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Hu Y, Deng Q, Kätterer T, Olesen JE, Ying SC, Ochoa-Hueso R, Mueller CW, Weintraub MN, Chen J. Depth-dependent responses of soil organic carbon under nitrogen deposition. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17247. [PMID: 38491798 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence points out that the responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) to nitrogen (N) addition differ along the soil profile, highlighting the importance of synthesizing results from different soil layers. Here, using a global meta-analysis, we found that N addition significantly enhanced topsoil (0-30 cm) SOC by 3.7% (±1.4%) in forests and grasslands. In contrast, SOC in the subsoil (30-100 cm) initially increased with N addition but decreased over time. The model selection analysis revealed that experimental duration and vegetation type are among the most important predictors across a wide range of climatic, environmental, and edaphic variables. The contrasting responses of SOC to N addition indicate the importance of considering deep soil layers, particularly for long-term continuous N deposition. Finally, the lack of depth-dependent SOC responses to N addition in experimental and modeling frameworks has likely resulted in the overestimation of changes in SOC storage under enhanced N deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanliu Hu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Qi Deng
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- South China National Botanical Garden, Guangzhou, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Thomas Kätterer
- Department of Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jørgen Eivind Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- Aarhus University Centre for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Samantha C Ying
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, USA
| | - Raúl Ochoa-Hueso
- Department of Biology, IVAGRO, University of Cádiz, Campus de Excelencia Internacional Agroalimentario (CeiA3), Cádiz, Spain
- Department of Terrestrial Ecology, Netherlands Institute of Ecology (NIOO-KNAW), Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Carsten W Mueller
- Institute of Ecology, Chair of Soil Science, Technische Universitaet Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael N Weintraub
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - Ji Chen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Department of Earth and Environmental Science, School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Gou X, Reich PB, Qiu L, Shao M, Wei G, Wang J, Wei X. Leguminous plants significantly increase soil nitrogen cycling across global climates and ecosystem types. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:4028-4043. [PMID: 37186000 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Leguminous plants are an important component of terrestrial ecosystems and significantly increase soil nitrogen (N) cycling and availability, which affects productivity in most ecosystems. Clarifying whether the effects of legumes on N cycling vary with contrasting ecosystem types and climatic regions is crucial for understanding and predicting ecosystem processes, but these effects are currently unknown. By conducting a global meta-analysis, we revealed that legumes increased the soil net N mineralization rate (Rmin ) by 67%, which was greater than the recently reported increase associated with N deposition (25%). This effect was similar for tropical (53%) and temperate regions (81%) but was significantly greater in grasslands (151%) and forests (74%) than in croplands (-3%) and was greater in in situ incubation (101%) or short-term experiments (112%) than in laboratory incubation (55%) or long-term experiments (37%). Legumes significantly influenced the dependence of Rmin on N fertilization and experimental factors. The Rmin was significantly increased by N fertilization in the nonlegume soils, but not in the legume soils. In addition, the effects of mean annual temperature, soil nutrients and experimental duration on Rmin were smaller in the legume soils than in the nonlegume soils. Collectively, our results highlighted the significant positive effects of legumes on soil N cycling, and indicated that the effects of legumes should be elucidated when addressing the response of soils to plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomei Gou
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Peter B Reich
- Department of Forest Resources, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, USA
- Institute for Global Change Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Liping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, China
| | - Mingan Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Gehong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaorong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- Research Center of Soil and Water Conservation and Ecological Environment, Ministry of Education, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
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Milner AM, Loza Vega EM, Matthews TJ, Conn SC, Windsor FM. Long-term changes in macroinvertebrate communities across high-latitude streams. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2023; 29:2466-2477. [PMID: 36806834 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Long-term records of benthic macroinvertebrates in high-latitude streams are essential for understanding climatic changes, including extreme events (e.g. floods). Data extending over multiple decades are typically scarce. Here, we investigated macroinvertebrate community structural change (including alpha and beta diversity and gain and loss of species) over 22 years (1994-2016) in 10 stream systems across Denali National Park (Alaska, USA) in relation to climatological and meteorological drivers (e.g. air temperature, snowpack depth, precipitation). We hypothesised that increases in air temperature and reduced snowpack depth, due to climatic change, would reduce beta and gamma diversity but increase alpha diversity. Findings showed temporal trends in alpha diversity were variable across streams, with oscillating patterns in many snowmelt- and rainfall runoff-fed streams linked to climatic variation (temperature and precipitation), but increased over time in several streams supported by a mixture of water sources, including more stable groundwater-fed streams. Beta-diversity over the time series was highly variable, yet marked transitions were observed in response to extreme snowpack accumulation (1999-2000), where species loss drove turnover. Gamma diversity did not significantly increase or decrease over time. Investigating trends in individual taxa, several taxa were lost and gained during a relative constrained time period (2000-2006), likely in response to climatic variability and significant shifts in instream environmental conditions. Findings demonstrate the importance of long-term biological studies in stream ecosystems and highlight the vulnerability of high-latitude streams to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Milner
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Arctic Biology, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Eva M Loza Vega
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Thomas J Matthews
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Birmingham Institute of Forest Research, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Environment, CE3C - Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes/Azorean Biodiversity Group/CHANGE - Global Change and Sustainability Institute and Universidade dos Açores, Angra do Heroísmo, Portugal
| | - Sarah C Conn
- US Fish and Wildlife Service, Fairbanks, Alaska, USA
| | - Fredric M Windsor
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
- School of Natural and Environmental Sciences, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
