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Zhou H, Zhang R, Li M, Wang F, Gao Y, Fang K, Zong J, Chang X. Methazolamide Can Treat Atherosclerosis by Increasing Immunosuppressive Cells and Decreasing Expressions of Genes Related to Proinflammation, Calcification, and Tissue Remodeling. J Immunol Res 2024; 2024:5009637. [PMID: 39081633 PMCID: PMC11288698 DOI: 10.1155/2024/5009637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2024] [Revised: 06/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that carbonic anhydrase I (CA1) is a target for the diagnosis and therapy of atherosclerosis (AS) since CA1 can promote AS aortic calcification. We also found that methazolamide (MTZ), a drug for glaucoma treatment and an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrases, can treat AS by inhibiting calcification in aortic tissues. This study focused on the therapeutic mechanism of MTZ and the pathogenic mechanism of AS. In this study, a routine AS animal model was established in ApoE-/- mice, which were treated with MTZ. The aortic tissues were analyzed using single-cell sequencing. MTZ significantly increased the proportions of B-1/MZB B cells with high expressions of Nr4A1 and Ccr7, CD8+CD122+ Treg-like cells with high Nr4A1 expression, and smooth muscle cells with high Tpm2 expression. These cells or their marker genes were reported to exert immunosuppressive, anti-proinflammatory, and atheroprotective effects. MTZ also decreased the proportions of endothelial cells with high expressions of Retn, Apoc1, Lcn2, Mt1, Serpina3, Lpl, and Lgals3; nonclassical CD14+CD16++ monocytes with high expressions of Mt1, Tyrobp, Lgals3, and Cxcl2; and Spp1+ macrophages with high expressions of Mmp-12, Trem2, Mt1, Lgals3, Cxcl2, and Lpl. These cells or their marker genes have been reported to promote inflammation, calcification, tissue remodeling, and atherogenesis. A significant decrease in the proportion of CD8+CD183 (CXCR3)+ T cells, the counterpart of murine CD8+CD122+ T cells, was detected in the peripheral blood of newly diagnosed AS patients rather than in that of patients receiving anti-AS treatments. These results suggest that MTZ can treat AS by increasing immunosuppressive cells and decreasing expressions of genes related to inflammation, calcification, and tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongji Zhou
- Medical Research CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road 1677, Qingdao 266000, China
- Department of CardiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road 1677, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of CardiologyThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road 1677, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Min Li
- Clinical Laboratory and Central LaboratoryQingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Road Renmin 4, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Fuyan Wang
- Clinical Laboratory and Central LaboratoryQingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Road Renmin 4, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yuxia Gao
- Shandong Engineering Research Center of Bacterial Anti-tumor Drugs and Cell Therapy, Jingshi Road 7000, Jinan 250000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Kehua Fang
- Clinical LaboratoryThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road 1677, Qingdao, Shandong 266000, China
| | - Jinbao Zong
- Clinical Laboratory and Central LaboratoryQingdao Hiser Hospital Affiliated of Qingdao University (Qingdao Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital), Road Renmin 4, Qingdao 266033, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaotian Chang
- Medical Research CenterThe Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Wutaishan Road 1677, Qingdao 266000, China
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Suchanek O, Clatworthy MR. Homeostatic role of B-1 cells in tissue immunity. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1106294. [PMID: 37744333 PMCID: PMC10515722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1106294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
To date, studies of tissue-resident immunity have mainly focused on innate immune cells and T cells, with limited data on B cells. B-1 B cells are a unique subset of B cells with innate-like properties, enriched in murine pleural and peritoneal cavities and distinct from conventional B-2 cells in their ontogeny, phenotype and function. Here we discuss how B-1 cells represent exemplar tissue-resident immune cells, summarizing the evidence for their long-term persistence & self-renewal within tissues, differential transcriptional programming shaped by organ-specific environmental cues, as well as their tissue-homeostatic functions. Finally, we review the emerging data supporting the presence and homeostatic role of B-1 cells across non-lymphoid organs (NLOs) both in mouse and human.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Suchanek
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Menna R. Clatworthy
- Molecular Immunity Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom
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Bolkun L, Tynecka M, Wasiluk T, Piszcz J, Starosz A, Grubczak K, Moniuszko M, Eljaszewicz A. A Proliferation-Inducing Ligand and B-Cell Activating Factor Are Upregulated in Patients with Essential Thrombocythemia. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11164663. [PMID: 36012902 PMCID: PMC9409834 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11164663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-cell activating factor (BAFF) are cytokines belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family which play an essential role in B-cell maturation, differentiation, and survival. Recent evidence indicates their importance in hematological disorders; however, their function in essential thrombocytosis (ET) pathogenesis remains elusive. Therefore, we aimed to analyze the role of APRIL and BAFF in megakaryocytopoiesis in ET patients. We observed elevated levels of APRIL and BAFF in the plasma of ET patients compared with healthy controls, while no differences were found among patients with different JAK2(V617F) statuses. In addition, APRIL levels were positively associated with the number of platelets and WBC count. In the bone marrow, APRIL but not BAFF levels were higher in ET patients with the JAK2(V617F) mutation; however, JAK2(V617F)-negative patients showed slightly reduced levels of BAFF. In ET patients, we showed that the differentiation of CD34+ progenitor cells towards megakaryocytes induces the expression of both APRIL and BAFF. More importantly, APRIL neutralization significantly reduced platelet production. In conclusion, our data provide evidence that blocking APRIL signaling, which acts as an autocrine growth factor for terminal megakaryocytopoiesis, inhibits platelet production in ET patients, regardless of the status of JAK2(V617F) mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Bolkun
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.E.); Tel.: +48-85-7468230 (L.B.); +48-85-748-59-72 (A.E.); Fax: +48-85-748-59-71 (A.E.)
