1
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Darcy PW, Denzin LK, Sant'Angelo DB. YY1 lo NKT cells are dedicated IL-10 producers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3897. [PMID: 32127556 PMCID: PMC7054430 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60229-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Co-expression of Yin Yang 1 (YY1) is required for the full function of the transcription factor, PLZF, which is essential for the development of natural killer T cell (NKT cell) effector functions. Discordant expression of YY1 and PLZF, therefore, might define NKT cell subsets with distinct effector functions. A subset of NKT cells was identified that expressed low levels of YY1. YY1lo NKT cells were found in all tissues, had a mature phenotype and, distinct from other NKT cells, expressed almost no ThPOK or Tbet. When activated, YY1lo NKT cells produced little IL-4 or IFN-γ. YY1lo NKT cells were found to constitutively transcribe IL-10 mRNA and, accordingly, produced IL-10 upon primary activation. Finally, we find that tumor infiltrating NKT cells are highly enriched for the YY1lo subset. Low YY1 expression, therefore, defines a previously unrecognized NKT cell subset that is committed to producing IL-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick W Darcy
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Lisa K Denzin
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Derek B Sant'Angelo
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.
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2
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Thapa P, Manso B, Chung JY, Romera Arocha S, Xue HH, Angelo DBS, Shapiro VS. The differentiation of ROR-γt expressing iNKT17 cells is orchestrated by Runx1. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7018. [PMID: 28765611 PMCID: PMC5539328 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
iNKT cells are a unique lineage of T cells that recognize glycolipid presented by CD1d. In the thymus, they differentiate into iNKT1, iNKT2 and iNKT17 effector subsets, characterized by preferential expression of Tbet, Gata3 and ROR-γt and production of IFN-γ, IL-4 and IL-17, respectively. We demonstrate that the transcriptional regulator Runx1 is essential for the generation of ROR-γt expressing iNKT17 cells. PLZF-cre Runx1 cKO mice lack iNKT17 cells in the thymus, spleen and liver. Runx1-deficient iNKT cells have altered expression of several genes important for iNKT17 differentiation, including decreased expression of IL-7Rα, BATF and c-Maf and increased expression of Bcl11b and Lef1. However, reduction of Lef1 expression or introduction of an IL-7Rα transgene is not sufficient to correct the defect in iNKT17 differentiation, demonstrating that Runx1 is a key regulator of several genes required for iNKT17 differentiation. Loss of Runx1 leads to a severe decrease in iNKT cell numbers in the thymus, spleen and liver. The decrease in cell number is due to a combined decrease in proliferation at Stage 1 during thymic development and increased apoptosis. Thus, we describe a novel role of Runx1 in iNKT cell development and differentiation, particularly in orchestrating iNKT17 differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puspa Thapa
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Bryce Manso
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ji Young Chung
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Sinibaldo Romera Arocha
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Hai-Hui Xue
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, 51 Newton Rd Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Derek B Sant' Angelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School and The Children's Health Institute of New Jersey, 89 French Street, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA
| | - Virginia Smith Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, College of Medicine, 200 1st Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
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3
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Vieth JA, Das J, Ranaivoson FM, Comoletti D, Denzin LK, Sant'Angelo DB. TCRα-TCRβ pairing controls recognition of CD1d and directs the development of adipose NKT cells. Nat Immunol 2016; 18:36-44. [PMID: 27869818 DOI: 10.1038/ni.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between the T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expressed by natural killer T cells (NKT cells) and the antigen-presenting molecule CD1d is distinct from interactions between the TCR and major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Our molecular modeling suggested that a hydrophobic patch created after TCRα-TCRβ pairing has a role in maintaining the conformation of the NKT cell TCR. Disruption of this patch ablated recognition of CD1d by the NKT cell TCR but not interactions of the TCR with MHC. Partial disruption of the patch, while permissive to the recognition of CD1d, significantly altered NKT cell development, which resulted in the selective accumulation of adipose-tissue-resident NKT cells. These results indicate that a key component of the TCR is essential for the development of a distinct population of NKT cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Vieth
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Joy Das
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Fanomezana M Ranaivoson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Lisa K Denzin
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Derek B Sant'Angelo
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Rutgers Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
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4
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Cruz Tleugabulova M, Escalante NK, Deng S, Fieve S, Ereño-Orbea J, Savage PB, Julien JP, Mallevaey T. Discrete TCR Binding Kinetics Control Invariant NKT Cell Selection and Central Priming. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:3959-3969. [PMID: 27798168 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells develop and differentiate in the thymus, segregating into iNKT1/2/17 subsets akin to Th1/2/17 classical CD4+ T cells; however, iNKT TCRs recognize Ags in a fundamentally different way. How the biophysical parameters of iNKT TCRs influence signal strength in vivo and how such signals affect the development and differentiation of these cells are unknown. In this study, we manipulated TCRs in vivo to generate clonotypic iNKT cells using TCR retrogenic chimeras. We report that the biophysical properties of CD1d-lipid-TCR interactions differentially impacted the development and effector differentiation of iNKT cells. Whereas selection efficiency strongly correlated with TCR avidity, TCR signaling, cell-cell conjugate formation, and iNKT effector differentiation correlated with the half-life of CD1d-lipid-TCR interactions. TCR binding properties, however, did not modulate Ag-induced iNKT cytokine production. Our work establishes that discrete TCR interaction kinetics influence iNKT cell development and central priming.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nichole K Escalante
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Shenglou Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Stephanie Fieve
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - June Ereño-Orbea
- The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; and
| | - Paul B Savage
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT 84602
| | - Jean-Philippe Julien
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.,The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario M5G 0A4, Canada; and.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada;
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5
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Roh KH, Roy K. Engineering approaches for regeneration of T lymphopoiesis. Biomater Res 2016; 20:20. [PMID: 27358746 PMCID: PMC4926289 DOI: 10.1186/s40824-016-0067-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells play a central role in immune-homeostasis; specifically in the induction of antigen-specific adaptive immunity against pathogens and mutated self with immunological memory. The thymus is the unique organ where T cells are generated. In this review, first the complex structures and functions of various thymic microcompartments are briefly discussed to identify critical engineering targets for regeneration of thymic functions in vitro and in vivo. Then the biomimetic regenerative engineering approaches are reviewed in three categories: 1) reconstruction of 3-D thymic architecture, 2) cellular engineering, and 3) biomaterials-based artificial presentation of critical biomolecules. For each engineering approach, remaining challenges and clinical opportunities are also identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Ho Roh
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 950 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, 950 Atlantic Drive NW, Atlanta, GA 30332 USA
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6
