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Kristiansen SM, Leinaas HP, van Gestel CAM, Borgå K. Thermal adaptation affects the temperature-dependent toxicity of the insecticide imidacloprid to soil invertebrates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173845. [PMID: 38871314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial ectotherms are vulnerable to climate change since their biological rates depend on the ambient temperature. As temperature may interact with toxicant exposure, climate change may cause unpredictable responses to toxic stress. A population's thermal adaptation will impact its response to temperature change, but also to interactive effects from temperature and toxicants, but these effects are still not fully understood. Here, we assessed the combined effects of exposure to the insecticide imidacloprid across the temperatures 10-25 °C of two populations of the Collembola Hypogastrura viatica (Tullberg, 1872), by determining their responses in multiple life history traits. The con-specific populations differ considerably in thermal adaptations; one (arctic) is a temperature generalist, while the other (temperate) is a warm-adapted specialist. For both populations, the sub-lethal concentrations of imidacloprid became lethal with increasing temperature. Although the thermal maximum is higher for the warm-adapted population, the reduction in survival was stronger. Growth was reduced by imidacloprid in a temperature-dependent manner, but only at the adult life stage. The decrease in adult body size combined with the absence of an effect on the age at first reproduction suggests a selection on the timing of maturation. Egg production was reduced by imidacloprid in both populations, but the negative effect was only dependent on temperature in the warm-adapted population, with no effect at 10 °C, and decreases of 41 % at 15 °C, and 74 % at 20 °C. For several key traits, the population best adapted to utilize high temperatures was also the most sensitive to toxic stress at higher temperatures. It could be that by allocating more energy to faster growth, development, and reproduction at higher temperatures, the population had less energy for maintenance, making it more sensitive to toxic stress. Our findings demonstrate the need to take into account a population's thermal adaptation when assessing the interactive effects between temperature and other stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silje M Kristiansen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernvn 31, 0316 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hans P Leinaas
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernvn 31, 0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Cornelis A M van Gestel
- Amsterdam Institute for Life and Environment (A-LIFE), Faculty of Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, De Boolelaan 1108, 1081, HZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Katrine Borgå
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Blindernvn 31, 0316 Oslo, Norway
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2
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Hou QL, Zhu JN, Fang M, Chen EH. Comparative transcriptome analysis provides comprehensive insight into the molecular mechanisms of heat adaption in Plutella xylostella. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. PART D, GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2024; 52:101300. [PMID: 39084150 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2024.101300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Plutella xylostella is one of the most destructive pests for cruciferous vegetables, and is adaptability to different environmental stressors. However, we still know little about the molecular mechanisms of how P. xylostella adapt to thermal stress. Here, the comparative transcriptome analysis was conducted from the samples of control (27 °C, CK) and heat treatment (40 °C, 40 T) P. xylostella. The results showed 1253 genes were differentially expressed, with 624 and 629 genes up- and down-regulated respectively. The annotation analysis demonstrated that "Energy production and conversion", "Protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum", "Peroxisome" and "Tyrosine metabolism" pathways were significantly enriched. Additionally, we found the expression levels of heat shock protein genes (Hsps), cuticle related genes and mitochondrial genes were significantly up-regulated in 40 T insects, suggesting their vital roles in improving adaption to heat stress. Importantly, the SOD activity and MDA content of P. xylostella were both identified to be increased under high temperature stress, indicating the elevated antioxidant reactions might be involved in response to heat stress. In conclusion, the present study offered us an overview of gene expression changes after 40 °C treatments, and found some critical pathways and genes of P. xylostella might play the critical roles in resisting heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Li Hou
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China.
| | - Jia-Ni Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Mei Fang
- College of Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Er-Hu Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Modern Grain Circulation and Safety, College of Food Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Finance and Economics, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China.
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3
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Hug DOH, Gretener-Ziegler R, Stegmayer RI, Mathis A, Verhulst NO. Altered thermal preferences of infected or immune-challenged Aedes aegypti and Aedes japonicus mosquitoes. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12959. [PMID: 38839934 PMCID: PMC11153553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63625-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Temperature is a critical factor shaping physiology, life cycle, and behaviour of ectothermic vector insects, as well as the development and multiplication of pathogens within them. However, the influence of pathogen infections on thermal preferences (behavioural thermoregulation) is not well-understood. The present study examined the thermal preferences of mosquitoes (Aedes aegypti and Ae. japonicus) infected with either Sindbis virus (SINV) or Dirofilaria immitis over 12 days post exposure (p.e.) or injected with a non-pathogenic Sephadex bead over 24 h in a thermal gradient (15-30 °C). SINV-infected Ae. aegypti preferred 5 °C warmer temperatures than non-infected ones at day 6 p.e., probably the time of highest innate immune response. In contrast, D. immitis-infected Ae. japonicus preferred 4 °C cooler temperatures than non-infected ones at day 9 p.e., presumably a stress response during the migration of third instar larvae from their development site to the proboscis. Sephadex bead injection also induced a cold preference in the mosquitoes but to a level that did not differ from control-injections. The cold preference thus might be a strategy to escape the risk of desiccation caused by the wound created by piercing the thorax. Further research is needed to uncover the genetic and physiological mechanisms underlying these behaviours.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O H Hug
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raphaela Gretener-Ziegler
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raffael I Stegmayer
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Mathis
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Niels O Verhulst
- National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, Vetsuisse and Medical Faculty, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstr. 266A, 8057, Zurich, Switzerland.
