1
|
Cannarile L, Venditti G, Ayroldi E, Delfino D, Migliorati G. Dexamethasone Modulates IL-13 and IL-10 Expression. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/039463209701000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL-)-10 and IL-13 are Th2-cell-associated cytokines with a variety of biologic activities in immune and inflammatory responses. It is known that glucocorticoids (GCs) modulate inflammatory and immune functions. In fact, GCs are involved to regulate the transcription of cytokines which are relevant in chronic inflammation and cell-mediated immune response. In the present study we analyzed, in vitro, the effects of DEX on the expression of the IL-10 and IL-13 lymphokines in murine spleen and thymus cells. DEX-stimulation induced down-regulation of the expression of IL-10 and IL-13 mRNA. This effect was already evident 0.5 hr after treatment and persisted in time, in both resting and activated lymphocytes. These results suggest that GCs could have inhibitory effect on Th2 cytokine production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L. Cannarile
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Pharmacology, Perugia University, Medical School, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - G. Venditti
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Pharmacology, Perugia University, Medical School, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - E. Ayroldi
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Pharmacology, Perugia University, Medical School, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - D.V. Delfino
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Pharmacology, Perugia University, Medical School, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| | - G. Migliorati
- Dept. of Clinical Medicine, Pathology and Pharmacology, Perugia University, Medical School, 06122 Perugia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Stallone G, Infante B, Grandaliano G. Management and prevention of post-transplant malignancies in kidney transplant recipients. Clin Kidney J 2015; 8:637-44. [PMID: 26413294 PMCID: PMC4581374 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The central issue in organ transplantation remains suppression of allograft rejection. Thus, the development of immunosuppressive drugs has been the key to successful allograft function. The increased immunosuppressive efficiency obtained in the last two decades in kidney transplantation dramatically reduced the incidence of acute rejection. However, the inevitable trade-off was an increased rate of post-transplant infections and malignancies. Since the incidence of cancer in immunosuppressed transplant recipients becomes greater over time, and the introduction of new immunosuppressive strategies are expected to extend significantly allograft survival, the problem might grow exponentially in the near future. Thus, cancer is becoming a major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients otherwise successfully treated by organ transplantation. There are at least four distinct areas requiring consideration, which have a potentially serious impact on recipient outcome after transplantation: (i) the risk of transmitting a malignancy to the recipient within the donor organ; (ii) the problems of previously diagnosed and treated malignancy in the recipient; (iii) the prevention of de novo post-transplant malignant diseases and (iv) the management of these complex and often life-threatening clinical problems. In this scenario, the direct and indirect oncogenic potential of immunosuppressive therapy should be always carefully considered.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Stallone
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Barbara Infante
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grandaliano
- Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences , University of Foggia , Foggia , Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gutierrez-Dalmau A, Campistol JM. Immunosuppressive therapy and malignancy in organ transplant recipients: a systematic review. Drugs 2007; 67:1167-98. [PMID: 17521218 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200767080-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Post-transplant malignancy is recognised as being a major limitation to the success of solid organ transplantation and it is currently considered one of the unavoidable costs of long-term immunosuppressive therapy. However, the continual introduction of new immunosuppressive drugs and the growing knowledge about their different oncogenic profiles, requires a continuous evaluation of the available evidence on this topic. The incidence and risk of malignancy is elevated in solid organ transplant recipients compared with the general population. As proof of the relationship