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Wen X, Kim S, Xiong R, Li M, Lawrenczyk A, Huang X, Chen SY, Rao P, Besra GS, Dellabona P, Casorati G, Porcelli SA, Akbari O, Exley MA, Yuan W. A Subset of CD8αβ+ Invariant NKT Cells in a Humanized Mouse Model. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2015; 195:1459-69. [PMID: 26157173 PMCID: PMC4530047 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1500574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Invariant NKT (iNKT) cells are unconventional innate-like T cells demonstrating potent antitumor function in conventional mouse models. However, the iNKT cell ligands have had limited efficacy in human antitumor clinical trials, mostly due to the profound differences in the properties and compositions of iNKT cells between the two species, including the presence of a CD8(+) subset of iNKT cells only in humans. To build reliable in vivo models for studying human iNKT cells, we recently developed the first humanized mouse model (hCD1d-KI) with human CD1d knocked in. To further humanize the mouse model, we now introduced the human invariant NKT TCRα-chain (Vα24Jα18) into the hCD1d-knockin mice. Similar to humans, this humanized mouse model developed a subset of CD8αβ(+) iNKT cells among other human-like iNKT subsets. The presence of the CD8αβ(+) iNKT cells in the thymus suggests that these cells developed in the thymus. In the periphery, these NKT cells showed a strong Th1-biased cytokine response and potent cytotoxicity for syngeneic tumor cells upon activation, as do human CD8αβ(+) iNKT cells. The low binding avidity of iNKT TCRs to the human CD1d/lipid complex and high prevalence of Vβ7 TCRβ among the CD8(+) iNKT cells strongly point to a low avidity-based developmental program for these iNKT cells, which included the suppression of Th-POK and upregulation of eomesodermin transcriptional factors. Our establishment of this extensively humanized mouse model phenotypically and functionally reflecting the human CD1d/iNKT TCR system will greatly facilitate the future design and optimization of iNKT cell-based immunotherapies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/genetics
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- CD8 Antigens/metabolism
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic
- Humans
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunophenotyping
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Animal
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Phenotype
- Protein Binding
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangshu Wen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Seil Kim
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ran Xiong
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Michelle Li
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Agnieszka Lawrenczyk
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Xue Huang
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Si-Yi Chen
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Ping Rao
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Gurdyal S Besra
- School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Paolo Dellabona
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Casorati
- Experimental Immunology Unit, Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Steven A Porcelli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Omid Akbari
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Mark A Exley
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Manchester Collaborative Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9NT, United Kingdom; and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Weiming Yuan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033;
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7
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Hwang S, Palin AC, Li L, Song KD, Lee J, Herz J, Tubo N, Chu H, Pepper M, Lesourne R, Zvezdova E, Pinkhasov J, Jenkins MK, McGavern D, Love PE. TCR ITAM multiplicity is required for the generation of follicular helper T-cells. Nat Commun 2015; 6:6982. [PMID: 25959494 PMCID: PMC4428620 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) complex contains 10 copies of a di-tyrosine Immunoreceptor-Tyrosine-based-Activation-Motif (ITAM) that initiates TCR signalling by recruiting protein tyrosine kinases. ITAM multiplicity amplifies TCR signals, but the importance of this capability for T-cell responses remains undefined. Most TCR ITAMs (6 of 10) are contributed by the CD3ζ subunits. We generated 'knock-in' mice that express non-signalling CD3ζ chains in lieu of wild-type CD3ζ. Here we demonstrate that ITAM multiplicity is important for the development of innate-like T-cells and follicular helper T-cells, events that are known to require strong/sustained TCR-ligand interactions, but is not essential for 'general' T-cell responses including proliferation and cytokine production or for the generation of a diverse antigen-reactive TCR repertoire.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens/immunology
- Cell Proliferation
- Clone Cells
- Female
- Immunologic Memory
- Immunoreceptor Tyrosine-Based Activation Motif
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Natural Killer T-Cells/cytology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Structure-Activity Relationship
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/cytology
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Affiliation(s)
- SuJin Hwang
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Amy C. Palin
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - LiQi Li
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jan Lee
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Jasmin Herz
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Noah Tubo
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Hamlet Chu
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Marion Pepper
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Renaud Lesourne
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Ekaterina Zvezdova
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Julia Pinkhasov
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Marc K. Jenkins
- Department of Microbiology, Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Dorian McGavern
- Viral Immunology and Intravital Imaging Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
| | - Paul E. Love
- Program in Genomics of Differentiation, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Room 2B-210, Building 6B, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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8
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Role for lysosomal phospholipase A2 in iNKT cell-mediated CD1d recognition. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5097-102. [PMID: 23493550 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302923110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells recognize self lipid antigens presented by CD1d molecules. The nature of the self-antigens involved in the development and maturation of iNKT cells is poorly defined. Lysophospholipids are self-antigens presented by CD1d that are generated through the action of phospholipases A1 and A2. Lysosomal phospholipase A2 (LPLA2, group XV phospholipase A2) resides in the endocytic system, the main site where CD1d antigen acquisition occurs, suggesting that it could be particularly important in CD1d function. We find that Lpla2(-/-) mice show a decrease in iNKT cell numbers that is neither the result of a general effect on the development of lymphocyte populations nor of effects on CD1d expression. However, endogenous lipid antigen presentation by CD1d is reduced in the absence of LPLA2. Our data suggest that LPLA2 plays a role in the generation of CD1d complexes with thymic lipids required for the normal selection and maturation of iNKT cells.
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9
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Brennan PJ, Brigl M, Brenner MB. Invariant natural killer T cells: an innate activation scheme linked to diverse effector functions. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:101-17. [PMID: 23334244 DOI: 10.1038/nri3369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells exist in a 'poised effector' state, which enables them to rapidly produce cytokines following activation. Using a nearly monospecific T cell receptor, they recognize self and foreign lipid antigens presented by CD1d in a conserved manner, but their activation can catalyse a spectrum of polarized immune responses. In this Review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the innate-like mechanisms underlying iNKT cell activation and describe how lipid antigens, the inflammatory milieu and interactions with other immune cell subsets regulate the functions of iNKT cells in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Brennan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Immunology and Allergy, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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10
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CD1d and natural killer T cells in immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2013; 783:199-223. [PMID: 23468111 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-6111-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The critical role of peptide antigen-specific T cells in controlling mycobacterial infections is well documented in natural resistance and vaccine-induced immunity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. However, many other populations of leukocytes contribute to innate and adaptive immunity against mycobacteria. Among these, non-conventional T cells recognizing lipid antigens presented by the CD1 antigen presentation system have attracted particular interest. In this chapter, we review the basic immunobiology and potential antimycobacterial properties of a subset of CD1-restricted T cells that have come to be known as Natural Killer T cells. This group of lipid reactive T cells is notable for its high level of conservation between humans and mice, thus enabling a wide range of highly informative studies in mouse models. As reviewed below, NKT cells appear to have subtle but potentially significant activities in the host response to mycobacteria. Importantly, they also provide a framework for investigations into other types of lipid antigen-specific T cells that may be more abundant in larger mammals such as humans.
