1
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Kulbaba MW, Yoko Z, Hamilton JA. Chasing the fitness optimum: temporal variation in the genetic and environmental expression of life-history traits for a perennial plant. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2023; 132:1191-1204. [PMID: 37493041 PMCID: PMC10902883 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcad100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The ability of plants to track shifting fitness optima is crucial within the context of global change, where increasing environmental extremes may have dramatic consequences for life history, fitness, and ultimately population persistence. However, tracking changing conditions relies on the relationship between genetic and environmental variance, where selection may favour plasticity, the evolution of genetic differences, or both depending on the spatial and temporal scale of environmental heterogeneity. METHODS Over three years, we compared the genetic and environmental components of phenological and life-history variation in a common environment for the spring perennial Geum triflorum. Populations were sourced from alvar habitats that exhibit extreme but predictable annual flood-desiccation cycles and prairie habitats that exhibit similar but less predictable variation in water availability. KEY RESULTS Heritability was generally higher for early life-history (emergence probability) relative to later life-history traits (total seed mass), indicating that traits associated with establishment are under stronger genetic control relative to later life-history fitness expressions, where plasticity may play a larger role. This pattern was particularly notable in seeds sourced from environmentally extreme but predictable alvar habitats relative to less predictable prairie environments. Fitness landscapes based on seed source origin, largely characterized by varying water availability and flower production, described selection as the degree of maladaptation of seed source environment relative to the prairie common garden environment. Plants from alvar populations were consistently closer to the fitness optimum across all years. Annually, the breadth of the fitness optimum expanded primarily along a moisture gradient, with inclusion of more populations onto the expanding optimum. CONCLUSIONS These results highlight the importance of temporally and spatially varying selection in life-history evolution, indicating plasticity may become a primary mechanism needed to track fitness for later life-history events within perennial systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason W Kulbaba
- Our Lady of the Lake University, Department of Mathematics and Science, San Antonio, TX 78207, USA
- St Mary’s University, Biology Area, 14500 Bannister Road SE, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, T2X 1Z4
| | - Zebadiah Yoko
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
| | - Jill A Hamilton
- North Dakota State University, Department of Biological Sciences, Fargo, ND 58102, USA
- Pennsylvania State University, Department of Ecosystem Science and Management, University Park, PA 16801, USA
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2
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Singh A, Hasan A, Agrawal AF. An investigation of the sex-specific genetic architecture of fitness in Drosophila melanogaster. Evolution 2023; 77:2015-2028. [PMID: 37329263 DOI: 10.1093/evolut/qpad107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In dioecious populations, the sexes employ divergent reproductive strategies to maximize fitness and, as a result, genetic variants can affect fitness differently in males and females. Moreover, recent studies have highlighted an important role of the mating environment in shaping the strength and direction of sex-specific selection. Here, we measure adult fitness for each sex of 357 lines from the Drosophila Synthetic Population Resource in two different mating environments. We analyze the data using three different approaches to gain insight into the sex-specific genetic architecture for fitness: classical quantitative genetics, genomic associations, and a mutational burden approach. The quantitative genetics analysis finds that on average segregating genetic variation in this population has concordant fitness effects both across the sexes and across mating environments. We do not find specific genomic regions with strong associations with either sexually antagonistic (SA) or sexually concordant (SC) fitness effects, yet there is modest evidence of an excess of genomic regions with weak associations, with both SA and SC fitness effects. Our examination of mutational burden indicates stronger selection against indels and loss-of-function variants in females than in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amardeep Singh
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Asad Hasan
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Aneil F Agrawal
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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3
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Moiron M, Charmantier A, Bouwhuis S. The quantitative genetics of fitness in a wild seabird. Evolution 2022; 76:1443-1452. [PMID: 35641107 PMCID: PMC9544722 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Additive genetic variance in fitness is a prerequisite for adaptive evolution, as a trait must be genetically correlated with fitness to evolve. Despite its relevance, additive genetic variance in fitness has not often been estimated in nature. Here, we investigate additive genetic variance in lifetime and annual fitness components in common terns (Sterna hirundo). Using 28 years of data comprising approximately 6000 pedigreed individuals, we find that additive genetic variances in the zero-inflated and Poisson components of lifetime fitness were effectively zero but estimated with high uncertainty. Similarly, additive genetic variances in adult annual reproductive success and survival did not differ from zero but were again associated with high uncertainty. Simulations suggested that we would be able to detect additive genetic variances as low as 0.05 for the zero-inflated component of fitness but not for the Poisson component, for which adequate statistical power would require approximately two more decades (four tern generations) of data collection. As such, our study suggests heritable variance in common tern fitness to be rather low if not zero, shows how studying the quantitative genetics of fitness in natural populations remains challenging, and highlights the importance of maintaining long-term individual-based studies of natural populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Moiron
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et EvolutiveUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance,Institute of Avian ResearchAn der Vogelwarte 2126386WilhelmshavenGermany
| | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et EvolutiveUniv Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Sandra Bouwhuis
- Institute of Avian ResearchAn der Vogelwarte 2126386WilhelmshavenGermany