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Novak M. High variation in handling times confers 35-year stability to predator feeding rates despite community change. Ecology 2023; 104:e3954. [PMID: 36495236 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.3954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Historical resurveys of ecological communities are important for placing the structure of modern ecosystems in context. Rarely, however, are snapshot surveys alone sufficient for providing direct insight into the rates of the ecological processes underlying community functioning, either now or in the past. In this study, I used a statistically reasoned observational approach to estimate the feeding rates of a New Zealand intertidal predator, Haustrum haustorium, using diet surveys performed at several sites by Robert Paine in 1968-1969 and by me in 2004. Comparisons between time periods reveal a remarkable consistency in the predator's prey-specific feeding rates, which contrasts with the changes I observed in prey abundances, the predator's body-size distribution, and the prey's proportional contributions to the predator's apparent diet. Although these and additional changes in the predator's per-capita attack rates seem to show adaptive changes in its prey preferences, they do not. Rather, feeding-rate stability is an inherently statistical consequence of the predator's high among-prey variation in handling times which determine the length of time that feeding events will remain detectable to observers performing diet surveys. Though understudied, similarly high among-prey variation in handling (or digestion) times is evident in many predator species throughout the animal kingdom. The resultant disconnect between a predator's apparent diet and its actual feeding rates suggests that much of the temporal, biogeographic, and seemingly context-dependent variation that is often perceived in community structure, predator diets, and food-web topology may be of less functional consequence than assumed. Qualitative changes in ecological pattern need not represent qualitative changes in ecological process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Novak
- Department of Integrative Biology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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5
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Henriksen EH, Frainer A, Poulin R, Knudsen R, Amundsen P. Ectoparasites population dynamics are affected by host body size but not host density or water temperature in a 32‐year long time series. OIKOS 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.09328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eirik H. Henriksen
- Dept of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic Univ. of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - André Frainer
- Norwegian Inst. for Nature Research (NINA), Framsenteret Tromsø Norway
| | | | - Rune Knudsen
- Dept of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic Univ. of Norway Tromsø Norway
| | - Per‐Arne Amundsen
- Dept of Arctic and Marine Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, UiT The Arctic Univ. of Norway Tromsø Norway
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Vitt P, Finch J, Barak RS, Braum A, Frischie S, Redlinski I. Seed sourcing strategies for ecological restoration under climate change: A review of the current literature. FRONTIERS IN CONSERVATION SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fcosc.2022.938110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Climate change continues to alter the seasonal timing and extremes of global temperature and precipitation patterns. These departures from historic conditions along with the predicted variability of future climates present a challenge to seed sourcing, or provenance strategy decisions, within the practice of ecological restoration. The “local is best” for seed sourcing paradigm is predicated upon the assumption that ecotypes are genetically adapted to their local environment. However, local adaptations are potentially being outpaced by climate change, and the ability of plant populations to naturally migrate or shift their distribution accordingly may be limited by habitat fragmentation. Restoration practitioners and natural area managers have a general understanding of the importance of matching the inherent adaptations of source populations with the current and/or future site conditions where those seeds or propagules are planted. However, for many species used in seed-based restoration, there is a lack of empirical evidence to guide seed sourcing decisions, which are critical for the longevity and ecological function of restored natural communities. With the goal of characterizing, synthesizing, and applying experimental research to guide restoration practice, we conducted a systematic review of the literature on provenance testing of taxa undertaken to inform seed sourcing strategies for climate resiliency. We found a strong bias in the choice of study organism: most studies have been conducted on tree species. We also found a strong bias regarding where this research has been conducted, with North America (52%) and Europe (31%) overrepresented. Experiments were designed to assess how propagule origin influences performance across both climatic (26%) and geographic (15%) distance, with some studies focused on determining how climate normal conditions (39%) impacted performance related to survivorship, growth and other parameters. We describe the patterns and gaps our review identified, highlight specific topics which require further research, and provide practical suggestions of immediate and longer-term tools that restoration practitioners can use to guide and build resilient natural communities under future climate scenarios.
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Woods HA, Moran AL, Atkinson D, Audzijonyte A, Berenbrink M, Borges FO, Burnett KG, Burnett LE, Coates CJ, Collin R, Costa-Paiva EM, Duncan MI, Ern R, Laetz EMJ, Levin LA, Lindmark M, Lucey NM, McCormick LR, Pierson JJ, Rosa R, Roman MR, Sampaio E, Schulte PM, Sperling EA, Walczyńska A, Verberk WCEP. Integrative Approaches to Understanding Organismal Responses to Aquatic Deoxygenation. THE BIOLOGICAL BULLETIN 2022; 243:85-103. [PMID: 36548975 DOI: 10.1086/722899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
AbstractOxygen bioavailability is declining in aquatic systems worldwide as a result of climate change and other anthropogenic stressors. For aquatic organisms, the consequences are poorly known but are likely to reflect both direct effects of declining oxygen bioavailability and interactions between oxygen and other stressors, including two-warming and acidification-that have received substantial attention in recent decades and that typically accompany oxygen changes. Drawing on the collected papers in this symposium volume ("An Oxygen Perspective on Climate Change"), we outline the causes and consequences of declining oxygen bioavailability. First, we discuss the scope of natural and predicted anthropogenic changes in aquatic oxygen levels. Although modern organisms are the result of long evolutionary histories during which they were exposed to natural oxygen regimes, anthropogenic change is now exposing them to more extreme conditions and novel combinations of low oxygen with other stressors. Second, we identify behavioral and physiological mechanisms that underlie the interactive effects of oxygen with other stressors, and we assess the range of potential organismal responses to oxygen limitation that occur across levels of biological organization and over multiple timescales. We argue that metabolism and energetics provide a powerful and unifying framework for understanding organism-oxygen interactions. Third, we conclude by outlining a set of approaches for maximizing the effectiveness of future work, including focusing on long-term experiments using biologically realistic variation in experimental factors and taking truly cross-disciplinary and integrative approaches to understanding and predicting future effects.
