1
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Qamra A, Xing M, Padmanabhan N, Kwok JJT, Zhang S, Xu C, Leong YS, Lee Lim AP, Tang Q, Ooi WF, Suling Lin J, Nandi T, Yao X, Ong X, Lee M, Tay ST, Keng ATL, Gondo Santoso E, Ng CCY, Ng A, Jusakul A, Smoot D, Ashktorab H, Rha SY, Yeoh KG, Peng Yong W, Chow PK, Chan WH, Ong HS, Soo KC, Kim KM, Wong WK, Rozen SG, Teh BT, Kappei D, Lee J, Connolly J, Tan P. Epigenomic Promoter Alterations Amplify Gene Isoform and Immunogenic Diversity in Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Cancer Discov 2017; 7:630-651. [DOI: 10.1158/2159-8290.cd-16-1022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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2
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent progress in the identification of leukemia antigens has stimulated the development of vaccines to treat hematological malignancies. Here we review the identification and characterization of the myeloid leukemia-specific antigens proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase found in the primary (azurophil) granule proteins of granulocytes and their precursors. A peptide 'PR1' derived from these proteins induces powerful HLA-A0201-restricted CD8 T-cell proliferation. PR1-specific T cells are cytotoxic to leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome progenitors, and occur at low frequencies in normal individuals. Frequencies are higher in patients with myeloid leukemias, and highest in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia entering molecular remission after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. RECENT FINDINGS These observations, together with the known association of autoimmunity to proteinase 3 and neutrophil elastase in Wegener's granulomatosis, support the concept that there is a natural immunity to primary granule proteins which can be boosted to enhance immunity to leukemia. Preliminary reports indicate that PR1 peptide vaccination induces significant increases in PR1-specific cytotoxic T cells with rapid and durable remissions in some patients with advanced myeloid leukemias. SUMMARY These promising developments in antileukemia vaccines have stimulated research to optimize vaccine delivery and modify regulation of natural T-cell immunity to primary granule proteins to improve treatment of otherwise refractory myeloid leukemias and myelodysplastic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Barrett
- Hematology Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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3
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Illés Z, Waldner H, Reddy J, Bettelli E, Nicholson LB, Kuchroo VK. T cell tolerance induced by cross-reactive TCR ligands can be broken by superagonist resulting in anti-inflammatory T cell cytokine production. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 175:1491-7. [PMID: 16034086 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.3.1491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cross-reactive activation of potentially autoreactive T cells by high-affinity nonself ligands may be important in breaking self-tolerance in autoimmunity. In a mouse transgenic for a cross-reactive TCR, we have previously shown that a hyper-stimulating altered peptide ligand, L144, induced unresponsiveness to the self peptide, proteolipid protein 139-151. In this study, we demonstrate that a superagonist ligand can break T cell tolerance induced by the lower affinity cognate Ag. T cells tolerant to the cognate ligand, Q144, responded to superagonist, L144, by proliferation and the production of mainly IL-4 and IL-10 in vitro. In contrast, T cells that were tolerized to the superagonist were unable to respond to any peptide that cross-reacted with the transgenic TCR. Low-dose immunization with the superagonist L144 was able to break tolerance to the cognate ligand in vivo and resulted in a blunted proliferative response with production of Th2 cytokines.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Anergy/genetics
- Clonal Anergy/immunology
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Dose-Response Relationship, Immunologic
- Female
- Inflammation Mediators/antagonists & inhibitors
- Inflammation Mediators/metabolism
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interleukin-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interleukin-2/biosynthesis
- Ligands
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Illés
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Institute of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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4
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Talebi T, Weber JS. Peptide vaccine trials for melanoma: preclinical background and clinical results. Semin Cancer Biol 2003; 13:431-8. [PMID: 15001162 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2003.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tony Talebi
- Department of Medicine, Keck/USC School of Medicine, 1441 Eastlake Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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5