between immunosuppressive therapy and post-transplant malignancy, epidemiological data reveal that the length of exposure to immunosuppressive therapy and the intensity of therapy are clearly related to the post-transplant risk of malignancy, and that once cancer has developed, more intense immunosuppression can translate into more aggressive tumour progression in terms of accelerated growth and metastasis and lower patient survival. The association between malignancy and immunosuppressive therapy is mediated through several pathogenic factors. Indirectly, immunosuppressive drugs greatly increase the post-transplant risk of malignancy by impairing cancer surveillance and facilitating the action of oncogenic viruses. However, the direct pro- and anti-oncogenic actions of immunosuppressants also play an important role. The cancer-promoting effect of calcineurin inhibitors, independently of depressed immunosurveillance, has been demonstrated in recent years, and currently only mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have shown simultaneous immunosuppressive and antitumour properties. Reports of the initial results of the reduced incidence of cancer in organ transplant recipients receiving mTOR inhibitor therapy strongly indicate separate pathways for pharmacological immunosuppression and oncogenesis. The role of mTOR inhibitors has been firmly established for the treatment of post-transplant Kaposi's sarcoma and its role in the management of patients with other post-transplant malignancies should be clarified as soon as possible. Prevention of morbidity and mortality resulting from post-transplant malignancy should become a main endpoint in solid organ transplant programmes, and the choice and management of immunosuppressive therapy in each phase of transplantation plays a central role in this objective. Although comprehensive and rigorous information about the management of immunosuppressive therapy in transplant recipients at risk of or affected by cancer is still lacking, new experimental and clinical data about mTOR inhibitors offers novel approaches to this problem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alex Gutierrez-Dalmau
- Department of Nephrology and Renal Transplantation, Hospital Clinic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Herr I, Pfitzenmaier J. Glucocorticoid use in prostate cancer and other solid tumours: implications for effectiveness of cytotoxic treatment and metastases. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7:425-30. [PMID: 16648047 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(06)70694-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids have been used widely in conjunction with other treatment for patients with cancer because they have potent proapoptotic properties in lymphoid cells, can reduce nausea, and alleviate acute toxic effects in healthy tissue. However, glucocorticoids are used in a supportive-care role, even though to our knowledge no prospective clinical studies have assessed the effect of these steroids on the growth of solid tumours. Data from preclinical and, to some extent, clinical studies, suggest that glucocorticoids induce treatment resistance in solid tumours, including prostate cancer. Research has focussed on disseminated cells that have been shed by the tumour: the potential of glucocorticoids to render these cells resistant to apoptosis--and to downregulate the immune response--might contribute to tumour metastasis. Here, we review the benefits of glucocorticoids and their negative effects, such as induction of resistance in tumour cells and concomitant induction of apoptosis in immune cells, with particular emphasis on prostate cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Herr
- Department of Urology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
WANG D, LEVASSEUR-ACKER GM, ANKOWSKI RJ, KANNY G, MONERET-VAUTRIN DA, CHARRON D, LOCKHART A, SWIERCZEWSKI E. HLA class II antigens and T lymphocytes in human nasal epithelial cells. Modulation of the HLA class II gene transcripts by gamma interferon. Clin Exp Allergy 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1997.tb00709.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
6
|
Puchowicz M, Tonelli LH, Sternberg EM. Differential expression of class I MHC mRNA in the hypothalamus of Lewis and Fischer rats. J Neuroimmunol 2003; 134:35-43. [PMID: 12507770 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(02)00421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The expression of class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) mRNA was compared in the brains of inflammatory susceptible, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA)-axis blunted Lewis rats and inflammatory resistant, HPA-axis hyperresponsive Fischer rats by quantitative in situ hybridization following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or vehicle administration. Lewis rats showed lower levels of class I MHC in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and retrochiasmatic area (RCA) compared to Fischer rats under both vehicle and LPS conditions. No differences were detected in other brain structures. Differential class I MHC expression in Lewis rats suggests an alteration in mechanisms related to cellular activity of neuroendocrine cells rather than alterations specific to neuroendocrine molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Puchowicz
