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Høydahl LS, Frigstad T, Rasmussen IB, Øynebråten I, Schjetne KW, Andersen JT, Michaelsen TE, Lunde E, Bogen B, Sandlie I. Antibody-mediated delivery of T-cell epitopes to antigen-presenting cells induce strong CD4 and CD8 T-cell responses. Vaccine 2021; 39:1583-1592. [PMID: 33612340 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Targeted delivery of antigen to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) enhances antigen presentation and thus, is a potent strategy for making more efficacious vaccines. This can be achieved by use of antibodies with specificity for endocytic surface molecules expressed on the APC. We aimed to compare two different antibody-antigen fusion modes in their ability to induce T-cell responses; first, exchange of immunoglobulin (Ig) constant domain loops with a T-cell epitope (Troybody), and second, fusion of T-cell epitope or whole antigen to the antibody C-terminus. Although both strategies are well-established, they have not previously been compared using the same system. We found that both antibody-antigen fusion modes led to presentation of the T-cell epitope. The strength of the T-cell responses varied, however, with the most efficient Troybody inducing CD4 T-cell proliferation and cytokine secretion at 10-100-fold lower concentration than the antibodies carrying antigen fused to the C-terminus, both in vitro and after intravenous injection in mice. Furthermore, we exchanged this loop with an MHCI-restricted T-cell epitope, and the resulting antibody enabled efficient cross-presentation to CD8 T cells in vivo. Targeting of antigen to APCs by use of such antibody-antigen fusions is thus an attractive vaccination strategy for increased activation of both CD4 and CD8 peptide-specific T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lene S Høydahl
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway.
| | - Terje Frigstad
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Ingunn B Rasmussen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Inger Øynebråten
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Karoline W Schjetne
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jan Terje Andersen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway; Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Terje E Michaelsen
- Department of Infection Immunology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, N-0403 Oslo, Norway; School of Pharmacy, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
| | - Elin Lunde
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
| | - Inger Sandlie
- Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, N-0372 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Immune Regulation and Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo Norway
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2
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Braathen R, Spång HCL, Hinke DM, Blazevski J, Bobic S, Fossum E, Bogen B. A DNA Vaccine That Encodes an Antigen-Presenting Cell-Specific Heterodimeric Protein Protects against Cancer and Influenza. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2020; 17:378-392. [PMID: 32128342 PMCID: PMC7044496 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunogenicity of DNA vaccines can be increased by constructing the DNA in such a way that it encodes secreted homodimeric fusion proteins that target antigen-presenting cells (APCs). In this study, we have developed novel APC-targeting vaccine molecules with an increased flexibility due to introduction of a heterodimerization motif. The heterodimeric proteins permit four different fusions within a single molecule, thus allowing expression of two different APC-targeting moieties and two different antigens. Two types of heterodimeric fusion proteins were developed that employed either the ACID/BASE or the Barnase/Barstar motifs, respectively. The ACID/BASE heterodimeric vaccines conferred protection against challenges with either influenza virus or tumor cells in separate preclinical models. The ACID/BASE motif was flexible since a large number of different targeting moieties and antigens could be introduced with maintenance of specificity, antigenicity, and secretion. APC-targeting ACID/BASE vaccines expressing two different antigens induced antibody and T cell responses against either of the two antigens. Heterodimeric ACID/BASE DNA vaccines were of approximately the same potency as previously reported homodimeric DNA vaccines. The flexibility and potency of the ACID/BASE format suggest that it could be a useful platform for DNA vaccines that encode APC-targeting fusion proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranveig Braathen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccines Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Cecilie Larsen Spång
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccines Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Daniëla Maria Hinke
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccines Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jana Blazevski
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccines Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sonja Bobic
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccines Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Even Fossum
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccines Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccines Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway
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3
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B cell receptor ligation induces display of V-region peptides on MHC class II molecules to T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:25850-25859. [PMID: 31796587 PMCID: PMC6926052 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1902836116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
B and T lymphocytes collaborate during immune responses to antigens. B cells use membrane-bound antibody as part of their antigen receptor while T cells use a different receptor that recognizes antigen fragments bound to MHC molecules. We show here that T cells can recognize the variable parts of the B cell receptor when these are presented on MHC molecules. A prerequisite for such receptor cross-talk is that the B cell receptor binds antigen. The cross-talk results in collaboration between B and T cells and production of antibodies directed against the antigen. The findings have implications for basic immune regulation. The results may also help us understand the mechanism behind the development of SLE-like autoimmune diseases and B cell lymphomas. The B cell receptors (BCRs) for antigen express variable (V) regions that are enormously diverse, thus serving as markers on individual B cells. V region-derived idiotypic (Id) peptides can be displayed as pId:MHCII complexes on B cells for recognition by CD4+ T cells. It is not known if naive B cells spontaneously display pId:MHCII in vivo or if BCR ligation is required for expression, thereby enabling collaboration between Id+ B cells and Id-specific T cells. Here, using a mouse model, we show that naive B cells do not express readily detectable levels of pId:MHCII. However, BCR ligation by Ag dramatically increases physical display of pId:MHCII, leading to activation of Id-specific CD4+ T cells, extrafollicular T–B cell collaboration and some germinal center formation, and production of Id+ IgG. Besides having implications for immune regulation, the results may explain how persistent activation of self-reactive B cells induces the development of autoimmune diseases and B cell lymphomas.
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4
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Bogen B, Fauskanger M, Haabeth OA, Tveita A. CD4 + T cells indirectly kill tumor cells via induction of cytotoxic macrophages in mouse models. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2019; 68:1865-1873. [PMID: 31448380 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-019-02374-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
It is well recognized that CD4+ T cells may play an important role in immunosurveillance and immunotherapy against cancer. However, the details of how these cells recognize and eliminate the tumor cells remain incompletely understood. For the past 25 years, we have focused on how CD4+ T cells reject multiple myeloma cells in a murine model (MOPC315). In our experimental system, the secreted tumor-specific antigen is taken up by tumor-infiltrating macrophages that process it and present a neoepitope [a V region-derived idiotypic (Id) peptide] on MHC class II molecules to Th1 cells. Stimulated Th1 cells produce IFNγ, which activates macrophages in a manner that elicits an M1-like, tumoricidal phenotype. Through an inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS)-dependent mechanism, the M1 macrophages secrete nitric oxide (NO) that diffuses into neighboring tumor cells. Inside the tumor cells, NO-derived reactive nitrogen species, including peroxynitrite, causes nitrosylation of proteins and triggers apoptosis by the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This mode of indirect tumor recognition by CD4+ T cells operates independently of MHC class II expression on cancer cells. However, secretion of the tumor-specific antigen, and uptake and MHCII presentation on macrophages, is required for rejection. Similar mechanisms can also be observed in a B-lymphoma model and in the unrelated B16 melanoma model. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism by which CD4+ T cells kill tumor cells indirectly via induction of intratumoral cytotoxic macrophages. The data suggest that induction of M1 polarization of tumor-infiltrating macrophages, by CD4+ T cells or through other means, could serve as an immunotherapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway.