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4
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Ding Z, Wang X, Zou T, Hao X, Zhang Q, Sun B, Du W. Climate warming has divergent physiological impacts on sympatric lizards. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168992. [PMID: 38052387 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Climate warming is expected to affect the vulnerability of sympatric species differentially due to their divergent traits, but the underlying physiological mechanisms of those impacts are poorly understood. We conducted field warming experiments (present climate vs. warm climate) using open-top chambers to determine the effects of climate warming on active body temperature, oxidative damage, immune competence, growth and survival in two sympatric desert-dwelling lizards, Eremias multiocellata and Eremias argus from May 2019 to September 2020. Our climate warming treatment did not affect survival of the two species, but it did increase active body temperatures and growth rate in E. multiocellata compared to E. argus. Climate warming also induced greater oxidative damage (higher malondialdehyde content and catalase activity) in E. multiocellata, but not in E. argus. Further, climate warming increased immune competence in E. multiocellata, but decreased immune competence in E. argus, with regards to white blood cell counts, bacteria killing ability and relative expression of immunoglobulin M. Our results suggest that climate warming enhances body temperature, and thereby oxidative stress, immune competence and growth in E. multiocellata, but decreases immune competence of E. argus, perhaps as a cost of thermoregulation to maintain body temperatures under climate warming. The divergent physiological effects of climate warming on sympatric species may have profound ecological consequences if it eventually leads to changes in reproductive activities, population dynamics and community structure. Our study highlights the importance of considering interspecific differences in physiological traits when we evaluate the impact of climate warming on organisms, even for those closely-related species coexisting within the same geographical area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Ding
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Tingting Zou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xin Hao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baojun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Weiguo Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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5
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Ragonese IG, Sarkar MR, Hall RJ, Altizer S. Extreme heat reduces host and parasite performance in a butterfly-parasite interaction. Proc Biol Sci 2024; 291:20232305. [PMID: 38228180 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.2305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Environmental temperature fundamentally shapes insect physiology, fitness and interactions with parasites. Differential climate warming effects on host versus parasite biology could exacerbate or inhibit parasite transmission, with far-reaching implications for pollination services, biocontrol and human health. Here, we experimentally test how controlled temperatures influence multiple components of host and parasite fitness in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) and their protozoan parasites Ophryocystis elektroscirrha. Using five constant-temperature treatments spanning 18-34°C, we measured monarch development, survival, size, immune function and parasite infection status and intensity. Monarch size and survival declined sharply at the hottest temperature (34°C), as did infection probability, suggesting that extreme heat decreases both host and parasite performance. The lack of infection at 34°C was not due to greater host immunity or faster host development but could instead reflect the thermal limits of parasite invasion and within-host replication. In the context of ongoing climate change, temperature increases above current thermal maxima could reduce the fitness of both monarchs and their parasites, with lower infection rates potentially balancing negative impacts of extreme heat on future monarch abundance and distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella G Ragonese
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Maya R Sarkar
- College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 5455, USA
| | - Richard J Hall
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Center for the Ecology of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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6
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Mason CJ, Shikano I. Hotter days, stronger immunity? Exploring the impact of rising temperatures on insect gut health and microbial relationships. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2023; 59:101096. [PMID: 37517588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2023.101096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Climate change can generate cascading effects on animals through compounding stressors. As ectotherms, insects are particularly susceptible to variation in temperature and extreme events. How insects respond to temperature often occurs with respect to their environment, and a pertinent question involves how thermal stress integrates with insect capabilities to resolve interactions with gut microorganisms (microbiome and gut pathogens). We explore the impact of elevated temperatures and the impact of the host physiological response influencing immune system regulation and the gut microbiome. We summarize the literature involving how elevated temperature extremes impact insect gut immune systems, and how in turn that alters potential interactions with the gut microbiome and potential pathogens. Temperature effects on immunity are complex, and ultimate effects on microbial components can vary by system. Moreover, there are multiple questions yet to explore in how insects contend with simultaneous abiotic stressors and potential trade-offs in their response to opportunistic microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Mason
- Tropical Pest Genetics and Molecular Biology Research Unit, Daniel K Inouye U.S. Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, USDA, 64 Nowelo Street, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
| | - Ikkei Shikano
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai'i at Mānoa, 3050 Maile Way, Gilmore Hall 513, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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7