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4
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Bonnet T, Morrissey MB, de Villemereuil P, Alberts SC, Arcese P, Bailey LD, Boutin S, Brekke P, Brent LJN, Camenisch G, Charmantier A, Clutton-Brock TH, Cockburn A, Coltman DW, Courtiol A, Davidian E, Evans SR, Ewen JG, Festa-Bianchet M, de Franceschi C, Gustafsson L, Höner OP, Houslay TM, Keller LF, Manser M, McAdam AG, McLean E, Nietlisbach P, Osmond HL, Pemberton JM, Postma E, Reid JM, Rutschmann A, Santure AW, Sheldon BC, Slate J, Teplitsky C, Visser ME, Wachter B, Kruuk LEB. Genetic variance in fitness indicates rapid contemporary adaptive evolution in wild animals. Science 2022; 376:1012-1016. [PMID: 35617403 DOI: 10.1126/science.abk0853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The rate of adaptive evolution, the contribution of selection to genetic changes that increase mean fitness, is determined by the additive genetic variance in individual relative fitness. To date, there are few robust estimates of this parameter for natural populations, and it is therefore unclear whether adaptive evolution can play a meaningful role in short-term population dynamics. We developed and applied quantitative genetic methods to long-term datasets from 19 wild bird and mammal populations and found that, while estimates vary between populations, additive genetic variance in relative fitness is often substantial and, on average, twice that of previous estimates. We show that these rates of contemporary adaptive evolution can affect population dynamics and hence that natural selection has the potential to partly mitigate effects of current environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bonnet
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Pierre de Villemereuil
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), École Pratique des Hautes Études, PSL, MNHN, CNRS, SU, UA, Paris, France.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Susan C Alberts
- Departments of Biology and Evolutionary Anthropology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Peter Arcese
- Forest and Conservation Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Liam D Bailey
- Departments of Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patricia Brekke
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, UK
| | - Lauren J N Brent
- Centre for Research in Animal Behaviour, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Glauco Camenisch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anne Charmantier
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Tim H Clutton-Brock
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew Cockburn
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - David W Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alexandre Courtiol
- Departments of Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eve Davidian
- Departments of Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon R Evans
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - John G Ewen
- Institute of Zoology, Zoological Society of London, Regents Park, London, UK
| | | | - Christophe de Franceschi
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Lars Gustafsson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oliver P Höner
- Departments of Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas M Houslay
- Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Lukas F Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Zoological Museum, University of Zurich,, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta Manser
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Emily McLean
- Biology Department, Oxford College, Emory University, Oxford, GA, USA
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- School of Biological Sciences, Illinois State University, Normal, IL, USA
| | - Helen L Osmond
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Erik Postma
- Centre for Ecology and Conservation, University of Exeter, Penryn, UK
| | - Jane M Reid
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Alexis Rutschmann
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Anna W Santure
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Ben C Sheldon
- Edward Grey Institute, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jon Slate
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, School of Biosciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Céline Teplitsky
- Centre d'Écologie Fonctionnelle et Évolutive, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, EPHE, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Marcel E Visser
- Department of Animal Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Bettina Wachter
- Departments of Evolutionary Ecology and Evolutionary Genetics, Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Loeske E B Kruuk
- Research School of Biology, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia.,Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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5
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Dantzer B, Boutin S, Lane JE, McAdam AG. Integrative Studies of the Effects of Mothers on Offspring: An Example from Wild North American Red Squirrels. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2022; 27:269-296. [PMID: 36169819 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-97762-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Animal species vary in whether they provide parental care or the type of care provided, and this variation in parental care among species has been a common focus of comparative studies. However, the proximate causes and ultimate consequences of within-species variation in parental care have been less studied. Most studies about the impacts of within-species variation in parental care on parental fitness have been in primates, whereas studies in laboratory rodents have been invaluable for understanding what causes inter-individual variation in parental care and its influence on offspring characteristics. We integrated both of these perspectives in our long-term study of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) in the Yukon, Canada, where we have focused on understanding the impacts of mothers on offspring. This includes documenting the impacts that mothers or the maternal environment itself has on their offspring, identifying how changes in maternal physiology impact offspring characteristics, the presence of individual variation in maternal attentiveness toward offspring before weaning and its fitness consequences, and postweaning maternal care and its fitness consequences. We provide an overview of these contributions to understanding the impacts mothers have on their offspring in red squirrels using an integrative framework and contrast them with studies in the laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
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6