- KG Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Marte Fauskanger
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ole Audun Haabeth
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Tveita
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, 0424, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Andersen TK, Huszthy PC, Gopalakrishnan RP, Jacobsen JT, Fauskanger M, Tveita AA, Grødeland G, Bogen B. Enhanced germinal center reaction by targeting vaccine antigen to major histocompatibility complex class II molecules. NPJ Vaccines 2019; 4:9. [PMID: 30775000 PMCID: PMC6370881 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-019-0101-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Enhancing the germinal center (GC) reaction is a prime objective in vaccine development. Targeting of antigen to MHCII on APCs has previously been shown to increase antibody responses, but the underlying mechanism has been unclear. We have here investigated the GC reaction after targeting antigen to MHCII in (i) a defined model with T and B cells of known specificity using adjuvant-free vaccine proteins, and (ii) an infectious disease model using a DNA vaccine. MHCII-targeting enhanced presentation of peptide: MHCII on APCs, and increased the numbers of GC B cells, TFH, and plasma cells. Antibodies appeared earlier and levels were increased. BCR of GC B cells and serum antibodies had increased avidity for antigen. The improved responses required cross-linking of BCR and MHCII in either cis or trans. The enhanced GC reaction induced by MHCII-targeting of antigen has clear implications for design of more efficient subunit vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tor Kristian Andersen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Peter C. Huszthy
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Marte Fauskanger
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders A. Tveita
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Gunnveig Grødeland
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
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6
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Fauskanger M, Haabeth OAW, Skjeldal FM, Bogen B, Tveita AA. Tumor Killing by CD4 + T Cells Is Mediated via Induction of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase-Dependent Macrophage Cytotoxicity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1684. [PMID: 30083157 PMCID: PMC6064871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells can induce potent anti-tumor immune responses. Due to the lack of MHC class II expression in most cancer cells, antigen recognition occurs indirectly via uptake and presentation on tumor-infiltrating antigen-presenting cells (APCs). Activation of the APCs can induce tumor rejection, but the mechanisms underlying tumor killing by such cells have not been established. To elucidate the molecular basis of CD4+ T-cell-mediated tumor rejection, we utilized a murine model of multiple myeloma, in which the T cells recognize a secreted tumor neoantigen. Our findings demonstrate that T cell recognition triggers inducible nitric oxide synthase activity within tumor-infiltrating macrophages. Diffusion of nitric oxide into surrounding tumor cells results in intracellular accumulation of toxic secondary oxidants, notably peroxynitrite. This results in tumor cell apoptosis through activation of the mitochondrial pathway. We find that this mode of cytotoxicity has strict spatial limitations, and is restricted to the immediate surroundings of the activated macrophage, thus limiting bystander killing. These findings provide a molecular basis for macrophage-mediated anti-tumor immune responses orchestrated by CD4+ T cells. Since macrophages are abundant in most solid tumors, evoking the secretion of nitric oxide by such cells may represent a potent therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Fauskanger
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Frode Miltzow Skjeldal
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.,KG Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anders Aune Tveita
- Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Haabeth OAW, Fauskanger M, Manzke M, Lundin KU, Corthay A, Bogen B, Tveita AA. CD4+ T-cell–Mediated Rejection of MHC Class II–Positive Tumor Cells Is Dependent on Antigen Secretion and Indirect Presentation on Host APCs. Cancer Res 2018; 78:4573-4585. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Selected Aspects in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:351732. [PMID: 26300591 PMCID: PMC4537751 DOI: 10.1155/2015/351732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune processes can be found in physiological circumstances. However, they are quenched with properly functioning regulatory mechanisms and do not evolve into full-blown autoimmune diseases. Once developed, autoimmune diseases are characterized by signature clinical features, accompanied by sustained cellular and/or humoral immunological abnormalities. Genetic, environmental, and hormonal defects, as well as a quantitative and qualitative impairment of immunoregulatory functions, have been shown in parallel to the relative dominance of proinflammatory Th17 cells in many of these diseases. In this review we focus on the derailed balance between regulatory and Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. Additionally, we depict a cytokine imbalance, which gives rise to a biased T-cell homeostasis. The assessment of Th17/Treg-cell ratio and the simultaneous quantitation of cytokines, may give a useful diagnostic tool in autoimmune diseases. We also depict the multifaceted role of dendritic cells, serving as antigen presenting cells, contributing to the development of the pathognomonic cytokine signature and promote cellular and humoral autoimmune responses. Finally we describe the function and role of extracellular vesicles in particular autoimmune diseases. Targeting these key players of disease progression in patients with autoimmune diseases by immunomodulating therapy may be beneficial in future therapeutic strategies.
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9
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Haabeth OAW, Lorvik KB, Yagita H, Bogen B, Corthay A. Interleukin-1 is required for cancer eradication mediated by tumor-specific Th1 cells. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1039763. [PMID: 26942052 PMCID: PMC4760324 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1039763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of inflammation in cancer is controversial as both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressive aspects of inflammation have been reported. In particular, it has been shown that pro-inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), may either promote or suppress cancer. However, the cellular and molecular basis underlying these opposing outcomes remains enigmatic. Using mouse models for myeloma and lymphoma, we have recently reported that inflammation driven by tumor-specific T helper 1 (Th1) cells conferred protection against B-cell cancer and that interferon-γ (IFN-γ) was essential for this process. Here, we have investigated the contribution of several inflammatory mediators. Myeloma eradication by Th1 cells was not affected by inhibition of TNF-α, TNF-related weak inducer of apoptosis (TWEAK), or TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). In contrast, cancer elimination by tumor-specific Th1 cells was severely impaired by the in vivo neutralization of both IL-1α and IL-1β (collectively named IL-1) with IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). The antitumor functions of tumor-specific Th1 cells and tumor-infiltrating macrophages were both affected by IL-1 neutralization. Secretion of the Th1-derived cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ at the incipient tumor site was severely reduced by IL-1 blockade. Moreover, IL-1 was shown to synergize with IFN-γ for induction of tumoricidal activity in tumor-infiltrating macrophages. This synergy between IL-1 and IFN-γ may explain how inflammation, when driven by tumor-specific Th1 cells, represses rather than promotes cancer. Collectively, the data reveal a central role of inflammation, and more specifically of the canonical pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1, in enhancing Th1-mediated immunity against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Audun Werner Haabeth
- Centre for Immune Regulation; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet ; Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristina Berg Lorvik
- Centre for Immune Regulation; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet ; Oslo, Norway
| | - Hideo Yagita
- Department of Immunology; Juntendo University School of Medicine ; Tokyo, Japan
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet; Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Influenza Vaccine Research; University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Centre for Immune Regulation; University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet ; Oslo, Norway
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10
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Tveita AA, Schjesvold F, Haabeth OA, Fauskanger M, Bogen B. Tumors Escape CD4+ T-cell–Mediated Immunosurveillance by Impairing the Ability of Infiltrating Macrophages to Indirectly Present Tumor Antigens. Cancer Res 2015; 75:3268-78. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-3640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Yaciuk JC, Pan Y, Schwarz K, Pan ZJ, Maier-Moore JS, Kosanke SD, Lawrence C, Farris AD. Defective selection of thymic regulatory T cells accompanies autoimmunity and pulmonary infiltrates in Tcra-deficient mice double transgenic for human La/Sjögren's syndrome-B and human La-specific TCR. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 194:1514-22. [PMID: 25582858 PMCID: PMC4323622 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1400319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
A human La/Sjögren's syndrome-B (hLa)-specific TCR/hLa neo-self-Ag double-transgenic (Tg) mouse model was developed and used to investigate cellular tolerance and autoimmunity to the ubiquitous RNA-binding La Ag often targeted in systemic lupus erythematosus and Sjögren's syndrome. Extensive thymic clonal deletion of CD4(+) T cells occurred in H-2(k/k) double-Tg mice presenting high levels of the I-E(k)-restricted hLa T cell epitope. In contrast, deletion was less extensive in H-2(k/b) double-Tg mice presenting lower levels of the epitope, and some surviving thymocytes were positively selected as thymic regulatory T cells (tTreg). These mice remained serologically tolerant to hLa and healthy. H-2(k/b) double-Tg mice deficient of all endogenous Tcra genes, a deficiency known to impair Treg development and function, produced IgG anti-hLa autoantibodies and displayed defective tTreg development. These autoimmune mice had interstitial lung disease characterized by lymphocytic aggregates containing Tg T cells with an activated, effector memory phenotype. Salivary gland infiltrates were notably absent. Thus, expression of nuclear hLa Ag induces thymic clonal deletion and tTreg selection, and lymphocytic infiltration of the lung is a consequence of La-specific CD4(+) T cell autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane C Yaciuk
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
| | - Yujun Pan
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Karen Schwarz
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Zi-Jian Pan
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Jacen S Maier-Moore
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Stanley D Kosanke
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - Christina Lawrence
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104
| | - A Darise Farris
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104; and
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12
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Lorvik KB, Haabeth OAW, Clancy T, Bogen B, Corthay A. Molecular profiling of tumor-specific T H1 cells activated in vivo. Oncoimmunology 2014; 2:e24383. [PMID: 23762808 PMCID: PMC3667914 DOI: 10.4161/onci.24383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The central role of tumor-specific TH1 cells in anticancer immune responses is becoming increasingly appreciated. However, little is known about how these cells are generated in vivo. Here, we used flow cytometry and gene expression microarrays to characterize the primary activation and TH1 differentiation of naïve tumor-specific CD4+ T cells in a mouse model of cancer immunosurveillance. We took advantage of T-cell receptor-transgenic mice in which CD4+ T cells recognize a tumor-specific antigen secreted by MHC class II-negative MOPC315 myeloma cells. Cancer cells were injected subcutaneously and T-cell activation was analyzed in draining lymph nodes and at the incipient tumor site 8 d later. Upon activation and migration to incipient tumor sites, tumor-specific CD4+ T cells exhibited the upregulation of 29 cell-surface molecules (CD2, CD5, CD11a, CD18, CD25, CD28, CD44, CD45, CD49d, CD51, CD54, CD69, CD71, CD83, CD86, CD90, CD95, CD102, CD122, CD153, CD166, CD200, CD249, CD254, CD274, CD279, Ly6C, MHC class I and CCR7) and the downregulation of five (CD27, CD31, CD45RB, CD62L and CD126). Activated CD4+ T cells produced interferon γ, a cytokine consistent with a TH1-polarized response, tumor necrosis factor α as well as interleukin (IL)-2, IL-3 and IL-10. The activation of naïve tumor-specific CD4+ T cells in draining lymph nodes resulted in the upregulation of 609 genes and the downregulation of 284 genes. The bioinformatic analysis of differentially expressed genes identified functional pathways related to tumor-specific TH1 cell activation. This study may represent a useful resource to guide the development of TH1-based immunotherapies against cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Berg Lorvik
- Centre for Immune Regulation; Department of Immunology; Oslo University Hospital Rikshospitalet and University of Oslo; Oslo, Norway
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13
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Cellular immunotherapy in multiple myeloma: lessons from preclinical models. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:392-404. [PMID: 25109893 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Revised: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 08/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The majority of multiple myeloma patients relapse with the current treatment strategies, raising the need for alternative therapeutic approaches. Cellular immunotherapy is a rapidly evolving field and currently being translated into clinical trials with encouraging results in several cancer types, including multiple myeloma. Murine multiple myeloma models are of critical importance for the development and refinement of cellular immunotherapy. In this review, we summarize the immune cell changes that occur in multiple myeloma patients and we discuss the cell-based immunotherapies that have been tested in multiple myeloma, with a focus on murine models.