| | - Marlena Tynecka
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Tomasz Wasiluk
- Regional Centre for Transfusion Medicine, Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 23, 15-950 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Jaroslaw Piszcz
- Department of Haematology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Starosz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Kamil Grubczak
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Marcin Moniuszko
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
- Department of Allergology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24A, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Andrzej Eljaszewicz
- Department of Regenerative Medicine and Immune Regulation, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Waszyngtona 13, 15-269 Bialystok, Poland
- Correspondence: (L.B.); (A.E.); Tel.: +48-85-7468230 (L.B.); +48-85-748-59-72 (A.E.); Fax: +48-85-748-59-71 (A.E.)
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Smulski CR, Zhang L, Burek M, Teixidó Rubio A, Briem JS, Sica MP, Sevdali E, Vigolo M, Willen L, Odermatt P, Istanbullu D, Herr S, Cavallari M, Hess H, Rizzi M, Eibel H, Schneider P. Ligand-independent oligomerization of TACI is controlled by the transmembrane domain and regulates proliferation of activated B cells. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110583. [PMID: 35354034 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In mature B cells, TACI controls class-switch recombination and differentiation into plasma cells during T cell-independent antibody responses. TACI binds the ligands BAFF and APRIL. Approximately 10% of patients with common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) carry TACI mutations, of which A181E and C172Y are in the transmembrane domain. Residues A181 and C172 are located on distinct sides of the transmembrane helix, which is predicted by molecular modeling to spontaneously assemble into trimers and dimers. In human B cells, these mutations impair ligand-dependent (C172Y) and -independent (A181E) TACI multimerization and signaling, as well as TACI-enhanced proliferation and/or IgA production. Genetic inactivation of TACI in primary human B cells impaired survival of CpG-activated cells in the absence of ligand. These results identify the transmembrane region of TACI as an active interface for TACI multimerization in signal transduction, in particular for ligand-independent signals. These functions are perturbed by CVID-associated mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian R Smulski
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland; Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany; Medical Physics Department, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida E- Bustillo 9500, R8402AGP Río Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina.
| | - Luyao Zhang
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Malte Burek
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ariadna Teixidó Rubio
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jana-Susann Briem
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Mauricio P Sica
- Medical Physics Department, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida E- Bustillo 9500, R8402AGP Río Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina; Instituto de Energía y Desarrollo Sustentable, Centro Atómico Bariloche, Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica (CNEA), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Avenida E- Bustillo 9500, R8402AGP Río Negro, San Carlos de Bariloche, Argentina
| | - Eirini Sevdali
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michele Vigolo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Laure Willen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Odermatt
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Duygu Istanbullu
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephanie Herr
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Marco Cavallari
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Schänzlestr. 18, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Marta Rizzi
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hermann Eibel
- Faculty of Medicine and Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Department of Rheumatology and Center for Chronic Immunodeficiency, Breisacherstr. 115, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascal Schneider
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Ch. des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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Pattarabanjird T, Marshall M, Upadhye A, Srikakulapu P, Garmey J, Haider A, Taylor AM, Lutgens E, McNamara CA. B-1b Cells Possess Unique bHLH-Driven P62-Dependent Self-Renewal and Atheroprotection. Circ Res 2022; 130:981-993. [PMID: 35209718 PMCID: PMC9075598 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.320436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND B1a and B1b lymphocytes produce IgM that inactivates oxidation-specific epitopes (IgMOSE) on LDL (low-density lipoprotein) and protects against atherosclerosis. Loss of ID3 (inhibitor of differentiation 3) in B cells selectively promotes B1b but not B1a cell numbers, leading to higher IgMOSE production and reduction in atherosclerotic plaque formation. Yet, the mechanism underlying this regulation remains unexplored. METHODS Bulk RNA sequencing was utilized to identify differentially expressed genes in B1a and B1b cells from Id3KO and Id3WT mice. CRISPR/Cas9 and lentiviral genome editing coupled with adoptive transfer were used to identify key Id3-dependent signaling pathways regulating B1b cell proliferation and the impact on atherosclerosis. Biospecimens from humans with advanced coronary artery disease imaging were analyzed to translate murine findings to human subjects with coronary artery disease. RESULTS Through RNA sequencing, P62 was found to be enriched in Id3KO B1b cells. Further in vitro characterization reveals a novel role for P62 in mediating BAFF (B-cell activating factor)-induced B1b cell proliferation through interacting with TRAF6 and activating NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B), leading to subsequent C-MYC upregulation. Promoter-reporter assays reveal that Id3 inhibits the E2A protein from activating the P62 promoter. Mice adoptively transferred with B1 cells overexpressing P62 exhibited an increase in B1b cell number and IgMOSE levels and were protected against atherosclerosis. Consistent with murine mechanistic findings, P62 expression in human B1 cells was significantly higher in subjects harboring a function-impairing SNP (rs11574) in the ID3 gene and directly correlated with plasma IgMOSE levels. CONCLUSIONS This study unveils a novel role for P62 in driving BAFF-induced B1b cell proliferation and IgMOSE production to attenuate diet-induced atherosclerosis. Results identify a direct role for Id3 in antagonizing E2A from activating the p62 promoter. Moreover, analysis of putative human B1 cells also implicates these pathways in coronary artery disease subjects, suggesting P62 as a new immunomodulatory target for treating atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanyaporn Pattarabanjird
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Melissa Marshall
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Aditi Upadhye
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Prasad Srikakulapu