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McAdam AG, Webber QMR, Dantzer B, Lane JE, Boutin S. Social Effects on Annual Fitness in Red Squirrels. J Hered 2021; 113:69-78. [PMID: 34679173 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esab051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When resources are limited, mean fitness is constrained and competition can cause genes and phenotypes to enhance an individual's own fitness while reducing the fitness of their competitors. Negative social effects on fitness have the potential to constrain adaptation, but the interplay between ecological opportunity and social constraints on adaptation remains poorly studied in nature. Here, we tested for evidence of phenotypic social effects on annual fitness (survival and reproductive success) in a long-term study of wild North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus) under conditions of both resource limitation and super-abundant food resources. When resources were limited, populations remained stable or declined, and there were strong negative social effects on annual survival and reproductive success. That is, mean fitness was constrained and individuals had lower fitness when other nearby individuals had higher fitness. In contrast, when food resources were super-abundant, populations grew and social constraints on reproductive success were greatly reduced or eliminated. Unlike reproductive success, social constraints on survival were not significantly reduced when food resources were super-abundant. These findings suggest resource-dependent social constraints on a component of fitness, which have important potential implications for evolution and adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G McAdam
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Quinn M R Webber
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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7
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Hare AJ, Newman AE, Dantzer B, Lane JE, Boutin S, Coltman DW, McAdam AG. An independent experiment does not support stress-mediated kin discrimination through red squirrel vocalizations. Anim Behav 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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8
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Spinks RK, Bonzi LC, Ravasi T, Munday PL, Donelson JM. Sex- and time-specific parental effects of warming on reproduction and offspring quality in a coral reef fish. Evol Appl 2021; 14:1145-1158. [PMID: 33897826 PMCID: PMC8061261 DOI: 10.1111/eva.13187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming can disrupt reproduction or lead to fewer and poorer quality offspring, owing to the thermally sensitive nature of reproductive physiology. However, phenotypic plasticity may enable some animals to adjust the thermal sensitivity of reproduction to maintain performance in warmer conditions. Whether elevated temperature affects reproduction may depend on the timing of exposure to warming and the sex of the parent exposed. We exposed male and female coral reef damselfish (Acanthochromis polyacanthus) during development, reproduction or both life stages to an elevated temperature (+1.5°C) consistent with projected ocean warming and measured reproductive output and newly hatched offspring performance relative to pairs reared in a present-day control temperature. We found female development in elevated temperature increased the probability of breeding, but reproduction ceased if warming continued to the reproductive stage, irrespective of the male's developmental experience. Females that developed in warmer conditions, but reproduced in control conditions, also produced larger eggs and hatchlings with greater yolk reserves. By contrast, male development or pairs reproducing in higher temperature produced fewer and poorer quality offspring. Such changes may be due to alterations in sex hormones or an endocrine stress response. In nature, this could mean female fish developing during a marine heatwave may have enhanced reproduction and produce higher quality offspring compared with females developing in a year of usual thermal conditions. However, male development during a heatwave would likely result in reduced reproductive output. Furthermore, the lack of reproduction from an average increase in temperature could lead to population decline. Our results demonstrate how the timing of exposure differentially influences females and males and how this translates to effects on reproduction and population sustainability in a warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K. Spinks
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Lucrezia C. Bonzi
- Red Sea Research CenterDivision of Biological and Environmental Sciences and EngineeringKing Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwalSaudi Arabia
| | - Timothy Ravasi
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
- Marine Climate Change UnitOkinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate UniversityKunigami‐gunJapan
| | - Philip L. Munday
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
| | - Jennifer M. Donelson
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef StudiesJames Cook UniversityTownsvilleQueenslandAustralia
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9
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Engen S, Sæther BE. Structure of the G-matrix in relation to phenotypic contributions to fitness. Theor Popul Biol 2021; 138:43-56. [PMID: 33610661 DOI: 10.1016/j.tpb.2021.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Classical theory in population genetics includes derivation of the stationary distribution of allele frequencies under balance between selection, genetic drift, and mutation. Here we investigate the simplest generalization of these single locus models to quantitative genetics with many loci, assuming simple additive effects on a set of phenotypes and a linear approximation to the fitness function. Genetic effects and pleiotropy are simulated by a prescribed stochastic model. Our goal is to analyze the structure of the G-matrix at stasis when the model is not very close to being neutral. The smallest eigenvalue of the G-matrix is practically zero by Fisher's fundamental theorem for natural selection and the fitness function is approximately a linear function of the corresponding eigenvector. Evolution of genetic trade-offs is closely linked to the fitness function. If a single locus never codes for more than two traits, then additive genetic covariance between two phenotype components always has the opposite sign of the product of their coefficients in the fitness function under no mutation, a pattern that is likely to occur frequently also in more complex models. In our major examples only 1-2 percent of the loci are over-dominant for fitness, but they still account for practically all dominance variance in fitness as well as all contributions to the G-matrix. These analyses show that the structure of the G-matrix reveals important information about the contribution of different traits to fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steinar Engen
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Mathematical Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Bernt-Erik Sæther
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway.