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14
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Tveita AA, Schjesvold FH, Sundnes O, Haabeth OAW, Haraldsen G, Bogen B. Indirect CD4+ T-cell-mediated elimination of MHC II(NEG) tumor cells is spatially restricted and fails to prevent escape of antigen-negative cells. Eur J Immunol 2014; 44:2625-37. [PMID: 24846412 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201444659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-specific Th1 cells can activate tumor-infiltrating macrophages that eliminate MHC class II negative (MHC II(NEG)) tumor cells. Activated M1-like macrophages lack antigen (Ag) receptors, and are presumably unable to discriminate and thus kill both Ag-positive (Ag(POS)) and Ag-negative (Ag(NEG)) tumor cells (bystander killing). The lack of specificity of macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity might be of clinical importance as it could provide a means of avoiding tumor escape. Here, we have tested this idea using mixed populations of Ag(POS) and Ag(NEG) tumor cells in a TCR-transgenic model in which CD4(+) T cells recognize a secreted tumor-specific antigen. Surprisingly, while Ag(POS) tumor cells were recognized and rejected, Ag(NEG) cells grew unimpeded and formed tumors. We further demonstrated that macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity was spatially restricted to areas dominated by Ag(POS) tumor cells, sparing Ag(NEG) tumor cells in the vicinity. As a consequence, macrophage tumoricidal activity did not confer bystander killing in vivo. The present results offer novel insight into the mechanisms of indirect Th1-mediated elimination of MHC II(NEG) tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders A Tveita
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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15
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Haabeth OAW, Tveita AA, Fauskanger M, Schjesvold F, Lorvik KB, Hofgaard PO, Omholt H, Munthe LA, Dembic Z, Corthay A, Bogen B. How Do CD4(+) T Cells Detect and Eliminate Tumor Cells That Either Lack or Express MHC Class II Molecules? Front Immunol 2014; 5:174. [PMID: 24782871 PMCID: PMC3995058 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4+ T cells contribute to tumor eradication, even in the absence of CD8+ T cells. Cytotoxic CD4+ T cells can directly kill MHC class II positive tumor cells. More surprisingly, CD4+ T cells can indirectly eliminate tumor cells that lack MHC class II expression. Here, we review the mechanisms of direct and indirect CD4+ T cell-mediated elimination of tumor cells. An emphasis is put on T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic models, where anti-tumor responses of naïve CD4+ T cells of defined specificity can be tracked. Some generalizations can tentatively be made. For both MHCIIPOS and MHCIINEG tumors, presentation of tumor-specific antigen by host antigen-presenting cells (APCs) appears to be required for CD4+ T cell priming. This has been extensively studied in a myeloma model (MOPC315), where host APCs in tumor-draining lymph nodes are primed with secreted tumor antigen. Upon antigen recognition, naïve CD4+ T cells differentiate into Th1 cells and migrate to the tumor. At the tumor site, the mechanisms for elimination of MHCIIPOS and MHCIINEG tumor cells differ. In a TCR-transgenic B16 melanoma model, MHCIIPOS melanoma cells are directly killed by cytotoxic CD4+ T cells in a perforin/granzyme B-dependent manner. By contrast, MHCIINEG myeloma cells are killed by IFN-γ stimulated M1-like macrophages. In summary, while the priming phase of CD4+ T cells appears similar for MHCIIPOS and MHCIINEG tumors, the killing mechanisms are different. Unresolved issues and directions for future research are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ole Audun Werner Haabeth
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Anders Aune Tveita
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Marte Fauskanger
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Fredrik Schjesvold
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Kristina Berg Lorvik
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Peter O Hofgaard
- KG Jebsen Centre for Research on Influenza Vaccines, Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Hilde Omholt
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Ludvig A Munthe
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Zlatko Dembic
- Faculty of Dentistry, Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Alexandre Corthay
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; Tumor Immunology Group, Department of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Department of Immunology, Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway ; KG Jebsen Centre for Research on Influenza Vaccines, Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo , Oslo , Norway
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16
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Jacobsen J, Haabeth OAW, Tveita AA, Schjetne KW, Munthe LA, Bogen B. Naive idiotope-specific B and T cells collaborate efficiently in the absence of dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:4174-83. [PMID: 24706724 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1302359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Anti-idiotope (anti-Id) Abs have a role in therapy against B cell lymphomas, as inhibitors of pathogenic autoantibodies, and as surrogate Ags for immunization. Despite these observations, the mechanism by which Id(+) Ig generates anti-Id Abs is essentially unknown. To address this issue, we generated a double knock-in mouse that expresses V regions of a somatically mutated anti-Id mAb with intermediate affinity (affinity constant [Ka] = 0.77 × 10(7) M(-1)) for the myeloma protein M315. The anti-Id mice have normal peripheral B cell populations, and allelic exclusion is efficient. Anti-Id B cells from BCR knock-in mice, together with Id-specific CD4(+) T cells from previously established TCR-transgenic mice, enabled us to study Id-specific T cell-B cell collaboration by dilution of transferred cells into syngeneic BALB/c recipients. We show that previously unstimulated (naive) Id-specific B and T cells collaborate efficiently in vivo, even at low frequencies and in the presence of low amounts of Id(+) Ig, resulting in germinal center formation, plasma cell development, and secretion of isotype-switched anti-Id Abs. We further demonstrate that Id-specific T cell-B cell collaboration occurs readily in the absence of adjuvant and is not dependent on Id-presentation by dendritic cells. The results underscore the potency of anti-Id B cells in MHC class II-restricted presentation of Id(+) Ig and suggest that Id-specific T cell-B cell collaboration is of physiological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanne Jacobsen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Oslo University Hospital, University of Oslo, N-0372 Oslo, Norway
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17
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Berge T, Grønningsæter IHB, Lorvik KB, Abrahamsen G, Granum S, Sundvold-Gjerstad V, Corthay A, Bogen B, Spurkland A. SH2D2A modulates T cell mediated protection to a B cell derived tumor in transgenic mice. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48239. [PMID: 23144743 PMCID: PMC3483153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 09/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background T cell specific adapter protein (TSAd), encoded by the SH2D2A gene, modulates signaling downstream of the T cell receptor (TCR). Young, unchallenged SH2D2A-deficient C57BL/6 mice exhibit a relatively normal immune phenotype. To address whether SH2D2A regulates physiologic immune responses, SH2D2A-deficient TCR-transgenic BALB/c mice were generated. The transgenic TCR recognizes a myeloma-derived idiotypic (Id) peptide in the context of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecule I-Ed, and confers T cell mediated resistance to transplanted multiple myeloma development in vivo. Principal Findings The immune phenotype of SH2D2A-deficient C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice did not reveal major differences compared to the corresponding wild type mice. When challenged with myeloma cells, Id-specific TCR-transgenic BALB/c mice lacking SH2D2A displayed increased resistance towards tumor development. Tumor free TCR-transgenic SH2D2A-deficient mice had higher numbers of Id-specific single positive CD4+ thymocytes compared to TCR-transgenic wild-type mice. Conclusion Our results suggest a modulatory role for SH2D2A in T cell mediated immune surveillance of cancer. However, it remains to be established whether its effect is T-cell intrinsic. Further studies are required to determine whether targeting SH2D2A function in T cells may be a potential adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/deficiency
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/genetics
- Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing/immunology
- Animals
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cells, Cultured
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Myeloma/genetics
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Multiple Myeloma/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymocytes/immunology
- Thymocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Tone Berge
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Spång HCL, Braathen R, Bogen B. Heterodimeric barnase-barstar vaccine molecules: influence of one versus two targeting units specific for antigen presenting cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45393. [PMID: 23028981 PMCID: PMC3445521 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
