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Ketola T, Kronholm I. Experimental evolution of evolutionary potential in fluctuating environments. J Evol Biol 2023. [PMID: 37129538 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Variation is the raw material for evolution. Evolutionary potential is determined by the amount of genetic variation, but evolution can also alter the visibility of genetic variation to natural selection. Fluctuating environments are suggested to maintain genetic variation but they can also affect environmental variance, and thus, the visibility of genetic variation to natural selection. However, experimental studies testing these ideas are relatively scarce. In order to determine differences in evolutionary potential we quantified variance attributable to population, genotype and environment for populations of the bacterium Serratia marcescens. These populations had been experimentally evolved in constant and two fluctuating environments. We found that strains that evolved in fluctuating environments exhibited larger environmental variation suggesting that adaptation to fluctuations has decreased the visibility of genetic variation to selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarmo Ketola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ilkka Kronholm
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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2
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Metabolic Robustness to Growth Temperature of a Cold- Adapted Marine Bacterium. mSystems 2023; 8:e0112422. [PMID: 36847563 PMCID: PMC10134870 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.01124-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial communities experience continuous environmental changes, with temperature fluctuations being the most impacting. This is particularly important considering the ongoing global warming but also in the "simpler" context of seasonal variability of sea-surface temperature. Understanding how microorganisms react at the cellular level can improve our understanding of their possible adaptations to a changing environment. In this work, we investigated the mechanisms through which metabolic homeostasis is maintained in a cold-adapted marine bacterium during growth at temperatures that differ widely (15 and 0°C). We have quantified its intracellular and extracellular central metabolomes together with changes occurring at the transcriptomic level in the same growth conditions. This information was then used to contextualize a genome-scale metabolic reconstruction, and to provide a systemic understanding of cellular adaptation to growth at 2 different temperatures. Our findings indicate a strong metabolic robustness at the level of the main central metabolites, counteracted by a relatively deep transcriptomic reprogramming that includes changes in gene expression of hundreds of metabolic genes. We interpret this as a transcriptomic buffering of cellular metabolism, able to produce overlapping metabolic phenotypes, despite the wide temperature gap. Moreover, we show that metabolic adaptation seems to be mostly played at the level of few key intermediates (e.g., phosphoenolpyruvate) and in the cross talk between the main central metabolic pathways. Overall, our findings reveal a complex interplay at gene expression level that contributes to the robustness/resilience of core metabolism, also promoting the leveraging of state-of-the-art multi-disciplinary approaches to fully comprehend molecular adaptations to environmental fluctuations. IMPORTANCE This manuscript addresses a central and broad interest topic in environmental microbiology, i.e. the effect of growth temperature on microbial cell physiology. We investigated if and how metabolic homeostasis is maintained in a cold-adapted bacterium during growth at temperatures that differ widely and that match measured changes on the field. Our integrative approach revealed an extraordinary robustness of the central metabolome to growth temperature. However, this was counteracted by deep changes at the transcriptional level, and especially in the metabolic part of the transcriptome. This conflictual scenario was interpreted as a transcriptomic buffering of cellular metabolism, and was investigated using genome-scale metabolic modeling. Overall, our findings reveal a complex interplay at gene expression level that contributes to the robustness/resilience of core metabolism, also promoting the use of state-of-the-art multi-disciplinary approaches to fully comprehend molecular adaptations to environmental fluctuations.