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10
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Koch EL, Sbilordo SH, Guillaume F. Genetic variance in fitness and its cross‐sex covariance predict adaptation during experimental evolution. Evolution 2020; 74:2725-2740. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.14119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva L. Koch
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Winterthurerstr. 190 Zürich 8057 Switzerland
- Department of Animal and Plant Science University of Sheffield Western Bank Sheffield S10 2TN United Kingdom
| | - Sonja H. Sbilordo
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Winterthurerstr. 190 Zürich 8057 Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Guillaume
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies University of Zürich Winterthurerstr. 190 Zürich 8057 Switzerland
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11
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Dantzer B, McAdam AG, Humphries MM, Lane JE, Boutin S. Decoupling the effects of food and density on life-history plasticity of wild animals using field experiments: Insights from the steward who sits in the shadow of its tail, the North American red squirrel. J Anim Ecol 2020; 89:2397-2414. [PMID: 32929740 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.13341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Long-term studies of wild animals provide the opportunity to investigate how phenotypic plasticity is used to cope with environmental fluctuations and how the relationships between phenotypes and fitness can be dependent upon the ecological context. Many previous studies have only investigated life-history plasticity in response to changes in temperature, yet wild animals often experience multiple environmental fluctuations simultaneously. This requires field experiments to decouple which ecological factor induces plasticity in fitness-relevant traits to better understand their population-level responses to those environmental fluctuations. For the past 32 years, we have conducted a long-term integrative study of individually marked North American red squirrels Tamiasciurus hudsonicus Erxleben in the Yukon, Canada. We have used multi-year field experiments to examine the physiological and life-history responses of individual red squirrels to fluctuations in food abundance and conspecific density. Our long-term observational study and field experiments show that squirrels can anticipate increases in food availability and density, thereby decoupling the usual pattern where animals respond to, rather than anticipate, an ecological change. As in many other study systems, ecological factors that can induce plasticity (such as food and density) covary. However, our field experiments that manipulate food availability and social cues of density (frequency of territorial vocalizations) indicate that increases in social (acoustic) cues of density in the absence of additional food can induce similar life-history plasticity, as does experimental food supplementation. Changes in the levels of metabolic hormones (glucocorticoids) in response to variation in food and density are one mechanism that seems to induce this adaptive life-history plasticity. Although we have not yet investigated the energetic response of squirrels to elevated density or its association with life-history plasticity, energetics research in red squirrels has overturned several standard pillars of knowledge in physiological ecology. We show how a tractable model species combined with integrative studies can reveal how animals cope with resource fluctuations through life-history plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Dantzer
- Department of Psychology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department for Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Murray M Humphries
- Natural Resource Sciences Department, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC, Canada
| | - Jeffrey E Lane
- Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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12
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Zwoinska MK, Rodrigues LR, Slate J, Snook RR. Phenotypic Responses to and Genetic Architecture of Sterility Following Exposure to Sub-Lethal Temperature During Development. Front Genet 2020; 11:573. [PMID: 32582294 PMCID: PMC7283914 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2020.00573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal tolerance range, based on temperatures that result in incapacitating effects, influences species’ distributions and has been used to predict species’ response to increasing temperature. Reproductive performance may also be negatively affected at less extreme temperatures, but such sublethal heat-induced sterility has been relatively ignored in studies addressing the potential effects of, and ability of species’ to respond to, predicted climate warming. The few studies examining the link between increased temperature and reproductive performance typically focus on adults, although effects can vary between life history stages. Here we assessed how sublethal heat stress during development impacted subsequent adult fertility and its plasticity, both of which can provide the raw material for evolutionary responses to increased temperature. We quantified phenotypic and genetic variation in fertility of Drosophila melanogaster reared at standardized densities in three temperatures (25, 27, and 29°C) from a set of lines of the Drosophila Genetic Reference Panel (DGRP). We found little phenotypic variation at the two lower temperatures with more variation at the highest temperature and for plasticity. Males were more affected than females. Despite reasonably large broad-sense heritabilities, a genome-wide association study found little evidence for additive genetic variance and no genetic variants were robustly linked with reproductive performance at specific temperatures or for phenotypic plasticity. We compared results on heat-induced male sterility with other DGRP results on relevant fitness traits measured after abiotic stress and found an association between male susceptibility to sterility and male lifespan reduction following oxidative stress. Our results suggest that sublethal stress during development has profound negative consequences on male adult reproduction, but despite phenotypic variation in a population for this response, there is limited evolutionary potential, either through adaptation to a specific developmental temperature or plasticity in response to developmental heat-induced sterility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jon Slate
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Rhonda R Snook
- Department of Zoology, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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13
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Salles OC, Almany GR, Berumen ML, Jones GP, Saenz‐Agudelo P, Srinivasan M, Thorrold SR, Pujol B, Planes S. Strong habitat and weak genetic effects shape the lifetime reproductive success in a wild clownfish population. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:265-273. [DOI: 10.1111/ele.13428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Océane C. Salles
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE Université de Perpignan 52 Avenue Paul Alduy 66860 Perpignan Cedex France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence ‘CORAIL’ 58 avenue Paul Alduy F‐66360 Perpignan France
| | - Glenn R. Almany
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE Université de Perpignan 52 Avenue Paul Alduy 66860 Perpignan Cedex France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence ‘CORAIL’ 58 avenue Paul Alduy F‐66360 Perpignan France
| | - Michael L. Berumen
- Red Sea Research Center Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Thuwal 23955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Geoffrey P. Jones
