1
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Polsani N, Yung T, Thomas E, Phung-Rojas M, Gupta I, Denker J, Lau K, Feng X, Ibarra B, Hopyan S, Atit RP. Mesenchymal Wnts are required for morphogenetic movements of calvarial osteoblasts during apical expansion. Development 2024; 151:dev202596. [PMID: 38814743 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblast progenitors from the cranial mesenchyme (CM) above the eye is integral to calvarial growth and enclosure of the brain. The cellular behaviors and signals underlying the morphogenetic process of calvarial expansion are unknown. Time-lapse light-sheet imaging of mouse embryos revealed calvarial progenitors intercalate in 3D in the CM above the eye, and exhibit protrusive and crawling activity more apically. CM cells express non-canonical Wnt/planar cell polarity (PCP) core components and calvarial osteoblasts are bidirectionally polarized. We found non-canonical ligand Wnt5a-/- mutants have less dynamic cell rearrangements and protrusive activity. Loss of CM-restricted Wntless (CM-Wls), a gene required for secretion of all Wnt ligands, led to diminished apical expansion of Osx+ calvarial osteoblasts in the frontal bone primordia in a non-cell autonomous manner without perturbing proliferation or survival. Calvarial osteoblast polarization, progressive cell elongation and enrichment for actin along the baso-apical axis were dependent on CM-Wnts. Thus, CM-Wnts regulate cellular behaviors during calvarial morphogenesis for efficient apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts. These findings also offer potential insights into the etiologies of calvarial dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Theodora Yung
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Evan Thomas
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Melissa Phung-Rojas
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Isha Gupta
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie Denker
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Beatriz Ibarra
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Orthopedics, The Hospital for Sick Children and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Radhika P Atit
- Department of Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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2
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Polsani N, Yung T, Thomas E, Phung-Rojas M, Gupta I, Denker J, Feng X, Ibarra B, Hopyan S, Atit RP. Mesenchymal Wnts are required for morphogenetic movements of calvarial osteoblasts during apical expansion. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.12.05.570300. [PMID: 38106005 PMCID: PMC10723314 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.05.570300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Apical expansion of calvarial osteoblast progenitors from the cranial mesenchyme (CM) above the eye is integral for calvarial growth and enclosure of the brain. The cellular behaviors and signals underlying the morphogenetic process of calvarial expansion are unknown. During apical expansion, we found that mouse calvarial primordia have consistent cellular proliferation, density, and survival with complex tissue scale deformations, raising the possibility that morphogenetic movements underlie expansion. Time lapse light sheet imaging of mouse embryos revealed that calvarial progenitors intercalate in 3D to converge supraorbital arch mesenchyme mediolaterally and extend it apically. In contrast, progenitors located further apically exhibited protrusive and crawling activity. CM cells express non-canonical Wnt/Planar Cell Polarity (PCP) core components and calvarial osteoblasts are bidirectionally polarized. We found non-canonical ligand, Wnt5a-/- mutants have less dynamic cell rearrangements, protrusive activity, and a flattened head shape. Loss of cranial mesenchyme-restricted Wntless (CM-Wls), a gene required for secretion of all Wnt ligands, led to diminished apical expansion of OSX+ calvarial osteoblasts in the frontal bone primordia in a non-cell autonomous manner without perturbing proliferation or survival. Calvarial osteoblast polarization, progressive cell elongation and enrichment for actin cytoskeleton protein along the baso-apical axis were dependent on CM-Wnts. Thus, CM-Wnts regulate cellular behaviors during calvarial morphogenesis and provide tissue level cues for efficient apical expansion of calvarial osteoblasts. These findings also offer potential insights into the etiologies of calvarial dysplasias.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikaya Polsani
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Theodora Yung
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Evan Thomas
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Melissa Phung-Rojas
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Isha Gupta
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Julie Denker
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Xiaotian Feng
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Beatriz Ibarra
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Division of Orthopedics, The Hospital for Sick Children and Departments of Molecular Genetics and Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Radhika P. Atit
- Department of Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Dermatology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
- Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4, Canada
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3
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Häring M, Wolf F, Großhans J, Kong D. Morphogenesis: Unstable rods and how genetics tames them. Curr Biol 2023; 33:R873-R875. [PMID: 37607486 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Rods under mechanical stress are a classic example of dynamic instability. Axis elongation in Drosophila usually leads to a U-shaped axis, but folded or twisted axes are observed in certain mutants. Analysis of these mutants now reveals the source of the instability and the mechanism for maintaining left-right symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Häring
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Fred Wolf
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization, Göttingen, Germany; Institute for the Dynamics of Complex Systems, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Göttingen, Germany; Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Jörg Großhans
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Deqing Kong
- Göttingen Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks (CIDBN), University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of Biology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany.