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Quan PQ, Li JR, Liu XD. Glucose Dehydrogenases-Mediated Acclimation of an Important Rice Pest to Global Warming. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10146. [PMID: 37373294 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241210146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming is posing a threat to animals. As a large group of widely distributed poikilothermal animals, insects are liable to heat stress. How insects deal with heat stress is worth highlighting. Acclimation may improve the heat tolerance of insects, but the underlying mechanism remains vague. In this study, the high temperature of 39 °C was used to select the third instar larvae of the rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis, an important insect pest of rice, for successive generations to establish the heat-acclimated strain (HA39). The molecular mechanism of heat acclimation was explored using this strain. The HA39 larvae showed stronger tolerance to 43 °C than the unacclimated strain (HA27) persistently reared at 27 °C. The HA39 larvae upregulated a glucose dehydrogenase gene, CmGMC10, to decrease the reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and increase the survival rate under heat stress. The HA39 larvae maintained a higher activity of antioxidases than the HA27 when confronted with an exogenous oxidant. Heat acclimation decreased the H2O2 level in larvae under heat stress which was associated with the upregulation of CmGMC10. The rice leaf folder larvae may acclimate to global warming via upregulating CmGMC10 to increase the activity of antioxidases and alleviate the oxidative damage of heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Qi Quan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Jia-Rong Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
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8
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Candian V, Tedeschi R. Impact of the Diet on the Mortality and on Gene Expression of the Antimicrobial Peptide Tenecin 3 in Tenebrio molitor Larvae Infected by Beauveria bassiana. INSECTS 2023; 14:359. [PMID: 37103174 PMCID: PMC10146776 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale insect rearing can be subjected to microbial infections, leading to serious economic losses. When possible, the use of antibiotics is to be avoided for insects intended as feed or food and new strategies to preserve the health of the farmed insects are required. The effectiveness of insect immune system depends on several factors, including the nutritional composition of the diet. The possibility to modulate immune responses through the diet is currently a topic of great interest from an application point of view. We evaluated the effect of two different diets on the survival rate and gene expression of the antimicrobial peptide Tenecin 3 in uninfected and Beauveria bassiana-infected Tenebrio molitor L. larvae. A wheat bran diet, mixed 50% with brewers' spent grains, could positively influence the expression of Tenecin 3 gene when uninfected T. molitor is allowed to develop on such a substrate from early larval stages. Even if, in our trial, the diet with added brewers' spent grains could not reduce the mortality of the larvae infected with B. bassiana, higher transcriptional levels of the antifungal peptide were observed in insects fed this diet, depending on the timing of diet administration.
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9
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Ferguson LV, Adamo SA. From perplexing to predictive: are we ready to forecast insect disease susceptibility in a warming world? J Exp Biol 2023; 226:288412. [PMID: 36825944 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.244911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Insects are critical to our ecosystems, but we do not fully understand their future in our warming world. Rising temperatures are affecting insect physiology in myriad ways, including changes to their immune systems and the ability to fight infection. Whether predicted changes in temperature will contribute to insect mortality or success, and the role of disease in their future survival, remains unclear. Although heat can enhance immunity by activating the integrated defense system (e.g. via the production of protective molecules such as heat-shock proteins) and accelerating enzyme activity, heat can also compromise the immune system through energetic-resource trade-offs and damage. The responses to heat are highly variable among species. The reasons for this variability are poorly known, and we are lagging in our understanding of how and why the immune system responds to changes in temperature. In this Commentary, we highlight the variation in insect immune responses to heat and the likely underlying mechanisms. We suggest that we are currently limited in our ability to predict the effects of rising temperatures on insect immunity and disease susceptibility, largely owing to incomplete information, coupled with a lack of tools for data integration. Moreover, existing data are concentrated on a relatively small number of insect Orders. We provide suggestions for a path towards making more accurate predictions, which will require studies with realistic temperature exposures and housing design, and a greater understanding of both the thermal biology of the immune system and connections between immunity and the physiological responses to heat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura V Ferguson
- Department of Biology, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Shelley A Adamo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada
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Gourgoulianni N, Schäfer MA, Kapun M, Busso JP, Blanckenhorn WU. Temperature-dependent melanism and phenoloxidase activity in the dimorphic sepsid fly Sepsis thoracica. J Therm Biol 2023; 112:103473. [PMID: 36796918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Climate is changing towards both higher average temperatures and more frequent and severe heat waves. Whereas numerous studies have investigated temperature effects on animal life histories, assessments of their immune function are limited. In the size- and colour-dimorphic black scavenger (or dung) fly Sepsis thoracica (Diptera: Sepsidae), we experimentally studied how developmental temperature and larval density influence phenoloxidase (PO) activity, a key enzyme in insect pigmentation, thermoregulation, and immunity. Flies from five latitudinal European populations were raised at three developmental temperatures (18, 24, 30 °C). PO activity increased with developmental temperature differently in the sexes and the two male morphs (black and orange), altering the sigmoid relationship between melanism, i.e. colouration and fly size. PO activity further positively correlated with larval rearing density, potentially because of higher risks of pathogen infection or greater developmental stress following stronger resource competition. Populations varied somewhat in PO activity, body size and colouration, however with no clear latitudinal pattern. Overall our results indicate that morph- and sex-specific PO activity, and thus likely immune function, in S. thoracica depends on temperature and larval density, modifying the underlying putative trade-off between immunity and body size. The strong dampening of the immune system of all morphs at cool temperatures suggests low-temperature stress in this warm-adapted species common in southern Europe. Our results also support the population density dependent prophylaxis hypothesis, which predicts higher investment in immunity when facing limited resource availability and increased pathogen infection probability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gourgoulianni
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin A Schäfer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Martin Kapun
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland; Natural History Museum of Vienna, Austria.
