1
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Zhang J, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Yang Z, Wang J, Chen J, Chen L, Song M, Zhang Y, Huang M, Chen S, Xiong X, Wang Y, Hao P, Horng T, Zhuang M, Zhang L, Zuo E, Bai F, Zheng J, Wang H, Fan G. THEMIS is a substrate and allosteric activator of SHP1, playing dual roles during T cell development. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2024; 31:54-67. [PMID: 38177672 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-023-01131-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
THEMIS plays an indispensable role in T cells, but its mechanism of action has remained highly controversial. Using the systematic proximity labeling methodology PEPSI, we identify THEMIS as an uncharacterized substrate for the phosphatase SHP1. Saturated mutagenesis assays and mass spectrometry analysis reveal that phosphorylation of THEMIS at the evolutionally conserved Tyr34 residue is oppositely regulated by SHP1 and the kinase LCK. Similar to THEMIS-/- mice, THEMISY34F/Y34F knock-in mice show a significant decrease in CD4 thymocytes and mature CD4 T cells, but display normal thymic development and peripheral homeostasis of CD8 T cells. Mechanistically, the Tyr34 motif in THEMIS, when phosphorylated upon T cell antigen receptor activation, appears to act as an allosteric regulator, binding and stabilizing SHP1 in its active conformation, thus ensuring appropriate negative regulation of T cell antigen receptor signaling. However, cytokine signaling in CD8 T cells fails to elicit THEMIS Tyr34 phosphorylation, indicating both Tyr34 phosphorylation-dependent and phosphorylation-independent roles of THEMIS in controlling T cell maturation and expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenzhou Jiang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyuan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ziqun Yang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Insititute of Materia and Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Jinjiao Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialing Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Minfang Song
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanchun Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Mei Huang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengmiao Chen
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuexue Xiong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuetong Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Piliang Hao
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tiffany Horng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Zhuang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liye Zhang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Erwei Zuo
- Institute of Neuroscience, Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Bai
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Advanced Immunochemical Studies, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Zheng
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center of Immunological Diseases, Shanghai Insititute of Materia and Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Haopeng Wang
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Gaofeng Fan
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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2
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Jackson JT, Mulazzani E, Nutt SL, Masters SL. The role of PLCγ2 in immunological disorders, cancer, and neurodegeneration. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100905. [PMID: 34157287 PMCID: PMC8318911 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase Cγ2 (PLCγ2) is a critical signaling molecule activated downstream from a variety of cell surface receptors that contain an intracellular immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. These receptors recruit kinases such as Syk, BTK, and BLNK to phosphorylate and activate PLCγ2, which then generates 1D-myo-inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol. These well-known second messengers are required for diverse membrane functionality including cellular proliferation, endocytosis, and calcium flux. As a result, PLCγ2 dysfunction is associated with a variety of diseases including cancer, neurodegeneration, and immune disorders. The diverse pathologies associated with PLCγ2 are exemplified by distinct genetic variants. Inherited mutations at this locus cause PLCγ2-associated antibody deficiency and immune dysregulation, in some cases with autoinflammation. Acquired mutations at this locus, which often arise as a result of BTK inhibition to treat chronic lymphocytic leukemia, result in constitutive downstream signaling and lymphocyte proliferation. Finally, a third group of PLCγ2 variants actually has a protective effect in a variety of neurodegenerative disorders, presumably by increased uptake and degradation of deleterious neurological aggregates. Therefore, manipulating PLCγ2 activity either up or down could have therapeutic benefit; however, we require a better understanding of the signaling pathways propagated by these variants before such clinical utility can be realized. Here, we review the signaling roles of PLCγ2 in hematopoietic cells to help understand the effect of mutations driving immune disorders and cancer and extrapolate from this to roles which may relate to protection against neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob T Jackson
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Elisabeth Mulazzani
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen L Nutt
- Immunology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Seth L Masters
- Inflammation Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Immunology Laboratory, Guangzhou Institute of Paediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Centre, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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3