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - James Garmey
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Antony Haider
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Angela M. Taylor
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention (IPEK), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; and German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), partner site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
- Correspondence: Corresponding Author, , Phone: 434-243-5854, Address: 345 Crispell Dr. Charlottesville, VA 22908
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Matsuda Y, Hiramitsu T, Li XK, Watanabe T. Characteristics of Immunoglobulin M Type Antibodies of Different Origins from the Immunologic and Clinical Viewpoints and Their Application in Controlling Antibody-Mediated Allograft Rejection. Pathogens 2020; 10:pathogens10010004. [PMID: 33374617 PMCID: PMC7822424 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibody-mediated allograft rejection (AMR) hinders patient prognosis after organ transplantation. Current studies concerning AMR have mainly focused on the diagnostic value of immunoglobulin G (IgG)-type donor-specific antihuman leukocyte antigen antibodies (DSAs), primarily because of their antigen specificity, whereas the clinical significance of immunoglobulin M (IgM)-type DSAs has not been thoroughly investigated in the context of organ transplantation because of their nonspecificity against antigens. Although consensus regarding the clinical significance and role of IgM antibodies is not clear, as discussed in this review, recent findings strongly suggest that they also have a huge potential in novel diagnostic as well as therapeutic application for the prevention of AMR. Most serum IgM antibodies are known to comprise natural antibodies with low affinity toward antigens, and this is derived from B-1 cells (innate B cells). However, some of the serum IgM-type antibodies reportedly also produced by B-2 cells (conventional B cells). The latter are known to have a high affinity for donor-specific antigens. In this review, we initially discuss how IgM-type antibodies of different origins participate in the pathology of various diseases, directly or through cell surface receptors, complement activation, or cytokine production. Then, we discuss the clinical applicability of B-1 and B-2 cell-derived IgM-type antibodies for controlling AMR with reference to the involvement of IgM antibodies in various pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Matsuda
- Division of Transplant Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
- Department of Advanced Technology for Transplantation, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
- Correspondence:
| | - Takahisa Hiramitsu
- Department of Transplant and Endocrine Surgery, Nagoya Daini Red Cross-Hospital, Aichi 466-8650, Japan;
| | - Xiao-kang Li
- Division of Transplant Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo 157-8535, Japan;
| | - Takeshi Watanabe
- Laboratory of Immunology, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan;
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Khoenkhoen S, Erikson E, Ádori M, Stark JM, Scholz JL, Cancro MP, Pedersen GK, Karlsson Hedestam GB. TACI expression and plasma cell differentiation are impaired in the absence of functional IκBNS. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:485-497. [PMID: 30597621 PMCID: PMC6850186 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Impaired classical NF‐κB pathway signaling causes reduced antibody responses to T‐independent (TI) antigens. We investigated the potential reasons for defective TI responses in mice lacking the atypical inhibitory kappa B (IκB) protein of the NF‐κB pathway, IκBNS. Analyses of the plasma cell compartment in vitro and in vivo after challenge with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) showed significant decreases in the frequencies of plasma cells in the absence of IκBNS. In vitro activation of B cells via the B cell receptor or via Toll‐like receptor 4 revealed that early activation events were unaffected in IκBNS‐deficient B cells, while proliferation was reduced compared to in similarly stimulated wildtype (wt) B cells. IκBNS‐deficient B cells also displayed impaired upregulation of the transmembrane activator and calcium modulator cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), which is essential for TI responses, and decreased sensitivity to TACI ligands upon stimulation. Furthermore, IκBNS‐deficient B cells, in contrast to wt B cells, displayed altered expression of IRF4, Blimp‐1 and Pax5 upon LPS‐induced differentiation, indicating impaired transcriptional regulation of plasma cell generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharesta Khoenkhoen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Elina Erikson
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Ádori
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Julian M Stark
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean L Scholz
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Gabriel K Pedersen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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Zeng Z, Surewaard BGJ, Wong CHY, Guettler C, Petri B, Burkhard R, Wyss M, Le Moual H, Devinney R, Thompson GC, Blackwood J, Joffe AR, McCoy KD, Jenne CN, Kubes P. Sex-hormone-driven innate antibodies protect females and infants against EPEC infection. Nat Immunol 2018; 19:1100-1111. [DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0211-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Liu CC, Wang SC, Kao CW, Hsieh RK, Chang MC, Chang YF, Lim KH, Chen CG. B cells facilitate platelet production mediated by cytokines in patients with essential thrombocythaemia. Thromb Haemost 2017; 112:537-50. [DOI: 10.1160/th13-11-0949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SummaryWe investigated the role of activated B cells in thrombopoiesis through the production of interleukin (IL)-1beta and IL-6 in patients with essential thrombocythaemia. The number of B cells did not differ between essential thrombocythaemia patients, irrespective of the presence of Janus activated kinase-2 V617F mutation or wild type, and age-matched healthy adults. However, the number of IL-1beta/IL- 6-producing B cells was significantly higher in essential thrombocythaemia patients than that in healthy controls. The relatively high level of IL-1beta/IL-6 production by B cells was associated with serum B cell-activating factor and expression of Toll-like receptor 4 on B cells. A high level of B cell-activating factor was present in essential thrombocythaemia patients with both Janus activated kinase-2 genotypes. Incubation with B cell-activating factor enhanced the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 on B cells. IL-1beta and IL-6 production was not stimulated by B cell-activating factor alone; Toll-like receptor 4 was activated by lipopolysaccharide or patients’ sera to produce IL-1beta and IL-6 in B cells. Moreover, essential thrombocythaemia patient B cells facilitated megakaryocyte differentiation when co-cultured with CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells. Antibody neutralisation of IL-1beta and IL-6 attenuated megakaryocyte differentiation. These data suggest that B cells play a crucial role in thrombopoiesis in essential thrombocythaemia patients.
