1
|
Potts AJ, Duker R, Hunt KL, Tempel A, Galuszynski NC. Restoring South African subtropical succulent thicket using Portulacaria afra: root growth of cuttings differs depending on the harvest site during a drought. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17471. [PMID: 38952986 PMCID: PMC11216190 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
The restoration of succulent thicket (the semi-arid components of the Albany Subtropical Thicket biome endemic to South Africa) has largely focused on the reintroduction of Portulacaria afra L. Jacq-a leaf- and stem-succulent shrub-through the planting of unrooted cuttings directly into field sites. However, there has been inconsistent establishment and survival rates, with low rates potentially due to a range of factors (e.g., post-planting drought, frost or herbivory), including the poor condition of source material used. Here we test the effect of parent-plant and harvesting site on the root development of P. afra cuttings in a common garden experiment. Ten sites were selected along a ∼110 km transect, with cuttings harvested from five parent-plants per site. Leaf moisture content was determined for each parent-plant at the time of harvesting as a proxy for plant condition. Root development-percentage of rooted cuttings and mean root dry weight-was recorded for a subset of cuttings from each parent-plant after 35, 42, 48, 56, and 103 days after planting in a common garden setting. We found evidence for cutting root development (rooting percentage and root dry mass) to be strongly associated with harvesting site across all sampling days (p < 0.005 for all tests). These differences are likely a consequence of underlying physiological factors; this was supported by the significant but weak correlation (r 2 = 0.10-0.26) between the leaf moisture content of the parent-plant (at the time of harvesting) and dry root mass of the cuttings (at each of the sampling days). Our findings demonstrate that varying plant condition across sites can significantly influence root development during dry phases (i.e., intra- and inter-annual droughts) and that this may be a critical component that needs to be understood as part of any restoration programme. Further work is required to identify the environmental conditions that promote or impede root development in P. afra cuttings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alastair J. Potts
- Spekboom Restoration Research Group, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Kristen L. Hunt
- Spekboom Restoration Research Group, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Anize Tempel
- Spekboom Restoration Research Group, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Nicholas C. Galuszynski
- Spekboom Restoration Research Group, Department of Botany, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Madaj A, Durka W, Michalski SG. Two common, often coexisting grassland plant species differ in their evolutionary potential in response to experimental drought. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e10430. [PMID: 37664507 PMCID: PMC10469005 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.10430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For terrestrial plant communities, the increase in frequency and intensity of drought events is considered as one of the most severe consequences of climate change. While single-species studies demonstrate that drought can lead to relatively rapid adaptive genetic changes, the evolutionary potential and constraints to selection need to be assessed in comparative approaches to draw more general conclusions. In a greenhouse experiment, we compare the phenotypic response and evolutionary potential of two co-occurring grassland plant species, Bromus erectus and Trifolium pratense, in two environments differing in water availability. We quantified variation in functional traits and reproductive fitness in response to drought and compared multivariate genetic variance-covariance matrices and predicted evolutionary responses between species. Species showed different drought adaptation strategies, reflected in both their species-specific phenotypic plasticity and predicted responses to selection indicating contrasting evolutionary potential under drought. In T. pratense we found evidence for stronger genetic constraints under drought compared to more favourable conditions, and for some traits plastic and predicted evolutionary responses to drought had opposing directions, likely limiting the potential for adaptive change. Our study contributes to a more detailed understanding of the evolutionary potential of species with different adaptive strategies in response to climate change and may help to inform future scenarios for semi-natural grassland ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna‐Maria Madaj
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
- Institute of BiologyLeipzig UniversityLeipzigGermany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐LeipzigLeipzigGermany
| | - Stefan G. Michalski
- Department of Community EcologyHelmholtz‐Centre for Environmental Research – UFZHalle (Saale)Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Volk K, Braasch J, Ahlering M, Hamilton JA. Environmental contributions to the evolution of trait differences in Geum triflorum: Implications for restoration. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:1822-1837. [PMID: 36151780 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.16061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE How the environment influences the distribution of trait variation across a species' range has important implications for seed transfer during restoration. Evolution across environments could influence fitness when individuals are transferred into new environments. Here, we evaluate the role the environment has had on the distribution of genetic variance for traits important to adaptation. METHODS In a common garden experiment, we quantified trait differentiation for populations of Geum triflorum sourced from three distinct ecoregions and evaluated the ability of climate to predict trait variation. Populations were sourced from the Manitoba and Great Lake alvar ecoregions that experience predictable extremes in seasonal water availability and the prairie ecoregion which exhibits unpredictable changes in water availability. RESULTS Plants sourced from alvar ecoregions exhibited smaller but more stomata and greater intrinsic water-use efficiency relative to prairie plant populations, supporting the evolution of ecotypic differences. Estimates of standing genetic variance and heritable genetic variation for quantitative traits suggest alvar populations have greater adaptive potential. However, low evolvability suggests all populations likely have limited capacity to evolve in response to environmental change. