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Romanelli JP, Piana MR, Klaus VH, Brancalion PHS, Murcia C, Cardou F, Wallace KJ, Adams C, Martin PA, Burton PJ, Diefenderfer HL, Gornish ES, Stanturf J, Beyene M, Santos JPB, Rodrigues RR, Cadotte MW. Convergence and divergence in science and practice of urban and rural forest restoration. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2024; 99:295-312. [PMID: 37813383 DOI: 10.1111/brv.13022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
Forest restoration has never been higher on policymakers' agendas. Complex and multi-dimensional arrangements across the urban-rural continuum challenge restorationists and require integrative approaches to strengthen environmental protection and increase restoration outcomes. It remains unclear if urban and rural forest restoration are moving towards or away from each other in practice and research, and whether comparing research outcomes can help stakeholders to gain a clearer understanding of the interconnectedness between the two fields. This study aims to identify the challenges and opportunities for enhancing forest restoration in both urban and rural systems by reviewing the scientific evidence, engaging with key stakeholders and using an urban-rural forest restoration framework. Using the Society for Ecological Restoration's International Principles as discussion topics, we highlight aspects of convergence and divergence between the two fields to broaden our understanding of forest restoration and promote integrative management approaches to address future forest conditions. Our findings reveal that urban and rural forest restoration have convergent and divergent aspects. We emphasise the importance of tailoring goals and objectives to specific contexts and the need to design different institutions and incentives based on the social and ecological needs and goals of stakeholders in different regions. Additionally, we discuss the challenges of achieving high levels of ecological restoration and the need to go beyond traditional ecology to plan, implement, monitor, and adaptively manage restored forests. We suggest that rivers and watersheds could serve as a common ground linking rural and urban landscapes and that forest restoration could interact with other environmental protection measures. We note the potential for expanding the creative vision associated with increasing tree-containing environments in cities to generate more diverse and resilient forest restoration outcomes in rural settings. This study underscores the value of integrative management approaches in addressing future forest conditions across the urban-rural continuum. Our framework provides valuable insights for policymakers, researchers, and decision-makers to advance the field of forest restoration and address the challenges of restoration across the urban-rural continuum. The rural-urban interface serves as a convergence point for forest restoration, and both urban and rural fields can benefit from each other's expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- João P Romanelli
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Restoration (LERF), Department of Biological Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Max R Piana
- Northern Research Station, USDA Forest Service, 160 Holdsworth Way, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Valentin H Klaus
- ETH Zurich, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Universitätstr. 2, Zurich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Pedro H S Brancalion
- Department of Forest Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Carolina Murcia
- Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Françoise Cardou
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Kiri Joy Wallace
- Te Tumu Whakaora Taiao - Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton, 3240, New Zealand
| | - Cristina Adams
- Forest Governance Research Group (GGF), Institute of Energy and Environment (IEE), University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, 1289, São Paulo, SP, 05508-010, Brazil
| | - Philip A Martin
- Basque Centre for Climate Change (BC3), Edificio sede no 1, planta 1, Parque científico UPV/EHU, Barrio Sarriena s/n, Leioa, Bizkaia, 48940, Spain
| | - Philip J Burton
- Department of Ecosystem Science & Management, University of Northern British Columbia, Prince George, BC, V2N 4Z9, Canada
- Symbios Research & Restoration, Smithers, BC, V0J 2N4, Canada
| | - Heida L Diefenderfer
- University of Washington and Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 1529 West Sequim Bay Road, Sequim, WA, 98382, USA
| | - Elise S Gornish
- School of Natural Resources and the Environment, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - John Stanturf
- Institute of Forestry and Rural Engineering, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Kreutzwaldi 5, Tartu, 51014, Estonia
| | - Menilek Beyene
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - João Paulo Bispo Santos
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Restoration (LERF), Department of Biological Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo R Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Ecology and Forest Restoration (LERF), Department of Biological Sciences, 'Luiz de Queiroz' College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Marc W Cadotte
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, M1C 1A4, Canada
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Shankar A, Garkoti SC. Dynamics of soil bio-physicochemical properties under different disturbance regimes in sal forests in western Himalaya, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 879:163050. [PMID: 36965717 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2022] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Disturbance is a key factor in controlling vegetation diversity, nutrient influx rate, and biochemical cycling in terrestrial forest ecosystems. Limited studies are available on changes in tree diversity, soil nutrients and enzyme activities in response to different intensities of land disturbances in the Himalayan forests. Present study investigated the impact of varying intensities of disturbances on tree diversity and their relationship with soil physical and bio-chemical properties in sal forests, Western Himalayas. Sites were categorized into four different classes of disturbances, namely, No disturbance (ND), Low disturbance (LD), Moderate disturbance (MD), and High disturbance (HD). Composite samples were collected at two depths (0-15 and 15-30 cm) in each plot to investigate soil physical and biochemical properties. Multivariate analyses were conducted to find relationship between tree vegetation and soil physical and biochemical properties. Soil organic carbon (Corg), total nitrogen (Nttl), available phosphorous (Pavl), microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), nitrogen (Nmic), phosphorous (Pmic), and enzymes (dehydrogenase (DHA), Urease, acid and alkaline phosphatase) followed the order: MD > ND > LD > HD. Across disturbances, soil physical and biochemical characteristics significantly (p < 0.05) decreased with increasing soil depths. Across the sites, positive correlation was observed among soil microbial biomass, enzymes, Corg, clay, and moisture. