA gene. However, several ambiguities regarding the development of the phenotype remain due to a paucity of detailed observations covering the entire developmental timeframe. Results Here, we report a detailed comparative description of embryonic and postembryonic development for two representative twin‐tail ornamental goldfish strains and single‐tail common goldfish. Our observations reveal a polymorphic developmental process for bifurcated median fins; disrupted axial skeletal development at early larval stages; and modified bilateral location of the pelvic fin. Conclusions Variations in development of bifurcated median fins and disrupted axial skeletal patterns reflect how artificial selection for adult morphological features influenced molecular developmental mechanisms during the domestication of twin‐tail ornamental goldfish. The polymorphic appearance of bifurcated median fins also implies that, unlike previously proposed hypotheses, the development of these structures is controlled by molecular mechanisms independent of those acting on the pelvic fin. Our present findings will facilitate further study of how modifications of preexisting developmental systems may contribute to novel morphological features. Developmental Dynamics 248:251–283, 2019. © 2019 The Authors. Developmental Dynamics published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists. This is the first complete study to describe the developmental progression of twin‐tail goldfish. Disrupted axial skeletal morphology in adults develops from a modified osteogenesis process in vertebral elements. The developmental processes for not only the caudal and anal fins, but also pelvic fin, were changed by artificial selection in twin‐tail goldfish. Polymorphic anal and caudal fin development suggested that in addition to the mutation in the chdA gene, other relevant mutations have accumulated in the twin‐tail goldfish. Our developmental observations pave the way to study how the pre‐existing developmental systems were modified by selective pressure for the formation of a novel morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
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14
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Abe G, Li IJ, Lee SH, Ota KG. A novel allele of the goldfish chdB gene: Functional evaluation and evolutionary considerations. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART B-MOLECULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL EVOLUTION 2018; 330:372-383. [PMID: 30387925 PMCID: PMC6587777 DOI: 10.1002/jez.b.22831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The twin tail of ornamental goldfish is known to be caused by a nonsense mutation in one chordin paralogue gene. Our previous molecular studies in goldfish revealed that the ancestral
chordin gene was duplicated, creating the
chdA and
chdB genes, and the subsequent introduction of a stop codon allele in the
chdA gene (
chdAE127X) caused the twin‐tail morphology. The
chdAE127X allele was positively selected by breeders, and the allele was genetically fixed in the ornamental twin‐tail goldfish population. However, little is known about the evolutionary history of the
chdB paralogue, begging the question: are there the functionally distinct alleles at the
chdB locus, and if so, how did they evolve? To address these questions, we conducted molecular sequencing of the
chdB gene from five different goldfish strains and discovered two alleles at the
chdB gene locus; the two alleles are designated
chdB1 and
chdB2. The
chdB1 allele is the major allele and was found in all investigated goldfish strains, whereas the
chdB2 allele is minor, having only been found in one twin‐tail strain. Genetic analyses further suggested that these two alleles are functionally different with regard to survivability (
chdB1 >
chdB2). These results led us to presume that in contrast to the
chdA locus, the
chdB locus has tended to be eliminated from the population. We also discuss how the
chdB2 allele was retained in the goldfish population, despite its disadvantageous function. This study provides empirical evidence of the long‐term retention of a disadvantageous allele under domesticated conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan.,Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Ecological Developmental Adaptability Life Sciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
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Aman AJ, Fulbright AN, Parichy DM. Wnt/β-catenin regulates an ancient signaling network during zebrafish scale development. eLife 2018; 7:37001. [PMID: 30014845 PMCID: PMC6072442 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how patterning influences cell behaviors to generate three dimensional morphologies is a central goal of developmental biology. Additionally, comparing these regulatory mechanisms among morphologically diverse tissues allows for rigorous testing of evolutionary hypotheses. Zebrafish skin is endowed with a coat of precisely patterned bony scales. We use in-toto live imaging during scale development and manipulations of cell signaling activity to elucidate core features of scale patterning and morphogenesis. These analyses show that scale development requires the concerted activity of Wnt/β-catenin, Ectodysplasin (Eda) and Fibroblast growth factor (Fgf) signaling. This regulatory module coordinates Hedgehog (HH) dependent collective cell migration during epidermal invagination, a cell behavior not previously implicated in skin appendage morphogenesis. Our analyses demonstrate the utility of zebrafish scale development as a tractable system in which to elucidate mechanisms of developmental patterning and morphogenesis, and suggest a single, ancient origin of skin appendage patterning mechanisms in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Aman
- Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - Alexis N Fulbright
- Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
| | - David M Parichy
- Department of Biology and Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, United States
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16