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of the environment in influencing the evolution and distribution of genetic differences across populations used as seed sources for restoration. Additionally, these data may inform recommendations for seed transfer across novel environments and our expectations of populations' adaptive potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate Volk
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
| | - Joseph Braasch
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
- Rutgers University Camden, Department of Biological Sciences, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA
| | | | - Jill A Hamilton
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND, 58102, USA
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
De Vitis M, Havens K, Barak RS, Egerton-Warburton L, Ernst AR, Evans M, Fant JB, Foxx AJ, Hadley K, Jabcon J, O’Shaughnessey J, Ramakrishna S, Sollenberger D, Taddeo S, Urbina-Casanova R, Woolridge C, Xu L, Zeldin J, Kramer AT. Why are some plant species missing from restorations? A diagnostic tool for temperate grassland ecosystems. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.1028295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The U.N. Decade on Ecosystem Restoration aims to accelerate actions to prevent, halt, and reverse the degradation of ecosystems, and re-establish ecosystem functioning and species diversity. The practice of ecological restoration has made great progress in recent decades, as has recognition of the importance of species diversity to maintaining the long-term stability and functioning of restored ecosystems. Restorations may also focus on specific species to fulfill needed functions, such as supporting dependent wildlife or mitigating extinction risk. Yet even in the most carefully planned and managed restoration, target species may fail to germinate, establish, or persist. To support the successful reintroduction of ecologically and culturally important plant species with an emphasis on temperate grasslands, we developed a tool to diagnose common causes of missing species, focusing on four major categories of filters, or factors: genetic, biotic, abiotic, and planning & land management. Through a review of the scientific literature, we propose a series of diagnostic tests to identify potential causes of failure to restore target species, and treatments that could improve future outcomes. This practical diagnostic tool is meant to strengthen collaboration between restoration practitioners and researchers on diagnosing and treating causes of missing species in order to effectively restore them.
Collapse
|
5
|
Finch J, Seglias AE, Kramer AT, Havens K. Recruitment varies among milkweed seed sources for habitat specialist but not generalist. Restor Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jessamine Finch
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 6‐140B, 2205 Tech Drive Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe IL 60022 USA
- Native Plant Trust, Conservation Department 180 Hemenway Rd Framingham MA 01701 USA
| | - Alexandra E. Seglias
- Program in Plant Biology and Conservation Northwestern University, O.T. Hogan Hall, Room 6‐140B, 2205 Tech Drive Evanston IL 60208 USA
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe IL 60022 USA
- Denver Botanic Gardens, 1007 York St Denver CO 80206 USA
| | - Andrea T. Kramer
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe IL 60022 USA
| | - Kayri Havens
- Negaunee Institute for Plant Conservation Science and Action, Chicago Botanic Garden 1000 Lake Cook Road Glencoe IL 60022 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Jochems LW, Lau JA, Brudvig LA, Grman E. Do southern seed or soil microbes mitigate the effects of warming on establishing prairie plant communities? ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e02487. [PMID: 34679217 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Restoration in this era of climate change comes with a new challenge: anticipating how best to restore populations to persist under future climate conditions. Specifically, it remains unknown whether locally adapted or warm-adapted seeds best promote native plant community restoration in the warmer conditions predicted in the future and whether local or warm-adapted soil microbial communities could mitigate plant responses to warming. This may be especially relevant for biomes spanning large climatic gradients, such as the North American tallgrass prairie. Here, we used a short-term mesocosm experiment to evaluate how seed provenances (Local Northern region, Non-local Northern region, Non-local Southern region) of 10 native tallgrass prairie plants (four forbs, two legumes, and four grasses) responded to warmer conditions predicted in the future and how soil microbial communities from those three regions influenced these responses. Warming and seed provenance affected plant community composition and warming decreased plant diversity for all three seed provenances. Plant species varied in their individual responses to warming, and across species, we detected no consistent differences among the three provenances in terms of biomass response to warming and few strong effects of soil provenance. Our work provides evidence that warming, in part, may reduce plant diversity and affect restored prairie composition. Because the southern provenance did not consistently outperform others under warming and we found little support for the "local is best" paradigm currently dominating restoration practice, identifying appropriate seed provenances to promote restoration success both now and in future warmer environments may be challenging. Due to the idiosyncratic responses across species, we recommend that land managers compare seeds from different regions for each species to determine which seed provenance performs best under warming and in restoration for tallgrass prairies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Louis W Jochems