It is known that targeting of antigen to antigen presenting cells (APC) increases immune responses. However, it is unclear if more than one APC-specific targeting unit in the antigenic molecule will increase responses. To address this issue, we have here made heterodimeric vaccine molecules that each express four different fusion subunits. The bacterial ribonuclease barnase and its inhibitor barstar interact with high affinity, and the barnase-barstar complex was therefore used as a dimerization unit. Barnase and barstar were fused N-terminally with single chain fragment variable (scFv)s targeting units specific for either MHC class II molecules on APC or the hapten 5-iodo-4-hydroxy-3-nitrophenylacetyl (NIP). C-terminal antigenic fusions were either the fluorescent protein mCherry or scFv315 derived from myeloma protein M315. The heterodimeric vaccine molecules were formed both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, the four different fused moieties appeared to fold correctly since they retained their specificity and function. DNA vaccination with MHC class II-targeted vaccine induced higher mCherry-specific IgG1 responses compared to non-targeted control. Since mCherry and MHC class II are in trans in this heterodimer, this suggests that heterodimeric proteins are formed in vivo without prior protein purification. Surprisingly, one targeting moiety was sufficient for the increased IgG1 response, and addition of a second targeting moiety did not increase responses. Similar results were found in in vitro T cell assays; vaccine molecules with one targeting unit were as potent as those with two. In combination with the easy cloning strategy, the heterodimeric barnase-barstar vaccine molecule could provide a flexible platform for development of novel DNA vaccines with increased potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Cecilie Larsen Spång
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ranveig Braathen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
| | - Bjarne Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
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19
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Rasmussen IB, Oynebraten I, Hoydahl LS, Flobakk M, Lunde E, Michaelsen TE, Bogen B, Sandlie I. CD40/APC-specific antibodies with three T-cell epitopes loaded in the constant domains induce CD4+ T-cell responses. Protein Eng Des Sel 2012; 25:89-96. [DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzr063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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20
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Human chemokine MIP1α increases efficiency of targeted DNA fusion vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 29:191-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2010] [Revised: 10/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/21/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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21
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The cellular mechanism by which complementary Id+ and anti-Id antibodies communicate: T cells integrated into idiotypic regulation. Immunol Cell Biol 2010; 88:515-22. [PMID: 20066000 DOI: 10.1038/icb.2009.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The V region antigenic determinants (idiotopes (Ids)) of antibodies (Abs) have been suggested to be involved in regulating the immune system. Certain diseases such as diabetes mellitus have recently been associated with a disequilibrium between Id(+) and anti-Id Abs. However, it is unknown how Abs carrying complementary idiotypes (that is, Id(+) and anti-Id Abs) regulate each other at the level of B and T cells. In this study, we show that B lymphoma cells genetically equipped with anti-Id BCR V regions receive a signal when exposed to Id(+)Ig. Moreover, they become x 10(4) more efficient at presenting exogenous Id(+) Ab to CD4(+) T cells in vitro. Activated Id-specific T cells in turn regulated the Id-specific B lymphoma cells. Similar results were obtained in vivo in a surrogate model in which an Id-peptide was incorporated genetically into the C-region of a recombinant Ab that targeted IgD on B cells. The findings suggest that conventional T-B collaboration can explain communication between complementary Id(+) and anti-Id Ab at the cellular level. A model is suggested that integrates present and previous data on B-cell regulation by Id-specific T cells.
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22
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Bogen B, Ruffini P. Review: to what extent are T cells tolerant to immunoglobulin variable regions? Scand J Immunol 2009; 70:526-30. [PMID: 19906193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2009.02340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the last 25 years it has become increasingly clear that short peptides derived from Ig V-regions are displayed on MHC class II molecules. Recognition of such idiotypic(Id)-peptide/MHC class II complexes by Id-specific CD4(+) T cells plays a role in (1) Id-driven T-B collaboration, (2) immunosurveillance of B cell cancers and (3) Id-vaccination. A crucial question is then: to what extent are T cells tolerized to Ig V-region sequences? Or rephrased: how large is the T-cell repertoire for Ig V-region sequences presented by MHC class II molecules? We argue that T cells are to a large extent tolerant to germline-encoded V-region sequences but that there is a T-cell repertoire for rare Id-sequences that arise as a consequence of somatic hyper mutation or N-region diversity. Moreover, when otherwise rare Id-sequences increase in concentration, T-cell tolerance is induced (Fig. 1). For these reasons, T cells that recognize rare Id-peptides, arising as a consequence of somatic genetic events unique to each B cell, may play a special importance in Id-driven T-B collaboration, immunosurveillance of B-cell malignancies, and Id-vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bogen
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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23
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Corthay A, Lundin KU, Lorvik KB, Hofgaard PO, Bogen B. Secretion of tumor-specific antigen by myeloma cells is required for cancer immunosurveillance by CD4+ T cells. Cancer Res 2009; 69:5901-7. [PMID: 19567679 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-08-4816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumor-specific CD4(+) T cells orchestrate the adaptive immune responses against cancer. We have previously shown that CD4(+) T cells recognize MHC class II-negative myeloma cells indirectly by collaborating with tumor-infiltrating macrophages. We, here, hypothesize that this critical step may be dependent on secretion of tumor-specific antigens by cancer cells. This was investigated using T-cell receptor-transgenic mice, in which CD4(+) T cells mediate rejection of syngeneic MOPC315 myeloma cells. We analyzed the immune response against myeloma cell variants, which either secrete or retain intracellularly a tumor-specific idiotypic (Id) antigen. Our results reveal that CD4(+) T cells helped by macrophages are capable of detecting nonsecreted tumor antigens from MHC class II-negative cancer cells. However, Id secretion was required for successful myeloma immunosurveillance. Antigen secretion resulted in stronger priming of naive myeloma-specific CD4(+) T cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes. Secretion of antigen by at least some cancer cells within a tumor was shown to facilitate immunosurveillance. Treatment by local injection of purified tumor-specific antigen successfully enhanced immunity against nonsecreting myeloma cells. Collectively, the data indicate that antigen concentration within the tumor extracellular matrix must reach a certain threshold to allow successful cancer immunosurveillance by CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Corthay
- Center for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway.
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24
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Abstract
Discovery of major histocompatability complex (MHC) restriction helped in the understanding of how T-lymphocytes recognize antigens on bacteria, viruses, and tumor cells. It was initially accepted that MHC restriction was a consequence of "adaptive differentiation" in the thymus; during differentiation, the forming repertoire of T-lymphocytes "learned" a low affinity for self MHC molecules via positive selection. This view was later countered by discovery of artifacts in underlying studies and the fact that adaptive differentiation could not explain direct allogeneic and allorestricted recognition phenomena. Data from experiments with TCR transgenic animals, individual MHC/peptide complex expression, and recipients of xenogenic thymus glands yielded evidence of an ability to adapt to microenvironment and a low specificity of positive selection. These facts led to an alternative interpretation of MHC restriction explained, in part, by specificity of a pool of effector cells activated by primary immunization. Details of this phenomenon were defined in studies that noted differential primary structures of peptides that bound various allelic forms of MHC molecules. Here, the T-lymphocyte repertoire formed in the thymus was a result, in part, of random rearrangement of germinal sequences of TCR gene fragments. Such pre-selected repertoires were inherently capable of reacting with different allelic forms of MHC molecules. In contrast, MHC molecules were characterized by significant intraspecies polymorphisms; negative and positive selections were aimed at adaptation of a pre-selected repertoire to a specific microenvironment in an individual. Via elimination of autoreactive clones and sparing of a broad spectrum of specificity to potential pathogens, selection in the thymus could be considered a life-long allogeneic reaction of a pre-selected repertoire to self MHC molecules resulting in tolerance to "self," increased responsiveness to foreign MHC molecules, and cross-reactivity of the mature T-lymphocyte repertoire to individual foreign peptides plus self MHC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry B Kazansky
- N. N. Blokhin's Cancer Research Center, Carcinogenesis Institute, Moscow, Russia.