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McConnell EJ, Pathangey LB, Madsen CS, Gendler SJ, Mukherjee P. Dendritic cell-tumor cell fusion and staphylococcal enterotoxin B treatment in a pancreatic tumor model. J Surg Res 2002; 107:196-202. [PMID: 12429175 DOI: 10.1006/jsre.2001.6497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Surgical resection of pancreatic tumors removes gross disease but not metastases. Adjuvant therapy such as chemotherapy and radiation treatment is of little value in metastatic pancreatic cancer. The hypothesis of this investigation is that specific and effective immunotherapeutic vaccine (dendritic/tumor cell fusion) will activate cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), leading to the eradication of spontaneous pancreatic cancer. METHODS We have developed a double transgenic mouse model (MET) that forms spontaneous pancreatic tumors and expresses the human MUC1 antigen. Seven-week-old MET mice (n = 8) were treated every 3 weeks with the vaccine. In addition, these mice received 50 microg of superantigen staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a known T cell stimulant, prior to the first vaccination. A second treatment group received SEB alone (n = 8) and controls received no treatment (n = 9). MUC1-specific CTLs were measured by chromium release assay. At 10 weeks of age and at necropsy, MUC1 serum levels were measured using a MUC1-specific ELISA. RESULTS Mice were known to harbor microscopic foci of cancer at birth. Survival was enhanced in vaccine as well as SEB-treated mice (75% CI +/- 0.42) compared to controls (11% CI +/- 0.28) and both groups of treated mice exhibited mature CTLs without in vitro stimulation. MUC1 serum levels of the vaccine group were 50% less than that of control (P < 0.04) at 10 weeks. MUC1 serum levels directly correlated with tumor weight at necropsy (r = 0.86). CONCLUSIONS This is the first evidence that MUC1-specific CTLs can be stimulated to enhance survival in a spontaneous tumor model.
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6
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Nguyen LT, Elford AR, Murakami K, Garza KM, Schoenberger SP, Odermatt B, Speiser DE, Ohashi PS. Tumor growth enhances cross-presentation leading to limited T cell activation without tolerance. J Exp Med 2002; 195:423-35. [PMID: 11854356 PMCID: PMC2193619 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Using a tumor model of spontaneously arising insulinomas expressing a defined tumor-associated antigen, we investigated whether tumor growth promotes cross-presentation and tolerance of tumor-specific T cells. We found that an advanced tumor burden enhanced cross-presentation of tumor-associated antigens to high avidity tumor-specific T cells, inducing T cell proliferation and limited effector function in vivo. However, contrary to other models, tumor-specific T cells were not tolerized despite a high tumor burden. In fact, in tumor-bearing mice, persistence and responsiveness of adoptively transferred tumor-specific T cells were enhanced. Accordingly, a potent T cell-mediated antitumor response could be elicited by intravenous administration of tumor-derived peptide and agonistic anti-CD40 antibody or viral immunization and reimmunization. Thus, in this model, tumor growth promotes activation of high avidity tumor-specific T cells instead of tolerance. Therefore, the host remains responsive to T cell immunotherapy.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antigen Presentation
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/administration & dosage
- Antigens, Tumor-Associated, Carbohydrate/immunology
- CD40 Antigens/immunology
- Cell Division
- Flow Cytometry
- Hyaluronan Receptors/immunology
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Hypoglycemia/complications
- Immune Tolerance
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Immunotherapy, Active
- Insulinoma/complications
- Insulinoma/immunology
- Insulinoma/pathology
- Insulinoma/therapy
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Radiation Chimera
- Survival Analysis
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Linh T Nguyen
- Departments of Immunology and Medical Biophysics, Ontario Cancer Institute, 610 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario M5G 2M9, Canada
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7
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Cordaro TA, de Visser KE, Tirion FH, Schumacher TNM, Kruisbeek AM. Can the low-avidity self-specific T cell repertoire be exploited for tumor rejection? JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:651-60. [PMID: 11777958 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.2.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Can self-specific T cells that have escaped intrathymic deletion be exploited to generate antitumor immunity? To determine whether antitumor immunity to a self-Ag for which central tolerance exists can be generated, a mouse model is used in which a fragment of the influenza nucleoprotein (NP) is expressed as a transgene under the control of the H-2K promoter in C57BL/10 mice (B10NP mice). In these mice an oligoclonal population of NP-specific T cells escapes thymic and peripheral deletion and can be activated upon immunization. The main hallmark of these self-specific CD8(+) T cells is diminished avidity for the pertinent MHC/peptide complex. We show in this study that intranasal infection with influenza virus can stimulate low-avidity NP-specific T cells to recognize and destroy NP-expressing microtumors in the lung, but not NP-expressing tumors growing s.c. Only a memory NP-specific CD8(+) T cell response can suppress the growth of an s.c. growing NP-expressing tumor. This delay in tumor growth is associated with a dramatic increase in the number of circulating NP-specific CD8(+) T cells. In addition, cultured memory NP-specific T cells require approximately 100-fold less Ag to induce NP-specific lysis than primary T cells, consistent with the observation that memory T cells have an increased avidity due to affinity maturation. Finally, during an NP-specific memory response, substantial numbers of low-avidity NP-specific T cells can be recovered from s.c. growing tumors. Together, these findings indicate that, when only a low-avidity repertoire is available to generate antitumor immunity, the best strategy may be to enhance memory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanina A Cordaro
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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8
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Iglesias A. Maintenance and loss of self-tolerance in B cells. SPRINGER SEMINARS IN IMMUNOPATHOLOGY 2001; 23:351-66. [PMID: 11826614 DOI: 10.1007/s281-001-8164-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A Iglesias
- Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18A, 82152 Martinsried, Germany.
