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Monk CT, Power M, Freitas C, Harrison PM, Heupel M, Kuparinen A, Moland E, Simpfendorfer C, Villegas-Ríos D, Olsen EM. Atlantic cod individual spatial behaviour and stable isotope associations in a no-take marine reserve. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:2333-2347. [PMID: 37843043 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.14014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
Foraging is a behavioural process and, therefore, individual behaviour and diet are theorized to covary. However, few comparisons of individual behaviour type and diet exist in the wild. We tested whether behaviour type and diet covary in a protected population of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua. Working in a no-take marine reserve, we could collect data on natural behavioural variation and diet choice with minimal anthropogenic disturbance. We inferred behaviour using acoustic telemetry and diet from stable isotope compositions (expressed as δ13 C and δ15 N values). We further investigated whether behaviour and diet could have survival costs. We found cod with shorter diel vertical migration distances fed at higher trophic levels. Cod δ13 C and δ15 N values scaled positively with body size. Neither behaviour nor diet predicted survival, indicating phenotypic diversity is maintained without survival costs for cod in a protected ecosystem. The links between diet and diel vertical migration highlight that future work is needed to understand whether the shifts in this behaviour during environmental change (e.g. fishing or climate), could lead to trophic cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher T Monk
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, His, Norway
- Centre for Coastal Research, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
- GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michael Power
- Biology Department, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carla Freitas
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, His, Norway
- MARE, Marine and Environmental Sciences Center, Madeira Tecnopolo, Funchal, Madeira, Portugal
| | - Philip M Harrison
- Department of Biology and Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Management, Canadian Rivers Institute, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada
| | - Michelle Heupel
- Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS), University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Anna Kuparinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Even Moland
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, His, Norway
- Centre for Coastal Research, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
| | - Colin Simpfendorfer
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Esben M Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research, Flødevigen Marine Research Station, His, Norway
- Centre for Coastal Research, Department of Natural Sciences, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Strøm JF, Bøhn T, Skjaeraasen JE, Gjelland KØ, Karlsen Ø, Johansen T, Hanebrekke T, Bjørn PA, Olsen EM. Movement diversity and partial sympatry of coastal and Northeast Arctic cod ecotypes at high latitudes. J Anim Ecol 2023; 92:1966-1978. [PMID: 37485731 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Movement diversity within species represent an important but often neglected, component of biodiversity that affects ecological and genetic interactions, as well as the productivity of exploited systems. By combining individual tracking data from acoustic telemetry with novel genetic analyses, we describe the movement diversity of two Atlantic cod Gadus morhua ecotypes in two high-latitude fjord systems: the highly migratory Northeast Arctic cod (NEA cod) that supports the largest cod fishery in the world, and the more sedentary Norwegian coastal cod, which is currently in a depleted state. As predicted, coastal cod displayed a higher level of fjord residency than NEA cod. Of the cod tagged during the spawning season, NEA cod left the fjords permanently to a greater extent and earlier compared to coastal cod, which to a greater extent remained resident and left the fjords temporarily. Despite this overall pattern, horizontal movements atypical for the ecotypes were common with some NEA cod remaining within the fjords year-round and some coastal cod displaying a low fjord fidelity. Fjord residency and exit timing also differed with spawning status and body size, with spawning cod and large individuals tagged during the feeding season more prone to leave the fjords and earlier than non-spawning and smaller individuals. While our results confirm a lower fjord dependency for NEA cod, they highlight a movement diversity within each ecotype and sympatric residency between ecotypes, previously undetected by population-level monitoring. This new knowledge is relevant for the management, which should base their fisheries advice for these interacting ecotypes on their habitat use and seasonal movements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thomas Bøhn
- Institute of Marine Research, Tromsø, Norway
| | | | - Karl Øystein Gjelland
- Department of Arctic Ecology, Norwegian Institute of Nature Research (NINA), Tromsø, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - Esben Moland Olsen
- Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
- Department of Natural Sciences, Centre for Coastal Research, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway