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4
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Wen FL. Expansion of ring-shaped supracellular contractile cables induces epithelial sheet folding. Phys Rev E 2022; 106:064403. [PMID: 36671152 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.106.064403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The folding of epithelial cell sheets is a fundamental process that sculpts developing tissues and organs into their proper shapes required for normal physiological functions. In the absence of detailed biochemical regulations, the epithelial sheet folding may simply proceed through buckling due to mechanical compression arising extrinsically from the surroundings or intrinsically within the sheets. Previous studies hypothesized that the formation of an expanding supracellular actomyosin ring within epithelial sheets could result in compression that ultimately leads to epithelial folding during tracheal development in the Drosophila (fruit fly) embryo. However, the exact mechanism by which the formation of epithelial folds is coordinated by the ring expansion remains unclear. Using a vertex-based mechanical model, here I systematically study the dependence of epithelial fold formation on the physical properties of expanding supracellular contractile rings. The simulations show that depending on the contractile strength, epithelial cell sheets can undergo distinct patterns of folding during ring expansion. The formation of folds in particular is robust against fluctuations in the ring properties such as ring numbers and tensions. These findings provide a systematic view to understand how the expansion of supracellular contractile rings in epithelial sheets mediates epithelial folding morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Lai Wen
- International Center for Wound Repair and Regeneration, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 70101, Taiwan and RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Kobe 650-0047, Japan
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5
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Moore RP, Fogerson SM, Tulu US, Yu JW, Cox AH, Sican MA, Li D, Legant WR, Weigel AV, Crawford JM, Betzig E, Kiehart DP. Super-resolution microscopy reveals actomyosin dynamics in medioapical arrays. Mol Biol Cell 2022; 33:ar94. [PMID: 35544300 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e21-11-0537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Arrays of actin filaments (F-actin) near the apical surface of epithelial cells (medioapical arrays) contribute to apical constriction and morphogenesis throughout phylogeny. Here, super-resolution approaches (grazing incidence structured illumination, GI-SIM and lattice light sheet, LLSM) microscopy resolve individual, fluorescently labeled F-actin and bipolar myosin filaments that drive amnioserosa cell shape changes during dorsal closure in Drosophila. In expanded cells, F-actin and myosin form loose, apically domed meshworks at the plasma membrane. The arrays condense as cells contract, drawing the domes into the plane of the junctional belts. As condensation continues, individual filaments are no longer uniformly apparent. As cells expand, arrays of actomyosin are again resolved - some F-actin turnover likely occurs, but a large fraction of existing filaments rearrange. In morphologically isotropic cells, actin filaments are randomly oriented and during contraction, are drawn together but remain essentially randomly oriented. In anisotropic cells, largely parallel actin filaments are drawn closer to one another. Our images offer unparalleled resolution of F-actin in embryonic tissue show that medioapical arrays are tightly apposed to the plasma membrane, are continuous with meshworks of lamellar F-actin and thereby constitute modified cell cortex. In concert with other tagged array components, super-resolution imaging of live specimens will offer new understanding of cortical architecture and function. [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text] [Media: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Regan P Moore
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | | | - U Serdar Tulu
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Jason W Yu
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Amanda H Cox
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | | | - Dong Li
- National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Wesley R Legant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, 27599, USA and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Aubrey V Weigel
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA
| | | | - Eric Betzig
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, 20147, USA.,Departments of Physics and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
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6
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Pérez-Verdugo F, Reig G, Cerda M, Concha ML, Soto R. Geometrical characterization of active contraction pulses in epithelial cells using the two-dimensional vertex model. J R Soc Interface 2022; 19:20210851. [PMID: 35078339 PMCID: PMC8790349 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Several models have been proposed to describe the dynamics of epithelial tissues undergoing morphogenetic changes driven by apical constriction pulses, which differ in where the constriction is applied, either at the perimeter or in the medial regions. To help discriminate between these models, we analyse the impact of where constriction is applied on the final geometry of the active contracted cell, using the two-dimensional vertex model. We find that medial activity, characterized by a reduction in the reference area, generates anisotropic cell shapes, whereas isotropic cell shapes are produced when the reference perimeter is reduced. When plasticity is included, sufficiently slow processes of medial contractile activity, compared with the characteristic times of elasticity and plasticity, cells can achieve less elongated shapes. Similarly, for perimeter activity, the highest level of contraction is achieved. Finally, we apply the model to describe the apical contractile pulses observed within the epithelial enveloping cell layer during the pre-epiboly of the annual killifish Austrolebias nigripinnis. The analysis of the cell shape changes allowed a global fit of all parameters of the vertex model, with the pulses being quantitatively captured using perimeter activity and area plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Germán Reig
- Escuela de Tecnología Médica y del Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mauricio Cerda
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine (CIMT), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Miguel L. Concha
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, PO Box 70031, Santiago, Chile
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Independencia 1027, Santiago, Chile
- Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Soto
- Departamento de Física, FCFM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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7
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Zhang S, Saunders T. Mechanical processes underlying precise and robust cell matching. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 120:75-84. [PMID: 34130903 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
During the development of complicated multicellular organisms, the robust formation of specific cell-cell connections (cell matching) is required for the generation of precise tissue structures. Mismatches or misconnections can lead to various diseases. Diverse mechanical cues, including differential adhesion and temporally varying cell contractility, are involved in regulating the process of cell-cell recognition and contact formation. Cells often start the process of cell matching through contact via filopodia protrusions, mediated by specific adhesion interactions at the cell surface. These adhesion interactions give rise to differential mechanical signals that can be further perceived by the cells. In conjunction with contractions generated by the actomyosin networks within the cells, this differentially coded adhesion information can be translated to reposition and sort cells. Here, we review the role of these different cell matching components and suggest how these mechanical factors cooperate with each other to facilitate specificity in cell-cell contact formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobo Zhang
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Timothy Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Proteos, Singapore; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom.