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9
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de Visser KE, Cordaro TA, Kessels HW, Tirion FH, Schumacher TN, Kruisbeek AM. Low-avidity self-specific T cells display a pronounced expansion defect that can be overcome by altered peptide ligands. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3818-28. [PMID: 11564799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymic expression of self-Ags results in the deletion of high-avidity self-specific T cells, but, at least for certain Ags, a residual population of self-specific T cells with low-affinity TCRs remains after negative selection. Such self-specific T cells are thought to play a role in the induction of T cell-mediated autoimmunity, but may also be used for the induction of antitumor immunity against self-Ags. In this study, we examine the functional competence of a polyclonal population of self-specific CD8+ T cells. We show that low-affinity interactions between TCR and peptide are associated with selective loss of critical T cell functions. Triggering of low levels of IFN-gamma production and cytolytic activity through low-affinity TCRs readily occurs provided high Ag doses are used, but IL-2 production and clonal expansion are severely reduced at all Ag doses. Remarkably, a single peptide variant can form an improved ligand for the highly diverse population of low-avidity self-specific T cells and can improve their proliferative capacity. These data provide insight into the inherent limitations of self-specific T cell responses through low-avidity TCR signals and the effect of modified peptide ligands on self-specific T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E de Visser
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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10
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gilboa
- Duke University, Experimental Surgery, Box 2601 Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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11
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De Benedetti F, Pignatti P, Vivarelli M, Meazza C, Ciliberto G, Savino R, Martini A. In vivo neutralization of human IL-6 (hIL-6) achieved by immunization of hIL-6-transgenic mice with a hIL-6 receptor antagonist. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:4334-40. [PMID: 11254686 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.7.4334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Neutralization of IL-6 represents an attractive therapeutic option in several diseases, including B cell neoplasia, osteoporosis, and autoimmunity. Therapeutic attempts in humans have shown that administration of injectable doses of a mAb to IL-6 does not provide efficient neutralization of the cytokine in vivo. Therefore, alternative approaches are needed. In this study, we evaluated whether the Ab response to human IL-6 (hIL-6) elicited by vaccination with Sant1 (a hIL-6 variant with seven amino acid substitutions) was able to fully correct in vivo the clinical and biological effects of a chronic endogenous overproduction of hIL-6 in the hIL-6-transgenic NSE/hIL-6 mice. Because of the overexpression of hIL-6, occurring since birth, with circulating levels in the nanogram per milliliter range, NSE/hIL-6 mice have a marked decrease in growth rate, associated with decrease in insulin-like growth factor I levels, and represent an animal model of the growth impairment associated with human chronic inflammatory diseases. Following immunization with Sant1, but not with hIL-6, NSE/hIL-6 mice developed high titers of polyclonal Abs to hIL-6. The Abs, acquired by transplacental transfer, effectively neutralized IL-6 activities in vivo as shown by the complete correction of the growth defect and normalization of insulin-like growth factor levels in the hIL-6-transgenic offspring. Immunization with Sant1 could therefore represent a novel and simple therapeutic approach for the specific neutralization of IL-6 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- F De Benedetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Pediatriche, Instituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Policlinico San Matteo, Universita' degli Studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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12
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Riley MP, Cerasoli DM, Jordan MS, Petrone AL, Shih FF, Caton AJ. Graded deletion and virus-induced activation of autoreactive CD4+ T cells. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:4870-6. [PMID: 11046011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.9.4870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have examined factors governing the negative selection of autoreactive CD4(+) T cells in transgenic mice expressing low (HA12 mice) vs. high (HA104 mice) amounts of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA). When mated with TS1 mice that express a transgenic TCR specific for the I-Ed-restricted determinant site 1 (S1) of HA, thymocytes expressing high levels of the clonotypic TCR were deleted in both HA-transgenic lineages. However, through allelic inclusion, thymocytes with lower levels of the clonotypic TCR evaded deletion in TS1 x HA12 and TS1 x HA104 mice to graded degrees. Moreover, in both lineages, peripheral CD4(+) T cells could be activated by the S1 peptide in vitro, and by influenza virus in vivo. These findings indicate that allelic inclusion can allow autoreactive CD4(+) thymocytes to evade thymic deletion to varying extents reflecting variation in the expression of the self peptide, and can provide a basis for the activation of autoreactive peripheral T cells by viruses bearing homologues of self peptides ("molecular mimicry").
