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Aguirrebengoa M, Müller C, Hambäck PA, González-Megías A. Density-Dependent Effects of Simultaneous Root and Floral Herbivory on Plant Fitness and Defense. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:283. [PMID: 36678999 PMCID: PMC9867048 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Plants are attacked by multiple herbivores, and depend on a precise regulation of responses to cope with a wide range of antagonists. Simultaneous herbivory can occur in different plant compartments, which may pose a serious threat to plant growth and reproduction. In particular, plants often face co-occurring root and floral herbivory, but few studies have focused on such interactions. Here, we investigated in the field the combined density-dependent effects of root-chewing cebrionid beetle larvae and flower-chewing pierid caterpillars on the fitness and defense of a semiarid Brassicaceae herb. We found that the fitness impact of both herbivore groups was independent and density-dependent. Increasing root herbivore density non-significantly reduced plant fitness, while the relationship between increasing floral herbivore density and the reduction they caused in both seed number and seedling emergence was non-linear. The plant defensive response was non-additive with regard to the different densities of root and floral herbivores; high floral herbivore density provoked compensatory investment in reproduction, and this tolerance response was combined with aboveground chemical defense induction when also root herbivore density was high. Plants may thus prioritize specific trait combinations in response to varying combined below- and aboveground herbivore densities to minimize negative impacts on fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Peter A. Hambäck
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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Wang J, Yang Y, Li Y, Jin Z, Desneux N, Han P, Wang S, Li S. Direct and indirect effects of banker plants on population establishment of Harmonia axyridis and aphid control on pepper crop. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1083848. [PMID: 36578339 PMCID: PMC9792147 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1083848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Banker plant systems increase biological pest control by supporting populations of natural enemies, i.e., using non-pest arthropod species as alternative prey. However, the presence of alternative prey does not always result in improved control of the target pest species owing to the complexity of biotic interactions. To increase the effectiveness of banker plants in IPM programs, a fine understanding of the indirect interactions between target aphid and alternative prey mediated by biocontrol agents is necessary. In this study, we first established a banker plant system, banker plant (Vicia faba)-alternative prey (Megoura japonica)-predator (Harmonia axyridis), to control the target pest (Myzus persicae) on pepper. We found that M. japonica strongly preferred faba bean as a host plant and posed no risk to Solanaceous crops. Harmonia axyridis adults had no significant predation preference for the alternative prey. In the short term, the interaction direction of the two aphid species depended on the relative initial density and the timescale. Harmonia axyridis showed a stronger negative effect on M. persicae than that on M. japonica. In the long term, the presence of alternative prey, M. japonica, enhanced the control effect of H. axyridis to M. persicae with initial density of 100-500 aphids per plant. The presence of the alternative prey could proliferate the population of H. axyridis, with from 0.2- to 2.1-fold increase of H. axyridis eggs. Overall, we put forward a strategy for setting the initial density of alternative prey of the banker plant system to target the high and low density of aphids, which highlighted the importance of indirect interactions in designing a proper banker plant system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajie Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanxi Li
- Department of Entomology, College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhenyu Jin
- Forewarning and Management of Agricultural and Forestry Pest, Hubei Engineering Technology Center and College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China
| | | | - Peng Han
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Plant Reproductive Adaptation and Evolutionary Ecology /Institute of Biodiversity, School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Su Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shu Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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Cutler GC, Amichot M, Benelli G, Guedes RNC, Qu Y, Rix RR, Ullah F, Desneux N. Hormesis and insects: Effects and interactions in agroecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153899. [PMID: 35181361 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Insects in agroecosystems contend with many stressors - e.g., chemicals, heat, nutrient deprivation - that are often encountered at low levels. Exposure to mild stress is now well known to induce hormetic (stimulatory) effects in insects, with implications for insect management, and ecological structure and function in agroecosystems. In this review, we examine the major ecological niches insects occupy or guilds to which they belong in agroecosystems and how hormesis can manifest within and across these groups. The mechanistic underpinnings of hormesis in insects are starting to become established, explaining the many phenotypic hormetic responses observed in insect reproduction, development, and behavior. Whereas potential effects on insect populations are well supported in laboratory experiments, field-based hypothesis-driven research on hormesis is greatly lacking. Furthermore, because most ecological paradigms are founded within the context of communities, entomological agroecologists interested in hormesis need to 'level up' and test hypotheses that explore effects on species interactions, and community structure and functioning. Embedded in this charge is to continue experimentation on herbivorous pest species while shifting more focus towards insect natural enemies, pollinators, and detritivores - guilds that play crucial roles in highly functioning agroecosystems that have been understudied in hormesis research. Important areas for future insect agroecology research on hormesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Christopher Cutler
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, PO Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Marcel Amichot
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France.