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, 441 Mark Jefferson Hall, Ypsilanti, Michigan, 48197, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lau
- Department of Biology and the Environmental Resilience Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana, 47405, USA
| | - Lars A Brudvig
- Department of Plant Biology and Program in Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - Emily Grman
- Department of Biology, Eastern Michigan University, 441 Mark Jefferson Hall, Ypsilanti, Michigan, 48197, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Braasch JE, Di Santo LN, Tarble ZJ, Prasifka JR, Hamilton JA. Testing for evolutionary change in restoration: A genomic comparison between ex situ, native, and commercial seed sources of Helianthus maximiliani. Evol Appl 2021; 14:2206-2220. [PMID: 34603493 PMCID: PMC8477598 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally imperiled ecosystems often depend upon collection, propagation, and storage of seed material for use in restoration. However, during the restoration process demographic changes, population bottlenecks, and selection can alter the genetic composition of seed material, with potential impacts for restoration success. The evolutionary outcomes associated with these processes have been demonstrated using theoretical and experimental frameworks, but no study to date has examined their impact on the seed material maintained for conservation and restoration. In this study, we compare genomic variation across seed sources used in conservation and restoration for the perennial prairie plant Helianthus maximiliani, a key component of restorations across North American grasslands. We compare individuals sourced from contemporary wild populations, ex situ conservation collections, commercially produced restoration material, and two populations selected for agronomic traits. Overall, we observed that ex situ and contemporary wild populations exhibited similar genomic composition, while four of five commercial populations and selected lines were differentiated from each other and other seed source populations. Genomic differences across seed sources could not be explained solely by isolation by distance nor directional selection. We did find evidence of sampling effects for ex situ collections, which exhibited significantly increased coancestry relative to commercial populations, suggesting increased relatedness. Interestingly, commercially sourced seed appeared to maintain an increased number of rare alleles relative to ex situ and wild contemporary seed sources. However, while commercial seed populations were not genetically depauperate, the genomic distance between wild and commercially produced seed suggests differentiation in the genomic composition could impact restoration success. Our results point toward the importance of genetic monitoring of seed sources used for conservation and restoration as they are expected to be influenced by the evolutionary processes that contribute to divergence during the restoration process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph E. Braasch
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Lionel N. Di Santo
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| | - Zachary J. Tarble
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
- Edward T. Schafer Agricultural Research CenterUSDA‐ARSFargoNDUSA
| | | | - Jill A. Hamilton
- Department of Biological SciencesNorth Dakota State UniversityFargoNDUSA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lang M, Albrecht H, Rudolph M, Kollmann J. Low levels of regional differentiation and little evidence for local adaptation in rare arable plants. Basic Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
9
|
Hays CG, Hanley TC, Hughes AR, Truskey SB, Zerebecki RA, Sotka EE. Local Adaptation in Marine Foundation Species at Microgeographic Scales. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2021; 241:16-29. [PMID: 34436968 DOI: 10.1086/714821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
AbstractNearshore foundation species in coastal and estuarine systems (e.g., salt marsh grasses, mangroves, seagrasses, corals) drive the ecological functions of ecosystems and entire biomes by creating physical structure that alters local abiotic conditions and influences species interactions and composition. The resilience of foundation species and the ecosystem functions they provide depends on their phenotypic and genetic responses to spatial and temporal shifts in environmental conditions. In this review, we explore what is known about the causes and consequences of adaptive genetic differentiation in marine foundation species over spatial scales shorter than dispersal capabilities (i.e., microgeographic scales). We describe the strength of coupling field and laboratory experiments with population genetic techniques to illuminate patterns of local adaptation, and we illustrate this approach by using several foundation species. Among the major themes that emerge from our review include (1) adaptive differentiation of marine foundation species repeatedly evolves along vertical (i.e., elevation or depth) gradients, and (2) mating system and phenology may facilitate this differentiation. Microgeographic adaptation is an understudied mechanism potentially underpinning the resilience of many sessile marine species, and this evolutionary mechanism likely has particularly important consequences for the ecosystem functions provided by foundation species.