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25
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Zangani M, Carlsen H, Kielland A, Os A, Hauglin H, Blomhoff R, Munthe LA, Bogen B. Tracking early autoimmune disease by bioluminescent imaging of NF-kappaB activation reveals pathology in multiple organ systems. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1358-67. [PMID: 19286564 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
It is desirable to have an early and sensitive detection marker of autoimmune disease in intact animals. Nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB is a transcription factor that is associated with inflammatory responses and immune disorders. Previously, we demonstrated that so-called idiotypic-driven T-B cell collaboration in mice doubly transgenic for paired immunoglobulin and T cell receptor transgenes resulted in a systemic autoimmune disease with systemic lupus erythematosus-like features. Here, we investigated NF-kappaB activation by including an NF-kappaB-responsive luciferase reporter transgene in this animal model. Triply transgenic mice developed bioluminescence signals from diseased organs before onset of clinical symptoms and autoantibody production, and light emissions correlated with disease progression. Signals were obtained from secondary lymphoid organs, inflamed intestines, skin lesions, and arthritic joints. Moreover, bioluminescence imaging and immunohistochemistry demonstrated that a minority of mice suffered from an autoimmune disease of the small intestine, in which light emissions correlated with antibodies against tissue transglutaminase and gliadin. Detection of luciferase by immunohistochemistry revealed NF-kappaB activation in collaborating B and T cells, as well as in macrophages. These results demonstrate that bioluminescent in vivo imaging of NF-kappaB activation can be used for early and sensitive detection of autoimmune disease in an experimental mouse model, offering new possibilities for the evaluation of anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Zangani
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet Medical Centre, N0027 Oslo, Norway
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26
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Flobakk M, Rasmussen IB, Lunde E, Frigstad T, Berntzen G, Michaelsen TE, Bogen B, Sandlie I. Processing of an Antigenic Sequence from IgG Constant Domains for Presentation by MHC Class II. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:7062-72. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.10.7062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Tunheim G, Schjetne KW, Rasmussen IB, Sollid LM, Sandlie I, Bogen B. Recombinant antibodies for delivery of antigen: a single loop between -strands in the constant region can accommodate long, complex and tandem T cell epitopes. Int Immunol 2008; 20:295-306. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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28
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Løset GÅ, Lunde E, Bogen B, Brekke OH, Sandlie I. Functional phage display of two murine alpha/beta T-cell receptors is strongly dependent on fusion format, mode and periplasmic folding assistance. Protein Eng Des Sel 2007; 20:461-72. [PMID: 17925331 DOI: 10.1093/protein/gzm044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage display has been instrumental for the success of antibody (Ab) technology. The aim of the present study was to explore phage display of soluble T-cell receptors (TCRs). A library platform that supports engineering and selection of improved TCRs to be used as detection reagents for specific antigen presentation will be very useful. In such applications, high, equal and clone independent display levels are a prerequisite for 'fair' selection. Therefore, we explored how different pIII fusion formats and modes affected the display levels of two murine alpha/beta TCRs. Both are derived from T-cell clones associated with the MOPC315 myeloma model. The results show that the design of the pIII fusion particle significantly affects the subsequent display levels. Furthermore, successful display may be obtained both in phagemid and phage versions. Importantly, improvement of poor display can be achieved by over-expressing the periplasmic chaperone FkpA.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Å Løset
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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29
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Fredriksen AB, Bogen B. Chemokine-idiotype fusion DNA vaccines are potentiated by bivalency and xenogeneic sequences. Blood 2007; 110:1797-805. [PMID: 17540847 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2006-06-032938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
V regions of monoclonal Ig express an exquisite B-cell tumor–specific antigen called idiotype (Id). Id is a weak antigen and it is important to improve immunogenicity of Id vaccines. Chemokine receptors are expressed on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and are promising targets for Id vaccines. Here we compare monomeric and dimeric forms of MIP-1α and RANTES that target Id to APCs in a mouse B lymphoma (A20) and a multiple myeloma model (MOPC315). MIP-1α was more potent than RANTES. The dimeric proteins were more potent than monomeric equivalents in short-term assays. When delivered in vivo by intramuscular injection of plasmids followed by electroporation, dimeric proteins efficiently primed APCs in draining lymph nodes for activation and proliferation of Id-specific CD4+ T cells. Good anti-Id antibody responses were obtained, and mice immunized only once were 60% to 80% protected in both tumor models. CD8+ T cells contributed to the protection. Antibody responses and tumor protection were reduced when the human Ig hinge = CH3 dimerization motif was replaced with syngeneic mouse counterparts, indicating that tumor-protective responses were dependent on xenogeneic sequences. The results suggest that bivalency and foreign sequences combine to increase the efficiency of chemokine-Id DNA vaccines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Chemokine CCL3
- Chemokine CCL4
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Chemokine CCL5/immunology
- Chemokines/immunology
- Dimerization
- Electroporation
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Injections, Intramuscular
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/genetics
- Macrophage Inflammatory Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, SCID
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Multiple Myeloma/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Plasmids
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/immunology
- Time Factors
- Vaccination
- Vaccines, DNA/chemistry
- Vaccines, DNA/immunology
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30
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Schjetne KW, Fredriksen AB, Bogen B. Delivery of antigen to CD40 induces protective immune responses against tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 178:4169-76. [PMID: 17371973 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.178.7.4169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Ligation of CD40 induces maturation of dendritic cells (DC) and could be a useful target for vaccines. In this study, we have constructed two types of Ab-based vaccine constructs that target mouse CD40. One type is a recombinant Ab with V regions specific for CD40 and has defined T cell epitopes inserted into its C region. The other type is a homodimer, each chain of which is composed of a targeting unit (single-chain fragment variable targeting CD40), a dimerization motif, and an antigenic unit. Such proteins bound CD40, stimulated maturation of DC, and enhanced primary and memory T cell responses. When delivered i.m. as naked DNA followed by electroporation, the vaccines induced T cell responses against MHC class II-restricted epitopes, Ab responses, and protection in two tumor models (myeloma and lymphoma). Two factors apparently contributed to these results: 1) agonistic ligation of CD40 and induction of DC maturation, and 2) delivery of Ag to APC and presentation on MHC class II molecules. These results highlight the importance of agonistic targeting of Ag to CD40 for induction of long-lasting and protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karoline W Schjetne
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, N-0027 Oslo, Norway
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31
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Zangani MM, Frøyland M, Qiu GY, Meza-Zepeda LA, Kutok JL, Thompson KM, Munthe LA, Bogen B. Lymphomas can develop from B cells chronically helped by idiotype-specific T cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 204:1181-91. [PMID: 17485509 PMCID: PMC2118585 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20061220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
B cell lymphomas have been associated with chronic infections and autoimmunity. However, most lymphomas develop in the absence of any known chronic antigenic stimulation. B cells process their highly diversified endogenous immunoglobulin and present clonally unique variable-region idiotypic (Id) peptides on their major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules to Id-specific T cells. We show that B cells chronically helped by Id-specific Th2 cells developed into large B cell lymphomas with cytogenetic DNA aberrations. The lymphomas expressed high amounts of Id, MHC class II, CD80/86, and CD40 and bidirectionally collaborated with Th2 cells. Thus, MHC class II–presented Id peptides may represent a chronic self-antigenic stimulus for T cell–dependent lymphomagenesis. Eventually, B lymphomas grew independent of T cells. Thus, T cells do not only eliminate cancers as currently believed. In fact, Id-specific Th2 cells can induce B lymphomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael M Zangani
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo and Rikshospitalet-Radiumhospitalet Medical Center, Oslo, Norway
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32
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Schjetne KW, Thommesen JE, Fredriksen AB, Lunde E, Sandlie I, Bogen B. Induction of central T cell tolerance: Recombinant antibodies deliver peptides for deletion of antigen-specific CD4+8+ thymocytes. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:3142-52. [PMID: 16184515 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200425947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to prevent or ameliorate autoimmune disease, it would be desirable to induce central tolerance to peripheral self-antigens. We have investigated whether recombinant antibodies (Ab) that deliver T cell epitopes to antigen-presenting cells (APC) in the thymus can be used to induce thymocyte deletion. Troybodies are recombinant Ab with V regions specific for APC surface molecules that have T cell epitopes genetically introduced in their C domains. When MHC class II-specific Troybodies with the lambda2(315)T cell epitope were injected into lambda2(315)-specific TCR transgenic mice, a profound deletion of (CD4+)8+ thymocytes was observed. MHC class II-specific Troybodies were 10-100-fold more efficient than non-targeting peptide Ab, and 500-fold more efficient than synthetic peptide at inducing deletion. Similar findings were observed when MHC class II-specific Troybodies with the OVA(323-339) T cell epitope were injected into OVA-specific TCR transgenic mice. Although deletion was transient after a single injection, newborn mice repeatedly injected with MHC class II-specific Troybodies for 4 weeks, had reduced antigen-specific T cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues and reduced T cell responses. These experiments suggest that Troybodies constructed to target specifically thymic APC could be useful tools for induction and maintenance of central T cell tolerance in autoimmune diseases.
