1
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Thiel S, Willems F, Farwig N, Rehling F, Schabo DG, Schleuning M, Shahuano Tello N, Töpfer T, Tschapka M, Heymann EW, Heer K. Vertically stratified frugivore community composition and interaction frequency in a liana fruiting across forest strata. Biotropica 2023. [DOI: 10.1111/btp.13216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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2
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Gray REJ, Rodriguez LF, Lewis OT, Chung AYC, Ovaskainen O, Slade EM. Movement of forest‐dependent dung beetles through riparian buffers in Bornean oil palm plantations. J Appl Ecol 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.14049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ross E. J. Gray
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Department of Life Sciences Imperial College London Ascot UK
| | - Luisa F. Rodriguez
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
| | - Owen T. Lewis
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
| | | | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme University of Helsinki Helsinki Finland
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
- Department of Biology Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics Norwegian University of Science and Technology Trondheim Norway
| | - Eleanor M. Slade
- Department of Zoology University of Oxford Oxford UK
- Asian School of the Environment Nanyang Technological University Singapore City Singapore
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3
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Morales
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA‐CONICET, Univ. Nacional del Comahue Bariloche Argentina
| | - Teresa Morán López
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA‐CONICET, Univ. Nacional del Comahue Bariloche Argentina
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4
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Kerches-Rogeri P, Ramos DL, Siren J, de Oliveira Teles B, Alves RSC, Priante CF, Ribeiro MC, Araújo MS, Ovaskainen O. Movement syndromes of a Neotropical frugivorous bat inhabiting heterogeneous landscapes in Brazil. MOVEMENT ECOLOGY 2021; 9:35. [PMID: 34233767 PMCID: PMC8262009 DOI: 10.1186/s40462-021-00266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence that individuals within populations can vary in both habitat use and movement behavior, but it is still not clear how these two relate to each other. The aim of this study was to test if and how individual bats in a Stunira lilium population differ in their movement activity and preferences for landscape features in a correlated manner. METHODS We collected data on movements of 27 individuals using radio telemetry. We fitted a heterogeneous-space diffusion model to the movement data in order to evaluate signals of movement variation among individuals. RESULTS S. lilium individuals generally preferred open habitat with Solanum fruits, regularly switched between forest and open areas, and showed high site fidelity. Movement variation among individuals could be summarized in four movement syndromes: (1) average individuals, (2) forest specialists, (3) explorers which prefer Piper, and (4) open area specialists which prefer Solanum and Cecropia. CONCLUSIONS Individual preferences for landscape features plus food resource and movement activity were correlated, resulting in different movement syndromes. Individual variation in preferences for landscape elements and food resources highlight the importance of incorporating explicitly the interaction between landscape structure and individual heterogeneity in descriptions of animal movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kerches-Rogeri
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Avenida 24 A,1515, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Leal Ramos
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Avenida 24 A,1515, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jukka Siren
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Computer Science, Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
| | - Beatriz de Oliveira Teles
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Avenida 24 A,1515, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Souza Cruz Alves
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Avenida 24 A,1515, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila Fátima Priante
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Avenida 24 A,1515, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Cezar Ribeiro
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Avenida 24 A,1515, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Márcio Silva Araújo
- Departamento de Biodiversidade, Universidade Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Avenida 24 A,1515, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Otso Ovaskainen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Viikinkaari 1, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Department of Biology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, N-7491 Trondheim, Norway
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5
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Balbi M, Croci S, Petit EJ, Butet A, Georges R, Madec L, Caudal J, Ernoult A. Least‐cost path analysis for urban greenways planning: A test with moths and birds across two habitats and two cities. J Appl Ecol 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manon Balbi
- UMR CNRS ECOBIO Université de Rennes 1 Rennes France
| | - Solène Croci
- CNRSUniversité Rennes 2UMR 6554 LETG Rennes France
| | - Eric J. Petit
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health Agrocampus OuestINRAE Rennes France
| | - Alain Butet
- UMR CNRS ECOBIO Université de Rennes 1 Rennes France
| | | | - Luc Madec
- UMR CNRS ECOBIO Université de Rennes 1 Rennes France
| | | | - Aude Ernoult
- UMR CNRS ECOBIO Université de Rennes 1 Rennes France
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6
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Hartfelder J, Reynolds C, Stanton RA, Sibiya M, Monadjem A, McCleery RA, Fletcher RJ. The allometry of movement predicts the connectivity of communities. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:22274-22280. [PMID: 32848069 PMCID: PMC7486732 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001614117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Connectivity has long played a central role in ecological and evolutionary theory and is increasingly emphasized for conserving biodiversity. Nonetheless, connectivity assessments often focus on individual species even though understanding and preserving connectivity for entire communities is urgently needed. Here we derive and test a framework that harnesses the well-known allometric scaling of animal movement to predict community-level connectivity across protected area networks. We used a field translocation experiment involving 39 species of southern African birds to quantify movement capacity, scaled this relationship to realized dispersal distances determined from ring-and-recovery banding data, and used allometric scaling equations to quantify community-level connectivity based on multilayer network theory. The translocation experiment explained observed dispersal distances from ring-recovery data and emphasized allometric scaling of dispersal based on morphology. Our community-level networks predicted that larger-bodied species had a relatively high potential for connectivity, while small-bodied species had lower connectivity. These community networks explained substantial variation in observed bird diversity across protected areas. Our results highlight that harnessing allometric scaling can be an effective way of determining large-scale community connectivity. We argue that this trait-based framework founded on allometric scaling provides a means to predict connectivity for entire communities, which can foster empirical tests of community theory and contribute to biodiversity conservation strategies aimed at mitigating the effects of environmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Hartfelder