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8
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Plan ELCVM, Yeomans JM, Doostmohammadi A. Activity pulses induce spontaneous flow reversals in viscoelastic environments. J R Soc Interface 2021; 18:20210100. [PMID: 33849330 PMCID: PMC8086915 DOI: 10.1098/rsif.2021.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Complex interactions between cellular systems and their surrounding extracellular matrices are emerging as important mechanical regulators of cell functions, such as proliferation, motility and cell death, and such cellular systems are often characterized by pulsating actomyosin activities. Here, using an active gel model, we numerically explore spontaneous flow generation by activity pulses in the presence of a viscoelastic medium. The results show that cross-talk between the activity-induced deformations of the viscoelastic surroundings and the time-dependent response of the active medium to these deformations can lead to the reversal of spontaneously generated active flows. We explain the mechanism behind this phenomenon based on the interaction between the active flow and the viscoelastic medium. We show the importance of relaxation time scales of both the polymers and the active particles and provide a phase space over which such spontaneous flow reversals can be observed. Our results suggest new experiments investigating the role of controlled pulses of activity in living systems ensnared in complex mircoenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel L C Vi M Plan
- Institute of Theoretical and Applied Research, Duy Tan University, Ha Noi 100 000, Viet Nam.,Faculty of Natural Science, Duy Tan University, Da Nang 550 000, Viet Nam
| | - Julia M Yeomans
- The Rudolf Peierls Centre for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PU, UK
| | - Amin Doostmohammadi
- The Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 17, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Identifying Key Genetic Regions for Cell Sheet Morphogenesis on Chromosome 2L Using a Drosophila Deficiency Screen in Dorsal Closure. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:4249-4269. [PMID: 32978263 PMCID: PMC7642946 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cell sheet morphogenesis is essential for metazoan development and homeostasis of animal form - it contributes to developmental milestones including gastrulation, neural tube closure, heart and palate formation and to tissue maintenance during wound healing. Dorsal closure, a well-characterized stage in Drosophila embryogenesis and a model for cell sheet morphogenesis, is a remarkably robust process during which coordination of conserved gene expression patterns and signaling cascades regulate the cellular shape changes and movements. New 'dorsal closure genes' continue to be discovered due to advances in imaging and genetics. Here, we extend our previous study of the right arm of the 2nd chromosome to the left arm of the 2nd chromosome using the Bloomington deficiency kit's set of large deletions, which collectively remove 98.9% of the genes on the left arm of chromosome two (2L) to identify 'dorsal closure deficiencies'. We successfully screened 87.2% of the genes and identified diverse dorsal closure defects in embryos homozygous for 49 deficiencies, 27 of which delete no known dorsal closure gene. These homozygous deficiencies cause defects in cell shape, canthus formation and tissue dynamics. Within these deficiencies, we have identified pimples, odd-skipped, paired, and sloppy-paired 1 as dorsal closure genes on 2L that affect lateral epidermal cells. We will continue to identify novel 'dorsal closure genes' with further analysis. These forward genetic screens are expected to identify new processes and pathways that contribute to closure and links between pathways and structures already known to coordinate various aspects of closure.
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10
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Gubieda AG, Packer JR, Squires I, Martin J, Rodriguez J. Going with the flow: insights from Caenorhabditis elegans zygote polarization. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2020; 375:20190555. [PMID: 32829680 PMCID: PMC7482210 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2019.0555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is the asymmetric distribution of cellular components along a defined axis. Polarity relies on complex signalling networks between conserved patterning proteins, including the PAR (partitioning defective) proteins, which become segregated in response to upstream symmetry breaking cues. Although the mechanisms that drive the asymmetric localization of these proteins are dependent upon cell type and context, in many cases the regulation of actomyosin cytoskeleton dynamics is central to the transport, recruitment and/or stabilization of these polarity effectors into defined subcellular domains. The transport or advection of PAR proteins by an actomyosin flow was first observed in the Caenorhabditis elegans zygote more than a decade ago. Since then a multifaceted approach, using molecular methods, high-throughput screens, and biophysical and computational models, has revealed further aspects of this flow and how polarity regulators respond to and modulate it. Here, we review recent findings on the interplay between actomyosin flow and the PAR patterning networks in the polarization of the C. elegans zygote. We also discuss how these discoveries and developed methods are shaping our understanding of other flow-dependent polarizing systems. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Contemporary morphogenesis'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Josana Rodriguez
- Biosciences Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE2 4HH, UK
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11
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Periodic Oscillations of Myosin-II Mechanically Proofread Cell-Cell Connections to Ensure Robust Formation of the Cardiac Vessel. Curr Biol 2020; 30:3364-3377.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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12
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Wang T, Nanda SS, Papaefthymiou GC, Yi DK. Mechanophysical Cues in Extracellular Matrix Regulation of Cell Behavior. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1254-1264. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tuntun Wang
- Department of ChemistryMyongji University Yongin 449-728 Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Dong Kee Yi
- Department of ChemistryMyongji University Yongin 449-728 Republic of Korea
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13
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Oscillatory cortical forces promote three dimensional cell intercalations that shape the murine mandibular arch. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1703. [PMID: 30979871 PMCID: PMC6461694 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple vertebrate embryonic structures such as organ primordia are composed of confluent cells. Although mechanisms that shape tissue sheets are increasingly understood, those which shape a volume of cells remain obscure. Here we show that 3D mesenchymal cell intercalations are essential to shape the mandibular arch of the mouse embryo. Using a genetically encoded vinculin tension sensor that we knock-in to the mouse genome, we show that cortical force oscillations promote these intercalations. Genetic loss- and gain-of-function approaches show that Wnt5a functions as a spatial cue to coordinate cell polarity and cytoskeletal oscillation. These processes diminish tissue rigidity and help cells to overcome the energy barrier to intercalation. YAP/TAZ and PIEZO1 serve as downstream effectors of Wnt5a-mediated actomyosin polarity and cytosolic calcium transients that orient and drive mesenchymal cell intercalations. These findings advance our understanding of how developmental pathways regulate biophysical properties and forces to shape a solid organ primordium.