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/transplantation
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/virology
- Cells, Cultured
- Clonal Deletion/immunology
- Clone Cells
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/biosynthesis
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/genetics
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Influenza A virus/immunology
- Injections, Intravenous
- Lymph Nodes/cytology
- Lymph Nodes/immunology
- Lymph Nodes/virology
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Transgenic
- Peptides/immunology
- Peptides/pharmacology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Riley
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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13
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Mukherjee P, Ginardi AR, Madsen CS, Sterner CJ, Adriance MC, Tevethia MJ, Gendler SJ. Mice with spontaneous pancreatic cancer naturally develop MUC-1-specific CTLs that eradicate tumors when adoptively transferred. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:3451-60. [PMID: 10975866 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.6.3451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a highly aggressive, treatment refractory cancer and is the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. In humans, 90% of pancreatic adenocarcinomas overexpress altered forms of a tumor-specific Ag, mucin 1 (MUC1; an epithelial mucin glycoprotein), which is a potential target for immunotherapy. We have established a clinically relevant animal model for pancreatic cancer by developing a double transgenic mouse model (called MET) that expresses human MUC1 as self molecule and develops spontaneous tumors of the pancreas. These mice exhibit acinar cell dysplasia at birth, which progresses to microadenomas and acinar cell carcinomas. The tumors express large amounts of underglycosylated MUC1 similar to humans. Tumor-bearing MET mice develop low affinity MUC1-specific CTLs that have no effect on the spontaneously occurring pancreatic tumors in vivo. However, adoptive transfer of these CTLs was able to completely eradicate MUC1-expressing injectable tumors in MUC1 transgenic mice, and these mice developed long-term immunity. These CTLs were MHC class I restricted and recognized peptide epitopes in the immunodominant tandem repeat region of MUC1. The MET mice appropriately mimic the human condition and are an excellent model with which to elucidate the native immune responses that develop during tumor progression and to develop effective antitumor vaccine strategies.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/immunology
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Acinar Cell/therapy
- Cell Adhesion/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Cytotoxicity Tests, Immunologic
- Disease Progression
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Glycosylation
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Humans
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/chemistry
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Mucin-1/biosynthesis
- Mucin-1/blood
- Mucin-1/immunology
- Mucin-1/metabolism
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/immunology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/therapy
- Stem Cells/immunology
- Stem Cells/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/transplantation
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- P Mukherjee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ 85259, USA
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14
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Dubinett SM, Batra RK, Miller PW, Sharma S. Tumor antigens in thoracic malignancy. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 22:524-7. [PMID: 10783122 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.22.5.f186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- S M Dubinett
- UCLA-Wadsworth Pulmonary Laboratory, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, the Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1690, USA
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15
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Wither J, Vukusic B. T-cell tolerance induction is normal in the (NZB x NZW)F1 murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Immunology 2000; 99:345-51. [PMID: 10712663 PMCID: PMC2327165 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00981.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The (New Zealand black (NZB) x New Zealand white (NZW))F1 (NZB/W) mouse strain spontaneously develops an autoimmune disease characterized by anti-dsDNA antibody production and glomerulonephritis. Although evidence suggests that production of pathogenic autoantibodies is T-cell dependent, the immunological defects that lead to activation of these autoreactive T cells are unknown. In particular, it has not been resolved whether autoreactive T cells become activated in these mice because of a generalized defect in T-cell tolerance induction. Previous work has demonstrated that thymic and peripheral tolerance to strongly deleting antigens are intact in NZB/W mice. In this study we investigate whether these mice possess a more subtle T-cell tolerance defect. To this end, we have produced NZB/W mice carrying a transgene encoding beef insulin (BI) which is expressed at levels close to the threshold for T-cell tolerance induction. In BALB/c mice this transgene produces a profound but incomplete state of BI-specific T-cell tolerance, mediated predominantly by clonal anergy. Comparison of BI-specific tolerance in NZB/W, major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-matched (BALB/c x NZW)F1, and BALB/c BI-transgenic mice clearly demonstrates that T-cell tolerance induction is normal in NZB/W mice. The data suggest that the loss of T-cell tolerance that ultimately supports nephritogenic autoantibody production in NZB/W mice does not result from a generalized defect in T-cell tolerance, and by extension likely results from aberrant activation of specific autoreactive T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wither