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Chevonne Reynolds
- School of Animal, Plant and Environmental Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Braamfontein 2000, Johannesburg, South Africa
- FitzPatrick Institute of African Ornithology, Department of Science and Technology/National Research Foundation (DST/NRF) Centre of Excellence, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard A Stanton
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Muzi Sibiya
- Interdisciplinary Program in Ecology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
| | - Ara Monadjem
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Eswatini, M202 Kwaluseni, Eswatini
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert A McCleery
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
- Mammal Research Institute, Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield 0028, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Robert J Fletcher
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611
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7
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Downsizing of animal communities triggers stronger functional than structural decay in seed-dispersal networks. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1582. [PMID: 32221279 PMCID: PMC7101352 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15438-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Downsizing of animal communities due to defaunation is prevalent in many ecosystems. Yet, we know little about its consequences for ecosystem functions such as seed dispersal. Here, we use eight seed-dispersal networks sampled across the Andes and simulate how downsizing of avian frugivores impacts structural network robustness and seed dispersal. We use a trait-based modeling framework to quantify the consequences of downsizing-relative to random extinctions-for the number of interactions and secondary plant extinctions (as measures of structural robustness) and for long-distance seed dispersal (as a measure of ecosystem function). We find that downsizing leads to stronger functional than structural losses. For instance, 10% size-structured loss of bird species results in almost 40% decline of long-distance seed dispersal, but in less than 10% of structural loss. Our simulations reveal that measures of the structural robustness of ecological networks underestimate the consequences of animal extinction and downsizing for ecosystem functioning.
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8
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Schleuning M, Neuschulz EL, Albrecht J, Bender IMA, Bowler DE, Dehling DM, Fritz SA, Hof C, Mueller T, Nowak L, Sorensen MC, Böhning-Gaese K, Kissling WD. Trait-Based Assessments of Climate-Change Impacts on Interacting Species. Trends Ecol Evol 2020; 35:319-328. [PMID: 31987640 DOI: 10.1016/j.tree.2019.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Plant-animal interactions are fundamentally important in ecosystems, but have often been ignored by studies of climate-change impacts on biodiversity. Here, we present a trait-based framework for predicting the responses of interacting plants and animals to climate change. We distinguish three pathways along which climate change can impact interacting species in ecological communities: (i) spatial and temporal mismatches in the occurrence and abundance of species, (ii) the formation of novel interactions and secondary extinctions, and (iii) alterations of the dispersal ability of plants. These pathways are mediated by three kinds of functional traits: response traits, matching traits, and dispersal traits. We propose that incorporating these traits into predictive models will improve assessments of the responses of interacting species to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schleuning
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Eike Lena Neuschulz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg Albrecht
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Irene M A Bender
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Institute of Biology, Geobotany and Botanical Garden, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, 06108 Halle, Germany
| | - Diana E Bowler
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - D Matthias Dehling
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Susanne A Fritz
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian Hof
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Technical University of Munich, Hans-Carl-von-Carlowitz-Platz 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Thomas Mueller
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Larissa Nowak
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Marjorie C Sorensen
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Integrative Biology, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E., Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - Katrin Böhning-Gaese
- Senckenberg Biodiversity and Climate Research Centre (SBiK-F), Senckenberganlage 25, 60325 Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Department of Biological Sciences, Johann Wolfgang Goethe-University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 9, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - W Daniel Kissling
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics (IBED), University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090, GE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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9
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Morán-López T, Espíndola WD, Vizzachero BS, Fontanella A, Salinas L, Arana C, Amico G, Pizo MA, Carlo TA, Morales JM. Can network metrics predict vulnerability and species roles in bird-dispersed plant communities? Not without behaviour. Ecol Lett 2019; 23:348-358. [PMID: 31814305 DOI: 10.1111/ele.13439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Network metrics are widely used to infer the roles of mutualistic animals in plant communities and to predict the effect of species' loss. However, their empirical validation is scarce. Here we parameterized a joint species model of frugivory and seed dispersal with bird movement and foraging data from tropical and temperate communities. With this model, we investigate the effect of frugivore loss on seed rain, and compare our predictions to those of standard coextinction models and network metrics. Topological coextinction models underestimated species loss after the removal of highly linked frugivores with unique foraging behaviours. Network metrics informed about changes in seed rain quantity after frugivore loss. However, changes in seed rain composition were only predicted by partner diversity. Nestedness, closeness, and d' specialisation could not anticipate the effects of rearrangements in plant-frugivore communities following species loss. Accounting for behavioural differences among mutualists is critical to improve predictions from network models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Morán-López