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Jansson E, Faust E, Bekkevold D, Quintela M, Durif C, Halvorsen KT, Dahle G, Pampoulie C, Kennedy J, Whittaker B, Unneland L, Post S, André C, Glover KA. Global, regional, and cryptic population structure in a high gene-flow transatlantic fish. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283351. [PMID: 36940210 PMCID: PMC10027230 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) is a transatlantic marine fish displaying large population sizes and a high potential for dispersal and gene-flow. These features are expected to result in weak population structure. Here, we investigated population genetic structure of lumpfish throughout its natural distribution in the North Atlantic using two approaches: I) 4,393 genome wide SNPs and 95 individuals from 10 locations, and II) 139 discriminatory SNPs and 1,669 individuals from 40 locations. Both approaches identified extensive population genetic structuring with a major split between the East and West Atlantic and a distinct Baltic Sea population, as well as further differentiation of lumpfish from the English Channel, Iceland, and Greenland. The discriminatory loci displayed ~2-5 times higher divergence than the genome wide approach, revealing further evidence of local population substructures. Lumpfish from Isfjorden in Svalbard were highly distinct but resembled most fish from Greenland. The Kattegat area in the Baltic transition zone, formed a previously undescribed distinct genetic group. Also, further subdivision was detected within North America, Iceland, West Greenland, Barents Sea, and Norway. Although lumpfish have considerable potential for dispersal and gene-flow, the observed high levels of population structuring throughout the Atlantic suggests that this species may have a natal homing behavior and local populations with adaptive differences. This fine-scale population structure calls for consideration when defining management units for exploitation of lumpfish stocks and in decisions related to sourcing and moving lumpfish for cleaner fish use in salmonid aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva Jansson
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ellika Faust
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Dorte Bekkevold
- DTU-Aqua National Institute of Aquatic Resources, Technical University of Denmark, Silkeborg, Denmark
| | | | - Caroline Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | | | - Geir Dahle
- Institute of Marine Research, Nordnes, Bergen, Norway
| | | | - James Kennedy
- Marine and Freshwater Research Institute, Hafnarfjörður, Iceland
| | - Benjamin Whittaker
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Sustainable Aquatic Research, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom
| | | | - Søren Post
- Greenland Institute of Natural Resources, Nuuk, Greenland
| | - Carl André
- Department of Marine Sciences - Tjärnö Marine Laboratory, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
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Müller MF, Banks SC, Crewe TL, Campbell HA. The rise of animal biotelemetry and genetics research data integration. Ecol Evol 2023; 13:e9885. [PMID: 36937069 PMCID: PMC10019913 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.9885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The advancement and availability of innovative animal biotelemetry and genomic technologies are improving our understanding of how the movements of individuals influence gene flow within and between populations and ultimately drive evolutionary and ecological processes. There is a growing body of work that is integrating what were once disparate fields of biology, and here, we reviewed the published literature up until January 2023 (139 papers) to better understand the drivers of this research and how it is improving our knowledge of animal biology. The review showed that the predominant drivers for this research were as follows: (1) understanding how individual-based movements affect animal populations, (2) analyzing the relationship between genetic relatedness and social structuring, and (3) studying how the landscape affects the flow of genes, and how this is impacted by environmental change. However, there was a divergence between taxa as to the most prevalent research aim and the methodologies applied. We also found that after 2010 there was an increase in studies that integrated the two data types using innovative statistical techniques instead of analyzing the data independently using traditional statistics from the respective fields. This new approach greatly improved our understanding of the link between the individual, the population, and the environment and is being used to better conserve and manage species. We discuss the challenges and limitations, as well as the potential for growth and diversification of this research approach. The paper provides a guide for researchers who wish to consider applying these disparate disciplines and advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara F. Müller
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsFaculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin UniversityNorthern TerritoryDarwinAustralia
| | - Sam C. Banks
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsFaculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin UniversityNorthern TerritoryDarwinAustralia
| | - Tara L. Crewe
- Department of Natural Resources and RenewablesGovernment of Nova ScotiaKentvilleNova ScotiaCanada
| | - Hamish A. Campbell
- Research Institute for the Environment and LivelihoodsFaculty of Science and Technology, Charles Darwin UniversityNorthern TerritoryDarwinAustralia
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