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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16
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Nugent CT, Morgan DJ, Biggs JA, Ko A, Pilip IM, Pamer EG, Sherman LA. Characterization of CD8+ T lymphocytes that persist after peripheral tolerance to a self antigen expressed in the pancreas. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 164:191-200. [PMID: 10605011 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.164.1.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
As a result of expression of the influenza hemagglutinin (HA) in the pancreatic islets, the repertoire of HA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes in InsHA transgenic mice (D2 mice expressing the HA transgene under control of the rat insulin promoter) is comprised of cells that are less responsive to cognate Ag than are HA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes from conventional mice. Previous studies of tolerance induction involving TCR transgenic T lymphocytes suggested that a variety of different mechanisms can reduce avidity for Ag, including altered cell surface expression of molecules involved in Ag recognition and a deficiency in signaling through the TCR complex. To determine which, if any, of these mechanisms pertain to CD8+ T lymphocytes within a conventional repertoire, HA-specific CD8+ T lymphocytes from B10.D2 mice and B10.D2 InsHA transgenic mice were compared with respect to expression of cell surface molecules, TCR gene utilization, binding of tetrameric KdHA complexes, lytic mechanisms, and diabetogenic potential. No evidence was found for reduced expression of TCR or CD8 by InsHA-derived CTL, nor was there evidence for a defect in triggering lytic activity. However, avidity differences between CD8+ clones correlated with their ability to bind KdHA tetramers. These results argue that most of the KdHA-specific T lymphocytes in InsHA mice are not intrinsically different from KdHA-specific T lymphocytes isolated from conventional animals. They simply express TCRs that are less avid in their binding to KdHA.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/biosynthesis
- CD3 Complex/physiology
- CD8 Antigens/biosynthesis
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Separation
- Clone Cells
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- Species Specificity
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Nugent
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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17
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Wang R, Wang-Zhu Y, Gabaglia CR, Kimachi K, Grey HM. The stimulation of low-affinity, nontolerized clones by heteroclitic antigen analogues causes the breaking of tolerance established to an immunodominant T cell epitope. J Exp Med 1999; 190:983-94. [PMID: 10510088 PMCID: PMC2195641 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.7.983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
H-2K mice injected, intravenously in saline or intraperitoneally in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, with large quantities of the immunodominant I-E(k)-restricted epitope from moth cytochrome c (MCC) 88-103 fail to respond to subsequent immunization with this epitope when administered in complete Freund's adjuvant. This state of tolerance can be broken by immunization with certain MCC 88-103 analogues that are heteroclitic antigens as assessed on representative MCC 88-103 specific T cell clones. In this paper, the mechanism of breaking tolerance by heteroclitic antigens was investigated. The following observations were made: (a) T cell hybridomas derived from tolerance-broken animals required higher concentrations of MCC 88-103 to be stimulated than hybridomas derived from normal immune animals, suggesting that they have T cell receptors (TCRs) of lower affinity; (b) in contrast to normal immune animals whose MCC-specific TCRs are typically Vbeta3(+)/Valpha11(+), none of the hybridomas derived from tolerance-broken animals expressed Vbeta3, although they were all Valpha11(+). Also, the Vbeta complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) regions from the tolerance-broken animals did not contain the canonical structure and length characteristics of the normal MCC 88-103 immune repertoire; and (c) adoptive transfer and tolerization of MCC-specific Vbeta3(+)/Valpha11(+) transgenic T cells followed by immunization with heteroclitic antigen failed to terminate the state of tolerance. Collectively, these data strongly suggest that the mechanism involved in breaking tolerance in this system is the stimulation of nontolerized, low-affinity clones, rather than reversal of anergy. Further support for this mechanism was the finding that after activation, T cells apparently have a lowered threshold with respect to the affinity of interaction with antigen required for stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Line
- Clone Cells
- Cytochrome c Group/chemistry
- Cytochrome c Group/immunology
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Epitopes/chemistry
- Epitopes/immunology
- Female
- Freund's Adjuvant
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Moths
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptor-CD3 Complex, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wang
- Division of Immunochemistry, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- E Gilboa
- Department of Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA.