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3
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Malusare SP, Zilio G, Fronhofer EA. Evolution of thermal performance curves: A meta-analysis of selection experiments. J Evol Biol 2023; 36:15-28. [PMID: 36129955 PMCID: PMC10087336 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.14087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Temperatures are increasing due to global changes, putting biodiversity at risk. Organisms are faced with a limited set of options to cope with this situation: adapt, disperse or die. We here focus on the first possibility, more specifically, on evolutionary adaptations to temperature. Ectotherms are usually characterized by a hump-shaped relationship between fitness and temperature, a non-linear reaction norm that is referred to as thermal performance curve (TPC). To understand and predict impacts of global change, we need to know whether and how such TPCs evolve. Therefore, we performed a systematic literature search and a statistical meta-analysis focusing on experimental evolution and artificial selection studies. This focus allows us to directly quantify relative fitness responses to temperature selection by calculating fitness differences between TPCs from ancestral and derived populations after thermal selection. Out of 7561 publications screened, we found 47 studies corresponding to our search criteria representing taxa across the tree of life, from bacteria, to plants and vertebrates. We show that, independently of species identity, the studies we found report a positive response to temperature selection. Considering entire TPC shapes, adaptation to higher temperatures traded off with fitness at lower temperatures, leading to niche shifts. Effects were generally stronger in unicellular organisms. By contrast, we do not find statistical support for the often discussed "Hotter is better" hypothesis. While our meta-analysis provides evidence for adaptive potential of TPCs across organisms, it also highlights that more experimental work is needed, especially for under-represented taxa, such as plants and non-model systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak P Malusare
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Giacomo Zilio
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
| | - Emanuel A Fronhofer
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution de Montpellier (ISEM), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, EPHE, Montpellier, France
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4
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Yates C, Trexler RV, Bonet I, King WL, Hockett KL, Bell TH. Rapid niche shifts in bacteria following conditioning in novel soil environments. Funct Ecol 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.14180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caylon Yates
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Ryan V. Trexler
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Idalys Bonet
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - William L. King
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Present address: School of Integrative Plant Science Cornell University Ithaca NY
| | - Kevin L. Hockett
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
| | - Terrence H. Bell
- Department of Plant Pathology and Environmental Microbiology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
- Intercollege Graduate Degree Program in Ecology, The Pennsylvania State University University Park PA USA
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5
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Abstract
Sunlight drives phototrophic metabolism, which affects redox conditions and produces substrates for nonphototrophs. These environmental parameters fluctuate daily due to Earth’s rotation, and nonphototrophic organisms can therefore benefit from the ability to respond to, or even anticipate, such changes. Circadian rhythms, such as daily changes in body temperature, in host organisms can also affect local conditions for colonizing bacteria. Here, we investigated the effects of light/dark and temperature cycling on biofilms of the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA14. We grew biofilms in the presence of a respiratory indicator dye and found that enhanced dye reduction occurred in biofilm zones that formed during dark intervals and at lower temperatures. This pattern formation occurred with cycling of blue, red, or far-red light, and a screen of mutants representing potential sensory proteins identified two with defects in pattern formation, specifically under red light cycling. We also found that the physiological states of biofilm subzones formed under specific light and temperature conditions were retained during subsequent condition cycling. Light/dark and temperature cycling affected expression of genes involved in primary metabolic pathways and redox homeostasis, including those encoding electron transport chain components. Consistent with this, we found that cbb3-type oxidases contribute to dye reduction under light/dark cycling conditions. Together, our results indicate that cyclic changes in light exposure and temperature have lasting effects on redox metabolism in biofilms formed by a nonphototrophic, pathogenic bacterium.
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6
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Lambros M, Pechuan-Jorge X, Biro D, Ye K, Bergman A. Emerging Adaptive Strategies Under Temperature Fluctuations in a Laboratory Evolution Experiment of Escherichia Coli. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:724982. [PMID: 34745030 PMCID: PMC8569431 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.724982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Generalists and specialists are types of strategies individuals can employ that can evolve in fluctuating environments depending on the extremity and periodicity of the fluctuation. To evaluate whether the evolution of specialists or generalists occurs under environmental fluctuation regimes with different levels of periodicity, 24 populations of Escherichia coli underwent laboratory evolution with temperatures alternating between 15 and 43°C in three fluctuation regimes: two periodic regimes dependent on culture's cell density and one random (non-periodic) regime with no such dependency, serving as a control. To investigate contingencies on the genetic background, we seeded our experiment with two different strains. After the experiment, growth rate measurements at the two temperatures showed that the evolution of specialists was favored in the random regime, while generalists were favored in the periodic regimes. Whole genome sequencing demonstrated that several gene mutations were selected in parallel in the evolving populations with some dependency on the starting genetic background. Given the genes mutated, we hypothesized that the driving force behind the observed adaptations is the restoration of the internal physiology of the starting strains' unstressed states at 37°C, which may be a means of improving fitness in the new environments. Phenotypic array measurements supported our hypothesis by demonstrating a tendency of the phenotypic response of the evolved strains to move closer to the starting strains' response at the optimum of 37°C, especially for strains classified as generalists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryl Lambros
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ximo Pechuan-Jorge
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Daniel Biro
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Kenny Ye
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Aviv Bergman