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Utley A, Chavel C, Lightman S, Holling GA, Cooper J, Peng P, Liu W, Barwick BG, Gavile CM, Maguire O, Murray-Dupuis M, Rozanski C, Jordan MS, Kambayashi T, Olejniczak SH, Boise LH, Lee KP. CD28 Regulates Metabolic Fitness for Long-Lived Plasma Cell Survival. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107815. [PMID: 32579940 PMCID: PMC7405645 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Durable humoral immunity against epidemic infectious disease requires the survival of long-lived plasma cells (LLPCs). LLPC longevity is dependent on metabolic programs distinct from short-lived plasma cells (SLPCs); however, the mechanistic basis for this difference is unclear. We have previously shown that CD28, the prototypic T cell costimulatory receptor, is expressed on both LLPCs and SLPCs but is essential only for LLPC survival. Here we show that CD28 transduces pro-survival signaling specifically in LLPCs through differential SLP76 expression. CD28 signaling in LLPCs increased glucose uptake, mitochondrial mass/respiration, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Unexpectedly, CD28-mediated regulation of mitochondrial respiration, NF-κB activation, and survival was ROS dependent. IRF4, a target of NF-κB, was upregulated by CD28 activation in LLPCs and decreased IRF4 levels correlated with decreased glucose uptake, mitochondrial mass, ROS, and CD28-mediated survival. Altogether, these data demonstrate that CD28 signaling induces a ROS-dependent metabolic program required for LLPC survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Utley
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Colin Chavel
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Shivana Lightman
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - G Aaron Holling
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - James Cooper
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Peng Peng
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Wensheng Liu
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Benjamin G Barwick
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Catherine M Gavile
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Orla Maguire
- Department of Flow Cytometry, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Megan Murray-Dupuis
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; MD Anderson Cancer Center, University of Texas, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cheryl Rozanski
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Martha S Jordan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Taku Kambayashi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott H Olejniczak
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Lawrence H Boise
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Kelvin P Lee
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA; Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, USA.
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4
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Pike KA, Tremblay ML. Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases: Regulators of CD4 T Cells in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2504. [PMID: 30429852 PMCID: PMC6220082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) play a critical role in co-ordinating the signaling networks that maintain lymphocyte homeostasis and direct lymphocyte activation. By dephosphorylating tyrosine residues, PTPs have been shown to modulate enzyme activity and both mediate and disrupt protein-protein interactions. Through these molecular mechanisms, PTPs ultimately impact lymphocyte responses to environmental cues such as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, as well as antigenic stimulation. Mouse models of acute and chronic intestinal inflammation have been shown to be exacerbated in the absence of PTPs such as PTPN2 and PTPN22. This increase in disease severity is due in part to hyper-activation of lymphocytes in the absence of PTP activity. In accordance, human PTPs have been linked to intestinal inflammation. Genome wide association studies (GWAS) identified several PTPs within risk loci for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therapeutically targeting PTP substrates and their associated signaling pathways, such as those implicated in CD4+ T cell responses, has demonstrated clinical efficacy. The current review focuses on the role of PTPs in controlling CD4+ T cell activity in the intestinal mucosa and how disruption of PTP activity in CD4+ T cells can contribute to intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Pike
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Inception Sciences Canada, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Michel L Tremblay
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Centre, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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5
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Clark EA, Giltiay NV. CD22: A Regulator of Innate and Adaptive B Cell Responses and Autoimmunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2235. [PMID: 30323814 PMCID: PMC6173129 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
CD22 (Siglec 2) is a receptor predominantly restricted to B cells. It was initially characterized over 30 years ago and named “CD22” in 1984 at the 2nd International workshop in Boston (1). Several excellent reviews have detailed CD22 functions, CD22-regulated signaling pathways and B cell subsets regulated by CD22 or Siglec G (2–4). This review is an attempt to highlight recent and possibly forgotten findings. We also describe the role of CD22 in autoimmunity and the great potential for CD22-based immunotherapeutics for the treatment of autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward A Clark