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11
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TRIM28 mediates chromatin modifications at the TCRα enhancer and regulates the development of T and natural killer T cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:20083-8. [PMID: 23169648 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1214704109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell receptor-α (TCRα) rearrangement in CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive immature thymocytes is a prerequisite for production of αβ T cells and invariant natural killer T cells. This developmental event is regulated by the TCRα enhancer (Eα), which induces chromatin modification and recruitment of the recombination-activating proteins Rag1 and Rag2. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the activation and long-range action of Eα remains incompletely understood. We show here that the chromatin-modifying factor TRIM28 is highly expressed in double-positive thymocytes and persistently phosphorylated at serine 473. TRIM28 binds to Eα and induces histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation in the Eα and distant regions of the TCRα locus, coupled with recruitment of Rag proteins. T-cell-conditional ablation of TRIM28 impaired TCRα gene rearrangement and compromised the development of αβ T cells and invariant natural killer T cells. These findings establish TRIM28 as a unique regulator of thymocyte development and highlight an epigenetic mechanism involving TRIM28-mediated active chromatin modification in the TCRα locus.
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12
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Yassai M, Cooley B, Gorski J. Developmental dynamics of post-selection thymic DN iNKT. PLoS One 2012; 7:e43509. [PMID: 22927977 PMCID: PMC3425480 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0043509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells develop in the thymus and branch off from the maturation pathway of conventional T cell at the DP stage. While different stages of iNKT cellular development have been defined, the actual time that iNKT cell precursors spend at each stage is still unknown. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDING Here we report on maturation dynamics of post-selection DN iNKT cells by injecting wild-type DP(dim) thymocytes into the thymus of TCRα(-/-) mice and using the Vα14-Jα18 rearrangements as a molecular marker to follow the maturation dynamics of these cells. CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE This study shows that the developmental dynamics of DN iNKT cells in DP(dim) are very rapid and that it takes less than 1 day to down-regulate CD4 and CD8 and become DN. These DN cells are precursors of peripheral DN iNKT cells and appear in the spleen in 1-2 days. Thymic DN iNKT residents are predominantly derived from cells that quickly return from the periphery. The expansion of a very small subset of DN iNKT precursors could also play a small role in this process. These data are an example of measuring T cell maturation in the thymus and show that the maturation dynamics of selected DN iNKT cells fall within the same general time frame as conventional αβ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Yassai
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States of America.
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13
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Macedo MF, Quinta R, Pereira CS, Sa Miranda MC. Enzyme replacement therapy partially prevents invariant Natural Killer T cell deficiency in the Fabry disease mouse model. Mol Genet Metab 2012; 106:83-91. [PMID: 22425450 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fabry disease is a lysosomal storage disease caused by deficient activity of the α-Galactosidase A (α-Gal A) enzyme, which leads to abnormal accumulation of glycosphingolipids, mainly globotriaosylceramide (Gb3), in the lysosome. Glycosphingolipids are known to be invariant Natural Killer T (iNKT) cell antigens. Several animal models of lysosomal storage diseases, including Fabry disease, present a defect in iNKT cell selection by the thymus. We have studied the effect of age and the impact of enzyme replacement therapy on Gb3 accumulation and iNKT cells of Fabry knockout mice. At 4 weeks of age, Fabry knockout mice already showed Gb3 accumulation and a reduction in the percentage of iNKT cells. In older mice (12-week old), we observed an accentuated peripheral iNKT deficiency. 12-week old animals also showed a reduced splenic CD4+/CD4- iNKT cell ratio due to greater loss in the iNKT CD4+ subset. Treatment of Fabry knockout mice with α-Gal A replacement therapy efficiently reduced Gb3 deposition in the liver and spleen. Moreover, enzyme replacement therapy had a positive effect on the number of iNKT cells in an organ-dependent fashion. Indeed, treatment of Fabry knockout mice with α-Gal A did not alter iNKT cell percentage in the thymus and liver but increased splenic iNKT cell percentage when compared to untreated mice. Study of animals prior to treatment indicates that enzyme replacement therapy stabilized iNKT cell percentage in the spleen. This stabilization is due to a specific effect on the iNKT CD4+ subset, preventing the decrease on the number of these cells that occurs with age in Fabry knockout mice. This study reveals that enzyme replacement therapy has a positive organ and subset-dependent effect in iNKT cells of Fabry knockout mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Fatima Macedo
- Lysosome and Peroxisome Biology Unit (UniLiPe), IBMC, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, Universidade do Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre nº 823, 4150-180, Porto, Portugal.