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
| | - Pablo Saenz‐Agudelo
- Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas Universidad Austral de Chile 5090000 Valvidia Chile
| | - Maya Srinivasan
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, and College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Townsville Qld 4811 Australia
| | - Simon R. Thorrold
- Biology Department Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woods Hole MA 02543 USA
| | - Benoit Pujol
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE Université de Perpignan 52 Avenue Paul Alduy 66860 Perpignan Cedex France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence ‘CORAIL’ 58 avenue Paul Alduy F‐66360 Perpignan France
| | - Serge Planes
- PSL Université Paris: EPHE‐UPVD‐CNRS USR 3278 CRIOBE Université de Perpignan 52 Avenue Paul Alduy 66860 Perpignan Cedex France
- Laboratoire d’Excellence ‘CORAIL’ 58 avenue Paul Alduy F‐66360 Perpignan France
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14
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Linking genetic merit to sparse behavioral data: behavior and genetic effects on lamb growth in Soay sheep. Behav Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractWild quantitative genetic studies have focused on a subset of traits (largely morphological and life history), with others, such as behaviors, receiving much less attention. This is because it is challenging to obtain sufficient data, particularly for behaviors involving interactions between individuals. Here, we explore an indirect approach for pilot investigations of the role of genetic differences in generating variation in parental care. Variation in parental genetic effects for offspring performance is expected to arise from among-parent genetic variation in parental care. Therefore, we used the animal model to predict maternal breeding values for lamb growth and used these predictions to select females for field observation, where maternal and lamb behaviors were recorded. Higher predicted maternal breeding value for lamb growth was associated with greater suckling success, but not with any other measures of suckling behavior. Though our work cannot explicitly estimate the genetic basis of the specific traits involved, it does provide a strategy for hypothesis generation and refinement that we hope could be used to justify data collection costs needed for confirmatory studies. Here, results suggest that behavioral genetic variation is involved in generating maternal genetic effects on lamb growth in Soay sheep. Though important caveats and cautions apply, our approach may extend the ability to initiate more genetic investigations of difficult-to-study behaviors and social interactions in natural populations.
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15
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Kulbaba MW, Sheth SN, Pain RE, Eckhart VM, Shaw RG. Additive genetic variance for lifetime fitness and the capacity for adaptation in an annual plant. Evolution 2019; 73:1746-1758. [PMID: 31432512 DOI: 10.1111/evo.13830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The immediate capacity for adaptation under current environmental conditions is directly proportional to the additive genetic variance for fitness, VA (W). Mean absolute fitness, W ¯ , is predicted to change at the rate V A ( W ) W ¯ , according to Fisher's Fundamental Theorem of Natural Selection. Despite ample research evaluating degree of local adaptation, direct assessment of VA (W) and the capacity for ongoing adaptation is exceedingly rare. We estimated VA (W) and W ¯ in three pedigreed populations of annual Chamaecrista fasciculata, over three years in the wild. Contrasting with common expectations, we found significant VA (W) in all populations and years, predicting increased mean fitness in subsequent generations (0.83 to 6.12 seeds per individual). Further, we detected two cases predicting "evolutionary rescue," where selection on standing VA (W) was expected to increase fitness of declining populations ( W ¯ < 1.0) to levels consistent with population sustainability and growth. Within populations, inter-annual differences in genetic expression of fitness were striking. Significant genotype-by-year interactions reflected modest correlations between breeding values across years, indicating temporally variable selection at the genotypic level that could contribute to maintaining VA (W). By directly estimating VA (W) and total lifetime W ¯ , our study presents an experimental approach for studies of adaptive capacity in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mason W Kulbaba
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55455
| | - Seema N Sheth
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55455.,Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695
| | - Rachel E Pain
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55455
| | | | - Ruth G Shaw
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, 55455
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16
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Bonnet T, Morrissey MB, Kruuk LEB. Estimation of Genetic Variance in Fitness, and Inference of Adaptation, When Fitness Follows a Log-Normal Distribution. J Hered 2019; 110:383-395. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esz018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractAdditive genetic variance in relative fitness (σA2(w)) is arguably the most important evolutionary parameter in a population because, by Fisher’s fundamental theorem of natural selection (FTNS; Fisher RA. 1930. The genetical theory of natural selection. 1st ed. Oxford: Clarendon Press), it represents the rate of adaptive evolution. However, to date, there are few estimates of σA2(w) in natural populations. Moreover, most of the available estimates rely on Gaussian assumptions inappropriate for fitness data, with unclear consequences. “Generalized linear animal models” (GLAMs) tend to be more appropriate for fitness data, but they estimate parameters on a transformed (“latent”) scale that is not directly interpretable for inferences on the data scale. Here we exploit the latest theoretical developments to clarify how best to estimate quantitative genetic parameters for fitness. Specifically, we use computer simulations to confirm a recently developed analog of the FTNS in the case when expected fitness follows a log-normal distribution. In this situation, the additive genetic variance in absolute fitness on the latent log-scale (σA2(l)) equals (σA2(w)) on the data scale, which is the rate of adaptation within a generation. However, due to inheritance distortion, the change in mean relative fitness between generations exceeds σA2(l) and equals (exp(σA2(l))−1). We illustrate why the heritability of fitness is generally low and is not a good measure of the rate of adaptation. Finally, we explore how well the relevant parameters can be estimated by animal models, comparing Gaussian models with Poisson GLAMs. Our results illustrate 1) the correspondence between quantitative genetics and population dynamics encapsulated in the FTNS and its log-normal-analog and 2) the appropriate interpretation of GLAM parameter estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothée Bonnet
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | | | - Loeske E B Kruuk
- Division of Ecology and Evolution, Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
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17
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de Villemereuil P, Rutschmann A, Lee KD, Ewen JG, Brekke P, Santure AW. Little Adaptive Potential in a Threatened Passerine Bird. Curr Biol 2019; 29:889-894.e3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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18