- Department of Immunology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Natalia V Giltiay
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States
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6
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Leblanc C, Langlois M, Coulombe G, Vaillancourt‐Lavigueur V, Jones C, Carrier JC, Boudreau F, Rivard N. Epithelial Src homology region 2 domain–containing phosphatase‐1 restrains intestinal growth, secretory cell differentiation, and tumorigenesis. FASEB J 2017; 31:3512-3526. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601378r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Leblanc
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie CellulaireFaculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la SantéUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - Marie‐Josée Langlois
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie CellulaireFaculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la SantéUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - Geneviève Coulombe
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie CellulaireFaculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la SantéUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - Vanessa Vaillancourt‐Lavigueur
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie CellulaireFaculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la SantéUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - Christine Jones
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie CellulaireFaculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la SantéUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - Julie C. Carrier
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie CellulaireFaculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la SantéUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - François Boudreau
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie CellulaireFaculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la SantéUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
| | - Nathalie Rivard
- Département d'Anatomie et de Biologie CellulaireFaculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la SantéUniversité de Sherbrooke Sherbrooke Quebec Canada
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7
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Mokada-Gopal L, Boeser A, Lehmann CHK, Drepper F, Dudziak D, Warscheid B, Voehringer D. Identification of Novel STAT6-Regulated Proteins in Mouse B Cells by Comparative Transcriptome and Proteome Analysis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3737-3745. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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8
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Dezorella N, Katz BZ, Shapiro M, Polliack A, Perry C, Herishanu Y. SLP76 integrates into the B-cell receptor signaling cascade in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and is associated with an aggressive disease course. Haematologica 2016; 101:1553-1562. [PMID: 27443285 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2015.139154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
I In the last decade, the B-cell receptor has emerged as a pivotal stimulus in the pathogenesis of chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and a very feasible therapeutic target in this disease. B-cell receptor responsiveness in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells is heterogeneous among patients and correlates with aggressiveness of the disease. Here we show, for the first time, that SLP76, a key scaffold protein in T-cell receptor signaling, is ectopically expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, with variable levels among patients, and correlates positively with unmutated immunoglobulin heavy chain variable gene status and ZAP-70 expression. We found that SLP76 was functionally active in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells. A SYK-dependent basal level of phosphorylated SLP76 exists in the cells, and upon B-cell receptor engagement, SLP76 tyrosine phosphorylation is significantly enhanced concomitantly with increased physical association with BTK. B-cell receptor-induced SLP76 phosphorylation is mediated by upstream signaling events involving LCK and SYK. Knockdown of SLP76 in the cells resulted in decreased induction of BTK, PLCγ2 and IκB phosphorylation, as well as cell viability after B-cell receptor activation with anti-IgM. Consistent with our biochemical findings, high total SLP76 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells correlated with a more aggressive disease course. IN CONCLUSION SLP76 is ectopically expressed in chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells where it plays a role in B-cell receptor signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nili Dezorella
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ben-Zion Katz
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Mika Shapiro
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Aaron Polliack
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah University Hospital and Hebrew University Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Chava Perry
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yair Herishanu
- Department of Hematology, Tel-Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel .,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Jerusalem, Israel
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9