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Borhis G, Trovato M, Chaoul N, Ibrahim HM, Richard Y. B-Cell-Activating Factor and the B-Cell Compartment in HIV/SIV Infection. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1338. [PMID: 29163465 PMCID: PMC5663724 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
With the goal to design effective HIV vaccines, intensive studies focused on broadly neutralizing antibodies, which arise in a fraction of HIV-infected people. Apart from identifying new vulnerability sites in the viral envelope proteins, these studies have shown that a fraction of these antibodies are produced by self/poly-reactive B-cells. These findings prompted us to revisit the B-cell differentiation and selection process during HIV/SIV infection and to consider B-cells as active players possibly shaping the helper T-cell program within germinal centers (GCs). In this context, we paid a particular attention to B-cell-activating factor (BAFF), a key cytokine in B-cell development and immune response that is overproduced during HIV/SIV infection. As it does in autoimmune diseases, BAFF excess might contribute to the abnormal rescue of self-reactive B-cells at several checkpoints of the B-cell development and impair memory B-cell generation and functions. In this review, we first point out what is known about the functions of BAFF/a proliferation-inducing ligand and their receptors [B-cell maturation, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI), and BAFF-R], in physiological and pathophysiological settings, in mice and humans. In particular, we highlight recent results on the previously underappreciated regulatory functions of TACI and on the highly regulated production of soluble TACI and BAFF-R that act as decoy receptors. In light of recent data on BAFF, TACI, and BAFF-R, we then revisit the altered phenotypes and functions of B-cell subsets during the acute and chronic phase of HIV/SIV infection. Given the atypical phenotype and reduced functions of memory B-cells in HIV/SIV infection, we particularly discuss the GC reaction, a key checkpoint where self-reactive B-cells are eliminated and pathogen-specific memory B-cells and plasmablasts/cells are generated in physiological settings. Through its capacity to differentially bind and process BAFF-R and TACI on GC B-cells and possibly on follicular helper T-cells, BAFF appears as a key regulator of the physiological GC reaction. Its local excess during HIV/SIV infection could play a key role in B-cell dysregulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenoline Borhis
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Maria Trovato
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nada Chaoul
- Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique, Institut des maladies Emergentes et Thérapies innovantes, Service d’Immuno-Virologie, Fontenay-aux Roses, France
| | - Hany M. Ibrahim
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Yolande Richard
- INSERM u1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
- CNRS UMR 8104, Paris, France
- Université Paris-Descartes, Paris, France
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11
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Abstract
The two ligands B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and the three receptors BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) are members of the "BAFF system molecules." BAFF system molecules are primarily involved in B cell homeostasis. The relevance of BAFF system molecules in host responses to microbial assaults has been investigated in clinical studies and in mice deficient for each of these molecules. Many microbial products modulate the expression of these molecules. Data from clinical studies suggest a correlation between increased expression levels of BAFF system molecules and elevated B cell responses. Depending on the pathogen, heightened B cell responses may strengthen the host response or promote susceptibility. Whereas pathogen-mediated increases in the expression levels of the ligands and/or the receptors appear to promote microbial clearance, certain pathogens have evolved to ablate B cell responses by suppressing the expression of TACI and/or BAFF-R on B cells. Other than its well-established role in B cell responses, the TACI-mediated activation of macrophages is also implicated in resistance to intracellular pathogens. An improved understanding of the role that BAFF system molecules play in infection may assist in devising novel strategies for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Sakai
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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12
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Cruz-Adalia A, Veiga E. Close Encounters of Lymphoid Cells and Bacteria. Front Immunol 2016; 7:405. [PMID: 27774092 PMCID: PMC5053978 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During infections, the first reaction of the host against microbial pathogens is carried out by innate immune cells, which recognize conserved structures on pathogens, called pathogen-associated molecular patterns. Afterward, some of these innate cells can phagocytose and destroy the pathogens, secreting cytokines that would modulate the immune response to the challenge. This rapid response is normally followed by the adaptive immunity, more specific and essential for a complete pathogen clearance in many cases. Some innate immune cells, usually named antigen-presenting cells, such as macrophages or dendritic cells, are able to process internalized invaders and present their antigens to lymphocytes, triggering the adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the traditional boundary of separated roles between innate and adaptive immunity has been blurred by several studies, showing that very specialized populations of lymphocytes (cells of the adaptive immunity) behave similarly to cells of the innate immunity. These “innate-like” lymphocytes include γδ T cells, invariant NKT cells, B-1 cells, mucosal-associated invariant T cells, marginal zone B cells, and innate response activator cells, and together with the newly described innate lymphoid cells are able to rapidly respond to bacterial infections. Strikingly, our recent data suggest that conventional CD4+ T cells, the paradigm of cells of the adaptive immunity, also present innate-like behavior, capturing bacteria in a process called transinfection. Transinfected CD4+ T cells digest internalized bacteria like professional phagocytes and secrete large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines, protecting for further bacterial challenges. In the present review, we will focus on the data showing such innate-like behavior of lymphocytes following bacteria encounter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aranzazu Cruz-Adalia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