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14
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Greenaway HY, Ng B, Price DA, Douek DC, Davenport MP, Venturi V. NKT and MAIT invariant TCRα sequences can be produced efficiently by VJ gene recombination. Immunobiology 2012; 218:213-24. [PMID: 22647874 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2012.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/24/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Semi-invariant T cell receptors (TCRs) found on natural killer T (NKT) and mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are characterized by the use of invariant variable (V) and joining (J) gene combinations in the TCR α-chain, as well as ubiquitous canonical TCRα amino acid sequences that are dominant in many individuals and similar across species. That they are so prevalent indicates that they occupy an important niche within the immune system. However, these TCRs are produced by a largely random gene recombination process, which seems a risky approach for the immune system to acquire these innate-like cells. We surveyed studies reporting NKT and MAIT TCRα sequences for six and four different species, respectively. Although the germline nature of the canonical human and mouse NKT and mouse MAIT TCRα sequences and an overlap of nucleotides between the mouse MAIT-related Vα and Jα genes have been noted in previous studies, in this study we demonstrate that, for all reported species, the canonical TCRα amino acid sequences can be encoded by at least one germline-derived nucleotide sequence. Moreover, these nucleotide sequences can utilize an overlap between the Vα and Jα genes in their production, which enables them to be produced by a large variety of recombination mechanisms. We investigated the role of these TCRα features in the production of the canonical NKT and MAIT TCRα sequences. In computer simulations of a random recombination process involving the invariant NKT and MAIT TCRα gene combinations for each species, the canonical NKT and MAIT TCRα sequences were the first or second most generated of all sequences with the CDR3α length restrictions associated with NKT and MAIT cells. These results suggest that the immune machinery enables the canonical NKT and MAIT TCRα sequences to be produced with great efficiency through the process of convergent recombination, ensuring their prevalence across individuals and species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yee Greenaway
- Computational Biology Group, Centre for Vascular Research, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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15
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Das R, Sant'Angelo DB, Nichols KE. Transcriptional control of invariant NKT cell development. Immunol Rev 2011; 238:195-215. [PMID: 20969594 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00962.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells comprise a rare lymphocyte sublineage with phenotypic and functional properties similar to T and NK cells. Akin to conventional αβ T cells, their development occurs primarily in the thymus, where they originate from CD4(+) CD8(+) double positive (DP) progenitors. However, the selection of iNKT cells is unique in that it is mediated by homotypic interactions of DP cells and recognition of glycolipid antigen-CD1d complexes. Additionally, iNKT cells acquire an activated innate-like phenotype during development that allows them to release cytokines rapidly following antigen exposure. Given their hybrid features, it is not surprising that the developmental program of iNKT cells partially overlaps with that of T and NK cells. Several recent reports have provided new and exciting insights into the developmental mechanisms that direct natural killer T (NKT) cell lineage commitment and maturation. In this review, we provide a discussion of the NKT cell developmental program with an emphasis on the signaling mechanisms and transcription factors that influence the ontogeny of this lineage. Continued investigations into the complex interplay of these transcription factors and their relationship with other extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules will undoubtedly provide important clues into the biology of this unusual T-cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Das
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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16
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Kovalovsky D, Alonzo ES, Uche OU, Eidson M, Nichols KE, Sant'Angelo DB. PLZF induces the spontaneous acquisition of memory/effector functions in T cells independently of NKT cell-related signals. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 184:6746-55. [PMID: 20495068 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The broad complex, tramtrack, bric-a-brac-zinc finger (BTB-ZF) transcription factor promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF) is required for development of the characteristic innate/effector functions of NKT cells. In this study, we report the characterization and functional analysis of transgenic mouse T cells with forced expression of PLZF. PLZF expression was sufficient to provide some memory/effector functions to T cells without the need for Ag stimulation or proliferation. The acquisition of this phenotype did not require the proliferation typically associated with T cell activation. Furthermore, PLZF transgenic cells maintained a diverse TCR repertoire, indicating that there was no preferential expansion of specific clones. Functionally, PLZF transgenic CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes were similar to wild type memory cells, in that they had similar requirements for costimulation and exhibited a similar pattern of cytokine secretion, with the notable exception that transgenic T cells produced significantly increased levels of IL-17. Whereas transgene-mediated PLZF expression was not sufficient to rescue NKT cell development in Fyn- or signaling lymphocytic activation-associated protein (SAP)-deficient mice, the acquisition of memory/effector functions induced by PLZF in conventional T cells was independent of Fyn and SAP. These data show that PLZF is sufficient to promote T cell effector functions and that PLZF acts independently of SAP- and Fyn-mediated signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damian Kovalovsky
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY 10065, USA
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17
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Alonzo ES, Gottschalk RA, Das J, Egawa T, Hobbs RM, Pandolfi PP, Pereira P, Nichols KE, Koretzky GA, Jordan MS, Sant'Angelo DB. Development of promyelocytic zinc finger and ThPOK-expressing innate gamma delta T cells is controlled by strength of TCR signaling and Id3. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 184:1268-79. [PMID: 20038637 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0903218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The broad-complex tramtrack and bric a brac-zinc finger transcriptional regulator (BTB-ZF), promyelocytic leukemia zinc finger (PLZF), was recently shown to control the development of the characteristic innate T cell phenotype and effector functions of NK T cells. Interestingly, the ectopic expression of PLZF was shown to push conventional T cells into an activated state that seems to be proinflammatory. The factors that control the normal expression of PLZF in lymphocytes are unknown. In this study, we show that PLZF expression is not restricted to NK T cells but is also expressed by a subset of gammadelta T cells, functionally defining distinct subsets of this innate T cell population. A second BTB-ZF gene, ThPOK, is important for the phenotype of the PLZF-expressing gammadelta T cells. Most importantly, TCR signal strength and expression of inhibitor of differentiation gene 3 control the frequency of PLZF-expressing gammadelta T cells. This study defines the factors that control the propensity of the immune system to produce potentially disease-causing T cell subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric S Alonzo
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, New York, NY, 10065, USA
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18
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Mallevaey T, Scott-Browne JP, Matsuda JL, Young MH, Pellicci DG, Patel O, Thakur M, Kjer-Nielsen L, Richardson SK, Cerundolo V, Howell AR, McCluskey J, Godfrey DI, Rossjohn J, Marrack P, Gapin L. T cell receptor CDR2 beta and CDR3 beta loops collaborate functionally to shape the iNKT cell repertoire. Immunity 2009; 31:60-71. [PMID: 19592274 PMCID: PMC2965025 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2009.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2009] [Accepted: 05/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mouse type I natural killer T cell receptors (iNKT TCRs) use a single V alpha 14-J alpha 18 sequence and V beta s that are almost always V beta 8.2, V beta 7, or V beta 2, although the basis of this differential usage is unclear. We showed that the V beta bias occurred as a consequence of the CDR2 beta loops determining the affinity of the iNKT TCR for CD1d-glycolipids, thus controlling positive selection. Within a conserved iNKT-TCR-CD1d docking framework, these inherent V beta-CD1d affinities are further modulated by the hypervariable CDR3 beta loop, thereby defining a functional interplay between the two iNKT TCR CDR beta loops. These V beta biases revealed a broadly hierarchical response in which V beta 8.2 > V beta 7 > V beta 2 in the recognition of diverse CD1d ligands. This restriction of the iNKT TCR repertoire during thymic selection paradoxically ensures that each peripheral iNKT cell recognizes a similar spectrum of antigens.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Mallevaey
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - James P. Scott-Browne
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Jennifer L. Matsuda
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Mary H. Young
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
| | - Daniel G. Pellicci