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Johnson DJ, Pao LI, Dhanji S, Murakami K, Ohashi PS, Neel BG. Shp1 regulates T cell homeostasis by limiting IL-4 signals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 210:1419-31. [PMID: 23797092 PMCID: PMC3698519 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20122239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Absence of the phosphatase Shp1 in T cells does not affect the TCR signaling threshold but results in IL-4 sensitivity and memory phenotype cells. The protein-tyrosine phosphatase Shp1 is expressed ubiquitously in hematopoietic cells and is generally viewed as a negative regulatory molecule. Mutations in Ptpn6, which encodes Shp1, result in widespread inflammation and premature death, known as the motheaten (me) phenotype. Previous studies identified Shp1 as a negative regulator of TCR signaling, but the severe systemic inflammation in me mice may have confounded our understanding of Shp1 function in T cell biology. To define the T cell–intrinsic role of Shp1, we characterized mice with a T cell–specific Shp1 deletion (Shp1fl/fl CD4-cre). Surprisingly, thymocyte selection and peripheral TCR sensitivity were unaltered in the absence of Shp1. Instead, Shp1fl/fl CD4-cre mice had increased frequencies of memory phenotype T cells that expressed elevated levels of CD44. Activation of Shp1-deficient CD4+ T cells also resulted in skewing to the Th2 lineage and increased IL-4 production. After IL-4 stimulation of Shp1-deficient T cells, Stat 6 activation was sustained, leading to enhanced Th2 skewing. Accordingly, we observed elevated serum IgE in the steady state. Blocking or genetic deletion of IL-4 in the absence of Shp1 resulted in a marked reduction of the CD44hi population. Therefore, Shp1 is an essential negative regulator of IL-4 signaling in T lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan J Johnson
- Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Center, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
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10
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Multimolecular signaling complexes enable Syk-mediated signaling of CD36 internalization. Dev Cell 2013; 24:372-83. [PMID: 23395392 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
CD36 is a versatile receptor known to play a central role in the development of atherosclerosis, the pathogenesis of malaria, and the removal of apoptotic cells. Remarkably, the short cytosolically exposed regions of CD36 lack identifiable motifs, which has hampered elucidation of its mode of signaling. Using a combination of phosphoprotein isolation, mass spectrometry, superresolution imaging, and gene silencing, we have determined that the receptor induces ligand internalization through a heteromeric complex consisting of CD36, β1 and/or β2 integrins, and the tetraspanins CD9 and/or CD81. This receptor complex serves to link CD36 to the adaptor FcRγ, which bears an immunoreceptor tyrosine activation motif. By coupling to FcRγ, CD36 is able to engage Src-family kinases and Syk, which in turn drives the internalization of CD36 and its bound ligands.
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11
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Ramachandran IR, Song W, Lapteva N, Seethammagari M, Slawin KM, Spencer DM, Levitt JM. The phosphatase SRC homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 is an intrinsic central regulator of dendritic cell function. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3934-45. [PMID: 21357539 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) initiate proinflammatory or regulatory T cell responses, depending on their activation state. Despite extensive knowledge of DC-activating signals, the understanding of DC inhibitory signals is relatively limited. We show that Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) is an important inhibitor of DC signaling, targeting multiple activation pathways. Downstream of TLR4, SHP-1 showed increased interaction with several proteins including IL-1R-associated kinase-4, and modulated LPS signaling by inhibiting NF-κB, AP-1, ERK, and JNK activity, while enhancing p38 activity. In addition, SHP-1 inhibited prosurvival signaling through AKT activation. Furthermore, SHP-1 inhibited CCR7 protein expression. Inhibiting SHP-1 in DCs enhanced proinflammatory cytokines, IL-6, IL-12, and IL-1β production, promoted survival, and increased DC migration to draining lymph nodes. Administration of SHP-1-inhibited DCs in vivo induced expansion of Ag-specific cytotoxic T cells and inhibited Foxp3(+) regulatory T cell induction, resulting in an enhanced immune response against pre-established mouse melanoma and prostate tumors. Taken together, these data demonstrate that SHP-1 is an intrinsic global regulator of DC function, controlling many facets of T cell-mediated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indu R Ramachandran
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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12
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Abstract
Receptors carrying immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs) in their cytoplasmic tail control a vast array of cellular responses, ranging from autoimmunity, allergy, phagocytosis of red blood cells, graft versus host disease, to even neuronal plasticity in the brain. The inhibitory function of many receptors has been deduced on the basis of cytoplasmic ITIM sequences. Tight regulation of natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity and cytokine production by inhibitory receptors specific for major histocompatibility complex class I molecules has served as a model system to study the negative signaling pathway triggered by an ITIM-containing receptor in the physiological context of NK-target cell interactions. Advances in our understanding of the molecular details of inhibitory signaling in NK cells have provided a conceptual framework to address how ITIM-mediated regulation controls cellular reactivity in diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric O Long
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA.