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14
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Naganathan SR, Fürthauer S, Rodriguez J, Fievet BT, Jülicher F, Ahringer J, Cannistraci CV, Grill SW. Morphogenetic degeneracies in the actomyosin cortex. eLife 2018; 7:37677. [PMID: 30346273 PMCID: PMC6226289 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the great challenges in biology is to understand the mechanisms by which morphogenetic processes arise from molecular activities. We investigated this problem in the context of actomyosin-based cortical flow in C. elegans zygotes, where large-scale flows emerge from the collective action of actomyosin filaments and actin binding proteins (ABPs). Large-scale flow dynamics can be captured by active gel theory by considering force balances and conservation laws in the actomyosin cortex. However, which molecular activities contribute to flow dynamics and large-scale physical properties such as viscosity and active torque is largely unknown. By performing a candidate RNAi screen of ABPs and actomyosin regulators we demonstrate that perturbing distinct molecular processes can lead to similar flow phenotypes. This is indicative for a ‘morphogenetic degeneracy’ where multiple molecular processes contribute to the same large-scale physical property. We speculate that morphogenetic degeneracies contribute to the robustness of bulk biological matter in development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sebastian Fürthauer
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany.,Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, United States
| | - Josana Rodriguez
- Institute for Cell and Molecular Biosciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Bruno Thomas Fievet
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Frank Jülicher
- Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
| | - Julie Ahringer
- Wellcome Trust/Cancer Research UK Gurdon Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Vittorio Cannistraci
- BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Brain Bio-Inspired Computing (BBC) Lab, IRCCS Centro Neurolesi "Bonino Pulejo", Messina, Italy
| | - Stephan W Grill
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,BIOTEC, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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15
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Michaux JB, Robin FB, McFadden WM, Munro EM. Excitable RhoA dynamics drive pulsed contractions in the early C. elegans embryo. J Cell Biol 2018; 217:4230-4252. [PMID: 30275107 PMCID: PMC6279378 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201806161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulsed actomyosin contractility underlies many morphogenetic processes. Here, Michaux et al. show that, in early C. elegans embryos, pulsed contractions are generated by intrinsically excitable RhoA dynamics, involving fast autoactivation of RhoA and delayed negative feedback through local actin-dependent recruitment of the RhoGAPs RGA-3/4. Pulsed actomyosin contractility underlies diverse modes of tissue morphogenesis, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we combined quantitative imaging with genetic perturbations to identify a core mechanism for pulsed contractility in early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos. We show that pulsed accumulation of actomyosin is governed by local control of assembly and disassembly downstream of RhoA. Pulsed activation and inactivation of RhoA precede, respectively, the accumulation and disappearance of actomyosin and persist in the absence of Myosin II. We find that fast (likely indirect) autoactivation of RhoA drives pulse initiation, while delayed, F-actin–dependent accumulation of the RhoA GTPase-activating proteins RGA-3/4 provides negative feedback to terminate each pulse. A mathematical model, constrained by our data, suggests that this combination of feedbacks is tuned to generate locally excitable RhoA dynamics. We propose that excitable RhoA dynamics are a common driver for pulsed contractility that can be tuned or coupled differently to actomyosin dynamics to produce a diversity of morphogenetic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan B Michaux
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - François B Robin
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | | | - Edwin M Munro
- Department of Molecular Genetics and Cell Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL .,Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
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16
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Aristotelous AC, Crawford JM, Edwards GS, Kiehart DP, Venakides S. Mathematical models of dorsal closure. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 137:111-131. [PMID: 29852207 PMCID: PMC6109426 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dorsal closure is a model cell sheet movement that occurs midway through Drosophila embryogenesis. A dorsal hole, filled with amnioserosa, closes through the dorsalward elongation of lateral epidermal cell sheets. Closure requires contributions from 5 distinct tissues and well over 140 genes (see Mortensen et al., 2018, reviewed in Kiehart et al., 2017 and Hayes and Solon, 2017). In spite of this biological complexity, the movements (kinematics) of closure are geometrically simple at tissue, and in certain cases, at cellular scales. This simplicity has made closure the target of a number of mathematical models that seek to explain and quantify the processes that underlie closure's kinematics. The first (purely kinematic) modeling approach recapitulated well the time-evolving geometry of closure even though the underlying physical principles were not known. Almost all subsequent models delve into the forces of closure (i.e. the dynamics of closure). Models assign elastic, contractile and viscous forces which impact tissue and/or cell mechanics. They write rate equations which relate the forces to one another and to other variables, including those which represent geometric, kinematic, and or signaling characteristics. The time evolution of the variables is obtained by computing the solution of the model's system of equations, with optimized model parameters. The basis of the equations range from the phenomenological to biophysical first principles. We review various models and present their contribution to our understanding of the molecular mechanisms and biophysics of closure. Models of closure will contribute to our understanding of similar movements that characterize vertebrate morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Aristotelous
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University, West Chester, PA, USA.