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Grinfeder E, Haupert S, Ducrettet M, Barlet J, Reynet MP, Sèbe F, Sueur J. Soundscape dynamics of a cold protected forest: dominance of aircraft noise. LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY 2022; 37:567-582. [PMID: 35035087 PMCID: PMC8741586 DOI: 10.1007/s10980-021-01360-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT One mainstay of soundscape ecology is to understand acoustic pattern changes, in particular the relative balance between biophony (biotic sounds), geophony (abiotic sounds), and anthropophony (human-related sounds). However, little research has been pursued to automatically track these three components. OBJECTIVES Here, we introduce a 15-year program that aims at estimating soundscape dynamics in relation to possible land use and climate change. We address the relative prevalence patterns of these components during the first year of recording. METHODS Using four recorders, we monitored the soundscape of a large coniferous Alpine forest at the France-Switzerland border. We trained an artificial neural network (ANN) with mel frequency cepstral coefficients to systematically detect the occurrence of silence and sounds coming from birds, mammals, insects (biophony), rain (geophony), wind (geophony), and aircraft (anthropophony). RESULTS The ANN satisfyingly classified each sound type. The soundscape was dominated by anthropophony (75% of all files), followed by geophony (57%), biophony (43%), and silence (14%). The classification revealed expected phenologies for biophony and geophony and a co-occurrence of biophony and anthropophony. Silence was rare and mostly limited to night time. CONCLUSIONS It was possible to track the main soundscape components in order to empirically estimate their relative prevalence across seasons. This analysis reveals that anthropogenic noise is a major component of the soundscape of protected habitats, which can dramatically impact local animal behavior and ecology. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10980-021-01360-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elie Grinfeder
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Haupert
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Manon Ducrettet
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Julien Barlet
- Parc naturel régional du Haut-Jura, 29 Le Village, 39310 Lajoux, France
| | | | - Frédéric Sèbe
- Equipe de Neuro-Ethologie Sensorielle; ENES/CRNL, CNRS UMR 5292, Inserm UMR S 1028, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Université Jean-Monnet de Lyon/Saint-Etienne, Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Jérôme Sueur
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité (ISYEB), Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, EPHE, 57 rue Cuvier, 75005 Paris, France
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Hood ASC, Sutherland WJ. The data-index: An author-level metric that values impactful data and incentivizes data sharing. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:14344-14350. [PMID: 34765110 PMCID: PMC8571609 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.8126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Author-level metrics are a widely used measure of scientific success. The h-index and its variants measure publication output (number of publications) and research impact (number of citations). They are often used to influence decisions, such as allocating funding or jobs. Here, we argue that the emphasis on publication output and impact hinders scientific progress in the fields of ecology and evolution because it disincentivizes two fundamental practices: generating impactful (and therefore often long-term) datasets and sharing data. We describe a new author-level metric, the data-index, which values both dataset output (number of datasets) and impact (number of data-index citations), so promotes generating and sharing data as a result. We discuss how it could be implemented and provide user guidelines. The data-index is designed to complement other metrics of scientific success, as scientific contributions are diverse and our value system should reflect that both for the benefit of scientific progress and to create a value system that is more equitable, diverse, and inclusive. Future work should focus on promoting other scientific contributions, such as communicating science, informing policy, mentoring other scientists, and providing open-access code and tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia S. C. Hood
- Conservation Science Group, Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
| | - William J. Sutherland
- Conservation Science Group, Department of ZoologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
- Biosecurity Research Initiative at St Catharine's (BioRISC), St Catharine's CollegeUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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Lan B, He L, Huang Y, Guo X, Xu W, Zhu C. Tempo-spatial variations of zooplankton communities in relation to environmental factors and the ecological implications: A case study in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256313. [PMID: 34407135 PMCID: PMC8372925 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To expand the knowledge on the tempo-spatial patterns of zooplankton and the key modulated factors in urban aquatic ecosystem, we investigated zooplankton and water quality from April 2018 to January 2019 in the hinterland of the Three Gorges Reservoir area, Wanzhou City of China. The results indicated that water quality indicated by the trophic state index (TSI) reached a state of mesotrophication to light eutrophication in the Yangtze River, and a state of moderate- to hyper- eutrophication in its tributaries. Based on the biomass of zooplanktons, Asplanchna priodonta was the most common specie in April; Encentrum sp., Filinia cornuta and Epiphanes senta were the most noticeable species in summer; Cyclopoida Copepodid, Sinocalanus dorrii and Philodina erythrophthalma became the dominant species in winter. Generally, rotifers prevailed in April and August, and copepods became the most popular in January. According to canonical correspondence analysis, nitrate, temperature (T), ammonia, water level and permanganate index (CODMn) significantly influenced the community structure of zooplankton (p < 0.05). The dominant species shifts of zooplankton were partly associated with nutrient level (nitrate and ammonia) under periodic water level fluctuations. Rotifers and protozoans were characterized as high T adapted and CODMn-tolerant species comparing with cladocerans and copepods. The ratio of microzooplankton to mesozooplankton (Pmicro/meso) has presented a strongly positive relationship with T (p < 0.001), as well as Pmicro/meso and CODMn (p < 0.001). It implied that zooplankton tended to miniaturize individual size via species shift under high T and/or CODMn conditions induced by global warming and human activities. The information hints us that climate change and human activities are likely to produce fundamental changes in urban aquatic ecosystem by reorganizing biomass structure of the food web in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Lan