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19
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van Elsas A, Hurwitz AA, Allison JP. Combination immunotherapy of B16 melanoma using anti-cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) and granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-producing vaccines induces rejection of subcutaneous and metastatic tumors accompanied by autoimmune depigmentation. J Exp Med 1999; 190:355-66. [PMID: 10430624 PMCID: PMC2195583 DOI: 10.1084/jem.190.3.355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 776] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined the effectiveness of cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) blockade, alone or in combination with a granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF)-expressing tumor cell vaccine, on rejection of the highly tumorigenic, poorly immunogenic murine melanoma B16-BL6. Recently established tumors could be eradicated in 80% (68/85) of the cases using combination treatment, whereas each treatment by itself showed little or no effect. Tumor rejection was dependent on CD8(+) and NK1.1(+) cells but occurred irrespective of the presence of CD4(+) T cells. Mice surviving a primary challenge rejected a secondary challenge with B16-BL6 or the parental B16-F0 line. The same treatment regimen was found to be therapeutically effective against outgrowth of preestablished B16-F10 lung metastases, inducing long-term survival. Of all mice surviving B16-BL6 or B16-F10 tumors after combination treatment, 56% (38/68) developed depigmentation, starting at the site of vaccination or challenge and in most cases progressing to distant locations. Depigmentation was found to occur in CD4-depleted mice, strongly suggesting that the effect was mediated by CTLs. This study shows that CTLA-4 blockade provides a powerful tool to enhance T cell activation and memory against a poorly immunogenic spontaneous murine tumor and that this may involve recruitment of autoreactive T cells.
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MESH Headings
- Abatacept
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/therapeutic use
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/therapeutic use
- Antigens/immunology
- Antigens, CD
- Antigens, Differentiation/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation/immunology
- Antigens, Ly
- Antigens, Surface
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/immunology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CTLA-4 Antigen
- Cancer Vaccines/immunology
- Cancer Vaccines/therapeutic use
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Female
- Graft Rejection/immunology
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/biosynthesis
- Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor/immunology
- Hair Color/immunology
- Immunoconjugates
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Injections, Subcutaneous
- Lectins, C-Type
- Lung Neoplasms/immunology
- Lung Neoplasms/pathology
- Lung Neoplasms/secondary
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- NK Cell Lectin-Like Receptor Subfamily B
- Neoplasm Transplantation
- Proteins/immunology
- Skin Pigmentation/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- Vitiligo/immunology
- Vitiligo/pathology
- Vitiligo/therapy
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea van Elsas
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
| | - Arthur A. Hurwitz
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
| | - James P. Allison
- From the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cancer Research Laboratory and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-3200
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20
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Men Y, Miconnet I, Valmori D, Rimoldi D, Cerottini JC, Romero P. Assessment of Immunogenicity of Human Melan-A Peptide Analogues in HLA-A*0201/Kb Transgenic Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.162.6.3566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that substitution of single amino acid residues in human Melan-A immunodominant peptides Melan-A27–35 and Melan-A26–35 greatly improved their binding and the stability of peptide/HLA-A*0201 complexes. In particular, one Melan-A peptide analogue was more efficient in the generation of Melan-A peptide-specific and melanoma-reactive CTL than its parental peptide in vitro from human PBL. In this study, we analyzed the in vivo immunogenicity of Melan-A natural peptides and their analogues in HLA-A*0201/Kb transgenic mice. We found that two human Melan-A natural peptides, Melan-A26–35 and Melan-A27–35, were relatively weak immunogens, whereas several Melan-A peptide analogues were potent immunogens for in vivo CTL priming. In addition, induced Melan-A peptide-specific mouse CTL cross-recognized natural Melan-A peptides and their analogues. More interestingly, these mouse CTL were also able to lyse human melanoma cell lines in vitro in a HLA-A*0201-restricted, Melan-A-specific manner. Our results indicate that the HLA-A*0201/Kb transgenic mouse is a useful animal model to perform preclinical testing of potential cancer vaccines, and that Melan-A peptide analogues are attractive candidates for melanoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Men
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; and