Collapse
|
10
|
Bucharova A, Lampei C, Conrady M, May E, Matheja J, Meyer M, Ott D. Plant provenance affects pollinator network: Implications for ecological restoration. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bucharova
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Christian Lampei
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Malte Conrady
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Emilia May
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Janis Matheja
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Michael Meyer
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
| | - David Ott
- Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
- Centre for Biodiversity Monitoring Zoological Research Museum Alexander Koenig Bonn Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cevallos D, Bede‐Fazekas Á, Tanács E, Szitár K, Halassy M, Kövendi‐Jakó A, Török K. Seed transfer zones based on environmental variables better reflect variability in vegetation than administrative units: evidence from Hungary. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Cevallos
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
- Department of Plant Systematics, Ecology and Theoretical Biology Eötvös Loránd University Budapest Hungary
| | - Ákos Bede‐Fazekas
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
- Centre for Ecological Research GINOP Sustainable Ecosystems Group Tihany Hungary
| | - Eszter Tanács
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Katalin Szitár
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Melinda Halassy
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Anna Kövendi‐Jakó
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| | - Katalin Török
- Centre for Ecological Research Institute of Ecology and Botany Vácrátót Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Yoko ZG, Volk KL, Dochtermann NA, Hamilton JA. The importance of quantitative trait differentiation in restoration: landscape heterogeneity and functional traits inform seed transfer guidelines. AOB PLANTS 2020; 12:plaa009. [PMID: 32257091 PMCID: PMC7112727 DOI: 10.1093/aobpla/plaa009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
For widely distributed species, understanding the scale over which genetic variation correlates to landscape structure and composition is critical. Particularly within the context of restoration, the evolution of genetic differences may impact success if seeds are maladapted to the restoration environment. In this study, we used Geum triflorum to quantify the scale over which genetic differences for quantitative traits important to adaptation have evolved, comparing the proportion of variance attributed to broad regional- and local population-level effects. Geum triflorum is a widely distributed species spanning a range of environments, including alvar and prairie habitats, which have extreme regional differences in soil-moisture availability. Alvar habitats are regions of thin soil over limestone that experience substantial seasonal variation in water availability, from flooding to desiccation annually. This contrasts with prairie habitats, whose deeper soils mitigate irregular flood-desiccation cycles. Using a common garden experiment, we evaluated 15 traits broadly grouped into three trait classes: resource allocation, stomatal characteristics, and leaf morphological traits for individuals sourced from prairie and alvar environments. We quantified the proportion of trait variance explained by regional- and population-scale effects and compared the proportion of regional- and population-trait variances explained across trait classes. Significant regional differentiation was observed for the majority of quantitative traits; however, population-scale effects were equal or greater than regional effects, suggesting that important genetic differences may have evolved across the finer population scale. Stomatal and resource allocation trait classes exhibited substantial regional differentiation relative to morphological traits, which may indicate increased strength of selection for stomatal and resource allocation traits relative to morphological traits. These patterns point towards the value in considering the scale over which genetic differences may have evolved for widely distributed species and identify different functional trait classes that may be valuable in establishing seed transfer guidelines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zebadiah G Yoko
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Kate L Volk
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Ned A Dochtermann
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Jill A Hamilton
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Camarretta N, Harrison PA, Bailey T, Davidson N, Lucieer A, Hunt M, Potts BM. Stability of species and provenance performance when translocated into different community assemblages. Restor Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/rec.13098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Camarretta
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Peter A. Harrison
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Tanya Bailey
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
- Greening Australia Mt. Nelson Tasmania Australia
| | | | - Arko Lucieer
- School of Technology, Environments and Design University of Tasmania Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Mark Hunt
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| | - Brad M. Potts