- Research Center for Sustainable Development of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Liping He
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujing Huang
- College of Chinese Traditional Medicine, Chongqing Three Gorges Medical College, Chongqing, China
| | - Xianhua Guo
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wenfeng Xu
- College of Environment and Chemical Engineering, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chi Zhu
- Jiangsu Environmental Engineering Technology Co. LTD, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing, China
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11
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Ward EB, Doroski DA, Felson AJ, Hallett RA, Oldfield EE, Kuebbing SE, Bradford MA. Positive long-term impacts of restoration on soils in an experimental urban forest. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2021; 31:e02336. [PMID: 33783049 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As urbanization increases worldwide, investments in nature-based solutions that aim to mitigate urban stressors and counter the impacts of global climate change are also on the rise. Tree planting on degraded urban lands-or afforestation-is one form of nature-based solution that has been increasingly implemented in cities around the world. The benefits of afforestation are, however, contingent on the capacity of soils to support the growth of planted trees, which poses a challenge in some urban settings where unfavorable soil conditions limit tree performance. Soil-focused site treatments could help urban areas overcome impediments to afforestation, yet few studies have examined the long-term (>5 yr) effects of site treatments on soils and other management objectives. We analyzed the impacts of compost amendments, interplanting with shrubs, and tree species composition (six species vs. two species) on soil conditions and associated tree growth in 54 experimental afforestation plots in New York City, USA. We compared baseline soil conditions to conditions after 6 yr and examined changes in the treatment effects from 1 to 6 yr. Site treatments and tree planting increased soil microbial biomass, water holding capacity, and total carbon and nitrogen, and reduced soil pH and bulk density relative to baseline conditions. These changes were most pronounced in compost-amended plots, and the effects of the shrub and species composition treatments were minimal. In fact, compost was key to sustaining long-term changes in soil carbon stocks, which increased by 17% in compost-amended plots but declined in unamended plots. Plots amended with compost also had 59% more nitrogen than unamended plots, which was associated with a 20% increase in the basal area of planted trees. Improvements in soil conditions after 6 yr departed from the initial trends observed after 1 yr, highlighting the importance of longer-term studies to quantify restoration success. Altogether, our results show that site treatments and tree planting can have long-lasting impacts on soil conditions and that these changes can support multiple urban land management objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth B Ward
- The Forest School, School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Danica A Doroski
- The Forest School, School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Alexander J Felson
- Melbourne School of Design, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Richard A Hallett
- USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Durham, New Hampshire, 03824, USA
| | - Emily E Oldfield
- The Forest School, School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - Sara E Kuebbing
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 15260, USA
| | - Mark A Bradford
- The Forest School, School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
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12
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Marsili L, Bologna M, Jankovic J, Colosimo C. Long-term efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin treatment for cervical dystonia: a critical reappraisal. Expert Opin Drug Saf 2021; 20:695-705. [PMID: 33831328 DOI: 10.1080/14740338.2021.1915282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Botulinum toxin (BoNT) injections represent the gold standard treatment for cervical dystonia (CD). Different types of BoNT have been used for the treatment of CD, but only two serotypes, BoNT type A (BoNT-A) and type B (BoNT-B), have been approved by regulatory agencies. Efficacy and safety of BoNT have been well documented by many short-term studies, but the longterm effects have been investigated only relatively recently.Areas covered: In the present review, we aimed to critically reappraise the existing evidence on the long-term efficacy and safety of BoNT treatment in CD. The examined studies mainly explored BoNT-A serotypes. Only a few studies examined the long-term effects of BoNT-B serotypes, and only one head-to-head comparison between BoNT-A and BoNT-B was found. BoNT was consistently reported to be an effective and safe treatment for CD patients, with good outcomes and a few adverse events in the long-term. However about a third of patients still drop out from the treatment during a long-term follow-up.Expert opinion: We conclude that BoNT is safe and effective in the long-term treatment of patients with CD. Additional studies are needed to further explore patients real-life experiences and perspectives to better understand the long-term outcomes and reasons for discontinuation of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Marsili
- Gardner Family Center for Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matteo Bologna
- Department of Human Neurosciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli (IS), Italy
| | - Joseph Jankovic
- Parkinson's Disease Center and Movement Disorders Clinic, Department of Neurology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Carlo Colosimo
- Department of Neurology, Santa Maria University Hospital, Terni, Italy
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13