- Section of Neuroendocrine Immunology and Behavior, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Moreau P, Faure O, Lefebvre S, Ibrahim EC, O'Brien M, Gourand L, Dausset J, Carosella ED, Paul P. Glucocorticoid hormones upregulate levels of HLA-G transcripts in trophoblasts. Transplant Proc 2001; 33:2277-80. [PMID: 11377528 DOI: 10.1016/s0041-1345(01)01990-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P Moreau
- CEA, Service de Recherches en Hémato-immunologie, DSV/DRM, Institut d'Hematologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Correale J, Gilmore W, Li S, Walsh J, Bassani MM, Lund B, Arias M, Weiner LP. Resistance to glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in PLP peptide-specific T cell clones from patients with progressive MS. J Neuroimmunol 2000; 109:197-210. [PMID: 10996222 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-5728(00)00326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GC) are commonly used to treat inflammatory disorders such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and may exert their immunosuppressive activity by inducing apoptosis in activated lymphocytes. However, unlike relapsing-remitting MS patients, those with progressive disease respond poorly to GC treatment. The data in this communication indicate that PLP peptide-specific T cell clones from progressive, but not relapsing-remitting MS patients are resistant to GC-induced apoptosis in vitro, in a fashion associated with expression of B-7 co-stimulatory molecules. Thus, failure to respond to GC treatment may reflect defect in apoptosis that develop during the progressive stages of chronic inflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Correale
- Department of Neurology, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, 1333 San Pablo Street, MCK 142, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kamradt MC, Mohideen N, Krueger E, Walter S, Vaughan AT. Inhibition of radiation-induced apoptosis by dexamethasone in cervical carcinoma cell lines depends upon increased HPV E6/E7. Br J Cancer 2000; 82:1709-16. [PMID: 10817508 PMCID: PMC2374500 DOI: 10.1054/bjoc.2000.1114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Through a glucocorticoid-responsive promoter, glucocorticoids can regulate the transcription of the human papillomavirus (HPV) E6 and E7 viral genes which target the tumour suppressor proteins p53 and Rb respectively. In C4-1 cells, the glucocorticoid dexamethasone up-regulated HPV E6/E7 mRNA and decreased radiation-induced apoptosis. In contrast, dexamethasone had no effect on apoptosis of cells that either lack the HPV genome (C33-a) or in which HPV E6/E7 transcription is repressed by dexamethasone (SW756). Irradiated C4-1 cells showed increased p53 expression, while dexamethasone treatment prior to irradiation decreased p53 protein expression. In addition, p21 mRNA was regulated by irradiation and dexamethasone in accordance with the observed changes in p53. Overall, glucocorticoids decreased radiation-induced apoptosis in cervical carcinoma cells which exhibit increased HPV E6/E7 transcription and decreased p53 expression. Therefore, in HPV-infected cervical epithelial cells, p53-dependent apoptosis appears to depend upon the levels of HPV E6/E7 mRNA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Kamradt
- Department of Cell Biology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Kamradt MC, Mohideen N, Vaughan AT. RU486 increases radiosensitivity and restores apoptosis through modulation of HPV E6/E7 in dexamethasone-treated cervical carcinoma cells. Gynecol Oncol 2000; 77:177-82. [PMID: 10739708 DOI: 10.1006/gyno.1999.5724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cervical carcinoma tumors containing radioresistant cells are associated with decreased local control and survival. Therefore, strategies to increase cell kill during radiotherapy have a clear rationale. It was previously determined that treatment with the corticosteroid dexamethasone increased radioresistance and decreased apoptosis in C4-1 cervical carcinoma cells. The goal of this study was to determine whether hormone antagonists, specifically Mifepristone (RU486), could reverse the effects of dexamethasone on clonogenic survival