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33
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Corthay A, Skovseth DK, Lundin KU, Røsjø E, Omholt H, Hofgaard PO, Haraldsen G, Bogen B. Primary Antitumor Immune Response Mediated by CD4+ T Cells. Immunity 2005; 22:371-83. [PMID: 15780993 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 332] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2004] [Revised: 01/27/2005] [Accepted: 02/01/2005] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Gene-targeted mice have recently revealed a role for lymphocytes and interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) in conferring protection against cancer, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we have characterized a successful primary antitumor immune response initiated by naive CD4+ T cells. Major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)-negative myeloma cells injected subcutaneously into syngeneic mice were surrounded within 3 days by macrophages that captured tumor antigens. Within 6 days, naive myeloma-specific CD4+ T cells became activated in draining lymph nodes and subsequently migrated to the incipient tumor site. Upon recognition of tumor-derived antigenic peptides presented on MHC-II by macrophages, the myeloma-specific CD4+ T cells were reactivated and started to secrete cytokines. T cell-derived IFNgamma activated macrophages in close proximity to the tumor cells. Tumor cell growth was completely inhibited by such locally activated macrophages. These data indicate a mechanism for immunosurveillance of MHC-II-negative cancer cells by tumor-specific CD4+ T cells through collaboration with macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Corthay
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet and Rikshospitalet University Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway.
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34
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Lundin KU, Screpanti V, Omholt H, Hofgaard PO, Yagita H, Grandien A, Bogen B. CD4+ T cells kill Id+ B-lymphoma cells: FasLigand-Fas interaction is dominant in vitro but is redundant in vivo. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2004; 53:1135-45. [PMID: 15696611 PMCID: PMC11032948 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-004-0538-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2004] [Accepted: 03/19/2004] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
B-lymphoma cells express a highly tumor-specific antigen, monoclonal Ig, which is a promising target for immunotherapy. Previous work has demonstrated that B-lymphoma cells spontaneously process their endogenous monoclonal Ig and present variable (V) region peptides (Id-peptides) on their MHC class II molecules to CD4+ T cells. Id-specific CD4+ T cells protect mice against B-lymphoma cells in the absence of antiidiotypic antibodies. The molecular mechanism by which Id-specific CD4+ T cells kill B-lymphoma cells is hitherto unknown. We here demonstrate in an Id-specific T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mouse model that Id-specific CD4+ T cells induce apoptosis of Fas+ B-lymphoma cells in vitro by FasLigand (FasL)-Fas interaction. Moreover, the rare B lymphomas that had escaped rejection in TCR-transgenic mice had down-regulated their sensitivity to Fas-mediated apoptosis. Although these results suggest that FasL-Fas interaction is important, Id-specific CD4+ T cells could eliminate Id+ B-lymphoma cells in vivo by other mechanisms, since three independent ways of blocking FasL-Fas-mediated killing failed to abrogate tumor protection in TCR-transgenic mice. These results suggest that there are several redundant pathways by which Id-specific CD4+ T cells eliminate Id+ B-lymphoma cells in vivo, of which FasL-Fas interaction is only one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin U Lundin
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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35
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Munthe LA, Os A, Zangani M, Bogen B. MHC-restricted Ig V region-driven T-B lymphocyte collaboration: B cell receptor ligation facilitates switch to IgG production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:7476-84. [PMID: 15187126 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.12.7476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
B cells spontaneously process their endogenous Ig and present V region peptides on their MHC class II molecules. We have here investigated whether B cells collaborate with V region-specific CD4+ T cells in vivo. By use of paired Ig L chain-transgenic and TCR-transgenic mice and cell transfer into normal hosts, we demonstrate that B cell presentation of a V(L) region peptide to CD4+ T cells results in germinal centers, plasma cells, and Ab secretion. Because the transgenic B cells have a fixed L chain but polyclonal H chains, their B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire is diverse and may bind a multitude of ligands. In a hapten-based system, BCR ligation concomitant with V region-driven T-B collaboration induced germinal center formation and an IgM --> IgG isotype switch. In the absence of BCR ligation, mainly IgM was produced. Consistent with this, prolonged V region-driven T-B collaboration resulted in high titers of IgG autoantibodies against ubiquitous self-Ags, while natural-type Abs against exotic bacteria remained IgM. Taken together, V region-driven T-B collaboration may explain induction of natural IgM Abs (absence of BCR ligation) and IgG autoantibodies (BCR ligation by autoantigen) and may be involved in the development of autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludvig A Munthe
- Institute of Immunology, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, University of Oslo, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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36
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Dembic Z, Hofgaard PO, Omholt H, Bogen B. Anti-Class II Antibodies, but not Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4-Immunoglobulin Hybrid Molecules, Prevent Rejection of Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II-Negative Myeloma in T-Cell Receptor-Transgenic Mice. Scand J Immunol 2004; 60:143-52. [PMID: 15238083 DOI: 10.1111/j.0300-9475.2004.01435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that tumour-specific CD4+ T cells protect against subcutaneous injections of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-negative MOPC315 myeloma cells. Here, we have interfered with the immunologic events that lead to successful rejection of MOPC315 challenges in T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice. The CD4+ T cells have a transgene-encoded TCR specific for a MOPC315 V-region idiotypic (Id) peptide presented on the MHC class II molecule E(d). A side-by-side comparison indicated that DNA-recombination-deficient TCR-transgenic mice were better protected against MOPC315 tumour development than recombination-sufficient counterparts, suggesting that B cells or endogenous TCR chains might facilitate tumour progression in this model. Intraperitoneal injections of E(d)-specific antibodies over a period of initial 24 days, abrogated protection against tumours in both strains of mice. By contrast, injections of anticostimulatory molecules (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4-immunoglobulin hybrid molecules) had no effect. The findings demonstrate that tumour rejection depends on the presence of MHC class II molecules, despite the fact that MOPC315 tumour cells themselves do not express them. The results are consistent with the idea that secreted myeloma protein is processed and presented by class II+ antigen-presenting cells to Id-specific naïve CD4+ T cells that become activated and kill the myeloma cells by a bystander mechanism. While Id presentation on class II molecules is absolutely required for tumour rejection, costimulatory CD80/CD86 molecules might be dispensible in this process.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/pharmacology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Differentiation/pharmacology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cell Division/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Flow Cytometry
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class II/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Plasmacytoma/immunology
- Plasmacytoma/prevention & control
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Dembic
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, PB 1052 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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37
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Lundin KU, Hofgaard PO, Omholt H, Munthe LA, Corthay A, Bogen B. Therapeutic effect of idiotype-specific CD4+ T cells against B-cell lymphoma in the absence of anti-idiotypic antibodies. Blood 2003; 102:605-12. [PMID: 12649166 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2002-11-3381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin (Ig) variable (V) region idiotypes (Id's) are highly tumor-specific antigens produced by B-lymphoma cells and are promising targets for immunotherapy. Id vaccination has proven effective in experimental mouse models and may possibly prevent recurrence of B lymphomas in humans. It has previously been shown that anti-Id antibodies protect against B-cell lymphoma in the absence of T cells. We here demonstrate in a T-cell-receptor transgenic mouse model that the contrary is also true: Id-specific CD4+ T cells can protect against Id+ B-lymphoma cells in the absence of B cells, antibodies, and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, Id-specific CD4+ T cells have a curative potential since they could be transferred as late as 17 days after subcutaneous tumor cell injection of severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) mice and still abrogate tumor development in about 50% of mice. Such mice undergo an acute inflammatory swelling with infiltration of neutrophils at the site of tumor injection, which subsides over weeks, with some mice cured and delayed emergence of lymphomas in other mice. Adoptively transferred CD4+ T cells accumulated in the tumor and were activated (CD69+). In vitro experiments demonstrated that memory, but not naive, Id-specific CD4+ T cells kill Id+ B-lymphoma cells. The results show that Id-specific CD4+ T cells, in the absence of antibodies home to subcutaneous Id+ B lymphoma, become activated, induce inflammation, and prevent tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin U Lundin
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Rikshospitalet University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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38
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Lunde E, Western KH, Rasmussen IB, Sandlie I, Bogen B. Efficient delivery of T cell epitopes to APC by use of MHC class II-specific Troybodies. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:2154-62. [PMID: 11859101 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.5.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A major objective in vaccine development is the design of reagents that give strong, specific T cell responses. We have constructed a series of rAb with specificity for MHC class II (I-E). Each has one of four different class II-restricted T cell epitopes genetically introduced into the first C domain of the H chain. These four epitopes are: 91-101 lambda2(315), which is presented by I-E(d); 110-120 hemagglutinin (I-E(d)); 323-339 OVA (I-A(d)); and 46-61 hen egg lysozyme (I-A(k)). We denote such APC-specific, epitope-containing Ab "Troybodies." When mixed with APC, all four class II-specific Troybodies were approximately 1,000 times more efficient at inducing specific T cell activation in vitro compared with nontargeting peptide Ab. Furthermore, they were 1,000-10,000 times more efficient than synthetic peptide or native protein. Conventional intracellular processing of the Troybodies was required to load the epitopes onto MHC class II. Different types of professional APC, such as purified B cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, were equally efficient at processing and presenting the Troybodies. In vivo, class II-specific Troybodies were at least 100 times more efficient at targeting APC and activating TCR-transgenic T cells than were the nontargeting peptide Ab. Furthermore, they were 100-100,000 times more efficient than synthetic peptide or native protein. The study shows that class II-specific Troybodies can deliver a variety of T cell epitopes to professional APC for efficient presentation, in vitro as well as in vivo. Thus, Troybodies may be useful as tools in vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Lunde
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, National Hospital, P.O. Box 1050 Blindern, N-0316 Oslo, Norway.