| | - Isabelle Miconnet
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; and
| | - Danila Valmori
- †Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Donata Rimoldi
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; and
| | - Jean-Charles Cerottini
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; and
- †Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pedro Romero
- *Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland; and
- †Division of Clinical Onco-Immunology, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
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21
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Teng YT, Gorczynski RM, Hozumi N. The function of TGF-beta-mediated innocent bystander suppression associated with physiological self-tolerance in vivo. Cell Immunol 1998; 190:51-60. [PMID: 9826446 DOI: 10.1006/cimm.1998.1389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Innocent bystander suppression has been demonstrated in experimental models of transplantation tolerance and oral tolerance. This phenomenon is associated with expression of cytokines such as TGF-beta or/and type II cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-10). However, the mechanism responsible for bystander suppression is poorly understood, as is its role in antigen-specific self-tolerance. Here, we describe a series of investigations using an antigen coimmunization strategy to examine the outcome of bystander suppression in vivo in a well-characterized physiological model, using beef insulin transgenic (BI-Tg) mice, for self-tolerance. Our results demonstrate that: (1) T-cell-mediated peripheral hyporesponsiveness, or CD4(+) regulatory type II Th cell-mediated adoptive transfer of peripheral hyporesponsiveness (defined by an ELISA antibody assay), is antigen-specific at induction but effector-nonspecific (bystander suppression) when the self-antigen (BI) and a control antigen (chicken ovalbumin) are coadministered in BI-Tg mice; (2) bystander suppression is manifest as a local and transient, rather than a systemic and long-term, phenomenon; (3) bystander suppression is both time and antigen dose dependent; and (4) anti-TGF-beta Mab abolishes the effect of bystander suppression in vivo. We suggest that TGF-beta-mediated innocent bystander suppression associated with physiological self-tolerance thus produces no major biological consequence for general immune responsiveness. It may prevent the activation of auto(or cross)-reactive lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Teng
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, the University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, N6A 5C1, Canada
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22
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Wither J, Vukusic B. Autoimmunity Develops in Lupus-Prone NZB Mice Despite Normal T Cell Tolerance. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.9.4555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
NZB mice spontaneously develop an autoimmune disease characterized by production of anti-RBC, -lymphocyte, and -ssDNA Abs. Evidence suggests that the NZB mouse strain has all of the immunologic defects required to produce lupus nephritis but lacks an MHC locus that allows pathogenic anti-dsDNA Ab production. The capacity to produce diverse autoantibodies in these mice raises the possibility that they possess a generalized defect in self-tolerance. To determine whether this defect is found within the T cell subset, we backcrossed a transgene encoding bovine insulin (BI) onto the NZB background. In nonautoimmune BALB/c mice, the BI transgene induces a profound but incomplete state of T cell tolerance mediated predominantly by clonal anergy. Comparison of tolerance in NZB and BALB/c BI-transgenic mice clearly demonstrated that NZB T cells were at least as tolerant to BI as BALB/c T cells. NZB BI-transgenic mice did not spontaneously produce anti-BI Abs, and following antigenic challenge, BI-specific Ab production was comparably reduced in both BI-transgenic NZB and BALB/c mice. Further, in vitro BI-specific T cell proliferation and cytokine secretion were appropriately decreased for primed lymph node and splenic T cells derived from NZB BI-transgenic relative to their nontransgenic counterparts. These data indicate that a generalized T cell tolerance defect does not underlie the autoimmune disease in NZB mice. Instead, we propose that the T cell-dependent production of pathogenic IgG autoantibodies in these mice arises from abnormal activation of T cells in the setting of normal but incomplete tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Wither
- *The Arthritis Centre-Research Unit, Toronto Hospital Research Institute, The Toronto Hospital-Western Division; and
- †Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Brian Vukusic
- *The Arthritis Centre-Research Unit, Toronto Hospital Research Institute, The Toronto Hospital-Western Division; and
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23
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Morgan DJ, Kreuwel HTC, Fleck S, Levitsky HI, Pardoll DM, Sherman LA. Activation of Low Avidity CTL Specific for a Self Epitope Results in Tumor Rejection But Not Autoimmunity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.160.2.643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