| | - Esteban Veiga
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones, Científicas (CNB-CSIC) , Madrid , Spain
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13
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BAFF upregulates CD28/B7 and CD40/CD154 expression and promotes mouse T and B cell interaction in vitro via BAFF receptor. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2016; 37:1101-9. [PMID: 27180986 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2016.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM B cell-activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF) is a member of TNF family and required for peripheral B cell survival and homeostasis. BAFF has been shown to promote the proliferation of T and B cells. In this study we examined whether and how BAFF mediated the interaction between mouse T and B cells in vitro. METHODS BAFF-stimulated B or T cells were co-cultured with T or B cells. The interactions between T and B cells were analyzed by measuring the expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD28/CD80 or CD40/CD154), the proliferation and secretion of T and B cells and other factors. Two siRNAs against the transmembrane activator and calcium modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI) and BAFF receptor (BAFF-R) were used to identify the receptors responsible for the actions of BAFF. RESULTS BAFF-stimulated B cells significantly promoted the proliferation and activity of co-cultured T cells, and increased the percentages of CD4(+)CD28(+) and CD4(+)CD154(+) T cells. Similarly, BAFF-stimulated T cells significantly promoted the proliferation and activity of co-cultured B cells, and increased CD19(+)CD80(+) and CD19(+)CD40(+)B cell subpopulations. BAFF-R siRNA-silenced B cells showed significantly lower expression of CD40 and CD80 than the control B cells. When the BAFF-R siRNA-silenced B cells were stimulated with BAFF, then co-cultured with T cells, the expression of CD28 and CD154 on T cells was not increased. TACI siRNA-silenced B cells exhibited higher expression of CD40 and CD80 than the control B cells. When the TACI siRNA-silenced B cells were stimulated with BAFF, then co-cultured with T cells, the expression of CD28 and CD154 on T cells was significantly increased. CONCLUSION BAFF upregulates CD28/B7 and CD40/CD154 expression, and promotes the interactions between T and B cells in a BAFF-R-dependent manner.
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Popi AF, Longo-Maugéri IM, Mariano M. An Overview of B-1 Cells as Antigen-Presenting Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:138. [PMID: 27148259 PMCID: PMC4827000 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of B cells as antigen-presenting cells (APCs) has been extensively studied, mainly in relation to the activation of memory T cells. Considering the B cell subtypes, the role of B-1 cells as APCs is beginning to be explored. Initially, it was described that B-1 cells are activated preferentially by T-independent antigens. However, some reports demonstrated that these cells are also involved in a T-dependent response. The aim of this review is to summarize information about the ability of B-1 cells to play a role as APCs and to briefly discuss the role of the BCR and toll-like receptor signals in this process. Furthermore, some characteristics of B-1 cells, such as natural IgM production and phagocytic ability, could interfere in the participation of these cells in the onset of an adaptive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana F Popi
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Ieda M Longo-Maugéri
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Mario Mariano
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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15
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Sharifi L, Mirshafiey A, Rezaei N, Azizi G, Magaji Hamid K, Amirzargar AA, Asgardoon MH, Aghamohammadi A. The role of toll-like receptors in B-cell development and immunopathogenesis of common variable immunodeficiency. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 12:195-207. [PMID: 26654573 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2016.1114885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID) is the most frequent symptomatic primary immune deficiency and is characterized by hypogammaglobulinemia, defect in specific antibody response and increased susceptibility to recurrent infections, malignancy and autoimmunity. Patients with CVID often have defects in post-antigenic B-cell differentiation, with fewer memory B cells and impaired isotype switching. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are expressed on various immune cells as key elements of innate and adaptive immunity. TLR signaling in B cells plays multiple roles in cell differentiation and activation, class-switch recombination and cytokine and antibody production. Moreover, recent studies have shown functional alteration of TLRs responses in CVID patients including poor cell proliferation, impaired upregulation of co-stimulatory molecules and failure in cytokine and immunoglobulin production. The purpose of the present review is to discuss the role of TLRs in B-cell development and function as well as their role in the immunopathogenesis of CVID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Sharifi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- d Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital , Alborz University of Medical Sciences , Karaj , Iran
| | - Kabir Magaji Hamid