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39
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Lund E, Rasmussen IB, Western KH, Eidem JK, Sandlie I, Bogen B. "Troy-bodies": recombinant antibodies that target T cell epitopes to antigen presenting cells. Int Rev Immunol 2001; 20:647-73. [PMID: 11890617 DOI: 10.3109/08830180109045583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Targeting of antigens to antigen presenting cells (APC) results in enhanced antigen presentation and T cell activation. In this paper, we describe a novel targeting reagent denoted "Troy-bodies", namely recombinant antibodies with APC-specific V regions and C regions with integrated T cell epitopes. We have made such antibodies with V regions specific for either IgD or MHC class II, and four different T cell epitopes have been tested. All four epitopes could be introduced into loops of C domains without disrupting Ig folding, and they could be released and presented by APC. Furthermore, whether IgD- or MHC-specific, the molecules enhanced T cell stimulation compared to non-specific control antibodies in vitro as well as in vivo. Using this technology, specific reagents can be designed that target selected antigenic peptides to an APC of choice. Troy-bodies may therefore be useful for manipulation of immune responses, and in particular for vaccination purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lund
- Institute of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
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40
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Dembic Z, Røttingen JA, Dellacasagrande J, Schenck K, Bogen B. Phagocytic dendritic cells from myelomas activate tumor-specific T cells at a single cell level. Blood 2001; 97:2808-14. [PMID: 11313275 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v97.9.2808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from subcutaneous mouse MOPC315 plasmacytoma phagocytosed immunoglobulin G-coated magnetic beads, enabling efficient isolation within 2 hours by magnetic separation (APC-MB). Cell morphology was heterogeneous, with some of the cells having dendrites. The surface phenotype of purified tumor APCs-MB was CD11b(+), CD11c(+), CD40(+), CD80(+), CD86(+), and MHC class II(+). Tumor APCs-MB expressed messenger RNA for fractalkine and ABCD-1 chemokines, and for CC-type chemokine receptors CCR5 and CCR7, indicating the presence of mature dendritic cells (DCs). Visualized at a single cell level within 4 hours after disruption of the tumor, APCs-MB induced rapid Ca(++) mobilization in MHC class II-restricted tumor idiotype (Id)-specific cloned CD4(+) T cells. In long-term assays, tumor APCs-MB induced proliferation of naive T cells from Id-specific T-cell receptor transgenic mice. The results suggest that tumor APCs-MB represent a heterogeneous cell population that includes myeloid-derived DCs of various stages of maturation. A considerable fraction (> or = 15%) of DCs is spontaneously primed with tumor-specific antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Dembic
- Institute of Immunology, Department of Physiology, and Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, Norway.
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41
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Bogen B, Schenck K, Munthe LA, Dembic Z. Deletion of idiotype (Id)-specific T cells in multiple myeloma. Acta Oncol 2001; 39:783-8. [PMID: 11145433 DOI: 10.1080/028418600750063505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Mycloma cells secrete monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig), called myeloma protein. The variable (V) regions of myeloma proteins are unique to each plasma cell tumor, and therefore contain highly tumor-specific antigenic determinants called idiotopes (Id). T cells with specificity for Id are thought to be of importance in eradication of multiple myeloma. In ongoing clinical trials, myeloma patients are vaccinated against the Id of their own myeloma protein, with the aim of inducing Id-specific T cells. However, this strategy will only succeed if Id-specific T cells are present in patients, and are able to respond. In an experimental animal model, we have shown that [d-specific T cells become progressively deleted as the myeloma protein serum concentration exceeds 50 microg/ml. This indicates that the ability of multiple myeloma patients to respond to Id-vaccination might be seriously handicapped. We suggest that Id-vaccination should be reserved for eradication of minimal residual disease, e.g. after high-dose chemotherapy and stem-cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bogen
- Institute of Immunology, The National Hospital, University of Oslo, Norway.
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42
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Eidem JK, Rasmussen IB, Lunde E, Gregers TF, Rees AR, Bogen B, Sandlie I. Recombinant antibodies as carrier proteins for sub-unit vaccines: influence of mode of fusion on protein production and T-cell activation. J Immunol Methods 2000; 245:119-31. [PMID: 11042289 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1759(00)00274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A major objective in development of vaccines is the design of sub-unit vaccines with the ability to induce strong T-cell responses. For this purpose, T-cell epitopes have been genetically inserted into various carrier proteins. Ig molecules may be especially useful as vehicles for delivery of CD4(+) T-cell epitopes to antigen presenting cells (APC). We have previously replaced loop structures between beta-strands in the C(H)1 domain of human IgG3 with a defined 11 amino acids long, MHC class II-restricted T-cell epitope. In this report we have added the same T-cell epitope into loops in the C(H)1 domain of mouse IgG2b. The following major points can be made: (1) Loops can accommodate an elongation of at least 11 amino acids without disruption of the overall Ig structure and secretion. (2) The recombinant Ig molecules are processed by spleen APC and the epitopes that are released are presented to T-cells. (3) Site of integration influences efficiency of processing and presentation. (4) Elongation of two neighbouring loops reduces Ig secretion. Taken together, our present results indicate that IgG C(H)1 domains may be engineered to carry T-cell epitopes in loop structures between beta-strands, but not all loops may be equally suitable for this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- J K Eidem
- University of Oslo, Department of Molecular Cell Biology, P.O. Box 1050, 0316, Oslo, Norway
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43
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Dembic Z, Schenck K, Bogen B. Dendritic cells purified from myeloma are primed with tumor-specific antigen (idiotype) and activate CD4+ T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2000; 97:2697-702. [PMID: 10706628 PMCID: PMC15992 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.050579897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myelomas produce tumor-specific antigen (TSA) in the form of idiotype (Id) on monoclonal Ig. CD4(+) T cells can recognize Id-peptide on MHC class II molecules and protect against challenges with MOPC315 cells, which are, as common for myelomas, class II-negative. The present study explains these previous results by demonstrating that Id can be transferred from myeloma cells to antigen-presenting cells (APC), which present processed Id-peptide on their class II molecules to Id-specific T cell receptor-transgenic (TCR-TG) CD4(+) T cells. Id-primed tumor APC were heterogeneous, the majority being dendritic cells with class II(+), CD11b(+) CD11c(+) CD40(+) CD80(+) CD86(+) markers. The APC were localized beneath CD31(+) endothelial cells of tumor microvessels, and their frequency declined with tumor progression. The APC could stimulate Id-specific naive TCR-TG, short-term polarized TCR-TG, and cloned CD4(+) T cells to proliferate and produce cytokines in vitro. Furthermore, small MOPC315 tumors established in Id-specific TCR-TG mice contained clusters of activated (CD69(+)CD25(+)) and proliferating (BrdUrd(+)) Id-specific transgenic CD4(+) blasts. The activated Id-specific T cells were located adjacent to Id-primed dendritic cells in the tumor. Thus, a TSA can be transferred in vivo from myeloma, and possibly other types of cancer cells to APC for MHC class II presentation to CD4(+) T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Dembic
- Institute of Immunology and the Department of Oral Biology, University of Oslo, The National Hospital, 0027 Oslo, Norway.