and apoptosis following gamma-irradiation. METHODS Cervical carcinoma cell line C4-1 cells were exposed to 1 microM dexamethasone in the presence or absence of 1 microM Mifepristone (RU486), a hormone antagonist, and irradiation. Cells were analyzed for steroid-dependent HPV E6/E7 mRNA expression (by Northern blot analysis), clonogenic survival, and apoptosis (by Annexin V staining and the DNA fragmentation assay). In addition, p53 protein levels were determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS The hormone antagonist RU486 reversed dexamethasone-dependent upregulation of E6/E7 mRNA and restored radiation-induced p53 expression, apoptosis, and clonogenic survival to levels similar to those observed following irradiation alone. CONCLUSION RU486 reverses glucocorticoid-dependent upregulation of HPV E6/E7, which corresponds to restoration of p53 expression, and restores radiosensitivity and apoptosis following gamma-irradiation. Therefore, it appears that along with radiation, RU486 may be a beneficial agent in the treatment of hormone-reactive cervical tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M C Kamradt
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Kurkowska-Jastrzebska I, Wrońska A, Kohutnicka M, Członkowski A, Członkowska A. The inflammatory reaction following 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3, 6-tetrahydropyridine intoxication in mouse. Exp Neurol 1999; 156:50-61. [PMID: 10192776 DOI: 10.1006/exnr.1998.6993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In degenerative disorders of the CNS an immune system involvement in the pathological process is postulated. The MPTP model of Parkinson's disease seem to be a good model for studying an inflammation following toxic neurodegeneration. In this model, microglial and astroglial reactions were previously found around impaired neurons. In the present work we showed an immune reaction, including lymphocytic infiltration of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the substantia nigra and striatum and elevated MHC class I and II antigens expression on microglia. Many activated lymphocytes were present, showing increased LFA-1 and CD44 antigen expression. We found also that ICAM-1 expression increased on the endothelium and appeared on microglia in the injured regions. Treatment with dexamethasone inhibited T-cell infiltration and MHC class II expression, lessened the glial reaction, and also diminished neuronal impairment. These findings suggest that an immune mechanism may contribute to the neuronal damage following MPTP administration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Kurkowska-Jastrzebska
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical Academy in Warsaw, Krakowskie Przedmieście 26/28, Warsaw, 00-950, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ayyavoo V, Mahboubi A, Mahalingam S, Ramalingam R, Kudchodkar S, Williams WV, Green DR, Weiner DB. HIV-1 Vpr suppresses immune activation and apoptosis through regulation of nuclear factor kappa B. Nat Med 1997; 3:1117-23. [PMID: 9334723 DOI: 10.1038/nm1097-1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The HIV-1 accessory gene product Vpr can influence viral pathogenesis by affecting viral replication as well as host cell transcription and proliferation. We have investigated the effects of Vpr on host cell activation and confirm that it influences cellular proliferation. However, we have also found that Vpr modulates T-cell receptor (TCR)-triggered apoptosis in a manner similar to that of glucocorticoids. In the absence of TCR-mediated activation, Vpr induces apoptosis whereas in its presence, Vpr interrupts the expected induction of apoptosis. This regulation of apoptosis is linked to Vpr suppression of NF-kappa B activity via the induction of I kappa B, an inhibitor of NF-kappa B. Further, Vpr suppresses expression of IL-2, IL-10, IL-12, TNF alpha and IL-4, all of which are NF-kappa B-dependent. The effects of Vpr could be reversed by RU486. Our finding that Vpr can regulate NF-kappa B supports the hypothesis that some aspects of viral pathogenesis are the consequence of cell dysregulation by Vpr.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Ayyavoo