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Buckley HL, Day NJ, Case BS, Lear G. Measuring change in biological communities: multivariate analysis approaches for temporal datasets with low sample size. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11096. [PMID: 33889442 PMCID: PMC8038644 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective and robust ways to describe, quantify, analyse, and test for change in the structure of biological communities over time are essential if ecological research is to contribute substantively towards understanding and managing responses to ongoing environmental changes. Structural changes reflect population dynamics, changes in biomass and relative abundances of taxa, and colonisation and extinction events observed in samples collected through time. Most previous studies of temporal changes in the multivariate datasets that characterise biological communities are based on short time series that are not amenable to data-hungry methods such as multivariate generalised linear models. Here, we present a roadmap for the analysis of temporal change in short-time-series, multivariate, ecological datasets. We discuss appropriate methods and important considerations for using them such as sample size, assumptions, and statistical power. We illustrate these methods with four case-studies analysed using the R data analysis environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Buckley
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola J. Day
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Bradley S. Case
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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14
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Buckley HL, Day NJ, Lear G, Case BS. Changes in the analysis of temporal community dynamics data: a 29-year literature review. PeerJ 2021; 9:e11250. [PMID: 33889452 PMCID: PMC8038643 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding how biological communities change over time is of increasing importance as Earth moves into the Anthropocene. A wide variety of methods are used for multivariate community analysis and are variously applied to research that aims to characterise temporal dynamics in community composition. Understanding these methods and how they are applied is useful for determining best practice in community ecology. METHODOLOGY We reviewed the ecological literature from 1990 to 2018 that used multivariate methods to address questions of temporal community dynamics. For each paper that fulfilled our search criteria, we recorded the types of multivariate analysis used to characterise temporal community dynamics in addition to the research aim, habitat type, location, taxon and the experimental design. RESULTS Most studies had relatively few temporal replicates; the median number was seven time points. Nearly 70% of studies applied more than one analysis method; descriptive methods such as bar graphs and ordination were the most commonly applied methods. Surprisingly, the types of analyses used were only related to the number of temporal replicates, but not to research aim or any other aspects of experimental design such as taxon, or habitat or year of study. CONCLUSIONS This review reveals that most studies interested in understanding community dynamics use relatively short time series meaning that several, more sophisticated, temporal analyses are not widely applicable. However, newer methods using multivariate dissimilarities are growing in popularity and many can be applied to time series of any length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah L. Buckley
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nicola J. Day
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Bradley S. Case
- School of Science, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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15
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Prendergast KS, Dixon KW, Bateman PW. Interactions between the introduced European honey bee and native bees in urban areas varies by year, habitat type and native bee guild. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2021. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blab024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
European honey bees have been introduced across the globe and may compete with native bees for floral resources. Compounding effects of urbanization and introduced species on native bees are, however, unclear. Here, we investigated how honey bee abundance and foraging patterns related to those of native bee abundance and diversity in residential gardens and native vegetation remnants for 2 years in urbanized areas of the Southwest Australian biodiversity hotspot and assessed how niche overlap influenced these relationships. Honey bees did not overtly suppress native bee abundance; however, complex relationships emerged when analysing these relationships according to body size, time of day and floral resource levels. Native bee richness was positively correlated with overall honeybee abundance in the first year, but negatively correlated in the second year, and varied with body size. Native bees that had higher resource overlap with honey bees were negatively associated with honey bee abundance, and resource overlap between honey bees and native bees was higher in residential gardens. Relationships with honey bees varied between native bee taxa, reflecting adaptations to different flora, plus specialization. Thus, competition with introduced bees varies by species and location, mediated by dietary breadth and overlap and by other life-history traits of individual bee species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit S Prendergast
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia
| | - Kingsley W Dixon
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia
| | - Philip W Bateman
- School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Bentley WA, Australia
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16
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Riege DA. The Versatile Role of Pinus strobus Within the Composition and Structure of Permanent Plots in Five Mature Mixed Forests of the Upper Midwest U.S.A. AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 2021. [DOI: 10.1674/0003-0031-185.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Chen J, van Groenigen KJ, Hungate BA, Terrer C, van Groenigen JW, Maestre FT, Ying SC, Luo Y, Jørgensen U, Sinsabaugh RL, Olesen JE, Elsgaard L. Long-term nitrogen loading alleviates phosphorus limitation in terrestrial ecosystems. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2020; 26:5077-5086. [PMID: 32529708 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Increased human-derived nitrogen (N) deposition to terrestrial ecosystems has resulted in widespread phosphorus (P) limitation of net primary productivity. However, it remains unclear if and how N-induced P limitation varies over time. Soil extracellular phosphatases catalyze the hydrolysis of P from soil organic matter, an important adaptive mechanism for ecosystems to cope with N-induced P limitation. Here we show, using a meta-analysis of 140 studies and 668 observations worldwide, that N stimulation of soil phosphatase activity diminishes over time. Whereas short-term N loading (≤5 years) significantly increased soil phosphatase activity by 28%, long-term N loading had no significant effect. Nitrogen loading did not affect soil available P and total P content in either short- or long-term studies. Together, these results suggest that N-induced P limitation in ecosystems is alleviated in the long-term through the initial stimulation of soil phosphatase activity, thereby securing P supply to support plant growth. Our results suggest that increases in terrestrial carbon uptake due to ongoing anthropogenic N loading may be greater than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Chen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- Aarhus University Center for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- iCLIMATE Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kees J van Groenigen
- Department of Geography, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Bruce A Hungate
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - César Terrer
- Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL), Livermore, CA, USA
| | | | - Fernando T Maestre
- Instituto Multidisciplinar para el Estudio del Medio "Ramon Margalef", Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
- Departamento de Ecología, Universidad de Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Samantha C Ying
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Yiqi Luo
- Center for Ecosystem Science and Society and Department of Biological Sciences, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA
| | - Uffe Jørgensen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- Aarhus University Center for Circular Bioeconomy, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | | | - Jørgen E Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- iCLIMATE Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Lars Elsgaard
- Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
- iCLIMATE Interdisciplinary Centre for Climate Change, Aarhus University, Roskilde, Denmark
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18
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Vucetich JA, Nelson MP, Bruskotter JT. What Drives Declining Support for Long-Term Ecological Research? Bioscience 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractSeveral recent papers have reinvigorated a chronic concern about the need for ecological science to focus more on long-term research. For a few decades, significant voices among ecologists have been assembling elements of a case in favor of long-term ecological research. In this article and for the first time, we synthesize the elements of this case and present it in succinct form. We also argue that this case is unlikely to result in more long-term research. Finally, we present ideas that, if implemented, are more likely to result in appropriate levels of investment in long-term research in ecological science. The article comes at an important time, because the US National Science Foundation is currently undertaking a 40-year review of its Long-Term Ecological Research Network.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Vucetich
- College of Forest Resources and Environmental Science, Michigan Technological University Houghton
| | - Michael Paul Nelson
- Department of Forest Ecosystems and Society, Oregon State University, Corvallis
| | - Jeremy T Bruskotter
- School Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus
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19
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Boersma P, Borboroglu PG, Gownaris N, Bost C, Chiaradia A, Ellis S, Schneider T, Seddon P, Simeone A, Trathan P, Waller L, Wienecke B. Applying science to pressing conservation needs for penguins. CONSERVATION BIOLOGY : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOCIETY FOR CONSERVATION BIOLOGY 2020; 34:103-112. [PMID: 31257646 PMCID: PMC7027562 DOI: 10.1111/cobi.13378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
More than half of the world's 18 penguin species are declining. We, the Steering Committee of the International Union for Conservation of Nature Species Survival Commission Penguin Specialist Group, determined that the penguin species in most critical need of conservation action are African penguin (Spheniscus demersus), Galápagos penguin (Spheniscus mendiculus), and Yellow-eyed penguin (Megadyptes antipodes). Due to small or rapidly declining populations, these species require immediate scientific collaboration and policy intervention. We also used a pairwise-ranking approach to prioritize research and conservation needs for all penguins. Among the 12 cross-taxa research areas we identified, we ranked quantifying population trends, estimating demographic rates, forecasting environmental patterns of change, and improving the knowledge of fisheries interactions as the highest priorities. The highest ranked conservation needs were to enhance marine spatial planning, improve stakeholder engagement, and develop disaster-management and species-specific action plans. We concurred that, to improve the translation of science into effective conservation for penguins, the scientific community and funding bodies must recognize the importance of and support long-term research; research on and conservation of penguins must expand its focus to include the nonbreeding season and juvenile stage; marine reserves must be designed at ecologically appropriate spatial and temporal scales; and communication between scientists and decision makers must be improved with the help of individual scientists and interdisciplinary working groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- P.D. Boersma
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels and Department of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98103U.S.A.
- Global Penguin SocietyPuerto Madryn9120Argentina
| | - P. García Borboroglu
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels and Department of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98103U.S.A.
- Global Penguin SocietyPuerto Madryn9120Argentina
- CESIMAR CCT Cenpat‐CONICET9120Puerto MadrynChubutArgentina
| | - N.J. Gownaris
- Center for Ecosystem Sentinels and Department of BiologyUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98103U.S.A.
| | - C.A. Bost
- Centre d'Etudes Biologiques de Chizé79360Villiers‐en‐BoisFrance
| | - A. Chiaradia
- Conservation DepartmentPhillip Island Nature ParksCowesVIC3922Australia
| | - S. Ellis
- International Rhino FoundationStrasburgVA22657U.S.A.
| | - T. Schneider
- Detroit Zoological SocietyRoyal OakMI48067U.S.A.