To determine how self-tolerance can alter the ability of the immune system to respond against tumor-associated Ags that are also expressed by normal tissue, we designed experiments in which the same protein was expressed both as a tumor Ag and as a transgene product. Unlike conventional BALB/c mice that rejected renal carcinoma cells transfected with the influenza virus hemagglutinin (Renca-HA), transgenic mice that are tolerant of HA due to its expression as a self-Ag on pancreatic islet β cells, (Ins-HA mice) supported progressive growth of these tumor cells. However, when Ins-HA mice were immunized with a recombinant strain of vaccinia virus expressing the dominant H-2Kd peptide epitope of HA before receiving Renca-HA cells, they too were able to reject the tumor cells. Rejection of Renca-HA cells by immunized Ins-HA mice was found to be associated with the generation of CTL having much lower avidity for target cells presenting the KdHA epitope than CTL from immunized conventional BALB/c mice. Significantly, we show that self-tolerance to the HA Ag is quantitative rather then absolute, and that vaccination of Ins-HA mice can activate low avidity KdHA-specific CD8+ T cells that are able to reject tumor cells expressing high levels of HA, yet these mice remain tolerant of pancreatic islet β cells expressing HA.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J. Morgan
- *Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Huub T. C. Kreuwel
- *Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Shonna Fleck
- *Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
| | - Hyam I. Levitsky
- †Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Drew M. Pardoll
- †Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Linda A. Sherman
- *Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037; and
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25
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Ciapponi L, Maione D, Scoumanne A, Costa P, Hansen MB, Svenson M, Bendtzen K, Alonzi T, Paonessa G, Cortese R, Ciliberto G, Savino R. Induction of interleukin-6 (IL-6) autoantibodies through vaccination with an engineered IL-6 receptor antagonist. Nat Biotechnol 1997; 15:997-1001. [PMID: 9335053 DOI: 10.1038/nbt1097-997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Neutralization of cytokine activity by monoclonal antibodies or receptor antagonists is beneficial in the treatment of immune and neoplastic diseases, but the necessity for continuous parenteral delivery of these anticytokine agents poses considerable practical limitations. A viable alternative is to induce a neutralizing antibody response. Using transgenic mice with high circulating levels of human interleukin-6 (hIL-6), we show that injection of the hIL-6 receptor antagonist Sant1 (an IL-6 variant with seven amino-acid substitutions) induces a strong anti-hIL-6 antibody response. The elicited antibodies bind circulating hIL-6 with very high affinity, totally masking it, and neutralize hIL-6 bioactivity both in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Ciapponi
- I.R.B.M. P.Angeletti, Pomezia, Rome, Italy
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26
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Akkaraju S, Ho WY, Leong D, Canaan K, Davis MM, Goodnow CC. A range of CD4 T cell tolerance: partial inactivation to organ-specific antigen allows nondestructive thyroiditis or insulitis. Immunity 1997; 7:255-71. [PMID: 9285410 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice specific for hen egg lysozyme (HEL) were crossed with mice expressing HEL on the thyroid epithelium, on pancreatic islet beta cells, or systemically. Depending on the pattern of HEL expression, deletion of double-positive thymocytes ranged from minimal to complete, and peripheral CD4 cells exhibited graded reduction in TCR expression, in vitro responsiveness, and in vivo helper ability. CD4 cells were least tolerant in TCR/thyroid-HEL and TCR/islet-HEL mice, which developed an extensive lymphocytic thyroiditis or insulitis that nevertheless did not eliminate HEL-expressing endocrine cells. Autoreactive CD4 clones thus escape the thymus under a range of circumstances, retain sufficient function to initiate subclinical autoimmune inflammation when self-antigens are concentrated in the thyroid or pancreas, and may regulate progression of subclinical inflammation to destructive autoimmune disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/enzymology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Chickens
- Enzyme Activation/genetics
- Enzyme Activation/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immunophenotyping
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Muramidase/antagonists & inhibitors
- Muramidase/biosynthesis
- Muramidase/immunology
- Necrosis
- Organ Specificity/genetics
- Organ Specificity/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/enzymology
- Thyroid Gland/immunology
- Thyroid Gland/pathology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/etiology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/immunology
- Thyroiditis, Autoimmune/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Akkaraju
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Beckman Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, California 94305-5428, USA
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