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Onisha Patel
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Meena Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Lars Kjer-Nielsen
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | | | - Vincenzo Cerundolo
- Tumour Immunology Group, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Amy R. Howell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - James McCluskey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Dale I. Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jamie Rossjohn
- The Protein Crystallography Unit, ARC Centre of Excellence in Structural and Functional Microbial Genomics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Philippa Marrack
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Colorado Denver school of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver school of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver school of Medicine, Denver, CO 80220, USA
| | - Laurent Gapin
- Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Denver and National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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19
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Sillé FCM, Boxem M, Sprengers D, Veerapen N, Besra G, Boes M. Distinct requirements for CD1d intracellular transport for development of V(alpha)14 iNKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2009; 183:1780-8. [PMID: 19587020 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0901354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The positive selection of V(alpha)14 invariant (i)NKT cells in mice requires CD1d-mediated Ag presentation by CD4(+)CD8(+) thymocytes. Maturation of newly selected iNKT cells continues in the periphery and also involves CD1d expression. CD1d molecules acquire Ags for presentation in endosomal compartments, to which CD1d molecules have access through an intrinsic CD1d-encoded tyrosine motif and by association with the class II MHC chaperone, invariant chain. In this study, we report the generation of mice in which all CD1d is replaced by CD1d-enhanced yellow fluorescent fusion protein (EYFP). CD1d-EYFP molecules are stable, present lipid Ags, and have near normal subcellular distribution. CD1d-EYFP molecules mediated positive selection of V(alpha)14 iNKT cell precursors at decreased efficiency, caused a delay in their terminal maturation, and did not invoke V(alpha)14iNKT cell effector function as wild-type CD1d could. Using these mice, we show that the intrinsic CD1d-encoded sorting motif mediates thymic selection and activation of V(alpha)14 iNKT cells by professional APCs, while for peripheral terminal differentiation the intrinsic CD1d sorting motif is dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenna C M Sillé
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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20
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Olson CM, Bates TC, Izadi H, Radolf JD, Huber SA, Boyson JE, Anguita J. Local production of IFN-gamma by invariant NKT cells modulates acute Lyme carditis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2009; 182:3728-34. [PMID: 19265151 PMCID: PMC2679988 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0804111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The Lyme disease spirochete Borrelia burgdorferi is the only known human pathogen that directly activates invariant NKT (iNKT) cells. The number and activation kinetics of iNKT cells vary greatly among different strains of mice. We now report the role of the iNKT cell response in the pathogenesis of Lyme disease using C57BL/6 mice, a strain with optimal iNKT cell activation that is resistant to the development of spirochetal-induced inflammation. During experimental infection of B6 mice with B. burgdorferi, iNKT cells localize to the inflamed heart where they are activated by CD1d-expressing macrophages. Activation of iNKT cells in vivo results in the production of IFN-gamma, which we demonstrate ameliorates the severity of murine Lyme carditis by at least two mechanisms. First, IFN-gamma enhances the recognition of B. burgdorferi by macrophages, leading to increased phagocytosis of the spirochete. Second, IFN-gamma activation of macrophages increases the surface expression of CD1d, thereby facilitating further iNKT activation. Collectively, our data demonstrate that in the resistant background, B6, iNKT cells modulate the severity of murine Lyme carditis through the action of IFN-gamma, which appears to self-renew through a positive feedback loop during infection.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1d/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD1d/genetics
- Antigens, CD1d/physiology
- Borrelia burgdorferi/immunology
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Feedback, Physiological/genetics
- Feedback, Physiological/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/physiology
- Lyme Disease/immunology
- Lyme Disease/metabolism
- Lyme Disease/therapy
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Macrophage Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocarditis/immunology
- Myocarditis/metabolism
- Myocarditis/therapy
- Natural Killer T-Cells/immunology
- Natural Killer T-Cells/metabolism
- Natural Killer T-Cells/pathology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Interferon/deficiency
- Receptors, Interferon/genetics
- Interferon gamma Receptor
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris M. Olson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Tonya C. Bates
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Hooman Izadi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
| | - Justin D. Radolf
- Departments of Medicine and Genetics and Developmental Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030
| | - Sally A. Huber
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Jonathan E. Boyson
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05401
| | - Juan Anguita
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Massachusetts at Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003
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21
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Lalazar G, Ben Ya'acov A, Livovsky DM, El Haj M, Pappo O, Preston S, Zolotarov L, Ilan Y. Beta-glycoglycosphingolipid-induced alterations of the STAT signaling pathways are dependent on CD1d and the lipid raft protein flotillin-2. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 174:1390-9. [PMID: 19246642 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Beta-glucosylceramide has been shown to affect natural killer T cell function in models of inflammation. We, therefore, investigated the effects of different beta-glycosphingolipids, including beta-glucosylceramide, on STAT (signal transducers and activators of transcription) signaling pathways and determined whether these effects were mediated by lipid raft microdomains and/or CD1d molecules. The effects of alpha- and beta-structured ligands on the lipid raft protein flotillin-2 were studied in both natural killer T hybridoma cells and leptin-deficient mice. To determine whether CD1d was involved in the effects of the beta-glycosphingolipids, an anti-CD1d blocking antibody was used in a cell proliferation assay system. The downstream effects on the protein phosphorylation levels of STAT1, STAT3, and STAT6 were examined in both immune-mediated hepatitis and hepatoma models. The effects of beta-glycosphingolipids on the STAT signaling pathways were found to be dependent on CD1d. Lipid rafts were affected by both the dose and ratio of the beta-glycosphingolipids and the acyl chain length, and these effects were followed by downstream effects on STAT proteins. Our results show that beta-glycosphingolipids have beneficial effects in natural killer T cell-dependent immune-mediated metabolic and malignant animal models in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gadi Lalazar
- Liver Unit, Department of Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, P.O.B 12000, Jerusalem, Israel, IL-91120
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22
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NKT cells prevent chronic joint inflammation after infection with Borrelia burgdorferi. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:19863-8. [PMID: 19060201 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0810519105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Borrelia burgdorferi is the etiologic agent of Lyme disease, a multisystem inflammatory disorder that principally targets the skin, joints, heart, and nervous system. The role of T lymphocytes in the development of chronic inflammation resulting from B. burgdorferi infection has been controversial. We previously showed that natural killer T (NKT) cells with an invariant (i) TCR alpha chain (iNKT cells) recognize glycolipids from B. burgdorferi, but did not establish an in vivo role for iNKT cells in Lyme disease pathogenesis. Here, we evaluate the importance of iNKT cells for host defense against these pathogenic spirochetes by using Valpha14i NKT cell-deficient (Jalpha18(-/-)) BALB/c mice. On tick inoculation with B. burgdorferi, Jalpha18(-/-) mice exhibited more severe and prolonged arthritis as well as a reduced ability to clear spirochetes from infected tissues. Valpha14i NKT cell deficiency also resulted in increased production of antibodies directed against both B. burgdorferi protein antigens and borrelial diacylglycerols; the latter finding demonstrates that anti-glycolipid antibody production does not require cognate help from Valpha14i NKT cells. Valpha14i NKT cells in infected wild-type mice expressed surface activation markers and produced IFNgamma in vivo after infection, suggesting a participatory role for this unique population in cellular immunity. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis that the antigen-specific activation of Valpha14i NKT cells is important for the prevention of persistent joint inflammation and spirochete clearance, and they counter the long-standing notion that humoral rather than cellular immunity is sufficient to facilitate Lyme disease resolution.