| | - Juan Pablo Busso
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology & Environmental Studies, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Liu W, Liu P, Cui L, Meng Y, Tao S, Han X, Sun B. Moderate climate warming scenarios during embryonic and post‐embryonic stages benefit a cold‐climate lizard. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wan‐li Liu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
- College of Life Science and Technology Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 P. R. China
| | - Luo‐xin Cui
- College of Life Science and Technology Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 P. R. China
| | - Yu Meng
- College of Life Science and Technology Harbin Normal University Harbin 150025 P. R. China
| | - Shi‐ang Tao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
| | - Xing‐zhi Han
- College of Wildlife Resources Northeast Forestry University Harbin 150040 P. R. China
| | - Bao‐jun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101 P. R. China
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12
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Majewska AA, Davis AK, Altizer S, de Roode JC. Parasite dynamics in North American monarchs predicted by host density and seasonal migratory culling. J Anim Ecol 2022; 91:780-793. [PMID: 35174493 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Insect-pathogen dynamics can show seasonal and inter-annual variation that covaries with fluctuations in insect abundance and climate. Long-term analyses are especially needed to track parasite dynamics in migratory insects, in part because their vast habitat ranges and high mobility might dampen local effects of density and climate on infection prevalence. Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) are commonly infected with the protozoan Ophryocystis elektroscirrha (OE). Because this parasite lowers monarch survival and flight performance, and because migratory monarchs have experienced declines in recent decades, it is important to understand patterns and drivers of infection. 3. Here we compiled data on OE infection spanning 50 years, from wild monarchs sampled in the USA, Canada, and Mexico during summer breeding, fall migrating, and overwintering periods. We examined eastern versus western North American monarchs separately, to ask how abundance estimates, resource availability, climate, and breeding season length impact infection trends. We further assessed the intensity of migratory culling, which occurs when infected individuals are removed from the population during migration. 4. Average infection prevalence was four times higher in western compared to eastern subpopulations. In eastern North America, the proportion of infected monarchs increased three-fold since the mid-2000s. In the western region, the proportion of infected monarchs declined sharply from 2000-2015, and increased thereafter. For both eastern and western subpopulations, years with greater summer adult abundance predicted greater infection prevalence, indicating that transmission increases with host breeding density. Environmental variables (temperature and NDVI) were not associated with changes in infected adults. We found evidence for migratory culling of infected butterflies, based on declines in parasitism during fall migration. We estimated that tens of millions fewer monarchs reach overwintering sites in Mexico as a result of OE, highlighting the need to consider the parasite as a potential threat to the monarch population. 5. Increases in infection among eastern North American monarchs post-2002 suggest that changes to the host's ecology or environment have intensified parasite transmission. Further work is needed to examine the degree to which human practices, such as mass caterpillar rearing and the widespread planting of exotic milkweed, have contributed to this trend.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew K Davis
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sonia Altizer
- Odum School of Ecology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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13
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Parrett JM, Ghobert V, Cullen FS, Knell RJ. Strong sexual selection fails to protect against inbreeding-driven extinction in a moth. Behav Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sexual selection is predicted to influence population persistence because skew in male reproductive success may facilitate the purging of mutation load. We manipulated the strength of sexual selection in populations of Indian meal moths, Plodia interpunctella, by adjusting adult sex ratios to be either male- or female-biased, leading to strong and weak sexual selection in males, respectively. After between 19 and 22 generations of experimental evolution, we examined whether mutation load differed between these populations by enforcing successive generations of inbreeding, tracking extinction events, offspring viability and assaying the effect of inbreeding on male mating success and female choice. We found no effect of the strength of sexual selection on the rate of extinction or offspring viability. We did, however, find changes in both male mating success and female choice, with both being influenced by the sex ratio treatment and the number of generations of inbreeding. Males from male-biased populations were more successful at mating with stock females, and mating success declined rapidly with inbreeding regardless of sex ratio treatment. Females from male-biased populations were less likely to mate with stock males at the onset of the experiment, but tended to mate more frequently with increasing inbreeding compared to females from female-biased populations. Our results demonstrate that while mating behaviors have diverged between male-biased and female-biased lines mutation loads remained similar. This suggests that the benefits of sexual selection to population fitness may be low or slow to accumulate under the benign environmental conditions in which these populations evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Parrett
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- Evolutionary Biology Group, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul. Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, Poland
| | - Veronica Ghobert
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Fenn S Cullen
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Robert J Knell
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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14
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Pu YC, Wang R, Liu HH, Lu SP, Tang FX, Hou YM. Immunosenescence along with direct physiological allocation trade-offs between life history and immunity in the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 123:104143. [PMID: 34051204 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent works have generally indicated that insects exhibit two immune response strategies: external and internal immune defense. However, the immune-related trade-offs and physiological regulatory mechanisms in red palm weevil, a major invasive pest, remain unclear. Based on postinfection survivorship experiments, we initially measured baseline constitutive external immunity (antibacterial activity of external secretions) and internal immunity (phenoloxidase and antibacterial activity of hemolymph) in uninfected individuals. Then, we challenged the individual immune system and examined subsequent investment in immune function. Our data showed that multiple factors (instar, age, sex, mating status, immune treatment) interacted to affect immune components and infection outcomes, but the magnitude and nature of the impact varied in each case. Although immune senescence is a common phenomenon in which immune function decreases with age, different components of the immune system changed differentially. Notably, mating activity may impose an immunity-related cost, with some evidence of sexual dimorphism and age-associated differences. Finally, parameters related to life-history traits usually decreased temporarily because of increased immunity, suggesting that the ultimate consequences of immune function fitness may be physiologically traded off with other fitness aspects, including growth, development, mating, reproduction, and longevity. These results reveal the complex factors that impact immunity as well as the physiological regulation of individual immunity, which may determine the evolution and outcome of immune senescence and trade-offs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Pu
- School of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China; State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Rui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Hui-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Sheng-Ping Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Fan-Xi Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - You-Ming Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Insect Ecology, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China.