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13
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Nakata K, Yoshimaru T, Suzuki Y, Inoue T, Ra C, Yakura H, Mizuno K. Positive and negative regulation of high affinity IgE receptor signaling by Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:5414-24. [PMID: 18832698 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.8.5414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Src homology region 2 domain-containing phosphatase 1 (SHP-1), a cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatase, plays an important role for the regulation of signaling from various hematopoietic cell receptors. Although SHP-1 is shown to be a negative signal modulator in mast cells, its precise molecular mechanisms are not well defined. To elucidate how SHP-1 regulates mast cell signaling, we established bone marrow-derived mast cells from SHP-1-deficient motheaten and wild-type mice and analyzed downstream signals induced by cross-linking of high affinity IgE receptor, Fc epsilonRI. Upon Fc epsilonRI ligation, motheaten-derived bone marrow-derived mast cells showed enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation of Src homology region 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) and linker for activation of T cells, activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and gene transcription and production of cytokine. Because the activity of Syk, responsible for the phosphorylation of SLP-76 and linker for activation of T cells, is comparable irrespective of SHP-1, both molecules might be substrates of SHP-1 in mast cells. Interestingly, the absence of SHP-1 expression disrupted the association between SLP-76 and phospholipase Cgamma, which resulted in the decreased phospholipase Cgamma phosphorylation, calcium mobilization, and degranulation. Collectively, these results suggest that SHP-1 regulates Fc epsilonRI-induced downstream signaling events both negatively and positively by functioning as a protein tyrosine phosphatase and as an adaptor protein contributing to the formation of signaling complex, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Nakata
- Department of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Science, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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14
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Lack of the leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 expression in high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukaemia results in the absence of a negative signal regulating kinase activation and cell division. Leukemia 2008; 22:980-8. [PMID: 18288129 DOI: 10.1038/leu.2008.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we analysed 30 patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), compared with 10 healthy donors, for the expression and function of the leukocyte-associated Ig-like receptor-1 (LAIR-1). LAIR-1 is an inhibitory receptor containing a cytoplasmic tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) that binds to the SH2 domain of phosphatases, leading to dephosphorylation of different kinases. Constitutive activation of c-Jun aminoterminal kinase (JNK), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase, has been reported in CLL. We show that LAIR-1 is absent in high-risk (HR) CLL and differently expressed on intermediate- and low-risk CLL and the intensity of expression, which is always significantly lower than in healthy donors, correlates with disease stage and progression. Interestingly, both constitutive and sIgM-induced phosphorylation of p38 and JNK is inhibited by LAIR-1 through an ITIM-dependent signal, as demonstrated by the use of specific ITIM-binding peptides; importantly, this inhibitory signal is missing when LAIR-1 is not expressed as occurs in HR CLL. Moreover, engagement of LAIR-1 blocks constitutive and sIgM-induced Akt phosphorylation, besides nuclear factor kappa-B nuclear translocation, and prevents CLL division. These results suggest that CLL lacking LAIR-1 may miss one of the molecular mechanisms controlling B-cell activation and proliferation.