- Department of Systems and Computational Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Dominick P. Purpura Department of Neuroscience, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States.,Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, NM, United States
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7
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Iltis C, Tougeron K, Hance T, Louâpre P, Foray V. A perspective on insect-microbe holobionts facing thermal fluctuations in a climate-change context. Environ Microbiol 2021; 24:18-29. [PMID: 34713541 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Temperature influences the ecology and evolution of insects and their symbionts by impacting each partner independently and their interactions, considering the holobiont as a primary unit of selection. There are sound data about the responses of these partnerships to constant temperatures and sporadic thermal stress (mostly heat shock). However, the current understanding of the thermal ecology of insect-microbe holobionts remains patchy because the complex thermal fluctuations (at different spatial and temporal scales) experienced by these organisms in nature have often been overlooked experimentally. This may drastically constrain our ability to predict the fate of mutualistic interactions under climate change, which will alter both mean temperatures and thermal variability. Here, we tackle down these issues by focusing on the effects of temperature fluctuations on the evolutionary ecology of insect-microbe holobionts. We propose potentially worth-investigating research avenues to (i) evaluate the relevance of theoretical concepts used to predict the biological impacts of temperature fluctuations when applied to holobionts; (ii) acknowledge the plastic (behavioural thermoregulation, physiological acclimation) and genetic responses (evolution) expressed by holobionts in fluctuating thermal environments; and (iii) explore the potential impacts of previously unconsidered patterns of temperature fluctuations on the outcomes and the dynamic of these insect-microbe associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Iltis
- Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Center, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Kévin Tougeron
- Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Center, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium.,UMR CNRS 7058 EDYSAN (Ecologie et Dynamique des Systèmes Anthropisés), Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 33 rue St Leu, Amiens, 80039, France
| | - Thierry Hance
- Earth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Center, Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, Louvain-la-Neuve, 1348, Belgium
| | - Philippe Louâpre
- UMR CNRS 6282 Biogéosciences, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 6 Boulevard Gabriel, Dijon, 21000, France
| | - Vincent Foray
- UMR CNRS 7261 Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l'Insecte, Université de Tours, Parc Grandmont, Tours, 37200, France
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8
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Moreno J, López-González JA, Arcos-Nievas MA, Suárez-Estrella F, Jurado MM, Estrella-González MJ, López MJ. Revisiting the succession of microbial populations throughout composting: A matter of thermotolerance. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145587. [PMID: 33592470 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Composting has been traditionally considered a process in which a succession of mesophilic and thermophilic microbial populations occurs due to temperature changes. In order to deepen in this model, 1380 bacterial and fungal strains (the entire culturable microbiota isolated from a composting process) were investigated for their ability to grow across a wide range of temperatures (20 to 60 °C). First, qualitative tests were performed to establish a thermal profile for each strain. Then, quantitative tests allowed ascertaining the extent of growth for each strain at each of the tested temperatures. The identity of the isolates enabled to position them taxonomically and permitted tracking the strains throughout the process. Results showed that 90% of the isolates were classified as thermotolerant (they grew at all tested temperatures). Only 9% and 1% of the studied strains showed to be strictly mesophilic or thermophilic, respectively. Firmicutes exhibited the greatest thermal plasticity, followed by Actinobacteria and Ascomycota. Most of the Proteobacteria and all Basidiomycota strains were also able to grow at all the assayed temperatures. Thermotolerance was clearly demonstrated among the composting microbiota, suggesting that the idea of the succession of mesophilic and thermophilic populations throughout the process might need a reassessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Moreno
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - J A López-González
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain.
| | - M A Arcos-Nievas
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - F Suárez-Estrella
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M M Jurado
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M J Estrella-González
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
| | - M J López
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Biology and Geology, CITE II-B, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3; CIAIMBITAL, University of Almería, 04120 Almería, Spain
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9
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Chan WY, Oakeshott JG, Buerger P, Edwards OR, van Oppen MJH. Adaptive responses of free-living and symbiotic microalgae to simulated future ocean conditions. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:1737-1754. [PMID: 33547698 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Marine microalgae are a diverse group of microscopic eukaryotic and prokaryotic organisms capable of photosynthesis. They are important primary producers and carbon sinks but their physiology and persistence are severely affected by global climate change. Powerful experimental evolution technologies are being used to examine the potential of microalgae to respond adaptively to current and predicted future conditions, as well as to develop resources to facilitate species conservation and restoration of ecosystem functions. This review synthesizes findings and insights from experimental evolution studies of marine microalgae in response to elevated temperature and/or pCO2 . Adaptation to these environmental conditions has been observed in many studies of marine dinoflagellates, diatoms and coccolithophores. An enhancement in traits such as growth and photo-physiological performance and an increase in upper thermal limit have been shown to be possible, although the extent and rate of change differ between microalgal taxa. Studies employing multiple monoclonal replicates showed variation in responses among replicates and revealed the stochasticity of mutations. The work to date is already providing valuable information on species' climate sensitivity or resilience to managers and policymakers but extrapolating these insights to ecosystem- and community-level impacts continues to be a challenge. We recommend future work should include in situ experiments, diurnal and seasonal fluctuations, multiple drivers and multiple starting genotypes. Fitness trade-offs, stable versus plastic responses and the genetic bases of the changes also need investigating, and the incorporation of genome resequencing into experimental designs will be invaluable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Yan Chan
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - John G Oakeshott
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Land & Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Applied Biosciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Buerger