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Desvignes T, Carey A, Postlethwait JH. Evolution of caudal fin ray development and caudal fin hypural diastema complex in spotted gar, teleosts, and other neopterygian fishes. Dev Dyn 2018; 247:832-853. [PMID: 29569346 PMCID: PMC5980753 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The caudal fin of actinopterygians transitioned from a heterocercal dorsoventrally asymmetrical fin to a homocercal externally symmetrical fin in teleosts through poorly understood evolutionary developmental mechanisms. We studied the caudal skeleton of major living actinopterygian lineages, including polypteriformes, acipenseriformes, Holostei (gars and bowfin), and teleosts, compared with reports of extinct neopterygians and basal teleosteans. We focused on the hypural diastema complex, which includes (1) a gap between hypurals 2 and 3, that (2) separates two plates of connective tissue at (3) the branching of caudal vasculature; these features had been considered as a shared, derived trait of teleosts, a synapomorphy. RESULTS These studies revealed that gars and teleosts share all three features of the hypural diastema complex. Absence of a complex with these features from bowfin, fossil Holostei, and stem Teleostei argues in favor of repetitive, independent emergence in several neopterygian and basal Teleostei lineages, or less likely, many independent losses. We further observed that, in gars and teleosts, the earliest developing lepidotrichia align with the horizontal adult body axis, thus participating in external symmetry. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the hypural diastema complex in teleosts and gars represents a homoplasy among neopterygians and that it emerged repeatedly by parallel evolution due to shared inherited underlying genetic and developmental programs (latent homology). Because the hypural diastema complex exists in gars with heterocercal tails, this complex is independent of homocercality. Developmental Dynamics 247:832-853, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Desvignes
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403, USA
| | - Andrew Carey
- Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene OR 97403, USA
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Abe G, Ota KG. Evolutionary developmental transition from median to paired morphology of vertebrate fins: Perspectives from twin-tail goldfish. Dev Biol 2017; 427:251-257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abe G, Lee SH, Li IJ, Chang CJ, Tamura K, Ota KG. Open and closed evolutionary paths for drastic morphological changes, involving serial gene duplication, sub-functionalization, and selection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26838. [PMID: 27220684 PMCID: PMC4879570 DOI: 10.1038/srep26838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Twin-tail goldfish strains are examples of drastic morphological alterations that emerged through domestication. Although this mutation is known to be caused by deficiency of one of two duplicated chordin genes, it is unknown why equivalent mutations have not been observed in other domesticated fish species. Here, we compared the chordin gene morphant phenotypes of single-tail goldfish and common carp (close relatives, both of which underwent chordin gene duplication and domestication). Morpholino-induced knockdown depleted chordin gene expression in both species; however, while knockdown reproduced twin-tail morphology in single-tail goldfish, it had no effect on common carp morphology. This difference can be explained by the observation that expression patterns of the duplicated chordin genes overlap completely in common carp, but are sub-functionalized in goldfish. Our finding implies that goldfish drastic morphological changes might be enhanced by the subsequent occurrence of three different types of evolutionary event (duplication, sub-functionalization, and selection) in a certain order.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
- Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Shu-Hua Lee
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Jia Li
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ju Chang
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
| | - Koji Tamura
- Laboratory of Organ Morphogenesis, Department of Developmental Biology and Neurosciences, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Kinya G. Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, 26242, Taiwan
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Ota KG, Abe G. Goldfish morphology as a model for evolutionary developmental biology. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. DEVELOPMENTAL BIOLOGY 2016; 5:272-95. [PMID: 26952007 PMCID: PMC6680352 DOI: 10.1002/wdev.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Morphological variation of the goldfish is known to have been established by artificial selection for ornamental purposes during the domestication process. Chinese texts that date to the Song dynasty contain descriptions of goldfish breeding for ornamental purposes, indicating that the practice originated over one thousand years ago. Such a well-documented goldfish breeding process, combined with the phylogenetic and embryological proximities of this species with zebrafish, would appear to make the morphologically diverse goldfish strains suitable models for evolutionary developmental (evodevo) studies. However, few modern evodevo studies of goldfish have been conducted. In this review, we provide an overview of the historical background of goldfish breeding, and the differences between this teleost and zebrafish from an evolutionary perspective. We also summarize recent progress in the field of molecular developmental genetics, with a particular focus on the twin-tail goldfish morphology. Furthermore, we discuss unanswered questions relating to the evolution of the genome, developmental robustness, and morphologies in the goldfish lineage, with the goal of blazing a path toward an evodevo study paradigm using this teleost species as a new model species. For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya G Ota
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
| | - Gembu Abe
- Laboratory of Aquatic Zoology, Marine Research Station, Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Yilan, Taiwan
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