- School of Natural Sciences and ARC Training Centre for Forest Value University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55 Hobart Tasmania 7001 Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Field E, Schönrogge K, Barsoum N, Hector A, Gibbs M. Individual tree traits shape insect and disease damage on oak in a climate-matching tree diversity experiment. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:8524-8540. [PMID: 31410259 PMCID: PMC6686283 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Diversifying planted forests by increasing genetic and species diversity is often promoted as a method to improve forest resilience to climate change and reduce pest and pathogen damage. In this study, we used a young tree diversity experiment replicated at two sites in the UK to study the impacts of tree diversity and tree provenance (geographic origin) on the oak (Quercus robur) insect herbivore community and a specialist biotrophic pathogen, oak powdery mildew. Local UK, French, and Italian provenances were planted in monocultures, provenance mixtures, and species mixes, allowing us to test whether: (a) local and nonlocal provenances differ in their insect herbivore and pathogen communities, and (b) admixing trees leads to associational effects on insect herbivore and pathogen damage. Tree diversity had variable impacts on foliar organisms across sites and years, suggesting that diversity effects can be highly dependent on environmental context. Provenance identity impacted upon both herbivores and powdery mildew, but we did not find consistent support for the local adaptation hypothesis for any group of organisms studied. Independent of provenance, we found tree vigor traits (shoot length, tree height) and tree apparency (the height of focal trees relative to their surroundings) were consistent positive predictors of powdery mildew and insect herbivory. Synthesis. Our results have implications for understanding the complex interplay between tree identity and diversity in determining pest damage, and show that tree traits, partially influenced by tree genotype, can be important drivers of tree pest and pathogen loads.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Field
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | | | | | - Andrew Hector
- Department of Plant SciencesUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
| | - Melanie Gibbs
- Centre for Ecology & HydrologyCrowmarsh GiffordWallingfordUK
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Baughman OW, Agneray AC, Forister ML, Kilkenny FF, Espeland EK, Fiegener R, Horning ME, Johnson RC, Kaye TN, Ott J, St. Clair JB, Leger EA. Strong patterns of intraspecific variation and local adaptation in Great Basin plants revealed through a review of 75 years of experiments. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:6259-6275. [PMID: 31236219 PMCID: PMC6580289 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Variation in natural selection across heterogeneous landscapes often produces (a) among-population differences in phenotypic traits, (b) trait-by-environment associations, and (c) higher fitness of local populations. Using a broad literature review of common garden studies published between 1941 and 2017, we documented the commonness of these three signatures in plants native to North America's Great Basin, an area of extensive restoration and revegetation efforts, and asked which traits and environmental variables were involved. We also asked, independent of geographic distance, whether populations from more similar environments had more similar traits. From 327 experiments testing 121 taxa in 170 studies, we found 95.1% of 305 experiments reported among-population differences, and 81.4% of 161 experiments reported trait-by-environment associations. Locals showed greater survival in 67% of 24 reciprocal experiments that reported survival, and higher fitness in 90% of 10 reciprocal experiments that reported reproductive output. A meta-analysis on a subset of studies found that variation in eight commonly measured traits was associated with mean annual precipitation and mean annual temperature at the source location, with notably strong relationships for flowering phenology, leaf size, and survival, among others. Although the Great Basin is sometimes perceived as a region of homogeneous ecosystems, our results demonstrate widespread habitat-related population differentiation and local adaptation. Locally sourced plants likely harbor adaptations at rates and magnitudes that are immediately relevant to restoration success, and our results suggest that certain key traits and environmental variables should be prioritized in future assessments of plants in this region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Owen W. Baughman
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevada
- Present address:
The Nature ConservancyBurnsOregon
| | - Alison C. Agneray
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevada
| | | | | | - Erin K. Espeland
- Pest Management Research UnitUSDA‐Agricultural Research Service Northern Plains Agricultural LaboratorySidneyMontana
| | | | - Matthew E. Horning
- Deschutes National ForestUSDA Forest Service Pacific Northwest RegionBendOregon
| | | | | | - Jeff Ott
- Rocky Mountain Research StationUSDA Forest ServiceBoiseIdaho
| | | | - Elizabeth A. Leger