- Department of Pathology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zuckerman SH, Evans GF, Bryan N. Chronic administration of dexamethasone results in Fc receptor up-regulation and inhibition of class I antigen expression on macrophages from MRL/lpr autoimmune mice. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 4:572-8. [PMID: 9302207 PMCID: PMC170598 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.4.5.572-578.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The MRL/lpr mouse develops, after approximately 8 weeks of age, a severe autoimmune syndrome with many features resembling human systemic lupus erythematosus, including autoantibodies against DNA and basement membranes resulting in immune complexes, vasculitis, and multiorgan disease. While this murine model of lupus has been used for the identification of therapeutics with potential efficacy in human autoimmune disease, the long-term impact of chronic immunosuppressive therapy on macrophage function in this paradigm is not understood. To this end, MRL/lpr mice were treated prophylactically with dexamethasone at 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg of body weight for 20 weeks or were allowed to develop autoimmune disease and, at 15 weeks of age, treated therapeutically with 1-mg/kg dexamethasone for 8 additional weeks. Analysis of surface antigens on resident peritoneal macrophages demonstrated a progressive loss in class I expression with a concomitant increase in Fc receptor expression. Neither phagocytosis nor CD11b expression was modulated with chronic steroid treatment. Furthermore, dexamethasone treatment was associated with a reduction in anti-DNA antibodies and total immunoglobulin G and yet an elevation in serum cholesterol due to an increase in high-density lipoproteins. Therefore, the MRL/lpr mouse serves not only as a small-animal model of autoimmune disease but also as one in which the negative and positive sequelae associated with chronic immunosuppression can be further understood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Zuckerman
- Division of Cardiovascular Research, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana 46285, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Cohn LA. Glucocorticosteroids as immunosuppressive agents. SEMINARS IN VETERINARY MEDICINE AND SURGERY (SMALL ANIMAL) 1997; 12:150-6. [PMID: 9283238 DOI: 10.1016/s1096-2867(97)80026-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
When administered at pharmacological dosages, glucocorticosteroid hormones alter leukocyte kinetics, phagocytic cell function, cell-mediated immunity, and, to a lesser extent, humoral immunity. These properties are used to advantage in the treatment of immunologically mediated disease. Corticosteroids are used to suppress pathological immune responses associated with autoimmunity, inhibit rejection of allogenic tissues after organ transplantation, and to diminish inflammation associated with a wide variety of hypersensitivity disorders. The mechanisms by which corticosteroids relieve these conditions are still not completely understood but have recently become more comprehensible. By understanding how corticosteroids exert their effects, we can make better clinical decisions in the management of immune-mediated disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Cohn
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia 65211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
McEwen BS, Biron CA, Brunson KW, Bulloch K, Chambers WH, Dhabhar FS, Goldfarb RH, Kitson RP, Miller AH, Spencer RL, Weiss JM. The role of adrenocorticoids as modulators of immune function in health and disease: neural, endocrine and immune interactions. BRAIN RESEARCH. BRAIN RESEARCH REVIEWS 1997; 23:79-133. [PMID: 9063588 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-0173(96)00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B S McEwen
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Auphan N, Didonato JA, Helmberg A, Rosette C, Karin M. Immunoregulatory genes and immunosuppression by glucocorticoids. ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT. = ARCHIV FUR TOXIKOLOGIE. SUPPLEMENT 1997; 19:87-95. [PMID: 9079197 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60682-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- N Auphan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0636, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
L'Haridon M, Paul P, Xerri JG, Dastot H, Dolliger C, Schmid M, de Angelis N, Grollet L, Sigaux F, Degos L, Gazin C. Transcriptional regulation of the MHC class I HLA-A11 promoter by the zinc finger protein ZFX. Nucleic Acids Res 1996; 24:1928-35. [PMID: 8657576 PMCID: PMC145874 DOI: 10.1093/nar/24.10.1928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Regulation of the human MHC class I HLA-A11 promoter is governed by a complex array of regulatory elements. One of these elements, shown here to be critical for the transcriptional activity of the promoter, was used to screen a lambda gt11 library and allowed the identification of a cDNA which coded for the zinc finger protein ZFX. ZFX was shown to bind the sequences AGGGCCCCA and AGGCCCCGA, located respectively at positions -271 to -263 and -242 to -234 of the HLA-A11 promoter, with similar affinities through its three C-terminal zinc fingers. ZFX575, a short isoform of ZFX, activates transcription from the HLA-All promoter in a Leydig cell line.