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23
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The BTB-zinc finger transcriptional regulator PLZF controls the development of invariant natural killer T cell effector functions. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:1055-64. [PMID: 18660811 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/04/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) have an innate immunity-like rapidity of response and the ability to modulate the effector functions of other cells. We show here that iNKT cells specifically expressed the BTB-zinc finger transcriptional regulator PLZF. In the absence of PLZF, iNKT cells developed, but they lacked many features of innate T cells. PLZF-deficient iNKT cells accumulated in lymph nodes rather than in the liver, did not express NK markers and did not have the characteristic activated phenotype. PLZF-deficient iNKT cells failed to secrete large amounts of interleukin 4 and interferon-gamma after activation; however, some cells produced either interleukin 4 or interferon-gamma but not both. PLZF, therefore, is an iNKT cell-specific transcription factor that is necessary for full functionality.
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24
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Germanov E, Veinotte L, Cullen R, Chamberlain E, Butcher EC, Johnston B. Critical Role for the Chemokine Receptor CXCR6 in Homeostasis and Activation of CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:81-91. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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25
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Li W, Sofi MH, Rietdijk S, Wang N, Terhorst C, Chang CH. The SLAM-associated protein signaling pathway is required for development of CD4+ T cells selected by homotypic thymocyte interaction. Immunity 2008; 27:763-74. [PMID: 18031696 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2007] [Revised: 09/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
MHC class II-expressing double-positive thymocytes induce progression of CD4(+) T cell development as efficiently as cortical thymic epithelial cells do. Because double-positive thymocytes expressing CD1d select natural killer T (NKT) cells, we investigated whether thymocyte-selected CD4(+) (T-CD4) T cells require the same signaling components as NKT cells. Using bone-marrow chimeras, we found that the signaling molecules SAP, Fyn, and PKCtheta were essential for T-CD4 T cell generation, whereas mutations in the Ly108 receptor, interleukin-15 receptor alpha, or the transcription factor T-bet had a marginal effect. Furthermore, SAP was critical for IL-4 production by T-CD4 T cells, but the PKCtheta deficiency did not alter the ability of T-CD4 T cells to produce cytokines. T-bet was necessary to produce the maximum amount of IFN-gamma for CD4(+) T cells regardless of the selection pathway. Thus, in contrast to epithelial cell-selected CD4(+) T cells, the two distinct lineages of T cells selected by thymocytes--i.e., T-CD4 and NKT cells--both utilize the SAP-Fyn-PKCtheta pathway for their development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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26
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Dluzniewska J, Zou L, Harmon IR, Ellingson MT, Peterson EJ. Immature hematopoietic cells display selective requirements for adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein in development and homeostatsis. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:3208-19. [PMID: 17948263 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion- and degranulation-promoting adaptor protein (ADAP) modulates T cell development and function and promotes TCR signaling. Regulation of ADAP protein expression during thymopoiesis and in development of other hematopoietic lineages has not been explored. Using intracellular staining, we detected ADAP protein in bone marrow lymphocyte precursors. Like its binding partner SH2-containing leukocyte phosphoprotein of 76 kDa, ADAP is dynamically regulated during thymocyte positive selection. ADAP is also found in unconventional thymocytes, including NKT, CD8alphaalpha, and TCRgammadelta T cells. In peripheral T cells, ADAP is up-regulated after TCR stimulation and with acquisition of memory status. Although absent in splenic B cells, ADAP is present in pro-B cells, as well as in BM erythrocyte and myeloid progenitors. Studies with radiation chimeras show that ADAP is dispensable for NKT, CD8alphaalpha and TCRgammadelta T cell development, while confirming that ADAP is required for optimal development of conventional TCRalphabeta T cells in the thymus. Interestingly, ADAP is necessary for CD8alphaalpha homeostasis in the small intestinal epithelium, yet is dispensable for optimal reconstitution of splenic B cell populations. Our observations highlight the dynamic regulation of ADAP during T cell maturation and document expression patterns that suggest a possible role for ADAP in development of non-T hematopoietic lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Dluzniewska
- Department of Internal Medicine and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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27
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Hager E, Hawwari A, Matsuda JL, Krangel MS, Gapin L. Multiple constraints at the level of TCRalpha rearrangement impact Valpha14i NKT cell development. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:2228-34. [PMID: 17675483 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.4.2228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD1d-restricted NKT cells that express an invariant Valpha14 TCR represent a subset of T cells implicated in the regulation of several immune responses, including autoimmunity, infectious disease, and cancer. Proper rearrangement of Valpha14 with the Jalpha18 gene segment in immature thymocytes is a prerequisite to the production of a TCR that can be subsequently positively selected by CD1d/self-ligand complexes in the thymus and gives rise to the NKT cell population. We show here that Valpha14 to Jalpha rearrangements are temporally regulated during ontogeny providing a molecular explanation to their late appearance in the thymus. Using mice deficient for the transcription factor RORgamma and the germline promoters T early-alpha and Jalpha49, we show that developmental constraints on both Valpha and Jalpha usage impact NKT cell development. Finally, we demonstrate that rearrangements using Valpha14 and Jalpha18 occur normally in the absence of FynT, arguing that the effect of FynT on NKT cell development occurs subsequent to alpha-chain rearrangement. Altogether, this study provides evidence that there is no directed rearrangement of Valpha14 to Jalpha18 segments and supports the instructive selection model for NKT cell selection.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD1/immunology
- Antigens, CD1d
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Models, Immunological
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fyn/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/genetics
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/immunology
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/genetics
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Hager
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO 80206, USA
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28
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Schümann J, Facciotti F, Panza L, Michieletti M, Compostella F, Collmann A, Mori L, De Libero G. Differential alteration of lipid antigen presentation to NKT cells due to imbalances in lipid metabolism. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:1431-41. [PMID: 17492806 DOI: 10.1002/eji.200737160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Deficiencies in enzymes of the lysosomal glycosphingolipid degradation pathway or in lysosomal lipid transfer proteins cause an imbalance in lipid metabolism and induce accumulation of certain lipids. A possible impact of such an imbalance on the presentation of lipid antigens to lipid-reactive T cells has only been hypothesized but not extensively studied so far. Here we demonstrate that presentation of lipid antigens to, and development of, lipid-reactive CD1d-restricted NKT cells, are impaired in mice deficient in the lysosomal enzyme beta-galactosidase (betaGal) or the lysosomal lipid transfer protein Niemann-Pick C (NPC) 2. Importantly, the residual populations of NKT cells selected in betaGal-/- and NPC2-/- mice showed differential TCR and CD4 repertoire characteristics, suggesting that differential selecting CD1d:lipid antigen complexes are formed. Furthermore, we provide direct evidence that accumulation of lipids impairs lipid antigen presentation in both cases. However, the mechanisms by which imbalanced lipid metabolism affected lipid antigen presentation were different. Based on these results, the impact of lipid accumulation should be generally considered in the interpretation of immunological deficiencies found in mice suffering from lipid metabolic disorders.