| | - P.J. Seddon
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OtagoDunedin9016New Zealand
| | - A. Simeone
- Facultad de Ciencias de la VidaUniversidad Andres BelloSantiago8370146Chile
| | | | - L.J. Waller
- Southern African Foundation for the Conservation of Coastal Birds (SANCCOB)Cape Town7441South Africa
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation BiologyUniversity of the Western CapeBellvilleCape Town7535South Africa
| | - B. Wienecke
- Australian Antarctic DivisionKingstonTAS7050Australia
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20
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Yang L, Huang Y, Lima LV, Sun Z, Liu M, Wang J, Liu N, Ren H. Rethinking the Ecosystem Functions of Dicranopteris, a Widespread Genus of Ferns. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:581513. [PMID: 33519842 PMCID: PMC7845760 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.581513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Dicranopteris is an ancient and widespread genus of ferns in pantropical regions. Some species of the genus can form dense thickets, and dominate the understory, which are common and key species in tropical and subtropical ecosystems. However, they were mostly cut or burned in forest management because of forming dense thickets which were considered to interfere with forest regeneration and succession. In the current review, we argue that the Dicranopteris species which are able to rapidly colonize barren areas may contribute to ecosystem recovery, resistance to environmental stress, and succession control. Rapid colonization involves prolific spore production, rapid clonal growth, the generation of high surface cover, and the ability to fill gaps; stress resistance includes resistance to abiotic stress, and the ability to reduce soil erosion from rainfall, alien species invasion, and soil contamination and toxicity; and succession facilitation consists of carbon and nutrient sequestration in soil, moderation of the microclimate, alteration of the soil microbial and faunal communities, and determination of which plant species to be established in the next successional stage. All of these ecosystem functions may be beneficial to ecosystem resilience. We expect that the distribution of Dicranopteris will expand in response to global warming, changes in precipitation patterns, increases in soil pollution, deforestation, and land degradation. We recommend that Dicranopteris, as a pioneer fern and a valuable component of tropical and subtropical ecosystems, needs more attention in future research and better management practices to promote forest regeneration and succession.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Yang
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhui Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Forest Silviculture, Protection and Utilization, Guangdong Academy of Forestry, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lucas Vieira Lima
- Departamento de Botânica, Laboratório de Sistemática Vegetal, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Zhongyu Sun
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou, China
| | - Meijie Liu
- Guangdong Open Laboratory of Geospatial Information Technology and Application, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou Institute of Geography, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hai Ren
- Key Laboratory of Vegetation Restoration and Management of Degraded Ecosystems, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hai Ren,
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21
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Lenzner B, Leclère D, Franklin O, Seebens H, Roura-Pascual N, Obersteiner M, Dullinger S, Essl F. A Framework for Global Twenty-First Century Scenarios and Models of Biological Invasions. Bioscience 2019; 69:697-710. [PMID: 31527924 PMCID: PMC6739238 DOI: 10.1093/biosci/biz070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological invasions have emerged as an eminent feature of global change, with substantial impacts on the environment and human livelihoods. Current research demonstrates that the numbers and impacts of alien species are rising unabatedly. At the same time, we lack a thorough understanding of potential future trajectories for the decades to come. With the recent establishment of comprehensive global databases, it is, for the first time, feasible to develop and quantify future scenarios of biological invasions. Therefore, we propose a conceptual framework for how to develop alien species scenarios for the twenty-first century and how to identify relevant steps and challenges along the way. The concept will be important to inform research, policy, stakeholders, and the general public. Furthermore, we call for the scientific community to join forces and to operationalize the framework for scenarios and models of biological invasions to develop an important baseline for understanding and managing future biological invasions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Lenzner
- Division of Conservation Biology, Landscape, and Vegetation Ecology at the University of Vienna, in Austria, and with the International Institute of Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA) in Laxenburg, Austria
| | | | | | - Hanno Seebens
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre, in Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Núria Roura-Pascual
- Departament de Ciències Ambientals at the Universitat de Girona, in Catalonia, Spain, and with the Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, in Solsona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | - Stefan Dullinger
- Division of Conservation Biology, Landscape, and Vegetation Ecology at the University of Vienna, in Vienna, Austria
| | - Franz Essl
- Division of Conservation Biology, Landscape, and Vegetation Ecology at the University of Vienna, in Vienna, Austria
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22
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Meirmans S, Butlin RK, Charmantier A, Engelstädter J, Groot AT, King KC, Kokko H, Reid JM, Neiman M. Science policies: How should science funding be allocated? An evolutionary biologists' perspective. J Evol Biol 2019; 32:754-768. [PMID: 31215105 PMCID: PMC6771946 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.13497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In an ideal world, funding agencies could identify the best scientists and projects and provide them with the resources to undertake these projects. Most scientists would agree that in practice, how funding for scientific research is allocated is far from ideal and likely compromises research quality. We, nine evolutionary biologists from different countries and career stages, provide a comparative summary of our impressions on funding strategies for evolutionary biology across eleven different funding agencies. We also assess whether and how funding effectiveness might be improved. We focused this assessment on 14 elements within four broad categories: (a) topical shaping of science, (b) distribution of funds, (c) application and review procedures, and (d) incentives for mobility and diversity. These comparisons revealed striking among‐country variation in those elements, including wide variation in funding rates, the effort and burden required for grant applications, and the extent of emphasis on societal relevance and individual mobility. We use these observations to provide constructive suggestions for the future and urge the need to further gather informed considerations from scientists on the effects of funding policies on science across countries and research fields.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roger K Butlin
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Marine Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Strömstad, Sweden
| | - Anne Charmantier
- CEFE UMR 5175, CNRS, Université Paul-Valery Montpellier, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
| | - Jan Engelstädter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Astrid T Groot