Collapse
|
18
|
Geley S, Fiegl M, Hartmann BL, Kofler R. Genes mediating glucocorticoid effects and mechanisms of their regulation. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 1996; 128:1-97. [PMID: 8791720 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-61343-9_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S Geley
- Institute for General and Experimental Pathology, University of Innsbruck Medical School, Austria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Auphan N, DiDonato JA, Rosette C, Helmberg A, Karin M. Immunosuppression by glucocorticoids: inhibition of NF-kappa B activity through induction of I kappa B synthesis. Science 1995; 270:286-90. [PMID: 7569976 DOI: 10.1126/science.270.5234.286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1686] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are among the most potent anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive agents. They inhibit synthesis of almost all known cytokines and of several cell surface molecules required for immune function, but the mechanism underlying this activity has been unclear. Here it is shown that glucocorticoids are potent inhibitors of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) activation in mice and cultured cells. This inhibition is mediated by induction of the I kappa B alpha inhibitory protein, which traps activated NF-kappa B in inactive cytoplasmic complexes. Because NF-kappa B activates many immunoregulatory genes in response to pro-inflammatory stimuli, the inhibition of its activity can be a major component of the anti-inflammatory activity of glucocorticoids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Auphan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0636, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Giuliani C, Saji M, Napolitano G, Palmer LA, Taniguchi SI, Shong M, Singer DS, Kohn LD. Hormonal modulation of major histocompatibility complex class I gene expression involves an enhancer A-binding complex consisting of Fra-2 and the p50 subunit of NF-kappa B. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:11453-62. [PMID: 7744783 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.19.11453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrocortisone decreases major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I gene expression in rat thyroid cells and counteracts increases induced by interferons. Using FRTL-5 cells transfected with class I promoter-reporter gene chimeras, we show that hydrocortisone action is transcriptional and mediated by an element located between 180 and 170 base pairs upstream of the start of transcription. Gel shift assays reveal that hydrocortisone causes the decrease of a specific protein-DNA complex; this same complex, referred to as Mod-1, is increased by interferon. Oligonucleotide competition assays reveal that the Mod-1 complex is associated with enhancer A of the class I gene, -180 to -170 base pairs (5'-GGGGAGTCCCC-3'), immediately upstream of the interferon response element. Antibodies to fra-2, a fos family member, and to the p50, but not the p65, subunit of NF-kappa B supershift the Mod-1 complex. We suggest that hydrocortisone decreases MHC class I gene expression by reducing the formation of Mod-1, which contains both p50 and fra-2; interferon reverses the hydrocortisone effect and increases Mod-1 formation. These observations are relevant to the molecular basis of hydrocortisone therapy in autoimmune thyroid disease and to the actions of interferon to exacerbate or induce autoimmune disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Giuliani
- Section on Cell Regulation, NIDDK, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
von Knebel Doeberitz M, Rittmüller C, Aengeneyndt F, Jansen-Dürr P, Spitkovsky D. Reversible repression of papillomavirus oncogene expression in cervical carcinoma cells: consequences for the phenotype and E6-p53 and E7-pRB interactions. J Virol 1994; 68:2811-21. [PMID: 8151752 PMCID: PMC236769 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.68.5.2811-2821.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The transforming genes E6 and E7 of high-risk human papillomaviruses are consistently expressed in papillomavirus-associated neoplasms of the anogenital tract. In papillomavirus type 18-associated SW 756 cervical carcinoma cells, transcription of the viral E6-E7 genes is blocked by dexamethasone. Herein we show that dexamethasone-mediated repression of the E6-E7 genes results in loss of the neoplastic phenotype of SW 756 cells. Withdrawal of dexamethasone restores E6-E7 expression and neoplastic growth. Moreover, reconstitution of E6-E7 gene expression by a dexamethasone-inducible expression vector renders the neoplastic phenotype resistant to dexamethasone. These results clearly indicate that the continuous expression of the viral E6-E7 oncogenes is required to maintain the neoplastic growth properties of SW 756 cervical cancer cells. The viral E6 protein destabilizes the p53 tumor suppressor gene product in vitro. Since low levels of p53 have been observed in papillomavirus-transformed keratinocyte cell lines, it was speculated that degradation of p53 by E6 contributes to papillomavirus-associated growth deregulation. Consistent with this hypothesis, we detected a significant increase in p53 levels upon dexamethasone-induced repression of papillomavirus E6-E7 oncogene expression. No p53 increase was observed in dexamethasone-treated cells in which the viral oncogene expression was restored. The viral E7 protein has been shown to complex with the retinoblastoma tumor suppressor gene product (pRB). In some cells, this interaction has been shown shown to release the transcription factor E2F from its complex with pRB, and it has been hypothesized that E7-induced, increased levels of free E2F contribute to the transforming potential of the viral oncogenes. In gel shift experiments, we detected relatively stable complexes of pRB and E2F in all SW 756-derived cells, independent of the level of E7 expression. This suggests that E7-mediated release of E2F from its complex with pRB might not be required to maintain the neoplastic phenotype of human papillomavirus-associated cancer cells, although a possibly relevant partial E7-mediated release of E2F from pRB cannot be excluded.