| | - J M Crawford
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - G S Edwards
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - D P Kiehart
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
| | - S Venakides
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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17
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Lancino M, Majello S, Herbert S, De Chaumont F, Tinevez JY, Olivo-Marin JC, Herbomel P, Schmidt A. Anisotropic organization of circumferential actomyosin characterizes hematopoietic stem cells emergence in the zebrafish. eLife 2018; 7:37355. [PMID: 30132756 PMCID: PMC6105311 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hematopoiesis leads to the formation of blood and immune cells. Hematopoietic stem cells emerge during development, from vascular components, via a process called the endothelial-to-hematopoietic transition (EHT). Here, we reveal essential biomechanical features of the EHT, using the zebrafish embryo imaged at unprecedented spatio-temporal resolution and an algorithm to unwrap the aorta into 2D-cartography. We show that the transition involves anisotropic contraction along the antero-posterior axis, with heterogenous organization of contractile circumferential actomyosin. The biomechanics of the contraction is oscillatory, with unusually long periods in comparison to other apical constriction mechanisms described so far in morphogenesis, and is supported by the anisotropic reinforcement of junctional contacts. Finally, we show that abrogation of blood flow impairs the actin cytoskeleton, the morphodynamics of EHT cells, and the orientation of the emergence. Overall, our results underline the peculiarities of the EHT biomechanics and the influence of the mechanical forces exerted by blood flow. As humans, we have two major types of blood cell: our red blood cells transport oxygen around the body, while our white blood cells fight disease. Both types of cell come from the same stem cells, which first appear early in embryonic development. These stem cells emerge from the walls of major blood vessels, including the aorta – which carries blood from the heart. Stem cells have not yet decided which adult cell to become. Given the right signals, blood stem cells can form red blood cells or any of the different types of white blood cell. Understanding this process could allow scientists to recreate it in the laboratory, making blood stem cells that can give rise to all blood cells found in the body. But, this is not yet possible because we do not know all the conditions needed to make the cells and ensure they survive. One crucial gap in our understanding concerns the importance of blood flow. As the main blood vessel leaving the heart, the aorta experiences mechanical stress every time the heart beats. Lancino et al. wanted to find out whether this influences the development of the blood stem cells. Zebrafish embryos are transparent, making it easy to see their bodies developing under a microscope. Like humans, they also produce both red blood cells and white blood cells meaning Lancino et al. could watch the birth of blood stem cells in these embryos from a part of the aorta called the aortic floor. A new software tool unwrapped pictures of the tube-shaped blood vessel into flat, two-dimensional maps, making it possible to see how the aorta changed over time. This revealed that, as blood stem cells leave the aortic floor, they bend and contract with the direction of the blood flow. Rings of actin and myosin proteins that formed around the stem cells as they are born helped the process along, while stopping the heartbeat changed the way the blood cells emerged. Without any blood flow, the actin proteins did not assemble properly; the stem cells also emerged in the wrong direction and some of them even died. These findings show that physical forces play a role in the formation of blood stem cells. Understanding this process brings scientists a step closer to recreating the conditions for making different kinds of blood cells outside of the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mylene Lancino
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, UPMC Paris 06, Complexité du Vivant, Paris, France
| | - Sara Majello
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Sebastien Herbert
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738, Paris, France.,Image Analysis Hub, UTechSPhotonic BioImaging (Imagopole), Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Fabrice De Chaumont
- Department of Cell Biology and Infection, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR3691, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Yves Tinevez
- Image Analysis Hub, UTechSPhotonic BioImaging (Imagopole), Citech, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Herbomel
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738, Paris, France
| | - Anne Schmidt
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 3738, Paris, France
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18
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Huebner RJ, Wallingford JB. Coming to Consensus: A Unifying Model Emerges for Convergent Extension. Dev Cell 2018; 46:389-396. [PMID: 30130529 PMCID: PMC6140352 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell motility is a widespread biological property that is best understood in the context of individual cell migration. Indeed, studies of migration in culture have provided tremendous insight into the signals and mechanics involved and have laid the foundation for our understanding of similar migrations by larger cellular collectives. By contrast, our understanding of another flavor of movement, cell intercalation during convergent extension, is only now emerging. Here, we integrate divergent findings related to intercalation in different settings into a unifying model, paying attention to how this model does and does not resemble current models for directed cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Huebner
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA.