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, via del Borghetto 80, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Raul Narciso C Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Yanyan Qu
- Institute of Plant Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Science, Beijing 100097, China.
| | - Rachel R Rix
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, PO Box 550, Truro, NS B2N 5E3, Canada.
| | - Farman Ullah
- Department of Plant Biosecurity, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, UMR ISA, 06000 Nice, France.
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Chen H, Su H, Zhang S, Jing T, Liu Z, Yang Y. Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Responses in Cotton Plant to Apolygus lucorum Infestation. INSECTS 2022; 13:391. [PMID: 35447833 PMCID: PMC9025427 DOI: 10.3390/insects13040391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
With the wide-scale adoption of transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) cotton, Apolygus lucorum (Meyer-Dür) has become the most serious pest and has caused extensive yield loss in cotton production. However, little is known about the defense responses of cotton at the seedling stage to A. lucorum feeding. In this study, to elucidate the cotton defense mechanism, cotton leaves were damaged by A. lucorum for 0, 4, 12 and 24 h. The transcriptomic results showed that A. lucorum feeding elicits a rapid and strong defense response in gene expression during the whole infestation process in cotton plants. Further analysis revealed that at each assessment time, more differentially expressed genes were up-regulated than down-regulated. The integrated analysis of transcriptomic and metabolic data showed that most of the genes involved in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis were initially up-regulated, and this trend continued during an infestation. Meanwhile, the content levels of JA and its intermediate products were also significantly increased throughout the whole infestation process. The similar trend was displayed in condensed tannins biosynthesis. This research proved that, after plants are damaged by A. lucorum, the JA pathway mediates the defense mechanisms in cotton plants by promoting the accumulation of condensed tannins as a defense mechanism against A. lucorum. These results will help us to discover unknown defensive genes and improve the integrated pest management of A. lucorum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yizhong Yang
- College of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225007, China; (H.C.); (H.S.); (S.Z.); (T.J.); (Z.L.)
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Guedes RNC, Rix RR, Cutler GC. Pesticide-Induced Hormesis in Arthropods: Towards Biological Systems. CURRENT OPINION IN TOXICOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cotox.2022.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Ode PJ. FE Spotlight: Friend or foe? The complex relationships within trophic cascades (FE Spotlight on Cuny et al. ‘The enemy of my enemy is not always my friend: Negative effects of carnivorous arthropods on plants’). Funct Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2435.13930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J. Ode
- Graduate Degree Program in Ecology and Department of Agricultural Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado USA
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Density regulation of co-occurring herbivores via two indirect effects mediated by biomass and non-specific induced plant defenses. THEOR ECOL-NETH 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12080-020-00479-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Blubaugh CK, Asplund JS, Eigenbrode SD, Morra MJ, Philips CR, Popova IE, Reganold JP, Snyder WE. Dual-guild herbivory disrupts predator-prey interactions in the field. Ecology 2019; 99:1089-1098. [PMID: 29464698 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Plant defenses often mediate whether competing chewing and sucking herbivores indirectly benefit or harm one another. Dual-guild herbivory also can muddle plant signals used by specialist natural enemies to locate prey, further complicating the net impact of herbivore-herbivore interactions in naturally diverse settings. While dual-guild herbivore communities are common in nature, consequences for top-down processes are unclear, as chemically mediated tri-trophic interactions are rarely evaluated in field environments. Combining observational and experimental approaches in the open field, we test a prediction that chewing herbivores interfere with top-down suppression of phloem feeders on Brassica oleracea across broad landscapes. In a two-year survey of 52 working farm sites, we found that parasitoid and aphid densities on broccoli plants positively correlated at farms where aphids and caterpillars rarely co-occurred, but this relationship disappeared at farms where