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Hendry AP, Schoen DJ, Wolak ME, Reid JM. The Contemporary Evolution of Fitness. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ECOLOGY EVOLUTION AND SYSTEMATICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The rate of evolution of population mean fitness informs how selection acting in contemporary populations can counteract environmental change and genetic degradation (mutation, gene flow, drift, recombination). This rate influences population increases (e.g., range expansion), population stability (e.g., cryptic eco-evolutionary dynamics), and population recovery (i.e., evolutionary rescue). We review approaches for estimating such rates, especially in wild populations. We then review empirical estimates derived from two approaches: mutation accumulation (MA) and additive genetic variance in fitness (IAw). MA studies inform how selection counters genetic degradation arising from deleterious mutations, typically generating estimates of <1% per generation. IAw studies provide an integrated prediction of proportional change per generation, nearly always generating estimates of <20% and, more typically, <10%. Overall, considerable, but not unlimited, evolutionary potential exists in populations facing detrimental environmental or genetic change. However, further studies with diverse methods and species are required for more robust and general insights.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P. Hendry
- Redpath Museum, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C4, Canada
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Daniel J. Schoen
- Department of Biology, McGill University, Montréal, Québec H3A 1B1, Canada
| | - Matthew E. Wolak
- Department of Biological Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 2TZ, United Kingdom
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19
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Wolak ME, Arcese P, Keller LF, Nietlisbach P, Reid JM. Sex‐specific additive genetic variances and correlations for fitness in a song sparrow (
Melospiza melodia
) population subject to natural immigration and inbreeding. Evolution 2018; 72:2057-2075. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew E. Wolak
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland
- Department of Biological SciencesAuburn University Auburn Alabama 36849
| | - Peter Arcese
- Department of Forest and Conservation SciencesUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Lukas F. Keller
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Zoological MuseumUniversity of Zurich Karl‐Schmid‐Strasse 4 CH‐8006 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Pirmin Nietlisbach
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental StudiesUniversity of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 CH‐8057 Zurich Switzerland
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of British Columbia Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of Aberdeen Aberdeen Scotland
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20
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Lane JE, McAdam AG, McFarlane SE, Williams CT, Humphries MM, Coltman DW, Gorrell JC, Boutin S. Phenological shifts in North American red squirrels: disentangling the roles of phenotypic plasticity and microevolution. J Evol Biol 2018. [PMID: 29518280 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Phenological shifts are the most widely reported ecological responses to climate change, but the requirements to distinguish their causes (i.e. phenotypic plasticity vs. microevolution) are rarely met. To do so, we analysed almost two decades of parturition data from a wild population of North American red squirrels (Tamiasciurus hudsonicus). Although an observed advance in parturition date during the first decade provided putative support for climate change-driven microevolution, a closer look revealed a more complex pattern. Parturition date was heritable [h2 = 0.14 (0.07-0.21 (HPD interval)] and under phenotypic selection [β = -0.14 ± 0.06 (SE)] across the full study duration. However, the early advance reversed in the second decade. Further, selection did not act on the genetic contribution to variation in parturition date, and observed changes in predicted breeding values did not exceed those expected due to genetic drift. Instead, individuals responded plastically to environmental variation, and high food [white spruce (Picea glauca) seed] production in the first decade appears to have produced a plastic advance. In addition, there was little evidence of climate change affecting the advance, as there was neither a significant influence of spring temperature on parturition date or evidence of a change in spring temperatures across the study duration. Heritable traits not responding to selection in accordance with quantitative genetic predictions have long presented a puzzle to evolutionary ecologists. Our results on red squirrels provide empirical support for one potential solution: phenotypic selection arising from an environmental, as opposed to genetic, covariance between the phenotypic trait and annual fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Lane
- Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - S Eryn McFarlane
- Ecology and Genetics, Uppsala Universitet Biologiska Sektionen, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cory T Williams
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks, AK, USA
| | | | - David W Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Jamieson C Gorrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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21
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Quéméré E, Gaillard JM, Galan M, Vanpé C, David I, Pellerin M, Kjellander P, Hewison AJM, Pemberton JM. Between-population differences in the genetic and maternal components of body mass in roe deer. BMC Evol Biol 2018; 18:39. [PMID: 29592799 PMCID: PMC5872551 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-018-1154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Understanding the genetic and environmental mechanisms governing variation in morphology or phenology in wild populations is currently an important challenge. While there is a general consensus that selection is stronger under stressful conditions, it remains unclear whether the evolutionary potential of traits should increase or decrease with increasingly stressful conditions. Here, we investigate how contrasting environmental conditions during growth may affect the maternal and genetic components of body mass in roe deer, the most abundant and widespread wild ungulate in Western Europe. Body mass is a key life history trait that strongly influences both survival and reproductive performance in large herbivores. We used pedigrees and animal models to determine the variance components of juvenile and adult winter body mass in two populations experiencing contrasting early-life conditions. Results Our analyses showed that roe deer at Chizé, where habitat was poor and unpredictable, exhibited very low genetic variance in juvenile body mass. Instead, variance in mass was mainly driven by among-cohort differences in early-life conditions and maternal environment. In contrast, roe deer at Bogesund, where resource availability during the critical period of fawn rearing was higher, displayed a substantial level of genetic variance in body mass. We discuss the potential role of past demography and viability selection on fawn body mass on the erosion of genetic variance in the poor habitat. Conclusions Our study highlights the importance of accounting for both spatial (i.e. between-population variation) and temporal (i.e. cohort variation) heterogeneity in environmental conditions, especially in early life, to understand the potential for adaptive responses of wild populations to selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12862-018-1154-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Quéméré
- CEFS, INRA, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, F-31326, France.