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Chong ZZ, Maiese K. The Src homology 2 domain tyrosine phosphatases SHP-1 and SHP-2: diversified control of cell growth, inflammation, and injury. Histol Histopathol 2007; 22:1251-67. [PMID: 17647198 PMCID: PMC2515712 DOI: 10.14670/hh-22.1251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the diverse biology of protein tyrosine phosphatases that are encoded by more than 100 genes in the human genome continues to grow at an accelerated pace. In particular, two cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatases composed of two Src homology 2 (SH2) NH2-terminal domains and a C-terminal protein-tyrosine phosphatase domain referred to as SHP-1 and SHP-2 are known to govern a host of cellular functions. SHP-1 and SHP-2 modulate progenitor cell development, cellular growth, tissue inflammation, and cellular chemotaxis, but more recently the role of SHP-1 and SHP-2 to directly control cell survival involving oxidative stress pathways has come to light. SHP-1 and SHP-2 are fundamental for the function of several growth factor and metabolic pathways yielding far reaching implications for disease pathways and disorders such as diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Although SHP-1 and SHP-2 can employ similar or parallel cellular pathways, these proteins also clearly exert opposing effects upon downstream cellular cascades that affect early and late apoptotic programs. SHP-1 and SHP-2 modulate cellular signals that involve phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, Akt, Janus kinase 2, signal transducer and activator of transcription proteins, mitogen-activating protein kinases, extracellular signal-related kinases, c-Jun-amino terminal kinases, and nuclear factor-kappaB. Our progressive understanding of the impact of SHP-1 and SHP-2 upon multiple cellular environments and organ systems should continue to facilitate the targeted development of treatments for a variety of disease entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Z Chong
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Cerebral Ischemia, Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
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Ozawa T, Nakata K, Mizuno K, Yakura H. Negative autoregulation of Src homology region 2-domain-containing phosphatase-1 in rat basophilic leukemia-2H3 cells. Int Immunol 2007; 19:1049-61. [PMID: 17675340 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxm070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology region 2-domain-containing phosphatase-1 (SHP-1) plays an important role in the regulation of signaling from various receptors in hematopoietic cells. In mast cells, SHP-1 has been shown to negatively regulate the initial signaling triggered by high-affinity receptor for IgE (FcepsilonRI) and positively regulate downstream outputs. To clarify the molecular mechanisms of SHP-1 in mast cells, we determined substrates for SHP-1 by using the substrate-trapping approach. When phosphatase-inactive SHP-1 was over-expressed in rat basophilic leukemia (RBL)-2H3 cells, tyrosine phosphorylation of a 68-kDa protein was enhanced before and after FcepsilonRI aggregation. Immunoprecipitation and western blot analyses revealed that this protein is SHP-1, either endogenous or ectopically expressed. FcepsilonRI-induced activation of Lyn and Syk was comparable between cells expressing wild-type (wt) and phosphatase-inactive SHP-1. In vitro phosphatase assay and combined transfection, immunoprecipitation and immunoblot analyses showed that tyrosine 536 of SHP-1 was potent phosphorylation site and that SHP-1 could dephosphorylate this site that had been phosphorylated by Lyn. Furthermore, the phosphatase activity of SHP-1 immunoprecipitated from cells expressing a phosphatase-inactive SHP-1 was increased compared with that from vector-transfected or wt SHP-1-expressing cells. Finally, expression of phosphatase-inactive SHP-1 resulted in decreased activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and suppressed transcription of cytokine genes, whereas wt SHP-1 enhanced these processes. Taken collectively, these results suggest that SHP-1 may be a physiological substrate of SHP-1 in RBL-2H3 cells and that dephosphorylation of SHP-1 leads to a decrease in its catalytic activity and an enhancement of downstream signaling. A negative autoregulatory circuit of SHP-1 may contribute to mast cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Ozawa
- Department of Immunology and Signal Transduction, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute for Neuroscience, Tokyo Metropolitan Organization for Medical Science, 2-6 Musashidai, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8526, Japan
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Abstract
Tyrosyl phosphorylation plays a critical role in multiple signaling pathways regulating innate and acquired immunity. Although tyrosyl phosphorylation is a reversible process, we know much more about the functions of protein-tyrosine kinases (PTKs) than about protein-tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs). Genome sequencing efforts have revealed a large and diverse superfamily of PTPs, which can be subdivided into receptor-like (RPTPs) and nonreceptor (NRPTPs). The role of the RPTP CD45 in immune cell signaling is well known, but those of most other PTPs remain poorly understood. Here, we review the mechanism of action, regulation, and physiological functions of NRPTPs in immune cell signaling. Such an analysis indicates that PTPs are as important as PTKs in regulating the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily I Pao
- Cancer Biology Program, Division of Hematology-Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA.