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19
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Identifying Genetic Players in Cell Sheet Morphogenesis Using a Drosophila Deficiency Screen for Genes on Chromosome 2R Involved in Dorsal Closure. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2018; 8:2361-2387. [PMID: 29776969 PMCID: PMC6027880 DOI: 10.1534/g3.118.200233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cell sheet morphogenesis characterizes key developmental transitions and homeostasis, in vertebrates and throughout phylogeny, including gastrulation, neural tube formation and wound healing. Dorsal closure, a process during Drosophila embryogenesis, has emerged as a model for cell sheet morphogenesis. ∼140 genes are currently known to affect dorsal closure and new genes are identified each year. Many of these genes were identified in screens that resulted in arrested development. Dorsal closure is remarkably robust and many questions regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in this complex biological process remain. Thus, it is important to identify all genes that contribute to the kinematics and dynamics of closure. Here, we used a set of large deletions (deficiencies), which collectively remove 98.5% of the genes on the right arm of Drosophila melanogaster’s 2nd chromosome to identify “dorsal closure deficiencies”. Through two crosses, we unambiguously identified embryos homozygous for each deficiency and time-lapse imaged them for the duration of closure. Images were analyzed for defects in cell shapes and tissue movements. Embryos homozygous for 47 deficiencies have notable, diverse defects in closure, demonstrating that a number of discrete processes comprise closure and are susceptible to mutational disruption. Further analysis of these deficiencies will lead to the identification of at least 30 novel “dorsal closure genes”. We expect that many of these novel genes will identify links to pathways and structures already known to coordinate various aspects of closure. We also expect to identify new processes and pathways that contribute to closure.
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20
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Lo WC, Madrak C, Kiehart DP, Edwards GS. Unified biophysical mechanism for cell-shape oscillations and cell ingression. Phys Rev E 2018; 97:062414. [PMID: 30011599 PMCID: PMC6440536 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.97.062414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
We describe a mechanochemical and percolation cascade that augments myosin's regulatory network to tune cytoskeletal forces. Actomyosin forces collectively generate cytoskeletal forces during cell oscillations and ingression, which we quantify by elastic percolation of the internally driven, cross-linked actin network. Contractile units can produce relatively large, oscillatory forces that disrupt crosslinks to reduce cytoskeletal forces. A (reverse) Hopf bifurcation switches contractile units to produce smaller, steady forces that enhance crosslinking and consequently boost cytoskeletal forces to promote ingression. We describe cell-shape changes and cell ingression in terms of intercellular force imbalances along common cell junctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Chang Lo
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Craig Madrak
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Daniel P Kiehart
- Biology Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
| | - Glenn S Edwards
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, USA
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21
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Kiehart DP, Crawford JM, Aristotelous A, Venakides S, Edwards GS. Cell Sheet Morphogenesis: Dorsal Closure in Drosophila melanogaster as a Model System. Annu Rev Cell Dev Biol 2018; 33:169-202. [PMID: 28992442 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cellbio-111315-125357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Dorsal closure is a key process during Drosophila morphogenesis that models cell sheet movements in chordates, including neural tube closure, palate formation, and wound healing. Closure occurs midway through embryogenesis and entails circumferential elongation of lateral epidermal cell sheets that close a dorsal hole filled with amnioserosa cells. Signaling pathways regulate the function of cellular structures and processes, including Actomyosin and microtubule cytoskeletons, cell-cell/cell-matrix adhesion complexes, and endocytosis/vesicle trafficking. These orchestrate complex shape changes and movements that entail interactions between five distinct cell types. Genetic and laser perturbation studies establish that closure is robust, resilient, and the consequence of redundancy that contributes to four distinct biophysical processes: contraction of the amnioserosa, contraction of supracellular Actomyosin cables, elongation (stretching?) of the lateral epidermis, and zipping together of two converging cell sheets. What triggers closure and what the emergent properties are that give rise to its extraordinary resilience and fidelity remain key, extant questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Kiehart
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Janice M Crawford
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708;
| | - Andreas Aristotelous
- Department of Mathematics, West Chester University, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383
| | | | - Glenn S Edwards
- Physics Department, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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22
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A biochemical network controlling basal myosin oscillation. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1210. [PMID: 29572440 PMCID: PMC5865161 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03574-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The actomyosin cytoskeleton, a key stress-producing unit in epithelial cells, oscillates spontaneously in a wide variety of systems. Although much of the signal cascade regulating myosin activity has been characterized, the origin of such oscillatory behavior is still unclear. Here, we show that basal myosin II oscillation in Drosophila ovarian epithelium is not controlled by actomyosin cortical tension, but instead relies on a biochemical oscillator involving ROCK and myosin phosphatase. Key to this oscillation is a diffusive ROCK flow, linking junctional Rho1 to medial actomyosin cortex, and dynamically maintained by a self-activation loop reliant on ROCK kinase activity. In response to the resulting myosin II recruitment, myosin phosphatase is locally enriched and shuts off ROCK and myosin II signals. Coupling Drosophila genetics, live imaging, modeling, and optogenetics, we uncover an intrinsic biochemical oscillator at the core of myosin II regulatory network, shedding light on the spatio-temporal dynamics of force generation. The actomyosin cytoskeleton is known to spontaneously oscillate in many systems but the mechanism of this behavior is not clear. Here Qin et al. define a signaling network involving a ROCK-dependent self-activation loop and recruitment of myosin II to the cortex, followed by a local accumulation of myosin phosphatase that shuts off the signal.