caterpillars commonly co-occurred. In a follow-up experiment, we compared single and dual-guild herbivore communities at four local farm sites and found that caterpillars (P. rapae) caused a 30% reduction in aphid parasitism (primarily by Diaeretiella rapae), and increased aphid colony (Brevicoryne brassicae) growth at some sites. Notably, in the absence of predators, caterpillars indirectly suppressed, rather than enhanced, aphid growth. Amid considerable ecological noise, our study reveals a pattern of apparent commensalism: herbivore-herbivore facilitation via relaxed top-down suppression. This work suggests that enemy-mediated apparent commensalism may override constraints to growth induced by competing herbivores in field environments, and emphasizes the value of placing chemically mediated interactions within their broader environmental and community contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen K Blubaugh
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina, 29678, USA.,Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Jacob S Asplund
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Sanford D Eigenbrode
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, USA
| | - Matthew J Morra
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, USA
| | - Christopher R Philips
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - Inna E Popova
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Entomological Sciences, University of Idaho, 875 Perimeter Drive, Moscow, Idaho, 83844, USA
| | - John P Reganold
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
| | - William E Snyder
- Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, 99164, USA
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Hernán G, Castejón I, Terrados J, Tomas F. Herbivory and resource availability shift plant defense and herbivore feeding choice in a seagrass system. Oecologia 2019; 189:719-732. [PMID: 30806786 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-019-04364-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Numerous hypotheses have been posited to explain the observed variation in plant defense strategies against herbivory. Under resource-rich environments, plants are predicted to increase their tolerance (limiting resource model; LRM) and, while the resource availability hypothesis (RAH) predicts a decrease in constitutive resistance in plant species growing in resource-rich environments, at the intraspecific level, plants are predicted to follow an opposite pattern (intraspecific RAH). Furthermore, the effect of multiple factors in modulating plant defense strategies has been scarcely explored and is more difficult to predict. Our aim was to understand how plant defense traits respond to herbivory, resource availability and their interactions, and to assess the effects on plant palatability. To this end, we performed an in situ factorial experiment at two sites simulating three herbivory levels and two nutrient availability conditions with the seagrass Posidonia oceanica. Additionally, we performed a series of feeding experiments with its two main herbivores. While plants decreased their constitutive resistance under nutrient fertilization (contrary to intraspecific RAH but in accordance to the RAH), and did not increase allocation to tolerance (likely due to resource limitation, LRM), simulated herbivory induced resistance traits. However, we found no interactive effects of nutrient fertilization and herbivory simulation on plant defense. Both herbivores responded similarly to changes in plant palatability, strongly preferring nutrient-enriched plants and non-clipped plants. This work highlights the need to better understand the drivers of plant defense intraspecific variability in response to resources, particularly in habitat-forming species where changes in plant traits and abundance will cascade onto associated species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gema Hernán
- Department of Marine Ecology, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Balearic Islands, Spain.
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, USA.
| | - Inés Castejón
- Department of Marine Ecology, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Jorge Terrados
- Department of Marine Ecology, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Balearic Islands, Spain
| | - Fiona Tomas
- Department of Marine Ecology, IMEDEA (CSIC-UIB), Mediterranean Institute for Advanced Studies, Balearic Islands, Spain
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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Moe SR, Gjørvad IR, Eldegard K, Hegland SJ. Ungulate browsing affects subsequent insect feeding on a shared food plant, bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus). Basic Appl Ecol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2018.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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