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Land & Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Owain R Edwards
- CSIRO Synthetic Biology Future Science Platform, Land & Water, Canberra, ACT, Australia
- Applied Biosciences, Macquarie University, North Ryde, NSW, Australia
| | - Madeleine J H van Oppen
- School of BioSciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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10
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Ionescu D, Zoccarato L, Zaduryan A, Schorn S, Bizic M, Pinnow S, Cypionka H, Grossart HP. Heterozygous, Polyploid, Giant Bacterium, Achromatium, Possesses an Identical Functional Inventory Worldwide across Drastically Different Ecosystems. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 38:1040-1059. [PMID: 33169788 PMCID: PMC7947748 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Achromatium is large, hyperpolyploid and the only known heterozygous bacterium. Single cells contain approximately 300 different chromosomes with allelic diversity far exceeding that typically harbored by single bacteria genera. Surveying all publicly available sediment sequence archives, we show that Achromatium is common worldwide, spanning temperature, salinity, pH, and depth ranges normally resulting in bacterial speciation. Although saline and freshwater Achromatium spp. appear phylogenetically separated, the genus Achromatium contains a globally identical, complete functional inventory regardless of habitat. Achromatium spp. cells from differing ecosystems (e.g., from freshwater to saline) are, unexpectedly, equally functionally equipped but differ in gene expression patterns by transcribing only relevant genes. We suggest that environmental adaptation occurs by increasing the copy number of relevant genes across the cell's hundreds of chromosomes, without losing irrelevant ones, thus maintaining the ability to survive in any ecosystem type. The functional versatility of Achromatium and its genomic features reveal alternative genetic and evolutionary mechanisms, expanding our understanding of the role and evolution of polyploidy in bacteria while challenging the bacterial species concept and drivers of bacterial speciation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny Ionescu
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany
- Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Biodiversity, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Zoccarato
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany
| | - Artur Zaduryan
- Department of Microbial Ecology, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sina Schorn
- Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology, Bremen, Germany
| | - Mina Bizic
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany
- Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Biodiversity, Berlin, Germany
| | - Solvig Pinnow
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany
| | - Heribert Cypionka
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Grossart
- Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Neuglobsow, Germany
- Berlin Brandenburg Institute of Biodiversity, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biology, Potsdam University, Potsdam, Germany
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11
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Cabrerizo MJ, Marañón E. Temperature fluctuations in a warmer environment: impacts on microbial plankton. Fac Rev 2021; 10:9. [PMID: 33659927 PMCID: PMC7894268 DOI: 10.12703/r/10-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Warming can cause changes in the structure and functioning of microbial food webs. Experimental studies quantifying such impacts on microbial plankton have tended to consider constant temperature conditions. However, Jensen's inequality (or the fallacy of the average) recognizes that organism performance under constant conditions is seldom equal to the mean performance under variable conditions, highlighting the need to consider in situ fluctuations over a range of time scales. Here we review some of the available evidence on how warming effects on the abundance, diversity, and metabolism of microbial plankton are altered when temperature fluctuations are considered. We found that fluctuating temperatures may accentuate warming-mediated reductions in phytoplankton evenness and gross photosynthesis while synergistically increasing phytoplankton growth. Also, fluctuating temperatures have been shown to reduce the positive warming effect on cyanobacterial biomass production and recruitment and to reverse a warming effect on cellular nutrient quotas. Other reports have shown that fluctuations in temperature did not alter plankton responses to constant warming. These investigations have mostly focused on a few phytoplankton species (i.e. diatoms and haptophytes) in temperate and marine ecosystems and considered short-term and transient responses. It remains unknown whether the same responses apply to other species and ecosystems and if evolutionary change in thermally varying environments could alter the magnitude and direction of the responses to warming observed over short-term scales. Thus, future research efforts should address the role of fluctuations in environmental drivers. We stress the need to study responses over different biological organization and trophic levels, nutritional modes, temporal scales, and ecosystem types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco J Cabrerizo
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Campus Lagoas Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Mariña da Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVigo), Illa de Toralla s/n, 36331, Vigo, Spain
| | - Emilio Marañón
- Departamento de Ecología y Biología Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, Campus Lagoas Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Mariña da Universidade de Vigo (CIM-UVigo), Illa de Toralla s/n, 36331, Vigo, Spain
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12
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Marguerite NT, Bernard J, Harrison DA, Harris D, Cooper RL. Effect of Temperature on Heart Rate for Phaenicia sericata and Drosophila melanogaster with Altered Expression of the TrpA1 Receptors. INSECTS 2021; 12:38. [PMID: 33418937 PMCID: PMC7825143 DOI: 10.3390/insects12010038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The transient receptor potential (TrpA-ankyrin) receptor has been linked to pathological conditions in cardiac function in mammals. To better understand the function of the TrpA1 in regulation of the heart, a Drosophila melanogaster model was used to express TrpA1 in heart and body wall muscles. Heartbeat of in intact larvae as well as hearts in situ, devoid of hormonal and neural input, indicate that strong over-expression of TrpA1 in larvae at 30 or 37 °C stopped the heart from beating, but in a diastolic state. Cardiac function recovered upon cooling after short exposure to high temperature. Parental control larvae (UAS-TrpA1) increased heart rate transiently at 30 and 37 °C but slowed at 37 °C within 3 min for in-situ preparations, while in-vivo larvae maintained a constant heart rate. The in-situ preparations maintained an elevated rate at 30 °C. The heartbeat in the TrpA1-expressing strains could not be revived at 37 °C with serotonin. Thus, TrpA1 activation may have allowed enough Ca2+ influx to activate K(Ca) channels into a form of diastolic stasis. TrpA1 activation in body wall muscle confirmed a depolarization of membrane. In contrast, blowfly Phaenicia sericata larvae increased heartbeat at 30 and 37 °C, demonstrating greater cardiac thermotolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T. Marguerite
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (N.T.M.); (J.B.); (D.A.H.)