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23
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Pasiliao CC, Hopyan S. Cell ingression: Relevance to limb development and for adaptive evolution. Genesis 2017; 56. [PMID: 29280270 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cell ingression is an out-of-plane type of cell intercalation that is essential for the formation of multiple embryonic structures including the limbs. In particular, cell ingression underlies epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of lateral plate cells to initiate limb bud growth, delamination of neural crest cells to generate peripheral nerve sheaths, and emigration of myoblasts from somites to assemble muscles. Individual cells that ingress undergo apical constriction to generate bottle shaped cells, diminish adhesion to their epithelial cell neighbors, and generate protrusive blebs that likely facilitate their ingression into a subepithelial tissue layer. How signaling pathways regulate the progression of delamination is important for understanding numerous developmental events. In this review, we focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms that drive cell ingression and draw comparisons between different morphogenetic contexts in various model organisms. We speculate that cell behaviors that facilitated tissue invagination among diploblasts subsequently drove individual cell ingression and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Future insights that link signalling pathways to biophysical mechanisms will likely advance our comprehension of this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa C Pasiliao
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
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24
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Hu B, Leow WR, Cai P, Li YQ, Wu YL, Chen X. Nanomechanical Force Mapping of Restricted Cell-To-Cell Collisions Oscillating between Contraction and Relaxation. ACS NANO 2017; 11:12302-12310. [PMID: 29131936 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b06063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contact-mediated cell migration strongly determines the invasiveness of the corresponding cells, collective migration, and morphogenesis. The quantitative study of cellular response upon contact relies on cell-to-cell collision, which rarely occurs in conventional cell culture. Herein, we developed a strategy to activate a robust cell-to-cell collision within smooth muscle cell pairs. Nanomechanical traction force mapping reveals that the collision process is promoted by the oscillatory modulations between contraction and relaxation and orientated by the filopodial bridge composed of nanosized contractile machinery. This strategy can enhance the occurrence of cell-to-cell collision, which renders it advantageous over traditional methods that utilize micropatterned coating to confine cell pairs. Furthermore, modulation of the balance between cell tugging force and traction force can determine the repolarization of cells and thus the direction of cell migration. Overall, our approach could help to reveal the mechanistic contribution in cell motility and provide insights in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benhui Hu
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Wan Ru Leow
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Pingqiang Cai
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yong-Qiang Li
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yun-Long Wu
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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25
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Dureau M, Alessandri A, Bagnerini P, Vincent S. Modeling and Identification of Amnioserosa Cell Mechanical Behavior by Using Mass-Spring Lattices. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2017; 14:1476-1481. [PMID: 27362988 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2016.2586063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Various mechanical models of live amnioserosa cells during Drosophila melanogaster's dorsal closure are proposed. Such models account for specific biomechanical oscillating behaviors and depend on a different set of parameters. The identification of the parameters for each of the proposed models is accomplished according to a least-squares approach in such a way to best fit the cellular dynamics extracted from live images. For the purpose of comparison, the resulting models after identification are validated to allow for the selection of the most appropriate description of such a cell dynamics. The proposed methodology is general and it may be applied to other planar biological processes.
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26
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Guirao B, Bellaïche Y. Biomechanics of cell rearrangements in Drosophila. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2017; 48:113-124. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/24/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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27
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Umetsu D, Kuranaga E. Planar polarized contractile actomyosin networks in dynamic tissue morphogenesis. Curr Opin Genet Dev 2017; 45:90-96. [PMID: 28419933 DOI: 10.1016/j.gde.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The complex shapes of animal bodies are constructed through a sequence of simple physical interactions of constituent cells. Mechanical forces generated by cellular activities, such as division, death, shape change and rearrangement, drive tissue morphogenesis. By confining assembly or disassembly of actomyosin networks within the three-dimensional space of the cell, cells can localize forces to induce tissue deformation. Tissue-scale morphogenesis emerges from a collective behavior of cells that coordinates the force generation in space and time. Thus, the molecular mechanisms that govern the temporal and spatial regulation of forces in individual cells are elemental to organogenesis, and the tissue-scale coordination of forces generated by individual cells is key to determining the final shape of organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Umetsu
- Laboratory of Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Erina Kuranaga
- Laboratory of Histogenetic Dynamics, Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan; Laboratory for Histogenetic Dynamics, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, 2-2-3, Minatojima-minamimachi, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0047, Japan.