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results revealed that species distribution is essential regulator in the variation of prominent soil variables, viz., nutrients (Nttl and Pavl), Cmic, and DHA across disturbance categories and soil depths. Moreover, variance partitioning analysis (VPA) showed that changes in vegetation composition across disturbance levels explain 13.12 % of the variation in soil biochemical subset higher than soil physicochemical subset. The result illustrated that moderate disturbance increases species composition, soil nutrient properties and microbial activity. These findings would help understand microbial activity and its relationship with disturbances, suggesting site-specific measurements for soil nutrient availability and above-below ground interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Shankar
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Wang QW, Robson TM, Pieristè M, Kenta T, Zhou W, Kurokawa H. Canopy structure and phenology modulate the impacts of solar radiation on C and N dynamics during litter decomposition in a temperate forest. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153185. [PMID: 35065130 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Decomposition of plant organic matter plays a key role in the terrestrial biogeochemical cycles. Sunlight has recently been identified as an important contributor to carbon [C] turnover through photodegradation, accelerating decomposition even in forest ecosystems where understorey solar irradiance remains relatively low. However, it is uncertain how C and nutrients dynamics respond to fluctuations in solar spectral irradiance caused by canopy structure (understorey vs. gaps) and season (open vs. closed canopy phenology). Spectral-attenuation treatments were used to compare litter decomposition over eight months, covering canopy phenology, in a temperate deciduous forest and an adjacent gap. Exposure to the full spectrum of sunlight increased the loss of litter C and lignin by 75% and 64% in the forest gap, and blue light was responsible for respectively 27% and 42% of that loss. Whereas in the understorey, C and lignin loss were similar among spectral-attenuation treatments over the experimental period, except prior to and during spring canopy flush when exposure to the full spectrum of sunlight promoted C loss by 15% overall, 80% of which was attributable to ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation. Nitrogen [N] was immobilized in the understorey during canopy flush before the canopy completely closed but N was swiftly released during canopy leaf-fall. Our study suggests that blue-driven photodegradation plays an important role in lignin decomposition and N dynamics in canopy gaps, whereas seasonal canopy phenology affecting sunlight reaching the forest floor drastically changes patterns of C and N in litter during decomposition. Hence, including sunlight dynamics driven by canopy structure and phenology would improve estimates of biogeochemical cycling in forests responding to changes in climate and land-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Wei Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China; Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan.
| | - Thomas Matthew Robson
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Marta Pieristè
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland; Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INRAE, ECODIV, Rouen 76000, France
| | - Tanaka Kenta
- Sugadaira Research Station, Mountain Science Center, University of Tsukuba, Nagano, Japan
| | - Wangming Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Hiroko Kurokawa
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
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Mejía GA, Groffman PM, Downey AE, Cook EM, Sritrairat S, Karty R, Palmer MI, McPhearson T. Nitrogen cycling and urban afforestation success in New York City. ECOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS : A PUBLICATION OF THE ECOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 2022; 32:e2535. [PMID: 35044032 DOI: 10.1002/eap.2535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Afforestation projects are a growing focus of urban restoration efforts to rehabilitate degraded landscapes and develop new forests. Urban forests provide myriad valuable ecosystem services essential for urban sustainability and resilience. These essential services are supported by natural soil microbial processes that transform organic matter to critical nutrients for plant community establishment and development. Nitrogen (N) is the most limiting nutrient in forest ecosystems, yet little information is known about N cycling in urban afforestation efforts. This study examined microbially mediated processes of carbon (C) and N cycling in 10 experimental afforested sites established across New York City parklands under the MillionTreesNYC initiative. Long-term research plots were established between 2009 and 2011 at each site with low and high diversity (two vs. six tree species) treatments. In 2018, 1-m soil cores were collected from plots at each site and analyzed for microbial biomass and respiration, potential net N mineralization, and nitrification, denitrification potential, soil inorganic N, and total soil N. Field observations revealed markedly different trajectories between sites that exhibited a closed canopy and leaf litter layer derived from trees that were planted and those that did not fit this description. These two metrics served to group sites into two categories (high vs. low) of afforestation success. We hypothesized that: (1) afforestation success would be correlated with rates of C and N cycling, (2) high diversity restoration techniques would affect these processes, and (3) inherent soil properties interact with plants and environmental conditions to affect the development of these processes over time. We found that high success sites had significantly higher rates of C and N cycling processes, but low and high diversity treatments showed no differences. Low success sites were more likely to have disturbed soil profiles with human-derived debris. Afforestation success appears to be driven by interactions between initial site conditions that facilitate plant community establishment and development that in turn enable N accumulation and cycling, creating positive feedbacks for success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gisselle A Mejía
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, CUNY-The Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA
- Advanced Science Research Center, CUNY-The Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter M Groffman