Collapse
|
22
|
Kiefer R, Kreutzberg GW. Effects of dexamethasone on microglial activation in vivo: selective downregulation of major histocompatibility complex class II expression in regenerating facial nucleus. J Neuroimmunol 1991; 34:99-108. [PMID: 1918330 DOI: 10.1016/0165-5728(91)90119-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Following axotomy of the facial nerve microglial cells in the facial nucleus become activated, proliferate, and newly express class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. Dexamethasone treatment, starting 2 days prior to axotomy at 1 mg/kg/day, selectively inhibited axotomy-induced MHC class II expression on microglial and perivascular cells. In contrast, MHC class I expression was not significantly affected, nor was the expression of other microglial activation markers and the light microscopic morphology of activated microglia. A recently suggested inducer of MHC expression in rat nervous tissue, neuronal gamma interferon-like immunoreactive material, was also unaffected, as was glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity as a marker for concomitant astroglial activation. The differential effects of the drug suggest the presence of distinct regulatory pathways for different aspects of microglial activation. Inhibition of class II expression on activated microglia might be one mechanism how glucocorticoids act in the suppression of neuroinflammatory disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Kiefer
- Department of Neuromorphology, Max-Planck-Institute for Psychiatry, Martinsried, F.R.G
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
von Knebel Doeberitz M, Bauknecht T, Bartsch D, zur Hausen H. Influence of chromosomal integration on glucocorticoid-regulated transcription of growth-stimulating papillomavirus genes E6 and E7 in cervical carcinoma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991; 88:1411-5. [PMID: 1847520 PMCID: PMC51028 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.88.4.1411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In most cervical carcinoma cells the E6 and E7 genes of specific human papillomaviruses are transcribed from viral sequences integrated into host cell chromosomes. Glucocorticoids activate the promoter elements of various human papillomaviruses in transient-expression assays. We have analyzed the effect of dexamethasone on the transcription rate of human papillomavirus 18 E6 and E7 genes integrated at different chromosomal sites in four cervical cancer cell lines. Dexamethasone led to an increase in the transcription rate of the integrated E6-E7 sequences in C4-1 and C4-2 cells but led to a decrease in SW 756 cells and did not affect the transcription rate in HeLa cells. However, when the viral promoter elements derived from HeLa or SW 756 cells, in which dexamethasone does not activate transcription of the integrated E6-E7 sequences, were tested in transient-expression assays within the same cell lines, dexamethasone consistently activated the viral promoter. It thus appears that dominant regulatory mechanisms presumably depending on the chromosomal integration site are able to override the response of the viral promoter to steroid hormones. The growth rate of all dexamethasone-treated cell lines correlated consistently with the expression of the papillomavirus E6 and E7 genes, supporting their role in the maintenance of the proliferative phenotype of cervical carcinoma cells. Since human papillomaviruses are integrated into the host cell genome at variable, presumably randomly selected chromosomal loci, regulatory mechanisms that influence viral gene expression, and hence cell growth, may differ among cancers of independent clonal origin.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Cell Line
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Chromosomes, Human
- DNA Replication/drug effects
- Dexamethasone/pharmacology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/drug effects
- Genes, Viral/drug effects
- Humans
- Papillomaviridae/genetics
- Plasmids
- RNA, Messenger/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/genetics
- RNA, Neoplasm/isolation & purification
- RNA, Viral/genetics
- RNA, Viral/isolation & purification
- Transcription, Genetic/drug effects
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/genetics
- Uterine Cervical Neoplasms/microbiology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M von Knebel Doeberitz
- Institut für Virusforschung/ATV, Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, Heidelberg, Federal Republic of Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|