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MESH Headings
- 1-Deoxynojirimycin/analogs & derivatives
- 1-Deoxynojirimycin/pharmacology
- Animals
- Antigen Presentation/drug effects
- Antigen Presentation/immunology
- Antigens, CD1/analysis
- Antigens, CD1/metabolism
- Antigens, CD1d
- CD4 Antigens/analysis
- CD4 Antigens/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Galactosylceramides/immunology
- Galactosylceramides/metabolism
- Globosides/immunology
- Glycolipids/immunology
- Glycolipids/metabolism
- Humans
- Lipid Metabolism/immunology
- Lipid Metabolism Disorders/genetics
- Lipid Metabolism Disorders/immunology
- Liver/cytology
- Liver/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Spleen/cytology
- Spleen/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Trihexosylceramides/immunology
- Vesicular Transport Proteins/genetics
- beta-Galactosidase/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Schümann
- Experimental Immunology, Department of Research, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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29
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Abstract
CD1d-dependent natural killer T (NKT) cells are a unique T-cell subset with the ability to regulate the immune system in response to a broad range of diseases. That low NKT-cell numbers are associated with many different disease states in mice and humans, combined with the fact that NKT-cell numbers vary widely between individuals, makes it crucial to understand how these cells develop and how their numbers are maintained. Here, we review the current state of knowledge of NKT-cell development and attempt to highlight the most important questions in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
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30
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Abstract
Valpha14 invariant natural killer T (Valpha14i NKT) cells are a unique lineage of mouse T cells that share properties with both NK cells and memory T cells. Valpha14i NKT cells recognize CDld-associated glycolipids via a semi-invariant T cell receptor (TCR) composed of an invariant Valpha14-Jalpha 18 chain paired preferentially with a restricted set of TCRbeta chains. During development in the thymus, rare CD4+ CD8+ (DP) cortical thymocytes that successfully rearrange the semi-invariant TCR are directed to the Valpha14i NKT cell lineage via interactions with CD d-associated endogenous glycolipids expressed by other DP thymocytes. As they mature, Valphal4i NKT lineage cells upregulate activation markers such as CD44 and subsequently express NK-related molecules such as NKI.1 and members of the Ly-49 inhibitory receptor family. The developmental program of Valpha l4i NKT cells is critically regulated by a number of signaling cues that have little or no effect on conventional T cell development, such as the Fyn/SAP/SLAM pathway, NFkappaB and T-bet transcription factors, and the cytokine IL-15. The unique developmental requirements of Valphal4i NKT cells may represent a paradigm for other unconventional T cell subsets that are positively selected by agonist ligands expressed on hematopoietic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R MacDonald
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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31
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Abstract
CD1d-restricted natural killer T (NKT) cells that express an invariant Valpha14 T-cell receptor (TCR) represent a subset of T cells implicated in the regulation of several immune responses, including autoimmunity, infectious diseases, and cancer. Their immunoregulatory functions are defined by their ability to rapidly and abundantly produce cytokines when activated. Unlike conventional T cells, Valpha14i NKT cells appear unique in their tendency to simultaneously produce both Th1 and Th2 cytokines, and whereas they enhance immunity in some disease models, they are reported to suppress immunity in others. This makes their effect on immune responses unpredictable. We reported recently that several important changes in gene expression occur in the course of Valpha14i NKT cell development. Immature and mature Valpha14i NKT cells differ in their expression of cytokines and chemokines, their cytotoxicity, and their expression of diverse chemokine receptors important for their migration. These results suggest that functionally distinct and developmentally linked subsets of Valpha14i NKT cells exist. Although mature NKT cells make up the majority of the peripheral NKT cells, a steady and sizable number of immature NKT cells migrate from the thymus into the periphery each day. These immature NKT cells, contrary to their name, are functional but are likely to behave quite differently from their mature counterparts. To what extent the developmental status of Valpha14i NKT cells plays a role in the outcome of any given immune response remains to be determined. Here we review the current knowledge of Valpha14i NKT cell development and propose that different developmental intermediates might be responsible for the various effects that have been observed in the many models where Valpha14i NKT cells have been implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Matsuda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, USA
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32
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On the road: progress in finding the unique pathway of invariant NKT cell differentiation. Curr Opin Immunol 2007; 19:186-93. [PMID: 17303398 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2007.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two populations of natural killer T cells with invariant TCR alpha-chains (iNKT cells) have been identified in mice and humans. These conserved populations have distinct functional properties and anatomical distributions. The differentiation pathway of iNKT cells positively selected by CD1d molecules branches off from the pathway of mainstream thymocyte development at the double-positive (CD4(+)CD8(+)) stage. Recent work shows how signaling events early in the thymus can imprint the memory-like behavior of these iNKT cells and that unique molecular interactions govern their development and emigration from the thymus. Factors shaping their variable repertoire of the T-cell antigen receptor beta-chain, in addition to novel autologous antigens, have been defined; however, it remains unclear whether there is a single autologous antigen responsible for both positive selection and peripheral activation.