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, CUNY-The Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA
- Advanced Science Research Center, CUNY-The Graduate Center, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, CUNY-Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, USA
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, USA
| | - Alisen E Downey
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, CUNY-Brooklyn College, Brooklyn, New York, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Cook
- Department of Environmental Science, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
- Urban Systems Laboratory, The New School, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Richard Karty
- Urban Systems Laboratory, The New School, New York, New York, USA
- Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland / Friends of the Earth, Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew I Palmer
- Department of Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Timon McPhearson
- Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Millbrook, New York, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Barnard College, New York, New York, USA
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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de la Mora GDLM, Sánchez-Nupan LO, Castro-Torres B, Galicia L. Sustainable Community Forest Management in Mexico: An Integrated Model of Three Socio-ecological Frameworks. ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 68:900-913. [PMID: 34528108 DOI: 10.1007/s00267-021-01512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The sustainability of management practices in forest ecosystems should provide ecosystem services and maintain the livelihoods that largely depend on the benefits directly derived from forests; but this goal requires various theoretical and analytical approaches. This research aims to develop a conceptual model for sustainable forest management based on the integration of three conceptual frameworks founded on the society-ecosystem interaction: socio-ecological systems, sustainable forest management, and ecosystem services. The results offer a methodological, analytical, organizational, and operational route to integrate a scientific model at the material, causal, and dynamic levels, considering theoretical and empirical information; it uses grounded theory methodology to select the interactions between variables and socio-ecological dynamics of forest ecosystems under community management. For example, it integrates social components (local knowledge, governance, and social organization) and ecological components (diversity and composition of plant species, carbon pools, and nutrient dynamics) to understand their interactions through management practices and the magnitude of the ecosystem services provided according to the local contexts. We illustrate this process by analyzing the influence of governance, decision-making, resource use, and management practices on forest management and ecosystem services; this exemplifies the factors, interactions, and effects on socio-ecological systems based on experience in forest communities. These integrated frameworks provide steps through which our understanding of specific socio-ecological approaches produces better outcomes for sustainable forest management, preserves ecosystems services and benefits livelihoods in Mexican temperate forests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela De la Mora de la Mora
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias, Ciudad Universitaria de la UAEM Cuernavaca, Av. Universidad s/n, Circuito 2, Col. Chamilpa, C.P 62210, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Laura Oliva Sánchez-Nupan
- Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias, Ciudad Universitaria de la UAEM Cuernavaca, Av. Universidad s/n, Circuito 2, Col. Chamilpa, C.P 62210, Morelos, Mexico
- Departamento de Geografía Física, Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito exterior S/N, CDMX, México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Balam Castro-Torres
- Departamento de Geografía Física, Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito exterior S/N, CDMX, México, C.P. 04510, Mexico
| | - Leopoldo Galicia
- Departamento de Geografía Física, Instituto de Geografía, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Circuito exterior S/N, CDMX, México, C.P. 04510, Mexico.
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Comparison of Modeling Algorithms for Forest Canopy Structures Based on UAV-LiDAR: A Case Study in Tropical China. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11121324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of forest structure is vital for sustainable forest management decisions. Terrestrial laser scanning cannot describe the canopy trees in a large area, and it is unclear whether unmanned aerial vehicle-light detection and ranging (UAV-LiDAR) data have the ability to capture the forest canopy structural parameters in tropical forests. In this study, we estimated five forest canopy structures (stand density (N), basic area (G), above-ground biomass (AGB), Lorey’s mean height (HL), and under-crown height (hT)) with four modeling algorithms (linear regression (LR), bagged tree (BT), support vector regression (SVR), and random forest (RF)) based on UAV-LiDAR data and 60 sample plot data from tropical forests in Hainan and determined the optimal algorithms for the five canopy structures by comparing the performance of the four algorithms. First, we defined the canopy tree as a tree with a height ≥70% HL. Then, UAV-LiDAR metrics were calculated, and the LiDAR metrics were screened by recursive feature elimination (RFE). Finally, a prediction model of the five forest canopy structural parameters was established by the four algorithms, and the results were compared. The metrics’ screening results show that the most important LiDAR indexes for estimating HL, AGB, and hT are the leaf area index and some height metrics, while the most important indexes for estimating N and G are the kurtosis of heights and the coefficient of variation of height. The relative root mean squared error (rRMSE) of five structure parameters showed the following: when modeling HL, the rRMSEs (10.60%–12.05%) obtained by the four algorithms showed little difference; when N was modeled, BT, RF, and SVR had lower rRMSEs (26.76%–27.44%); when G was modeled, the rRMSEs of RF and SVR (15.37%–15.87%) were lower; when hT was modeled, BT, RF, and SVR had lower rRMSEs (10.24%–11.07%); when AGB was modeled, RF had the lowest rRMSE (26.75%). Our results will help facilitate choosing LiDAR indexes and modeling algorithms for tropical forest resource inventories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiri Joy Wallace
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Bruce D. Clarkson
- Environmental Research Institute, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
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