| | - J M Gaillard
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - M Galan
- CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier, F-34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex, France
| | - C Vanpé
- Université Lyon 1, CNRS, UMR 5558, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69622, Villeurbanne, France
| | - I David
- GenPhySE, INRA, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, Castanet-Tolosan, F-31326, France
| | - M Pellerin
- ONCFS, DER, UR Cervidés-Sanglier, Paris, France
| | - P Kjellander
- Grimsö Wildlife Research Station, Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-730 91, Riddarhyttan, Sweden
| | - A J M Hewison
- CEFS, INRA, Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan Cedex, F-31326, France
| | - J M Pemberton
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FL, UK
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22
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Fitness consequences of peak reproductive effort in a resource pulse system. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9335. [PMID: 28839275 PMCID: PMC5571191 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09724-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The age trajectory of reproductive performance of many iteroparous species features an early - life increase in performance followed by a late - life senescent decline. The largest contribution of lifetime reproductive success is therefore gained at the age at which reproductive performance peaks. Using long term data on North American red squirrels we show that the environmental conditions individuals encountered could cause variation among individuals in the “height” and timing of this peak, contributing to life history variation and fitness in this population that experiences irregular resource pulses. As expected, high peak effort was positively associated with lifetime reproductive output up to a high level of annual effort. Furthermore, individuals that matched their peak reproductive effort to an anticipated resource pulse gained substantial fitness benefits through recruiting more offspring over their lifetime. Individual variation in peak reproductive effort thus has strong potential to shape life history evolution by facilitating adaptation to fluctuating environments.
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23
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Revisiting Adaptive Potential, Population Size, and Conservation. Trends Ecol Evol 2017; 32:506-517. [PMID: 28476215 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2017.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Additive genetic variance (VA) reflects the potential for evolutionary shifts and can be low for some traits or populations. High VA is critical for the conservation of threatened species under selection to facilitate adaptation. Theory predicts tight associations between population size and VA, but data from some experimental models, and managed and natural populations do not always support this prediction. However, VA comparisons often have low statistical power, are undertaken in highly controlled environments distinct from natural habitats, and focus on traits with limited ecological relevance. Moreover, investigations of VA typically fail to consider rare alleles, genetic load, or linkage disequilibrium, resulting in deleterious effects associated with favored alleles in small populations. Large population size remains essential for ensuring adaptation.