- b Department of Immunology, School of Public Health , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,e Immunology Department, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences , Usmanu Danfodiyo University , Sokoto , Nigeria
| | - Ali Akbar Amirzargar
- c Department of Immunology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Asgardoon
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- a Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
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16
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Pedersen GK, Ádori M, Karlsson Hedestam GB. NF-κB signaling in B-1 cell development. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:39-47. [PMID: 26096766 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
NF-κB transcription factors play essential roles in hematopoiesis. In this review, we summarize the requirements of different components of the NF-κB pathway for B-1 cell development and maintenance. The B-1 cell developmental steps are also reviewed, with particular emphasis on stages where NF-κB signaling may be critical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel K Pedersen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Ádori
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Dickinson GS, Akkoyunlu M, Bram RJ, Alugupalli KR. BAFF receptor and TACI in B-1b cell maintenance and antibacterial responses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1362:57-67. [PMID: 25962322 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Although evidence of the protective immunity conferred by B-1b cells (CD19(+) B220(+) IgM(hi) Mac1(+) CD5(-)) has been established, the mechanisms governing the maintenance and activation of B-1b cells following pathogen encounter remain unclear. B cell-activating factor (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) mediate their function in mature B cells through the BAFF receptor (BAFFR) and transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI). BAFFR-deficient mice have lower numbers of B-1b cells, and this reduction is directly proportional to BAFFR levels. The generation of B-1b cells is also dependent on the strength of B cell receptor (BCR) signaling. Mice with impaired BCR signaling, such as X-linked immunodeficient (xid) mice, have B-1b cell deficiency, indicating that both BCR- and BAFFR-mediated signaling are critical for B-1b cell homeostasis. Borrelia hermsii induces expansion and persistence of B-1b cells in xid mice, and these B-1b cells provide a heightened protective response. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated stimulation of xid B cells results in a significant increase in TACI expression and restoration of TACI-mediated functions. The activation of TLR signaling by B. hermsii and BCR/TLR costimulation-mediated upregulation of BAFFR and TACI on B-1b cells suggests that B-1b cell maintenance and function following bacterial exposure may depend on BAFFR- and TACI-mediated signaling. In fact, the loss of both BAFFR and TACI results in a greater impairment in anti-B. hermsii responses compared to deficiency of BAFFR or TACI alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Dickinson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Richard J Bram
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kishore R Alugupalli
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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18
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Choi J, Nix EB, Gaultier GN, Cox AD, McCready W, Ulanova M. Naturally occurring bactericidal antibodies specific for Haemophilus influenzae Lipooligosaccharide are present in healthy adult individuals. Vaccine 2015; 33:1941-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.02.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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19
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Combined loss of the BH3-only proteins Bim and Bmf restores B-cell development and function in TACI-Ig transgenic mice. Cell Death Differ 2015; 22:1477-88. [PMID: 25698446 PMCID: PMC4532784 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2015.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Terminal differentiation of B cells depends on two interconnected survival pathways, elicited by the B-cell receptor (BCR) and the BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), respectively. Loss of either signaling pathway arrests B-cell development. Although BCR-dependent survival depends mainly on the activation of the v-AKT murine thymoma viral oncogene homolog 1 (AKT)/PI3-kinase network, BAFF/BAFF-R-mediated survival engages non-canonical NF-κB signaling as well as MAPK/extracellular-signal regulated kinase and AKT/PI3-kinase modules to allow proper B-cell development. Plasma cell survival, however, is independent of BAFF-R and regulated by APRIL that signals NF-κB activation via alternative receptors, that is, transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) or B-cell maturation (BCMA). All these complex signaling events are believed to secure survival by increased expression of anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) family proteins in developing and mature B cells. Curiously, how lack of BAFF- or APRIL-mediated signaling triggers B-cell apoptosis remains largely unexplored. Here, we show that two pro-apoptotic members of the 'Bcl2 homology domain 3-only' subgroup of the Bcl2 family, Bcl2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim) and Bcl2 modifying factor (Bmf), mediate apoptosis in the context of TACI-Ig overexpression that effectively neutralizes BAFF as well as APRIL. Surprisingly, although Bcl2 overexpression triggers B-cell hyperplasia exceeding the one observed in Bim(-/-)Bmf(-/-) mice, Bcl2 transgenic B cells remain susceptible to the effects of TACI-Ig expression in vivo, leading to ameliorated pathology in Vav-Bcl2 transgenic mice. Together, our findings shed new light on the molecular machinery restricting B-cell survival during development, normal homeostasis and under pathological conditions. Our data further suggest that Bcl2 antagonists might improve the potency of BAFF/APRIL-depletion strategies in B-cell-driven pathologies.