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15
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Jerbi-Elayed M, Foray V, Tougeron K, Grissa-Lebdi K, Hance T. Developmental Temperature Affects Life-History Traits and Heat Tolerance in the Aphid Parasitoid Aphidius colemani. INSECTS 2021; 12:852. [PMID: 34680621 PMCID: PMC8541483 DOI: 10.3390/insects12100852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Developmental temperature plays important roles in the expression of insect traits through thermal developmental plasticity. We exposed the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani to different temperature regimes (10, 20, or 28 °C) throughout larval development and studied the expression of morphological and physiological traits indicator of fitness and heat tolerance in the adult. We showed that the mass decreased and the surface to volume ratio of parasitoids increased with the development temperature. Water content was not affected by rearing temperature, but parasitoids accumulated more lipids when reared at 20 °C. Egg content was not affected by developmental temperature, but adult survival was better for parasitoids reared at 20 °C. Finally, parasitoids developed at 20 °C showed the highest heat stupor threshold, whereas parasitoids developed at 28 °C showed the highest heat coma threshold (better heat tolerance CTmax1 and CTmax2, respectively), therefore only partly supporting the beneficial acclimation hypothesis. From a fundamental point of view, our study highlights the role of thermal plasticity (adaptive or not) on the expression of different life history traits in insects and the possible correlations that exist between these traits. From an applied perspective, these results are important in the context of biological control through mass release techniques of parasitoids in hot environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mey Jerbi-Elayed
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (K.T.); (T.H.)
| | - Vincent Foray
- Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Université de Tours, 37200 Tours, France;
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (K.T.); (T.H.)
- EDYSAN, UMR CNRS 7058 (Écologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80090 Amiens, France
| | - Kaouthar Grissa-Lebdi
- Department of Plant Protection, Institut Agronomique de Tunisie, Université de Carthage, Carthage 28327, Tunisia;
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Ecology and Biodiversity, Université Catholique de Louvain, 1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (K.T.); (T.H.)
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16
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Raczyński M, Stoks R, Johansson F, Sniegula S. Size‐mediated priority effects are trait‐dependent and consistent across latitudes in a damselfly. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Raczyński
- Dept of Ecosystem Conservation, Inst. of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology, Univ. of Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Frank Johansson
- Dept of Ecology and Genetics, Animal Ecology, Uppsala Univ. Uppsala Sweden
| | - Szymon Sniegula
- Dept of Ecosystem Conservation, Inst. of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences Krakow Poland
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17
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Proesmans W, Albrecht M, Gajda A, Neumann P, Paxton RJ, Pioz M, Polzin C, Schweiger O, Settele J, Szentgyörgyi H, Thulke HH, Vanbergen AJ. Pathways for Novel Epidemiology: Plant-Pollinator-Pathogen Networks and Global Change. Trends Ecol Evol 2021; 36:623-636. [PMID: 33865639 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2021.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Multiple global change pressures, and their interplay, cause plant-pollinator extinctions and modify species assemblages and interactions. This may alter the risks of pathogen host shifts, intra- or interspecific pathogen spread, and emergence of novel population or community epidemics. Flowers are hubs for pathogen transmission. Consequently, the structure of plant-pollinator interaction networks may be pivotal in pathogen host shifts and modulating disease dynamics. Traits of plants, pollinators, and pathogens may also govern the interspecific spread of pathogens. Pathogen spillover-spillback between managed and wild pollinators risks driving the evolution of virulence and community epidemics. Understanding this interplay between host-pathogen dynamics and global change will be crucial to predicting impacts on pollinators and pollination underpinning ecosystems and human wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem Proesmans
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | | | - Anna Gajda
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Peter Neumann
- Institute of Bee Health, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, CH-3003 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert J Paxton
- General Zoology, Institute of Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Maryline Pioz
- Abeilles et Environnement, INRAE, 84140 Avignon, France
| | - Christine Polzin
- Department of Environmental Politics, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Oliver Schweiger
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Josef Settele
- UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany; iDiv, German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research, Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biological Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Philippines, 4031 Los Baños, Laguna, Philippines
| | - Hajnalka Szentgyörgyi
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Hans-Hermann Thulke
- Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, 04138 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Adam J Vanbergen
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Université de Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France.