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24
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Rughetti M, Festa-Bianchet M, Côté SD, Hamel S. Ecological and evolutionary effects of selective harvest of non-lactating female ungulates. J Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rughetti
- Cerigefas; Wildlife Research Center; Fondazione dell'Università degli Studi di Torino; Frazione Rore, 17 Sampeyre CN 12020 Italy
| | - Marco Festa-Bianchet
- Département de Biologie; Centre d’Études Nordiques; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC J1K 2R1 Canada
| | - Steeve D. Côté
- Département de Biologie, and Centre d’Études Nordiques; Université Laval; Québec QC G1V 0A6 Canada
| | - Sandra Hamel
- Department of Arctic and Marine Biology; UiT The Arctic University of Norway; 9037 Tromsø Norway
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25
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Bourret A, Bélisle M, Pelletier F, Garant D. Evolutionary potential of morphological traits across different life-history stages. J Evol Biol 2017; 30:616-626. [PMID: 28000316 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Bourret
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - M. Bélisle
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - F. Pelletier
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
| | - D. Garant
- Département de Biologie; Université de Sherbrooke; Sherbrooke QC Canada
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26
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Ingley SJ, Johnson JB. Selection is stronger in early-versus-late stages of divergence in a Neotropical livebearing fish. Biol Lett 2016; 12:20151022. [PMID: 26979559 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2015.1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
How selection acts to drive trait evolution at different stages of divergence is of fundamental importance in our understanding of the origins of biodiversity. Yet, most studies have focused on a single point along an evolutionary trajectory. Here, we provide a case study evaluating the strength of divergent selection acting on life-history traits at early-versus-late stages of divergence in Brachyrhaphis fishes. We find that the difference in selection is stronger in the early-diverged population than the late-diverged population, and that trait differences acquired early are maintained over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer J Ingley
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
| | - Jerald B Johnson
- Department of Biology, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA Monte L. Bean Life Science Museum, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602, USA
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27
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Shonfield J, Gorrell JC, Coltman DW, Boutin S, Humphries MM, Wilson DR, McAdam AG. Using playback of territorial calls to investigate mechanisms of kin discrimination in red squirrels. Behav Ecol 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arw165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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28
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McFarlane SE, Gorrell JC, Coltman DW, Humphries MM, Boutin S, McAdam AG. The nature of nurture in a wild mammal's fitness. Proc Biol Sci 2016; 282:20142422. [PMID: 25833849 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic variation in fitness is required for the adaptive evolution of any trait but natural selection is thought to erode genetic variance in fitness. This paradox has motivated the search for mechanisms that might maintain a population's adaptive potential. Mothers make many contributions to the attributes of their developing offspring and these maternal effects can influence responses to natural selection if maternal effects are themselves heritable. Maternal genetic effects (MGEs) on fitness might, therefore, represent an underappreciated source of adaptive potential in wild populations. Here we used two decades of data from a pedigreed wild population of North American red squirrels to show that MGEs on offspring fitness increased the population's evolvability by over two orders of magnitude relative to expectations from direct genetic effects alone. MGEs are predicted to maintain more variation than direct genetic effects in the face of selection, but we also found evidence of maternal effect trade-offs. Mothers that raised high-fitness offspring in one environment raised low-fitness offspring in another environment. Such a fitness trade-off is expected to maintain maternal genetic variation in fitness, which provided additional capacity for adaptive evolution beyond that provided by direct genetic effects on fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Eryn McFarlane
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Jamieson C Gorrell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - David W Coltman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Murray M Humphries
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec, Canada H9X 3V9
| | - Stan Boutin
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2E9
| | - Andrew G McAdam
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1
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29
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Sniegula S, Golab MJ, Drobniak SM, Johansson F. Seasonal time constraints reduce genetic variation in life-history traits along a latitudinal gradient. J Anim Ecol 2015; 85:187-98. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2656.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Szymon Sniegula
- Department of Ecosystem Conservation; Institute of Nature Conservation; Polish Academy of Sciences; al. Mickiewicza 33 31-120 Cracow Poland
| | - Maria J. Golab
- Department of Ecosystem Conservation; Institute of Nature Conservation; Polish Academy of Sciences; al. Mickiewicza 33 31-120 Cracow Poland
| | - Szymon M. Drobniak
- Population Ecology Group; Institute of Environmental Sciences; Jagiellonian University; Gronostajowa 7 30-387 Cracow Poland
| | - Frank Johansson
- Department of Ecology and Genetics; Uppsala University; SE-751 05 Uppsala Sweden
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30
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Wilson DR, Goble AR, Boutin S, Humphries MM, Coltman DW, Gorrell JC, Shonfield J, McAdam AG. Red squirrels use territorial vocalizations for kin discrimination. Anim Behav 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2015.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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31
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Dominance genetic variance for traits under directional selection in Drosophila serrata. Genetics 2015; 200:371-84. [PMID: 25783700 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.115.175489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In contrast to our growing understanding of patterns of additive genetic variance in single- and multi-trait combinations, the relative contribution of nonadditive genetic variance, particularly dominance variance, to multivariate phenotypes is largely unknown. While mechanisms for the evolution of dominance genetic variance have been, and to some degree remain, subject to debate, the pervasiveness of dominance is widely recognized and may play a key role in several evolutionary processes. Theoretical and empirical evidence suggests that the contribution of dominance variance to phenotypic variance may increase with the correlation between a trait and fitness; however, direct tests of this hypothesis are few. Using a multigenerational breeding design in an unmanipulated population of Drosophila serrata, we estimated additive and dominance genetic covariance matrices for multivariate wing-shape phenotypes, together with a comprehensive measure of fitness, to determine whether there is an association between directional selection and dominance variance. Fitness, a trait unequivocally under directional selection, had no detectable additive genetic variance, but significant dominance genetic variance contributing 32% of the phenotypic variance. For single and multivariate morphological traits, however, no relationship was observed between trait-fitness correlations and dominance variance. A similar proportion of additive and dominance variance was found to contribute to phenotypic variance for single traits, and double the amount of additive compared to dominance variance was found for the multivariate trait combination under directional selection. These data suggest that for many fitness components a positive association between directional selection and dominance genetic variance may not be expected.
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