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28
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Coravos JS, Mason FM, Martin AC. Actomyosin Pulsing in Tissue Integrity Maintenance during Morphogenesis. Trends Cell Biol 2017; 27:276-283. [PMID: 27989655 PMCID: PMC5367975 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcb.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The actomyosin cytoskeleton is responsible for many changes in cell and tissue shape. For a long time, the actomyosin cytoskeleton has been known to exhibit dynamic contractile behavior. Recently, discrete actomyosin assembly/disassembly cycles have also been observed in cells. These so-called actomyosin pulses have been observed in a variety of contexts, including cell polarization and division, and in epithelia, where they occur during tissue contraction, folding, and extension. In epithelia, evidence suggests that actomyosin pulsing, and more generally, actomyosin turnover, is required to maintain tissue integrity during contractile processes. This review explores possible functions for pulsing in the many instances during which pulsing has been observed, and also highlights proposed molecular mechanisms that drive pulsing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S Coravos
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Frank M Mason
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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29
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Duque J, Gorfinkiel N. Integration of actomyosin contractility with cell-cell adhesion during dorsal closure. Development 2016; 143:4676-4686. [PMID: 27836966 DOI: 10.1242/dev.136127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we combine genetic perturbation, time-lapse imaging and quantitative image analysis to investigate how pulsatile actomyosin contractility drives cell oscillations, apical cell contraction and tissue closure during morphogenesis of the amnioserosa, the main force-generating tissue during the dorsal closure in Drosophila We show that Myosin activity determines the oscillatory and contractile behaviour of amnioserosa cells. Reducing Myosin activity prevents cell shape oscillations and reduces cell contractility. By contrast, increasing Myosin activity increases the amplitude of cell shape oscillations and the time cells spend in the contracted phase relative to the expanded phase during an oscillatory cycle, promoting cell contractility and tissue closure. Furthermore, we show that in AS cells, Rok controls Myosin foci formation and Mbs regulates not only Myosin phosphorylation but also adhesion dynamics through control of Moesin phosphorylation, showing that Mbs coordinates actomyosin contractility with cell-cell adhesion during amnioserosa morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Duque
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Nicole Gorfinkiel
- Centro de Biología Molecular 'Severo Ochoa', CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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30
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Jurado J, de Navascués J, Gorfinkiel N. α-Catenin stabilises Cadherin-Catenin complexes and modulates actomyosin dynamics to allow pulsatile apical contraction. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:4496-4508. [PMID: 27831494 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.193268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated how cell contractility and adhesion are functionally integrated during epithelial morphogenesis. To this end, we have analysed the role of α-Catenin, a key molecule linking E-Cadherin-based adhesion and the actomyosin cytoskeleton, during Drosophila embryonic dorsal closure, by studying a newly developed allelic series. We find that α-Catenin regulates pulsatile apical contraction in the amnioserosa, the main force-generating tissue driving closure of the embryonic epidermis. α-Catenin controls actomyosin dynamics by stabilising and promoting the formation of actomyosin foci, and also stabilises DE-Cadherin (Drosophila E-Cadherin, also known as Shotgun) at the cell membrane, suggesting that medioapical actomyosin contractility regulates junction stability. Furthermore, we uncover a genetic interaction between α-Catenin and Vinculin, and a tension-dependent recruitment of Vinculin to amniosersoa apical cell membranes, suggesting the existence of a mechano-sensitive module operating in this tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Jurado
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Joaquín de Navascués
- European Cancer Stem Cell Research Institute, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Nicole Gorfinkiel
- Centro de Biología Molecular "Severo Ochoa", CSIC-UAM, Cantoblanco, Madrid 28049, Spain
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31
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Vasquez CG, Martin AC. Force transmission in epithelial tissues. Dev Dyn 2016; 245:361-71. [PMID: 26756938 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In epithelial tissues, cells constantly generate and transmit forces between each other. Forces generated by the actomyosin cytoskeleton regulate tissue shape and structure and also provide signals that influence cells' decisions to divide, die, or differentiate. Forces are transmitted across epithelia because cells are mechanically linked through junctional complexes, and forces can propagate through the cell cytoplasm. Here, we review some of the molecular mechanisms responsible for force generation, with a specific focus on the actomyosin cortex and adherens junctions. We then discuss evidence for how these mechanisms promote cell shape changes and force transmission in tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia G Vasquez
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Adam C Martin
- Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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32
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Ito M, Rashedul Kabir AM, Islam MS, Inoue D, Wada S, Sada K, Konagaya A, Kakugo A. Mechanical oscillation of dynamic microtubule rings. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra16613j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules driven by kinesins self-assemble into ring-shaped structures which exhibit dynamic reorganization at an air-buffer interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Ito
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | | | - Md. Sirajul Islam
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | | | - Shoki Wada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
| | - Kazuki Sada
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
- Faculty of Science
| | - Akihiko Konagaya
- Department of Computational Intelligence and Systems Science
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Yokohama
- Japan
| | - Akira Kakugo
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering
- Hokkaido University
- Sapporo
- Japan
- Faculty of Science
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