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33
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Kim PJ, Pai SY, Brigl M, Besra GS, Gumperz J, Ho IC. GATA-3 regulates the development and function of invariant NKT cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 177:6650-9. [PMID: 17082577 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.10.6650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Although invariant NKT (iNKT) cells participate in many aspects of immune responses, the molecular mechanisms regulating their development, maturation, and activation are still poorly understood. GATA-3 is a T cell-specific transcription factor that is also expressed in iNKT cells. The critical role of GATA-3 in conventional alphabeta T cells has been well documented, but whether GATA-3 also regulates the development and function of iNKT cells is unknown. In the present study, we report that deficiency of GATA-3 results in cell-intrinsic defects in the thymic development and peripheral maturation of murine iNKT cells. In addition, GATA-3 is also required for survival, activation, and effector functions of this unique population of T cells. Our data also reveal a previously unidentified peripheral maturation step that is GATA-3 dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Kim
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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34
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Kunisaki Y, Tanaka Y, Sanui T, Inayoshi A, Noda M, Nakayama T, Harada M, Taniguchi M, Sasazuki T, Fukui Y. DOCK2 Is Required in T Cell Precursors for Development of Vα14 NK T Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:4640-5. [PMID: 16585555 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.8.4640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mouse CD1d-restricted Valpha14 NKT cells are a unique subset of lymphocytes, which play important roles in immune regulation, tumor surveillance and host defense against pathogens. DOCK2, a mammalian homolog of Caenorhabditis elegans CED-5 and Drosophila melanogaster myoblast city, is critical for lymphocyte migration and regulates T cell responsiveness through immunological synapse formation, yet its role in Valpha14 NKT cells remains unknown. We found that DOCK2 deficiency causes marked reduction of Valpha14 NKT cells in the thymus, liver, and spleen. When alpha-galactosylceramide (alpha-GalCer), a ligand for Valpha14 NKT cells, was administrated, cytokine production was scarcely detected in DOCK2-deficient mice, suggesting that DOCK2 deficiency primarily affects generation of Valpha14 NKT cells. Supporting this idea, staining with CD1d/alpha-GalCer tetramers revealed that CD44- NK1.1- Valpha14 NKT cell precursors are severely reduced in the thymuses of DOCK2-deficient mice. In addition, studies using bone marrow chimeras indicated that development of Valpha14 NKT cells requires DOCK2 expression in T cell precursors, but not in APCs. These results indicate that DOCK2 is required for positive selection of Valpha14 NKT cells in a cell-autonomous manner, thereby suggesting that avidity-based selection also governs development of this unique subset of lymphocytes in the thymus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Kunisaki
- Division of Immunogenetics, Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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35
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Jerud ES, Bricard G, Porcelli SA. CD1d-Restricted Natural Killer T Cells: Roles in Tumor Immunosurveillance and Tolerance. Transfus Med Hemother 2006. [DOI: 10.1159/000090193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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36
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Matsuda JL, Zhang Q, Ndonye R, Richardson SK, Howell AR, Gapin L. T-bet concomitantly controls migration, survival, and effector functions during the development of Valpha14i NKT cells. Blood 2005; 107:2797-805. [PMID: 16357323 PMCID: PMC1895373 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2005-08-3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Valpha14i natural killer T (NKT)-cell function has been implicated in a number of disease conditions. The molecular events that drive Valpha14i NKT-cell development remain elusive. We recently showed that T-bet is required for the terminal maturation of these cells. Here we identify some of the genetic targets of T-bet during Valpha14i NKT-cell lineage development. Microarray gene-expression analyses on developing Valpha14i NKT cells were performed and provide a molecular framework to study these maturation events. In vitro ectopic expression of T-bet in immature Valpha14i NKT cells, which do not yet express T-bet, was sufficient to promote Valpha14i NKT-cell maturation, driving the expression of multiple genes, including those that participate in migration, survival, and effector functions. By regulating the expression of T-helper 1 (Th1)-associated cytokines, chemokines, chemokine receptors, and molecules involved in cytolysis, T-bet defines the unique lineage attributes of mature Valpha14i NKT cells and acts to link these attributes to a developmental process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Matsuda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, University of Colorado Health Science Center, Denver, CO, USA
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37
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Egawa T, Eberl G, Taniuchi I, Benlagha K, Geissmann F, Hennighausen L, Bendelac A, Littman DR. Genetic evidence supporting selection of the Valpha14i NKT cell lineage from double-positive thymocyte precursors. Immunity 2005; 22:705-16. [PMID: 15963785 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2004] [Revised: 03/23/2005] [Accepted: 03/23/2005] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Invariant Valpha14i NKT (iNKT) cells are a specialized subset of T lymphocytes with regulatory functions. They coexpress TCRalphabeta and natural killer cell markers. They differentiate through interaction of their Valpha14-Jalpha18 invariant TCRalpha chains with CD1d expressed on double-positive (DP) thymocytes. Although their development has been shown to be thymus dependent, their developmental pathway has not been definitively established. By using genetic analyses, we show here that all iNKT cells are selected from a pool of DP thymocytes. Their development is absolutely dependent on Runx1 and ROR(gamma)t, transcription factors that influence, but are not required for, development of conventional T cells. Our results indicate that even though CD1d binding DP thymocytes have yet to be observed, Valpha14-Jalpha18 rearrangement in these cells is required for development of iNKT cells.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Core Binding Factor Alpha 2 Subunit
- DNA-Binding Proteins/immunology
- DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Killer Cells, Natural/cytology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Nuclear Receptor Subfamily 1, Group F, Member 3
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/immunology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/immunology
- Receptors, Retinoic Acid/metabolism
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/immunology
- Receptors, Thyroid Hormone/metabolism
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Stem Cells/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- Transcription Factors/immunology
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Egawa
- Molecular Pathogenesis Program, Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, 540 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
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38
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Abstract
Natural killer T (NKT) cells are a distinct lymphocyte lineage that regulates immune responses. During their development in the thymus, immature uncommitted double-positive CD4+CD8+ thymocytes that rearrange the semi-invariant T-cell receptor found on mature NKT cells are positively selected by the non-classical MHC class I molecule CD1d, which is expressed at the surface of cortical thymocytes. At this stage, the positively selected cells branch off from the conventional T-cell developmental program and start to acquire activated and/or memory markers and several 'bona fide' NK cell attributes. Recent work has started to reveal the specific developmental requirements for this divergent pathway of differentiation. These include several signal transduction molecules, transcription factors and cytokines, including T-bet, members of the NF-kappaB family, Fyn and IL-15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Matsuda
- Integrated Department of Immunology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, National Jewish Medical and Research Center, 1400 Jackson Street, Denver, Colorado 80206, USA.
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