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18
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Quan PQ, Li MZ, Wang GR, Gu LL, Liu XD. Comparative transcriptome analysis of the rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis) to heat acclimation. BMC Genomics 2020; 21:450. [PMID: 32605538 PMCID: PMC7325166 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-06867-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The rice leaf folder Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Güenée is a serious insect pest of rice in Asia. This pest occurs in summer, and it is sensitive to high temperature. However, the larvae exhibit heat acclimation/adaptation. To understand the underlying mechanisms, we established a heat-acclimated strain via multigenerational selection at 39 °C. After heat shock at 41 °C for 1 h, the transcriptomes of the heat-acclimated (S-39) and unacclimated (S-27) larvae were sequenced, using the unacclimated larvae without exposure to 41 °C as the control. Results Five generations of selection at 39 °C led larvae to acclimate to this heat stress. Exposure to 41 °C induced 1160 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between the heat-acclimated and unacclimated larvae. Both the heat-acclimated and unacclimated larvae responded to heat stress via upregulating genes related to sensory organ development and structural constituent of eye lens, whereas the unacclimated larvae also upregulated genes related to structural constituent of cuticle. Compared to unacclimated larvae, heat-acclimated larvae downregulated oxidoreductase activity-related genes when encountering heat shock. Both the acclimated and unacclimated larvae adjusted the longevity regulating, protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum, antigen processing and presentation, MAPK and estrogen signaling pathway to responsed to heat stress. Additionally, the unacclimated larvae also adjusted the spliceosome pathway, whereas the heat-acclimated larvae adjusted the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids pathway when encountering heat stress. Although the heat-acclimated and unacclimated larvae upregulated expression of heat shock protein genes under heat stress including HSP70, HSP27 and CRYAB, their biosynthesis, metabolism and detoxification-related genes expressed differentially. Conclusions The rice leaf folder larvae could acclimate to a high temperature via multigenerational heat selection. The heat-acclimated larvae induced more DEGs to response to heat shock than the unacclimated larvae. The changes in transcript level of genes were related to heat acclimation of larvae, especially these genes in sensory organ development, structural constituent of eye lens, and oxidoreductase activity. The DEGs between heat-acclimated and unacclimated larvae after heat shock were enriched in the biosynthesis and metabolism pathways. These results are helpful to understand the molecular mechanism underlying heat acclimation of insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Qi Quan
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ming-Zhu Li
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Gao-Rong Wang
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Ling-Ling Gu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xiang-Dong Liu
- Department of Entomology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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19
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Albery GF, Becker DJ, Kenyon F, Nussey DH, Pemberton JM. The Fine-Scale Landscape of Immunity and Parasitism in a Wild Ungulate Population. Integr Comp Biol 2020; 59:1165-1175. [PMID: 30942858 DOI: 10.1093/icb/icz016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatial heterogeneity in susceptibility and exposure to parasites is a common source of confounding variation in disease ecology studies. However, it is not known whether spatial autocorrelation acts on immunity at small scales, within wild animal populations, and whether this predicts spatial patterns in infection. Here we used a well-mixed wild population of individually recognized red deer (Cervus elaphus) inhabiting a heterogeneous landscape to investigate fine-scale spatial patterns of immunity and parasitism. We noninvasively collected 842 fecal samples from 141 females with known ranging behavior over 2 years. We quantified total and helminth-specific mucosal antibodies and counted propagules of three gastrointestinal helminth taxa. These data were analyzed with linear mixed models using the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation, using a Stochastic Partial Differentiation Equation approach to control for and quantify spatial autocorrelation. We also investigated whether spatial patterns of immunity and parasitism changed seasonally. We discovered substantial spatial heterogeneity in general and helminth-specific antibody levels and parasitism with two helminth taxa, all of which exhibited contrasting seasonal variation in their spatial patterns. Notably, Fasciola hepatica intensity appeared to be strongly influenced by the presence of wet grazing areas, and antibody hotspots did not correlate with distributions of any parasites. Our results suggest that spatial heterogeneity may be an important factor affecting immunity and parasitism in a wide range of study systems. We discuss these findings with regards to the design of sampling regimes and public health interventions, and suggest that disease ecology studies investigate spatial heterogeneity more regularly to enhance their results, even when examining small geographic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory F Albery
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Daniel J Becker
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Fiona Kenyon
- Pentlands Science Park, Moredun Research Institute, Bush Loan, Midlothian EH26 0PZ, UK
| | - Daniel H Nussey
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Josephine M Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
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20
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King JG. Developmental and comparative perspectives on mosquito immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103458. [PMID: 31377103 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Diseases spread by mosquitoes have killed more people than those spread by any other group of arthropod vectors and remain an important factor in determining global health and economic stability. The mosquito innate immune system can act to either modulate infection with human pathogens or fight off entomopathogens and increase the fitness and longevity of infected mosquitoes. While work remains towards understanding the larval immune system and the development of the mosquito immune system, it has recently become clearer that environmental factors heavily shape the developing mosquito immune system and continue to influence the adult immune system as well. The adult immune system has been well-studied and is known to involve multiple tissues and diverse molecular mechanisms. This review summarizes and synthesizes what is currently understood about the development of the mosquito immune system and includes comparisons of immune components unique to mosquitoes among the blood-feeding arthropods as well as important distinguishing factors between the anopheline and culicine mosquitoes. An explanation is included for how mosquito immunity factors into vector competence and vectorial capacity is presented along with a model for the interrelationships between nutrition, microbiome, pathogen interactions and behavior as they relate to mosquito development, immune status, adult female fitness and ultimately, vectorial capacity. Novel discoveries in the fields of mosquito ecoimmunology, neuroimmunology, and intracellular antiviral responses are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas G King
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, 32 Creelman Street, Dorman 402, Mississippi State, MS 39762, USA.