| | - Jate Bernard
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (N.T.M.); (J.B.); (D.A.H.)
| | - Douglas A. Harrison
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (N.T.M.); (J.B.); (D.A.H.)
| | | | - Robin L. Cooper
- Department of Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA; (N.T.M.); (J.B.); (D.A.H.)
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Abstract
The genus Borrelia consists of evolutionarily and genetically diverse bacterial species that cause a variety of diseases in humans and domestic animals. These vector-borne spirochetes can be classified into two major evolutionary groups, the Lyme borreliosis clade and the relapsing fever clade, both of which have complex transmission cycles during which they interact with multiple host species and arthropod vectors. Molecular, ecological, and evolutionary studies have each provided significant contributions towards our understanding of the natural history, biology and evolutionary genetics of Borrelia species; however, integration of these studies is required to identify the evolutionary causes and consequences of the genetic variation within and among Borrelia species. For example, molecular and genetic studies have identified the adaptations that maximize fitness components throughout the Borrelia lifecycle and enhance transmission efficacy but provide limited insights into the evolutionary pressures that have produced them. Ecological studies can identify interactions between Borrelia species and the vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors they encounter and the resulting impact on the geographic distribution and abundance of spirochetes but not the genetic or molecular basis underlying these interactions. In this review we discuss recent findings on the evolutionary genetics from both of the evolutionarily distinct clades of Borrelia species. We focus on connecting molecular interactions to the ecological processes that have driven the evolution and diversification of Borrelia species in order to understand the current distribution of genetic and molecular variation within and between Borrelia species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary J. Oppler
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kayleigh R. O’Keeffe
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Karen D. McCoy
- Centre for Research on the Ecology and Evolution of Diseases (CREES), MiVEGEC, University of Montpellier – CNRS - IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, 433 South University Ave, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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14
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O'Keeffe KR, Oppler ZJ, Brisson D. Evolutionary ecology of Lyme Borrelia. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2020; 85:104570. [PMID: 32998077 PMCID: PMC8349510 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The bacterial genus, Borrelia, is comprised of vector-borne spirochete species that infect and are transmitted from multiple host species. Some Borrelia species cause highly-prevalent diseases in humans and domestic animals. Evolutionary, ecological, and molecular research on many Borrelia species have resulted in tremendous progress toward understanding the biology and natural history of these species. Yet, many outstanding questions, such as how Borrelia populations will be impacted by climate and land-use change, will require an interdisciplinary approach. The evolutionary ecology research framework incorporates theory and data from evolutionary, ecological, and molecular studies while overcoming common assumptions within each field that can hinder integration across these disciplines. Evolutionary ecology offers a framework to evaluate the ecological consequences of evolved traits and to predict how present-day ecological processes may result in further evolutionary change. Studies of microbes with complex transmission cycles, like Borrelia, which interact with multiple vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors, are poised to leverage the power of the evolutionary ecology framework to identify the molecular interactions involved in ecological processes that result in evolutionary change. Using existing data, we outline how evolutionary ecology theory can delineate how interactions with other species and the physical environment create selective forces or impact migration of Borrelia populations and result in micro-evolutionary changes. We further discuss the ecological and molecular consequences of those micro-evolutionary changes. While many of the currently outstanding questions will necessitate new experimental designs and additional empirical data, many others can be addressed immediately by integrating existing molecular and ecological data within an evolutionary ecology framework.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zachary J Oppler
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Dustin Brisson
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Räsänen E, Lindström L, Ketola T. Environmental Fluctuations Drive Species' Competitive Success in Experimental Invasions. ANN ZOOL FENN 2020. [DOI: 10.5735/086.057.0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emmi Räsänen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Leena Lindström
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 University of Jyväskylä, Finland
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16
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Täuber S, von Lieres E, Grünberger A. Dynamic Environmental Control in Microfluidic Single-Cell Cultivations: From Concepts to Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1906670. [PMID: 32157796 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201906670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic single-cell cultivation (MSCC) is an emerging field within fundamental as well as applied biology. During the last years, most MSCCs were performed at constant environmental conditions. Recently, MSCC at oscillating and dynamic environmental conditions has started to gain significant interest in the research community for the investigation of cellular behavior. Herein, an overview of this topic is given and microfluidic concepts that enable oscillating and dynamic control of environmental conditions with a focus on medium conditions are discussed, and their application in single-cell research for the cultivation of both mammalian and microbial cell systems is demonstrated. Furthermore, perspectives for performing MSCC at complex dynamic environmental profiles of single parameters and multiparameters (e.g., pH and O2 ) in amplitude and time are discussed. The technical progress in this field provides completely new experimental approaches and lays the foundation for systematic analysis of cellular metabolism at fluctuating environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Täuber
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Eric von Lieres
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany