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20
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Shao J, Peng Y, He L, Liu H, Chen X, Peng X. Capsaicin induces high expression of BAFF and aberrantly glycosylated IgA1 of tonsillar mononuclear cells in IgA nephropathy patients. Hum Immunol 2014; 75:1034-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2014.08.205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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21
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Li W, Peng X, Liu Y, Liu H, Liu F, He L, Liu Y, Zhang F, Guo C, Chen G, Zhang L, Dong Z, Peng Y. TLR9 and BAFF: their expression in patients with IgA nephropathy. Mol Med Rep 2014; 10:1469-74. [PMID: 24993857 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Since it was first described in 1968, immunoglobulin (Ig)A nephropathy (IgAN) has become the most commonly diagnosed form of primary glomerular disease worldwide. A number of reports have shown that toll‑like receptor 9 (TLR9) and B‑cell activating factor (BAFF) may be associated with IgAN; however, sufficient evidence has not yet to be delivered. In the present study, serum levels of BAFF as well as TLR9 mRNA and protein levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were assessed. Expression of TLR9 mRNA in PBMCs was examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the TLR9 protein was determined by western blot analysis. The levels of serum BAFF and IgA1 were determined by specific ELISA. Serum levels of BAFF and IgA1 as well as levels of TLR9 mRNA and protein in PMBCs were significantly higher in patients with IgAN compared with patients with minimal glomerular abnormalities (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01 and P<0.01, respectively) and normal controls (P<0.01, P<0.01, P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). A correlation and regression analysis was performed to determine the pathogenesis of IgAN. In patients with IgAN, serum levels of BAFF were positively correlated with IgA1 levels (rp, 0.515; P<0.01) and mesangial IgA deposition density (rp, 0.746; P<0.01). Expression levels of TLR9 protein in PBMCs of IgAN patients were positively correlated with levels of serum BAFF (rp, 0.444; P<0.05) and IgA1 (rp, 0.633; P<0.01). These results suggested that overexpression of TLR9 mRNA and protein in PBMCs and elevated levels of serum BAFF may be associated with overexpression of serum IgA1, and, furthermore, may have a role in the development of IgAN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Li
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofei Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Yuyuan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Fuyou Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Liyu He
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Chunyan Guo
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Guochun Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | - Youming Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Renal Research Institute, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
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22
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Abstract
B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) is a tumor necrosis family receptor (TNFR) member that is predominantly expressed on terminally differentiated B cells and, upon binding to its ligands B cell activator of the TNF family (BAFF) and a proliferation inducing ligand (APRIL), delivers pro-survival cell signals. Thus, BCMA is mostly known for its functional activity in mediating the survival of plasma cells that maintain long-term humoral immunity. The expression of BCMA has also been linked to a number of cancers, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases that suggest additional roles for BCMA activity. Despite recent advances in our understanding of the roles for the related TNFR members BAFF-R and transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), the signaling pathway used by BCMA for mediating plasma cell survival as well as its putative function in certain disease states are not well understood. By examining the expression, regulation, and signaling targets of BCMA, we may gain further insight into this receptor and how it operates within cells in both health and disease. This information is important for identifying new therapeutic targets that may be relevant in treating diseases that involve the BAFF/APRIL cytokine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Coquery
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, & Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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23
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Uslu K, Coleman AS, Allman WR, Katsenelson N, Bram RJ, Alugupalli KR, Akkoyunlu M. Impaired B Cell Receptor Signaling Is Responsible for Reduced TACI Expression and Function in X-Linked Immunodeficient Mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3582-95. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1203468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Sindhava VJ, Scholz JL, Stohl W, Cancro MP. APRIL mediates peritoneal B-1 cell homeostasis. Immunol Lett 2014; 160:120-7. [PMID: 24512739 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2014.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/31/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BLyS (B lymphocyte stimulator) family cytokines and receptors play key roles in B-2 cell maturation and survival, but their importance for B-1 cells remains less clear. Here we use knockout mice to show that APRIL (A proliferation-inducing ligand), but not BLyS, plays a role in peritoneal B-1 cell maintenance. APRIL likely exerts its effects on peritoneal B-1 cells through binding to HSPG (heparan sulfate proteoglycans) rather than to the TACI (transmembrane activator and cyclophilin ligand interactor) receptor. Finally, we show that peritoneal macrophages express high levels of APRIL message, and are a likely local source of the cytokine in this anatomic locale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Sindhava
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States
| | - Jean L Scholz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States
| | - William Stohl
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033, United States
| | - Michael P Cancro
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6082, United States.
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Efficient B cell responses to Borrelia hermsii infection depend on BAFF and BAFFR but not TACI. Infect Immun 2013; 82:453-9. [PMID: 24218480 DOI: 10.1128/iai.01147-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
T cell-independent antibody responses develop rapidly, within 3 to 4 days, and are critical for preventing blood-borne pathogens from evolving into life-threatening infections. The interaction of BAFF, also known as BLyS, with its receptors BAFFR and TACI on B cells is critical for B cell homeostasis and function. Using a synthetic polysaccharide antigen, it has previously been shown that TACI is critical for T cell-independent antibody responses. To examine the role of BAFFR and TACI in T cell-independent antibody responses to an active infection, we utilized the Borrelia hermsii infection system. In this infection system, T cell-independent responses mediated by the B1b cell subset are critical for controlling bacteremia. We found that B1b cells express BAFFR and TACI and that the surface expression of both receptors is upregulated on B1b cells following exposure to whole B. hermsii cells. Surprisingly, we found that TACI(-/-) mice are not impaired either in specific antibody responses to B. hermsii or in controlling B. hermsii bacteremia. In contrast, TACI-deficient mice immunized with heat-killed type 3 serotype pneumococcus cells are impaired in generating pneumococcal polysaccharide-specific responses and succumb to challenge with live type 3 serotype pneumococcus, indicating that TACI is required for T cell-independent antibody responses to bacterial-associated polysaccharides. Although we have found that TACI is dispensable for controlling B. hermsii infection, mice deficient in BAFFR or BAFF exhibit impairment in B. hermsii-specific IgM responses and clearance of bacteremia. Collectively, these data indicate a disparity in the roles for TACI and BAFFR in primary T cell-independent antibody responses to bacterial pathogens.