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21
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Iltis C, Louâpre P, Pecharová K, Thiéry D, Zito S, Bois B, Moreau J. Are life-history traits equally affected by global warming? A case study combining a multi-trait approach with fine-grain climate modeling. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 117:103916. [PMID: 31344391 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2019.103916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Predicting species responses to climate change requires tracking the variation in individual performance following exposure to warming conditions. One ecologically relevant approach consists of examining the thermal responses of a large number of traits, both related with population dynamics and trophic interactions (i.e. a multi-trait approach). Based on in situ climatic data and projections from climate models, we here designed two daily fluctuating thermal regimes realistically reflecting current and future conditions in Eastern France. These models detected an increase in mean temperature and in the range of daily thermal fluctuations as two local facets of global warming likely to occur in our study area by the end of this century. We then examined the responses of several fitness-related traits in caterpillars of the moth Lobesia botrana - including development, pupal mass, survival rates, energetic reserves, behavioral and immune traits expressed against parasitoids - to this experimental imitation of global warming. Increasing temperatures positively affected development (leading to a 31% reduction in the time needed to complete larval stage), survival rates (+19%), and movement speed as a surrogate for larval escape ability to natural enemies (+60%). Conversely, warming elicited detrimental effects on lipid reserves (-26%) and immunity (total phenoloxidase activity: -34%). These findings confirm that traits should differ in their sensitivity to global warming, underlying complex consequences for population dynamics and trophic interactions. Our study strengthens the importance of combining a multi-trait approach with the use of realistic fluctuating regimes to forecast the consequences of global warming for individuals, species and species assemblages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Iltis
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France.
| | - Philippe Louâpre
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Karolina Pecharová
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Denis Thiéry
- UMR INRA 1065 Santé et Agroécologie du Vignoble, Institut des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin, 71 Avenue Edouard Bourlaux, 33882 Villenave-d'Ornon, France
| | - Sébastien Zito
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Benjamin Bois
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Jérôme Moreau
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, 21000 Dijon, France
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22
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Laughton AM, Knell RJ. Warming at the population level: Effects on age structure, density, and generation cycles. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:4403-4420. [PMID: 31031915 PMCID: PMC6476774 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The impact of climate change on strongly age-structured populations is poorly understood, despite the central role of temperature in determining developmental rates in ectotherms. Here we examine the effect of warming and its interactions with resource availability on the population dynamics of the pyralid moth Plodia interpunctella, populations of which normally show generation cycles, a consequence of strong and asymmetric age-related competition. Warming by 3°C above the standard culture temperature led to substantial changes in population density, age structure, and population dynamics. Adult populations were some 50% larger in warmed populations, probably because the reduced fecundity associated with warming leads to reduced larval competition, allowing more larvae to develop to adulthood. Warming also interacted with resource availability to alter population dynamics, with the generation cycles typical of this species breaking down in the 30° populations when standard laboratory diet was provided but not when a reduced nutrient poor diet was used. Warming by 6° led to either rapid extinction or the persistence of populations at low densities for the duration of the experiment. We conclude that even moderate warming can have considerable effects on population structure and dynamics, potentially leading to complete changes in dynamics in some cases. These results are particularly relevant given the large number of economically important species that exhibit generation cycling, in many cases arising from similar mechanisms to those operating in P. interpunctella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M. Laughton
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
| | - Robert J. Knell
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonLondonUK
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23
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Vigneron A, Jehan C, Rigaud T, Moret Y. Immune Defenses of a Beneficial Pest: The Mealworm Beetle, Tenebrio molitor. Front Physiol 2019; 10:138. [PMID: 30914960 PMCID: PMC6422893 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The mealworm beetle, Tenebrio molitor, is currently considered as a pest when infesting stored grains or grain products. However, mealworms are now being promoted as a beneficial insect because their high nutrient content makes them a viable food source and because they are capable of degrading polystyrene and plastic waste. These attributes make T. molitor attractive for mass rearing, which may promote disease transmission within the insect colonies. Disease resistance is of paramount importance for both the control and the culture of mealworms, and several biotic and abiotic environmental factors affect the success of their anti-parasitic defenses, both positively and negatively. After providing a detailed description of T. molitor's anti-parasitic defenses, we review the main biotic and abiotic environmental factors that alter their presentation, and we discuss their implications for the purpose of controlling the development and health of this insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélien Vigneron
- Department of Epidemiology of Microbial Diseases, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Charly Jehan
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Thierry Rigaud
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Yannick Moret
- UMR CNRS 6282 BioGéoSciences, Équipe Écologie Évolutive, Université Bourgogne-Franche Comté, Dijon, France
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24