| | - Alexander Grünberger
- Multiscale Bioengineering, Faculty of Technology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615, Bielefeld, Germany
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17
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Walworth NG, Zakem EJ, Dunne JP, Collins S, Levine NM. Microbial evolutionary strategies in a dynamic ocean. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:5943-5948. [PMID: 32123112 PMCID: PMC7084144 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1919332117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine microbes form the base of ocean food webs and drive ocean biogeochemical cycling. Yet little is known about the ability of microbial populations to adapt as they are advected through changing conditions. Here, we investigated the interplay between physical and biological timescales using a model of adaptation and an eddy-resolving ocean circulation climate model. Two criteria were identified that relate the timing and nature of adaptation to the ratio of physical to biological timescales. Genetic adaptation was impeded in highly variable regimes by nongenetic modifications but was promoted in more stable environments. An evolutionary trade-off emerged where greater short-term nongenetic transgenerational effects (low-γ strategy) enabled rapid responses to environmental fluctuations but delayed genetic adaptation, while fewer short-term transgenerational effects (high-γ strategy) allowed faster genetic adaptation but inhibited short-term responses. Our results demonstrate that the selective pressures for organisms within a single water mass vary based on differences in generation timescales resulting in different evolutionary strategies being favored. Organisms that experience more variable environments should favor a low-γ strategy. Furthermore, faster cell division rates should be a key factor in genetic adaptation in a changing ocean. Understanding and quantifying the relationship between evolutionary and physical timescales is critical for robust predictions of future microbial dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan G Walworth
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 91011
| | - Emily J Zakem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 91011
| | - John P Dunne
- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton, NJ 08540
| | - Sinéad Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi M Levine
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 91011;
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18
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Collins S, Boyd PW, Doblin MA. Evolution, Microbes, and Changing Ocean Conditions. ANNUAL REVIEW OF MARINE SCIENCE 2020; 12:181-208. [PMID: 31451085 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-marine-010318-095311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Experimental evolution and the associated theory are underutilized in marine microbial studies; the two fields have developed largely in isolation. Here, we review evolutionary tools for addressing four key areas of ocean global change biology: linking plastic and evolutionary trait changes, the contribution of environmental variability to determining trait values, the role of multiple environmental drivers in trait change, and the fate of populations near their tolerance limits. Wherever possible, we highlight which data from marine studies could use evolutionary approaches and where marine model systems can advance our understanding of evolution. Finally, we discuss the emerging field of marine microbial experimental evolution. We propose a framework linking changes in environmental quality (defined as the cumulative effect on population growth rate) with population traits affecting evolutionary potential, in order to understand which evolutionary processes are likely to be most important across a range of locations for different types of marine microbes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinéad Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, United Kingdom;
| | - Philip W Boyd
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, Battery Point, Tasmania 7004, Australia;
| | - Martina A Doblin
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2007, Australia;
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19
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Ward BA, Collins S, Dutkiewicz S, Gibbs S, Bown P, Ridgwell A, Sauterey B, Wilson JD, Oschlies A. Considering the Role of Adaptive Evolution in Models of the Ocean and Climate System. JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN MODELING EARTH SYSTEMS 2019; 11:3343-3361. [PMID: 32025278 PMCID: PMC6988444 DOI: 10.1029/2018ms001452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Numerical models have been highly successful in simulating global carbon and nutrient cycles in today's ocean, together with observed spatial and temporal patterns of chlorophyll and plankton biomass at the surface. With this success has come some confidence in projecting the century-scale response to continuing anthropogenic warming. There is also increasing interest in using such models to understand the role of plankton ecosystems in past oceans. However, today's marine environment is the product of billions of years of continual evolution-a process that continues today. In this paper, we address the questions of whether an assumption of species invariance is sufficient, and if not, under what circumstances current model projections might break down. To do this, we first identify the key timescales and questions asked of models. We then review how current marine ecosystem models work and what alternative approaches are available to account for evolution. We argue that for timescales of climate change overlapping with evolutionary timescales, accounting for evolution may to lead to very different projected outcomes regarding the timescales of ecosystem response and associated global biogeochemical cycling. This is particularly the case for past extinction events but may also be true in the future, depending on the eventual degree of anthropogenic disruption. The discipline of building new numerical models that incorporate evolution is also hugely beneficial in itself, as it forces us to question what we know about adaptive evolution, irrespective of its quantitative role in any specific event or environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. A. Ward
- Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - S. Collins
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological SciencesUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - S. Dutkiewicz
- Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary SciencesMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMAUSA
| | - S. Gibbs
- Ocean and Earth ScienceUniversity of SouthamptonSouthamptonUK
| | - P. Bown
- Department of GeologyUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | - A. Ridgwell
- Department of Earth SciencesUniversity of CaliforniaRiversideCAUSA