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44
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Munthe LA, Kyte JA, Bogen B. Resting small B cells present endogenous immunoglobulin variable-region determinants to idiotope-specific CD4(+) T cells in vivo. Eur J Immunol 1999; 29:4043-52. [PMID: 10602015 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1521-4141(199912)29:12<4043::aid-immu4043>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antigenic determinants localized within the highly diversified V-regions of Ig are called idiotopes (Id). Processed Id-peptides can be presented on MHC class II molecules to CD4(+) T cells. If B cells present their endogenous Id-peptides, T cell activation could occur in the absence of nominal antigen, a potentially important process in T-B cooperation and immune regulation. To test this idea, we used mice made transgenic for a lambda2 L-chain (Id(+) mice). Another transgenic mouse strain expresses TCR transgenes with specificity for the Id (lambda2), presented on MHC class II molecules. When highly purified sorted Id(+) B cells and Id-specific T cells were sequentially injected into MHC syngeneic SCID host, T cell became blastoid, CD69(+) and proliferated. To exclude any role of host APC, MHC incompatible Rag2(- / -) mice (H-2(b)) were used as recipients for the Id(+) B and Id-specific T cells, with similar results. Exposure to extracellular Id(+) immunoglobulin (Ig) was not sufficient for Id priming of B cells in vivo, highlighting the preferential presentation of Id peptides derived from endogenous Ig, by B cells. The results suggest that B cells presenting Id self-peptides generated by V(D)J recombinations or somatic mutations may directly stimulate T cell in vivo in the absence of conventional antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Munthe
- Institut of Immunology, University of Oslo, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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45
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Lunde E, Munthe LA, Vabø A, Sandlie I, Bogen B. Antibodies engineered with IgD specificity efficiently deliver integrated T-cell epitopes for antigen presentation by B cells. Nat Biotechnol 1999; 17:670-5. [PMID: 10404160 DOI: 10.1038/10883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a strategy for improving the stimulation of T cells during immune responses by constructing recombinant antibodies that enhance the delivery of antigen to antigen-presenting cells, such as B cells. These antibodies have variable regions specific for surface molecules on B cells, and a constant region with an inserted antigen. In vitro, such antibodies make B cells approximately 1000-fold more efficient at presenting antigen and stimulating specific T cells. In vivo, the antibodies turn B cells of the spleen into potent stimulators of T cells. This approach may be useful for the generation of new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lunde
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Oslo, Norway.
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46
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Abstract
Clonal deletion of thymocytes is a major event in T-cell tolerance and might represent a tumor escape mechanism. Previously, we have shown that class II-restricted, Id-specific, CD4+ T cells in T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice confer resistance against the MOPC315 plasmacytoma. In this report, we have investigated whether monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig) produced by a plasmacytoma can induce deletion of thymocytes specific for the variable parts of Ig, i.e., the idiotype (Id). Large numbers of MOPC315 tumor cells were injected s.c. in the TCR-transgenic mice to overwhelm the CD4+ T-cell-mediated protection. When the MOPC315 plasmacytomas reached a weight of approximately 0.5 g (serum myeloma protein M315 about 50 microg/ml), immature CD4+ 8+ and mature CD4+ transgenic thymocytes became progressively deleted. Apoptotic thymocytes were already detectable when tumors were 2 mm in diameter (serum M315: 5 microg/ml, or 0.03 microM). The negative selection was Id-specific, because an Id-negative plasmacytoma failed to induce deletion. Injection of purified MOPC315-myeloma protein (M315) i.p. caused a profound reduction of Id-specific thymocytes. Enriched thymic dendritic cells (DC) from tumor-bearing animals were found to be primed with lambda2(315) and induced apoptosis of thymocytes in vitro. Our results indicate that circulating myeloma protein is processed and presented by thymic antigen-presenting cells (APC), and induces deletion of Id-specific thymocytes. Deletion of tumor-specific thymocytes may represent a tumor escape mechanism in patients with cancers that secrete or shed tumor antigens. The possibility that vaccination with tumor Ig or genes encoding for it may induce tolerance instead of protection should be taken into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- G F Lauritzsen
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Oslo, Norway
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47
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Dembic Z, Munthe LA, Schenck K, Mueller C, Bogen B. Transient overexpression of CD4 enhances allelic exclusion of T-cell receptor (TCR) α chains and promotes positive selection of class II-restricted TCR-transgenic thymocytes. Mol Immunol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(98)80014-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Lunde E, Bogen B, Sandlie I. Immunoglobulin as a vehicle for foreign antigenic peptides immunogenic to T cells. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:1167-76. [PMID: 9566764 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(97)00143-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibody (Ab) molecules may serve as targeting vehicles for delivery of foreign antigenic peptides to antigen presenting cells (APC). An attractive strategy is to substitute segments between beta-strands of immunoglobulin (Ig) constant (C)-region domains with antigenic peptides. For this to work, the mutant Ab must maintain its conformation so that it can be secreted from transfected cells. Furthermore, the antigenic peptides must be excised by the processing machinery of APC and loaded onto major histo-compatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. To test this, we have introduced a peptide of eleven amino acids (a.a.) as either of three different loops in the first C-region domain of the heavy (H) chain (CH1) of human IgG3. When the resulting mutant H chain genes were expressed in a fibroblast cell line equipped with proper class II molecules, the H chains were retained intracellularly, probably due to the light (L) chain deficiency of the fibroblasts. Nevertheless, by the endogenous class II processing pathway, presentation of the epitope to CD4+ cells was observed for all three mutants. The presentation efficiency, however, depended on the position of the peptide in the H chain. This could be due to influence of flanking sequences, which differ in the three loop replacement mutants. When L chain-expressing Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) lambda cells were transfected with the same constructs, two out of the three mutant Ig were secreted. The mutants had the expected antigen specificity and were recognized by anti-IgG Ab. When added exogenously to dendritic cell APC, the mutant IgG3 were processed, and the liberated foreign epitopes presented to T cells. The results suggest that the loops connecting beta-strands in the Ig fold may be replaced by foreign peptides, which upon processing become stimulatory to CD4+ T cells. Combined with the well-known targeting function of antibodies, this principle may be useful for construction of a new generation of vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lunde
- Institute for Immunology and Rheumatology, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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Blichfeldt E, Munthe LA, Røtnes JS, Bogen B. Dual T cell receptor T cells have a decreased sensitivity to physiological ligands due to reduced density of each T cell receptor. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2876-84. [PMID: 8977280 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830261211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A considerable fraction of T cells express two distinct T cell receptors (TCR), mainly due to expression of two TCR alpha chains. It has been suggested that such dual-TCR cells could have a role in autoimmunity. However, as such cells express less of each TCR, they could be less sensitive to their physiological ligand, i.e. peptide plus major histocompatibility complex molecules (MHC). We tested this hypothesis in a transgenic TCR model in which most T cells express different amounts of the transgene-encoded TCR, due to expression of endogenous TCR alpha chains. Five Th1 clones derived from lambda2(315) immunoglobulin light chain-specific TCR-transgenic mice expressed different levels of the transgene-encoded TCR, ranging from approximately 10,000 to approximately 50,000 TCR per cell. Cytosolic Ca2+ mobilization in single T cells from these clones elicited by lambda2(315) peptide-pulsed, I-Ed-expressing antigen-presenting cells, correlated linearly with the relative transgene-encoded TCR expression. The peptide requirement for half-maximal T cell proliferation showed a similar correlation, with low TCR levels requiring higher peptide concentration. Corroborative evidence was obtained by deployment of short-term polyclonal CD4+ lines from TCR-transgenic mice. Such lines had reduced early (Ca2+ mobilization) and late (lymphokine and proliferation) responses, compared with T cell lines from recombination-deficient TCR-transgenic severe combined immunodeficiency mice (which express only a single transgene-encoded TCR). Taken together, the Ca2+ responses increase gradually with increasing TCR expression per cell, similar to the previously described analog Ca2+ signaling elicited by increasing amounts of peptide/MHC [Røtnes et al., Eur. J. Immunol. 1994. 24: 851]. Surprisingly small reductions in TCR expression per cell reduce T cell responsiveness. This suggests that dual-TCR T cells are immunologically less effective than single-TCR T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Clone Cells
- Down-Regulation/immunology
- Ligands
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- E Blichfeldt
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway.
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Bogen B. Peripheral T cell tolerance as a tumor escape mechanism: deletion of CD4+ T cells specific for a monoclonal immunoglobulin idiotype secreted by a plasmacytoma. Eur J Immunol 1996; 26:2671-9. [PMID: 8921954 DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830261119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Tumors could escape an immune attack by inducing peripheral T cell tolerance. To test this, T cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice were injected with plasmacytoma cells secreting a highly tumor-specific antigen, a monoclonal immunoglobulin (Ig), for which the transgene-encoded TCR is specific. The TCR recognizes a third hypervariable region idiotypic (Id) peptide of the Ig, presented by a class II molecule on host antigen-presenting cells. The TCR-transgenic mice have previously been shown to be protected against an Id+ plasmacytoma challenge. In the present experiments, the protection was deliberately overwhelmed by subcutaneous injection of large numbers of plasmacytoma cells. Such tumor mice, chronically exposed to increasing amounts of monoclonal Ig, delete Id-specific CD4+ T cells in their peripheral lymphoid organs and in the tumor. The residual CD4+ cells express endogenous, rather than transgene-encoded TCR alpha chains. Peripheral deletion, functional T cells unresponsiveness, and thymocyte deletion are all first detected at the same serum concentration of monoclonal Ig, approximately 50 micrograms/ml (0.3 microM), and become more and more profound as the tumor burden increases. The results suggest that peripheral T cell tolerance to Id could be a tumor escape mechanism in patients with B cell malignancies. In addition, the findings have implications for T cell tolerance to Ig V regions in normal individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Bogen
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, University of Oslo, Norway
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