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Luckashenak NA, Ryszkiewicz RL, Ramsey KD, Clements JL. The Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76-kDa adaptor links integrin ligation with p44/42 MAPK phosphorylation and podosome distribution in murine dendritic cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:5177-85. [PMID: 17015703 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.8.5177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The Src homology 2 domain-containing leukocyte protein of 76 kDa (SLP-76) is an important molecular intermediate in multiple signaling pathways governing immune cell function. In this study, we report that SLP-76 is expressed in CD11c+ B220- dendritic cells (DCs) isolated from murine thymus or spleen, and that SLP-76 is rapidly phosphorylated on tyrosine residues upon plating of bone marrow-derived DCs (BMDCs) on integrin agonists. SLP-76 is not required for the in vitro or in vivo generation of DCs, but SLP-76-deficient BMDCs adhere poorly to fibronectin, suggesting impaired integrin function. Consistent with impaired adhesion, cutaneous SLP-76-deficient DCs leave ear tissue at an elevated frequency compared with wild-type DCs. In addition, the pattern and distribution of actin-based podosome formation are visibly altered in BMDCs lacking SLP-76 following integrin engagement. SLP-76-deficient BMDCs manifest multiple signaling defects following integrin ligation, including reduced global tyrosine phosphorylation and markedly impaired phosphorylation of p44/42 MAPK (ERK1/2). These data implicate SLP-76 as an important molecular intermediate in the signaling pathways regulating multiple integrin-dependent DC functions, and add to the growing body of evidence that hemopoietic cells may use unique molecular intermediates and mechanisms for regulating integrin signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy A Luckashenak
- Department of Immunology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA
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Koretzky GA, Abtahian F, Silverman MA. SLP76 and SLP65: complex regulation of signalling in lymphocytes and beyond. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:67-78. [PMID: 16493428 DOI: 10.1038/nri1750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
SLP76 and SLP65 are adaptor proteins that lack intrinsic enzymatic activity but contain multiple protein-binding domains. These proteins are essential for signalling downstream of integrins and receptors that contain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. The absence of these adaptor proteins profoundly affects various lineages in the haematopoietic compartment and severely compromises vascular development, highlighting their importance as regulators of signalling cascades. In this Review, we discuss the role of SLP76 and SLP65 in several signalling pathways in haematopoietic cells, with an emphasis on recent studies that provide insight into their mechanisms of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary A Koretzky
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 415 BRBII/III, 421 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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Rapoport MJ, Sharabi A, Aharoni D, Bloch O, Zinger H, Dayan M, Mozes E. Amelioration of SLE-like manifestations in (NZBxNZW)F1 mice following treatment with a peptide based on the complementarity determining region 1 of an autoantibody is associated with a down-regulation of apoptosis and of the pro-apoptotic factor JNK kinase. Clin Immunol 2005; 117:262-70. [PMID: 16257268 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2005.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Revised: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with peptides based on the complementarity determining regions (CDR) of murine and human monoclonal anti-DNA antibodies that bear the common idiotype, 16/6 Id, ameliorates disease manifestations of mice with either induced or spontaneous SLE. Aberrant expression and function of the p21Ras/MAP kinase pathway are associated with active SLE. Therefore, we examined the effect of treatment with a CDR1-based peptide of a human autoantibody (hCDR1) on the p21Ras pathway and SLE manifestations of SLE-prone (NZBxNZW)F1 mice. Untreated SLE-afflicted mice demonstrated increased expression of p21Ras and the phosphorylated active form of its down-stream element JNK kinase in conjunction with reduced hSOS and unchanged p120GAP, as compared to healthy controls. Amelioration of SLE manifestations following treatment with hCDR1 was associated with a diminished expression of phosphorylated JNK kinase, mainly in the T cell population that also exhibited reduced rates of apoptosis. Thus, hCDR1 therapy ameliorates SLE, at least in part, via down-regulation of the activity of the pro-apoptotic JNK kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micha J Rapoport
- Department C of Internal Medicine, Assaf Harofeh Medical Center, Zerifin 70300, Israel
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Current World Literature. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2005. [DOI: 10.1097/01.all.0000175939.68435.7e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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