- School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - B. Sauterey
- Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Institut de Biologie de l'Ecole Normale Supérieure (IBENS)ParisFrance
| | - J. D. Wilson
- School of Geographical SciencesUniversity of BristolBristolUK
| | - A. Oschlies
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean ResearchKielGermany
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20
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Khelifa R, Blanckenhorn WU, Roy J, Rohner PT, Mahdjoub H. Usefulness and limitations of thermal performance curves in predicting ectotherm development under climatic variability. J Anim Ecol 2019; 88:1901-1912. [PMID: 31365760 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Thermal performance curves (TPCs) have been estimated in multiple ectotherm species to understand their thermal plasticity and adaptation and to predict the effect of global warming. However, TPCs are typically assessed under constant temperature regimes, so their reliability for predicting thermal responses in the wild where temperature fluctuates diurnally and seasonally remains poorly documented. Here, we use distant latitudinal populations of five species of sepsid flies (Diptera: Sepsidae) from the temperate region (Europe, North Africa, North America) to compare estimates derived from constant TPCs with observed development rate under fluctuating temperatures in laboratory and field conditions. TPCs changed across gradients in that flies originating from higher latitudes showed accelerated development at higher temperatures, an adaptive response. TPCs were then used to predict development rates observed under fluctuating temperatures; these predictions were relatively accurate in the laboratory but not the field. Interestingly, the precision of TPC predictions depended not only on the resolution of temperature data, with daily and overall temperature summing performing better than hourly temperature summing, but also on the frequency of temperatures falling below the estimated critical minimum temperature. Hourly temperature resolution most strongly underestimated actual development rates, because flies apparently either did not stop growing when temperatures dropped below this threshold, or they sped up their growth when the temperature rose again, thus most severely reflecting this error. We conclude that when flies do not encounter cold temperatures, TPC predictions based on constant temperatures can accurately reflect performance under fluctuating temperatures if adequately adjusted for nonlinearities, but when encountering cold temperatures, this method is more error-prone. Our study emphasizes the importance of the resolution of temperature data and cold temperatures in shaping thermal reaction norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rassim Khelifa
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Wolf U Blanckenhorn
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeannine Roy
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick T Rohner
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hayat Mahdjoub
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Trubenová B, Krejca MS, Lehre PK, Kötzing T. Surfing on the seascape: Adaptation in a changing environment. Evolution 2019; 73:1356-1374. [PMID: 31206653 PMCID: PMC6771940 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The environment changes constantly at various time scales and, in order to survive, species need to keep adapting. Whether these species succeed in avoiding extinction is a major evolutionary question. Using a multilocus evolutionary model of a mutation-limited population adapting under strong selection, we investigate the effects of the frequency of environmental fluctuations on adaptation. Our results rely on an "adaptive-walk" approximation and use mathematical methods from evolutionary computation theory to investigate the interplay between fluctuation frequency, the similarity of environments, and the number of loci contributing to adaptation. First, we assume a linear additive fitness function, but later generalize our results to include several types of epistasis. We show that frequent environmental changes prevent populations from reaching a fitness peak, but they may also prevent the large fitness loss that occurs after a single environmental change. Thus, the population can survive, although not thrive, in a wide range of conditions. Furthermore, we show that in a frequently changing environment, the similarity of threats that a population faces affects the level of adaptation that it is able to achieve. We check and supplement our analytical results with simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbora Trubenová
- Institute of Science and Technology AustriaAm Campus 1Klosterneuburg 3400Austria
| | - Martin S. Krejca
- Hasso Plattner InstituteProf.‐Dr.‐Helmert‐Straße 2‐314482 PotsdamGermany
| | | | - Timo Kötzing
- Hasso Plattner InstituteProf.‐Dr.‐Helmert‐Straße 2‐314482 PotsdamGermany
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22
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Invasion triple trouble: environmental fluctuations, fluctuation-adapted invaders and fluctuation-mal-adapted communities all govern invasion success. BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:42. [PMID: 30709335 PMCID: PMC6359858 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1348-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It has been suggested that climate change will lead to increased environmental fluctuations, which will undoubtedly have evolutionary consequences for all biota. For instance, fluctuations can directly increase the risk of invasions of alien species into new areas, as these species have repeatedly been proposed to benefit from disturbances. At the same time increased environmental fluctuations may also select for better invaders. However, selection by fluctuations may also influence the resistance of communities to invasions, which has rarely been tested. We tested eco-evolutionary dynamics of invasion with bacterial clones, evolved either in constant or fluctuating temperatures, and conducted experimental invasions in both conditions. RESULTS We found clear evidence that ecological fluctuations, as well as adaptation to fluctuations by both the invader and community, all affected invasions, but played different roles at different stages of invasion. Ecological fluctuations clearly promoted invasions, especially into fluctuation mal-adapted communities. The evolutionary background of the invader played a smaller role. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that climate change associated disturbances can directly increase the risk of invasions by altering ecological conditions during invasions, as well as via the evolution of both the invader and communities. Our experiment provides novel information on the complex consequences of climate change on invasions in general, and also charts risk factors associated with the spread of environmentally growing opportunistic pathogens.