- Department of Natural Resources and Environmental ScienceUniversity of NevadaRenoNevada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Nagel R, Durka W, Bossdorf O, Bucharova A. Rapid evolution in native plants cultivated for ecological restoration: not a general pattern. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:551-558. [PMID: 30120869 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing number of restoration projects worldwide increases the demand for seed material of native species. To meet this demand, seeds are often produced through large-scale cultivation on specialised farms, using wild-collected seeds as the original sources. However, during cultivation, plants experience novel environmental conditions compared to those in natural populations, and there is a danger that the plants in cultivation are subject to unintended selection and lose their adaptation to natural habitats. Although the propagation methods are usually designed to maintain as much natural genetic diversity as possible, the effectiveness of these measures have never been tested. We obtained seed of five common grassland species from one of the largest native seed producers in Germany. For each species, the seeds were from multiple generations of seed production. We used AFLP markers and a common garden experiment to test for genetic and phenotypic changes during cultivation of these plants. The molecular markers detected significant evolutionary changes in three out of the five species and we found significant phenotypic changes in two species. The only species that showed substantial genetic and phenotypic changes was the short-lived and predominantly selfing Medicago lupulina, while in the other, mostly perennial and outcrossing species, the observed changes were mostly minor. Agricultural propagation of native seed material for restoration can cause evolutionary changes, at least in some species. We recommend caution, particularly in selfing and short-lived species, where evolution may be more rapid and effects may thus be more severe.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Nagel
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution & Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - W Durka
- Department of Community Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ, Halle, Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - O Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution & Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - A Bucharova
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology, Institute of Evolution & Ecology, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Nature Conservation and landscape Ecology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Turner CB, Marshall CW, Cooper VS. Parallel genetic adaptation across environments differing in mode of growth or resource availability. Evol Lett 2018; 2:355-367. [PMID: 30283687 PMCID: PMC6121802 DOI: 10.1002/evl3.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Evolution experiments have demonstrated high levels of genetic parallelism between populations evolving in identical environments. However, natural populations evolve in complex environments that can vary in many ways, likely sharing some characteristics but not others. Here, we ask whether shared selection pressures drive parallel evolution across distinct environments. We addressed this question in experimentally evolved populations founded from a clone of the bacterium Burkholderia cenocepacia. These populations evolved for 90 days (approximately 600 generations) under all combinations of high or low carbon availability and selection for either planktonic or biofilm modes of growth. Populations that evolved in environments with shared selection pressures (either level of carbon availability or mode of growth) were more genetically similar to each other than populations from environments that shared neither characteristic. However, not all shared selection pressures led to parallel evolution. Genetic parallelism between low-carbon biofilm and low-carbon planktonic populations was very low despite shared selection for growth under low-carbon conditions, suggesting that evolution in low-carbon environments may generate stronger trade-offs between biofilm and planktonic modes of growth. For all environments, a population's fitness in a particular environment was positively correlated with the genetic similarity between that population and the populations that evolved in that particular environment. Although genetic similarity was low between low-carbon environments, overall, evolution in similar environments led to higher levels of genetic parallelism and that genetic parallelism, in turn, was correlated with fitness in a particular environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline B. Turner
- Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvania
| | | | - Vaughn S. Cooper
- Microbiology and Molecular GeneticsUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghPennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Breed MF, Harrison PA, Bischoff A, Durruty P, Gellie NJC, Gonzales EK, Havens K, Karmann M, Kilkenny FF, Krauss SL, Lowe AJ, Marques P, Nevill PG, Vitt PL, Bucharova A. Priority Actions to Improve Provenance Decision-Making. Bioscience 2018. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Breed
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute at the University of Adelaide, in Australia
| | - Peter A Harrison
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- School of Natural Sciences and the ARC Centre for Forest Values at the University of Tasmania, in Australia
| | - Armin Bischoff
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- University of Avignon, in France