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kayla C King
- Department of Zoology, Christ Church College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Hanna Kokko
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jane M Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Maurine Neiman
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.,Department of Gender, Women's, and Sexuality Studies, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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23
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Kelt DA, Heske EJ, Lambin X, Oli MK, Orrock JL, Ozgul A, Pauli JN, Prugh LR, Sollmann R, Sommer S. Advances in population ecology and species interactions in mammals. J Mammal 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe study of mammals has promoted the development and testing of many ideas in contemporary ecology. Here we address recent developments in foraging and habitat selection, source–sink dynamics, competition (both within and between species), population cycles, predation (including apparent competition), mutualism, and biological invasions. Because mammals are appealing to the public, ecological insight gleaned from the study of mammals has disproportionate potential in educating the public about ecological principles and their application to wise management. Mammals have been central to many computational and statistical developments in recent years, including refinements to traditional approaches and metrics (e.g., capture-recapture) as well as advancements of novel and developing fields (e.g., spatial capture-recapture, occupancy modeling, integrated population models). The study of mammals also poses challenges in terms of fully characterizing dynamics in natural conditions. Ongoing climate change threatens to affect global ecosystems, and mammals provide visible and charismatic subjects for research on local and regional effects of such change as well as predictive modeling of the long-term effects on ecosystem function and stability. Although much remains to be done, the population ecology of mammals continues to be a vibrant and rapidly developing field. We anticipate that the next quarter century will prove as exciting and productive for the study of mammals as has the recent one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Kelt
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Edward J Heske
- Museum of Southwestern Biology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Xavier Lambin
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Madan K Oli
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John L Orrock
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arpat Ozgul
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan N Pauli
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Laura R Prugh
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Rahel Sollmann
- Department of Wildlife, Fish, & Conservation Biology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stefan Sommer
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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24
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Herrera CM. Complex long-term dynamics of pollinator abundance in undisturbed Mediterranean montane habitats over two decades. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos M. Herrera
- Estación Biológica de Doñana; Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas; Avenida Americo Vespucio 26 E-41092 Sevilla Spain
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25
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Mason C, Alderman R, McGowan J, Possingham HP, Hobday AJ, Sumner M, Shaw J. Telemetry reveals existing marine protected areas are worse than random for protecting the foraging habitat of threatened shy albatross (Thalassarche cauta
). DIVERS DISTRIB 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/ddi.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Claire Mason
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
| | - Rachael Alderman
- Marine Conservation Program; Department of Primary Industries; Parks, Water and Environment; Hobart Tasmania Australia
| | - Jennifer McGowan
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
- Department of Biological Sciences; Macquarie University; North Ryde New South Wales Australia
| | - Hugh P. Possingham
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
- The Nature Conservancy; Arlington Virginia USA
| | | | - Michael Sumner
- Australian Antarctic Division; Kingston Tasmania Australia
| | - Justine Shaw
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Environmental Decisions; School of Biological Sciences; The University of Queensland; St Lucia Queensland Australia
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Characteristics of Students Who Frequently Conduct Plant Observations: Toward Fostering Leaders and Supporters of Fixed-Point Observation of Forests. FORESTS 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/f9060328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Salguero‐Gómez R, Violle C, Gimenez O, Childs D, Fox C. Delivering the promises of trait-based approaches to the needs of demographic approaches, and vice versa. Funct Ecol 2018; 32:1424-1435. [PMID: 30034074 PMCID: PMC6049886 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Few facets of biology vary more than functional traits and life-history traits. To explore this vast variation, functional ecologists and population ecologists have developed independent approaches that identify the mechanisms behind and consequences of trait variation.Collaborative research between researchers using trait-based and demographic approaches remains scarce. We argue that this is a missed opportunity, as the strengths of both approaches could help boost the research agendas of functional ecology and population ecology.This special feature, which spans three journals of the British Ecological Society due to its interdisciplinary nature, showcases state-of-the-art research applying trait-based and demographic approaches to examine relationships between organismal function, life history strategies and population performance across multiple kingdoms. Examples include the exploration of how functional trait × environment interactions affect vital rates and thus explain population trends and species occurrence; the coordination of seed traits and dispersal ability with the pace of life in plants; the incorporation of functional traits in dynamic energy budget models; or the discovery of linkages between microbial functional traits and the fast-slow continuum.Despite their historical isolation, collaborative work between functional ecologists and population ecologists could unlock novel research pathways. We call for an integrative research agenda to evaluate which and when traits are functional, as well as their ability to describe and predict life history strategies and population dynamics. We highlight promising, complementary research avenues to overcome current limitations. These include a more explicit linkage of selection gradients in the context of functional trait-vital rate relationships, and the implementation of standardised protocols to track changes in traits and vital rates over time at the same location and individuals, thus allowing for the explicit incorporation of trade-offs in analyses of covariation of functional traits and life-history traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Salguero‐Gómez
- Department of ZoologyUniversity of OxfordOxfordUK
- Evolutionary Biodemography LaboratoryMax Planck Institute for Demographic ResearchRostockGermany
- Centre for Biodiversity and Conservation ScienceUniversity of QueenslandSt LuciaQldAustralia
| | - Cyrille Violle
- CEFE, CNRSUniv MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Olivier Gimenez
- CEFE, CNRSUniv MontpellierUniv Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRDMontpellierFrance
| | - Dylan Childs
- Department of Animal & Plant SciencesThe University of SheffieldSheffieldUK
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