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23
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Kaminsky LM, Trexler RV, Malik RJ, Hockett KL, Bell TH. The Inherent Conflicts in Developing Soil Microbial Inoculants. Trends Biotechnol 2019; 37:140-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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24
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Kronholm I, Ketola T. Effects of acclimation time and epigenetic mechanisms on growth of Neurospora in fluctuating environments. Heredity (Edinb) 2018; 121:327-341. [PMID: 30143790 PMCID: PMC6133946 DOI: 10.1038/s41437-018-0138-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Reaction norms or tolerance curves have often been used to predict how organisms deal with fluctuating environments. A potential drawback is that reaction norms measured in different constant environments may not capture all aspects of organismal responses to fluctuating environments. We examined growth of the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa in fluctuating temperatures and tested if growth in fluctuating temperatures can be explained simply by the growth in different constant temperatures or if more complex models are needed. In addition, as previous studies on fluctuating environments have revealed that past temperatures that organisms have experienced can affect their response to current temperature, we tested the roles of different epigenetic mechanisms in response to fluctuating environments using different mutants. We found that growth of Neurospora can be predicted in fluctuating temperatures to some extent if acclimation times are taken into account in the model. Interestingly, while fluctuating environments have been linked with epigenetic responses, we found only some evidence of involvement of epigenetic mechanisms on tolerating fluctuating temperatures. Mutants which lacked H3K4 or H3K36 methylation had slightly impaired response to temperature fluctuations, in addition the H3K4 methylation mutant and a mutant in the RNA interference pathway had altered acclimation times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkka Kronholm
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Tarmo Ketola
- Centre of Excellence in Biological Interactions, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, FI-40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
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25
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Cavieres G, Bogdanovich JM, Toledo P, Bozinovic F. Fluctuating thermal environments and time-dependent effects on fruit fly egg-hatching performance. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:7014-7021. [PMID: 30073063 PMCID: PMC6065328 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Organismal performance in a changing environment is dependent on temporal patterns and duration of exposure to thermal variability. We experimentally assessed the time-dependent effects of thermal variability (i.e., patterns of thermal exposure) on the hatching performance of Drosophila melanogaster. Flies were collected in central Chile and maintained for four generations in laboratory conditions. Fourth generation eggs were acclimated to different thermal fluctuation cycles until hatching occurred. Our results show that the frequency of extreme thermal events has a significant effect on hatching success. Eggs exposed to 24 hr cycles of thermal fluctuation had a higher proportion of eggs that hatched than those acclimated to shorter (6 and 12 hr) and longer cycles (48 hr). Furthermore, eggs subjected to frequent thermal fluctuations hatched earlier than those acclimated to less frequent thermal fluctuations. Overall, we show that, egg-to-adult viability is dependent on the pattern of thermal fluctuations experienced during ontogeny; thus, the pattern of thermal fluctuation experienced by flies has a significant and until now unappreciated impact on fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grisel Cavieres
- Departamento de EcologíaCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES‐UC) Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- CCT‐Mendoza CONICETGrupo de Investigaciones de la BiodiversidadCONICETInstituto Argentino de Investigaciones de Zonas ÁridasMendozaArgentina
| | - José M. Bogdanovich
- Departamento de EcologíaCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES‐UC) Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
- Centro de Investigación e Innovación para el Cambio ClimáticoUniversidad Santo TomásSantiagoChile
| | - Paloma Toledo
- Departamento de EcologíaCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES‐UC) Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
| | - Francisco Bozinovic
- Departamento de EcologíaCenter of Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES‐UC) Facultad de Ciencias BiológicasPontificia Universidad Católica de ChileSantiagoChile
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