| | - Paula Durruty
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Instituto Forestal Nacional (INFONA), in San Lorenzo, Paraguay
| | - Nick J C Gellie
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute at the University of Adelaide, in Australia
| | - Emily K Gonzales
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Ecological Restoration Division at Parks Canada, in Vancouver, British Columbia
| | - Kayri Havens
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- School of Natural Sciences and the ARC Centre for Forest Values at the University of Tasmania, in Australia
| | - Marion Karmann
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Forest Stewardship Council, in Bonn, Germany
| | - Francis F Kilkenny
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station, in Boise, Idaho
| | - Siegfried L Krauss
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Kings Park and Botanic Garden, in West Perth, Western Australia
| | - Andrew J Lowe
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- School of Biological Sciences and the Environment Institute at the University of Adelaide, in Australia
| | - Pedro Marques
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Big Hole Watershed Committee, in Divide, Montana
| | - Paul G Nevill
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Department of Environment and Agriculture at Curtin University, in Australia
| | - Pati L Vitt
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Chicago Botanic Garden, in Glencoe, Illinois
| | - Anna Bucharova
- All the authors have an interest in the science and practice of seed sourcing and provenance decision-making for restoration
- Department of Plant Evolutionary Ecology at Karl Eberhard University and with the Department of Landscape Ecology and Nature Conservation at Albert Ludwigs University, in Freiburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bucharova A, Bossdorf O, Hölzel N, Kollmann J, Prasse R, Durka W. Mix and match: regional admixture provenancing strikes a balance among different seed-sourcing strategies for ecological restoration. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
20
|
Bucharova A, Durka W, Hölzel N, Kollmann J, Michalski S, Bossdorf O. Are local plants the best for ecosystem restoration? It depends on how you analyze the data. Ecol Evol 2017; 7:10683-10689. [PMID: 29299248 PMCID: PMC5743477 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the key questions in ecosystem restoration is the choice of the seed material for restoring plant communities. The most common strategy is to use local seed sources, based on the argument that many plants are locally adapted and thus local seed sources should provide the best restoration success. However, the evidence for local adaptation is inconsistent, and some of these inconsistencies may be due to different experimental approaches that have been used to test for local adaptation. We illustrate how conclusions about local adaptation depend on the experimental design and in particular on the method of data analysis. We used data from a multispecies reciprocal transplant experiment and analyzed them in three different ways: (1) comparing local vs. foreign plants within species and sites, corresponding to tests of the “local is best” paradigm in ecological restoration, (2) comparing sympatric vs. allopatric populations across sites but within species, and (3) comparing sympatric and allopatric populations across multiple species. These approaches reflect different experimental designs: While a local vs. foreign comparison can be done even in small experiments with a single species and site, the other two approaches require a reciprocal transplant experiment with one or multiple species, respectively. The three different analyses led to contrasting results. While the local/foreign approach indicated lack of local adaptation or even maladaptation, the more general sympatric/allopatric approach rather suggested local adaptation, and the most general cross‐species sympatric/allopatric test provided significant evidence for local adaptation. The analyses demonstrate how the design of experiments and methods of data analysis impact conclusions on the presence or absence of local adaptation. While small‐scale, single‐species experiments may be useful for identifying the appropriate seed material for a specific restoration project, general patterns can only be detected in reciprocal transplant experiments with multiple species and sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bucharova
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution & Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany.,Nature Conservation and Landscape Ecology University of Freiburg Freiburg im Breisgau Germany
| | - Walter Durka
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ Halle Germany.,German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Norbert Hölzel
- Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research Group Institute of Landscape Ecology University of Münster Münster Germany
| | - Johannes Kollmann
- Department of Ecology & Ecosystem Management Restoration Ecology Technical University of Munich München Germany.,Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO) Ås Norway
| | - Stefan Michalski
- Department of Community Ecology Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research-UFZ Halle Germany
| | - Oliver Bossdorf
- Plant Evolutionary Ecology Institute of Evolution & Ecology University of Tübingen Tübingen Germany
| |
Collapse
|