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Mastore M, Quadroni S, Toscano A, Mottadelli N, Brivio MF. Susceptibility to entomopathogens and modulation of basal immunity in two insect models at different temperatures. J Therm Biol 2018; 79:15-23. [PMID: 30612676 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we analysed the efficacy of different commercial bio-insecticides (Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema carpocapsae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Bacillus thuringiensis) by valuating the mortality induced on two insect models, Galleria mellonella (Lepidoptera) and Sarcophaga africa (Diptera) after exposure to different temperatures (10, 20 and 30 °C). Moreover, we investigated the effects of temperature on the basal humoral immunity of the two target insects; particularly, phenoloxidase (PO) and lysozyme activity. Our results show that G. mellonella is susceptible to all bio-insecticides at all the examined temperatures, except when infected at 10 °C with S. carpocapsae and at 30 °C with S. feltiae and B. thuringiensis. S. africa is more susceptible at 30 °C to all bioinsecticides; whereas, when infected at 10 and 20 °C, H. bacteriophora is the most efficient. Temperature modulates PO activity of both G. mellonella and S. africa, otherwise variations in lysozyme activity is observed only in G. mellonella. Except for a possible correlation between the increased lysozyme activity and the delayed Bt efficacy recorded on G. mellonella at 30 °C, a different resistance to bio-insecticides at different temperatures does not seem to be associated to variations of the host basal immunity, probably due to immunoevasive and immunodepressive strategies of these entomopathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Mastore
- Lab. of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Silvia Quadroni
- Lab. of Ecology, Dept. of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrea Toscano
- Lab. of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Nicolò Mottadelli
- Lab. of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy
| | - Maurizio F Brivio
- Lab. of Comparative Immunology and Parasitology, Dept. of Theoretical and Applied Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese, Italy.
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Extended winters entail long-term costs for insect offspring reared in an overwinter burrow. J Therm Biol 2018; 74:116-122. [PMID: 29801616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2018.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Winter imposes an ecological challenge to animals living in colder climates, especially if these adverse conditions coincide with reproduction and offspring rearing. To overcome this challenge, some insects burrow in the soil to protect adults, larvae, or eggs from negative effects of winter. However, whether this protection is effective against any long-term consequences of changes in winter duration is unclear. Here, we investigated the long-term effects of winter length variation on eggs of the European earwig Forficula auricularia. In this insect, females construct and maintain a burrow between late autumn and spring, in which they provide extensive forms of care to their eggs and then juveniles. We experimentally maintained earwig females under two winter durations of either four or six weeks and examined the resulting effects in terms of 1) hatching date, 2) developmental time of juveniles until adulthood, 3) adult mass at emergence, and 4) investment of adult offspring females in three key immune parameters: hemocyte concentration, phenoloxidase, and prophenoloxidase activities. Because earwigs' resistance against pathogens relies on their social environment, effects of winter length on immunity were tested on females exposed to different social environments: with familiar conspecifics, unfamiliar conspecifics, or in isolation. Our results reveal that after the winter treatments, eggs reared in short winters hatched earlier and the emerging juveniles reached adulthood faster than juveniles from eggs exposed to long winters. We also showed that prophenoloxidase was 30% higher in females from the long compared to short winter treatment, regardless of social environment. Finally, we found that hemocyte counts where twice as high in short compared to long winter females, but only with unfamiliar conspecifics. Overall, our study reveals that maintaining and caring for eggs in a burrow does not prevent the costs associated with increased winter duration.
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Laughton AM, O'Connor CO, Knell RJ. Responses to a warming world: Integrating life history, immune investment, and pathogen resistance in a model insect species. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:9699-9710. [PMID: 29188001 PMCID: PMC5696387 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental temperature has important effects on the physiology and life history of ectothermic animals, including investment in the immune system and the infectious capacity of pathogens. Numerous studies have examined individual components of these complex systems, but little is known about how they integrate when animals are exposed to different temperatures. Here, we use the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) to understand how immune investment and disease resistance react and potentially trade‐off with other life‐history traits. We recorded life‐history (development time, survival, fecundity, and body size) and immunity (hemocyte counts, phenoloxidase activity) measures and tested resistance to bacterial (E. coli) and viral (Plodia interpunctella granulosis virus) infection at five temperatures (20–30°C). While development time, lifespan, and size decreased with temperature as expected, moths exhibited different reproductive strategies in response to small changes in temperature. At cooler temperatures, oviposition rates were low but tended to increase toward the end of life, whereas warmer temperatures promoted initially high oviposition rates that rapidly declined after the first few days of adult life. Although warmer temperatures were associated with strong investment in early reproduction, there was no evidence of an associated trade‐off with immune investment. Phenoloxidase activity increased most at cooler temperatures before plateauing, while hemocyte counts increased linearly with temperature. Resistance to bacterial challenge displayed a complex pattern, whereas survival after a viral challenge increased with rearing temperature. These results demonstrate that different immune system components and different pathogens can respond in distinct ways to changes in temperature. Overall, these data highlight the scope for significant changes in immunity, disease resistance, and host–parasite population dynamics to arise from small, biologically relevant changes to environmental temperature. In light of global warming, understanding these complex interactions is vital for predicting the potential impact of insect disease vectors and crop pests on public health and food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M Laughton
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Cian O O'Connor
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
| | - Robert J Knell
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences Queen Mary University of London London UK
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