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral, 1250, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Walter D Espíndola
- Biology Department & Ecology Program, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Benjamin S Vizzachero
- Biology Department & Ecology Program, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Antonio Fontanella
- Dept. Zool. Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Letty Salinas
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - César Arana
- Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Guillermo Amico
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral, 1250, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
| | - Marco A Pizo
- Dept. Zool. Rio Claro, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tomás A Carlo
- Biology Department & Ecology Program, Penn State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA.,Museo de Historia Natural, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Peru
| | - Juan M Morales
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA-CONICET, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Quintral, 1250, San Carlos De Bariloche, Rio Negro, Argentina
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10
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Marchand P, Comita LS, Wright SJ, Condit R, Hubbell SP, Beckman NG. Seed-to-seedling transitions exhibit distance-dependent mortality but no strong spacing effects in a Neotropical forest. Ecology 2019; 101:e02926. [PMID: 31729025 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Patterns of seed dispersal and seed mortality influence the spatial structure of plant communities and the local coexistence of competing species. Most seeds are dispersed in proximity to the parent tree, where mortality is also expected to be the highest, because of competition with siblings or the attraction of natural enemies. Whereas distance-dependent mortality in the seed-to-seedling transition was often observed in tropical forests, few studies have attempted to estimate the shape of the survival-distance curves, which determines whether the peak of seedling establishment occurs away from the parent tree (Janzen-Connell pattern) or if the peak attenuates but remains at the parent location (Hubbell pattern). In this study, we inferred the probability density of seed dispersal and two stages of seedling establishment (new recruits, and seedlings 20 cm or taller) with distance for 24 tree species present in the 50-ha Forest Dynamics Plot of Barro Colorado Island, Panama. Using data from seed traps, seedling survey quadrats, and tree-census records spanning the 1988-2014 period, we fit hierarchical Bayesian models including parameters for tree fecundity, the shape of the dispersal kernel, and overdispersion of seed or seedling counts. We combined predictions from multiple dispersal kernels to obtain more robust inferences. We find that Hubbell patterns are the most common and Janzen-Connell patterns are very rare among those species; that distance-dependent mortality may be stronger in the seed stage, in the early recruit stage, or comparable in both; and that species with larger seeds experience less overall mortality and less distance-dependent mortality. Finally, we describe how this modeling approach could be extended at a community scale to include less abundant species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Marchand
- Institut de recherche sur les forêts, Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue, Rouyn-Noranda, QC, J9X 5E4, Canada
| | - Liza S Comita
- School of Forestry & Environmental Studies, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06511, USA
| | - S Joseph Wright
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, 0843-03092, Panama
| | - Richard Condit
- Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois, 60605, USA.,Morton Arboretum, Lisle, Illinois, 60532, USA
| | - Stephen P Hubbell
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, California, USA
| | - Noelle G Beckman
- Department of Biology and Ecology Center, Utah State University, Logan, Utah, 84322, USA
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11
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Ovaskainen O, Ramos DL, Slade EM, Merckx T, Tikhonov G, Pennanen J, Pizo MA, Ribeiro MC, Morales JM. Joint species movement modeling: how do traits influence movements? Ecology 2019; 100:e02622. [PMID: 30644540 PMCID: PMC6850360 DOI: 10.1002/ecy.2622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Joint species distribution modeling has enabled researchers to move from species-level to community-level analyses, leading to statistically more efficient and ecologically more informative use of data. Here, we propose joint species movement modeling (JSMM) as an analogous approach that enables inferring both species- and community-level movement parameters from multispecies movement data. The species-level movement parameters are modeled as a function of species traits and phylogenetic relationships, allowing one to ask how species traits influence movements, and whether phylogenetically related species are similar in their movement behavior. We illustrate the modeling framework with two contrasting case studies: a stochastic redistribution model for direct observations of bird movements and a spatially structured diffusion model for capture-recapture data on moth movements. In both cases, the JSMM identified several traits that explain differences in movement behavior among species, such as movement rate increasing with body size in both birds and moths. We show with simulations that the JSMM approach increases precision of species-specific parameter estimates by borrowing information from other species that are closely related or have similar traits. The JSMM framework is applicable for many kinds of data, and it facilitates a mechanistic understanding of the causes and consequences of interspecific variation in movement behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otso Ovaskainen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, 00014, Finland.,Department of Biology, Centre for Biodiversity Dynamics, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, N-7491, Norway
| | - Danielle Leal Ramos
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eleanor M Slade
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PS, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Merckx
- Behavioural Ecology and Conservation Group, Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, UCLouvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.04, Louvain-la-Neuve, BE-1348, Belgium
| | - Gleb Tikhonov
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Juho Pennanen
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Marco Aurélio Pizo
- Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Milton Cezar Ribeiro
- Departamento de Ecologia, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Rio Claro, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juan Manuel Morales
- Grupo de Ecología Cuantitativa, INIBIOMA-CRUB, CONICET, Avenida Pioneros 2350, S.C. de Bariloche, Río Negro, Argentina
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