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Sindhava VJ, Scholz JL, Cancro MP. Roles for BLyS family members in meeting the distinct homeostatic demands of innate and adaptive B cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:37. [PMID: 23443938 PMCID: PMC3580333 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
B-1 and B-2 B cell populations have different progenitors, receptor diversity, anatomic location, and functions – suggesting vastly differing requisites for homeostatic regulation. There is evidence that the B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) family of cytokines and receptors, key factors in the homeostatic regulation of B-2 B cell subsets, is also a major player in the B-1 compartment. Here we review the development and differentiation of these two primary B cell lineages and their immune functions. We discuss evidence that BLyS or a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) availability in different anatomic sites, coupled with signature BLyS receptor expression patterns on different B cell subsets, may be important for homeostatic regulation of B-1 as well as B-2 populations. Finally, we extend our working model of B cell homeostasis to integrate B-1s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal J Sindhava
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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27
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Deng Y, Cui H, Peng X, Fang J, Zuo Z, Wang K, Cui W, Wu B. Changes of IgA+ cells and cytokines in the cecal tonsil of broilers fed on diets supplemented with vanadium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2012; 147:149-55. [PMID: 22270623 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-012-9330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The cecal tonsil of broiler is known as a secondary lymphoid tissue, which is involved in antigen-specific humoral immune responses. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary vanadium on the tissue distribution and quantity of immunoglobulin A-positive (IgA(+)) cell in the cecal tonsil by immunohistochemistry. Simultaneously, the changes in interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-10 (IL-10), interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) contents in the cecal tonsil were also quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). A total of 420 one-day-old avian broilers were divided into six groups and fed on a corn-soybean basal diet (control diet) or the same diet supplemented respectively with 5, 15, 30, 45, and 60 mg/kg of vanadium in the form of ammonium metavanadate for 42 days. The results showed that the population of the IgA(+) cells in the cecal tonsil were significantly lower (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in the 45 and 60 mg/kg groups than that in the control group. Meanwhile, IL-10, IFN-γ and TNF-α contents in the cecal tonsil were significantly decreased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in the 30, 45 and 60 mg/kg groups in comparison with those of the control group. However, IL-6 content in the cecal tonsil was only decreased (p < 0.05 or p < 0.01) in 60 mg/kg at 14 and 28 days of age. In conclusion, dietary vanadium in excess of 30 mg/kg reduced the numbers of the IgA(+) cells and changed the contents of the abovementioned cytokines in the cecal tonsil, which may finally impact the function of local mucosal humoral immunity in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Environmental Hazards of Sichuan Province, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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28
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Amezcua Vesely MC, Schwartz M, Bermejo DA, Montes CL, Cautivo KM, Kalergis AM, Rawlings DJ, Acosta-Rodríguez EV, Gruppi A. FcγRIIb and BAFF differentially regulate peritoneal B1 cell survival. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4792-800. [PMID: 22516957 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
B1 cells produce most natural Abs in unimmunized mice and play a key role in the response to thymus-independent Ags and microbial infection. Enlargement of B1 cell number in mice is often associated with autoimmunity. However, the factors that control peripheral B1 cell survival remain poorly characterized. Mice lacking the inhibitory receptor FcγRIIb exhibit a massive expansion in peritoneal B1 cells, implicating this receptor in B1 cell homeostasis. In this study, we show that peritoneal B1 cells express the highest levels of FcγRIIb among B cell subsets and are highly susceptible to FcγRIIb-mediated apoptosis. B1 cells upregulate FcγRIIb in response to innate signals, including CpG, and the B cell homeostatic cytokine BAFF efficiently protects activated B1 cells from FcγRIIb-mediated apoptosis via receptor downregulation. BAFF-transgenic mice manifest an expansion of peritoneal B1 cells that express lower levels of FcγRIIb and exhibit reduced susceptibility to apoptosis. Whereas both peritoneal B1 cells from wild-type and BAFF-transgenic mice immunized with CpG exhibit an increase in FcγRIIb levels, this change is blunted in BAFF-transgenic animals. Our combined results demonstrate that FcγRIIb controls peritoneal B1 cell survival and this program can be modulated by the BAFF signaling axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María C Amezcua Vesely
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina
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29
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Rawlings DJ, Schwartz MA, Jackson SW, Meyer-Bahlburg A. Integration of B cell responses through Toll-like receptors and antigen receptors. Nat Rev Immunol 2012; 12:282-94. [PMID: 22421786 DOI: 10.1038/nri3190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 244] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Unlike other immune cells, B cells express both an antigen-specific B cell receptor (BCR) and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Dual BCR and TLR engagement can fine-tune functional B cell responses, directly linking cell-intrinsic innate and adaptive immune programmes. Although most data regarding B cell-specific functions of the TLR signalling pathway have been obtained in mice, the discovery of patients with a deficiency in this pathway has recently provided an insight into human B cell responses. Here, we highlight the importance of the integration of signalling pathways downstream of BCRs and TLRs in modulating B cell function, focusing when possible on B cell-intrinsic roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Rawlings
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA.
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30
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Salzer U, Unger S, Warnatz K. Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID): exploring the multiple dimensions of a heterogeneous disease. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2012; 1250:41-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2011.06377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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31
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Zonca M, Mancheño-Corvo P, DelaRosa O, Mañes S, Büscher D, Lombardo E, Planelles L. APRIL and BAFF proteins increase proliferation of human adipose-derived stem cells through activation of Erk1/2 MAP kinase. Tissue Eng Part A 2011; 18:852-9. [PMID: 22059379 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2011.0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Human adipose-derived stem cells (hASC) are mesenchymal stem cells with reduced immunogenicity and the ability to modulate immune responses. APRIL and BAFF proteins are overexpressed in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases for which allogeneic hASC therapy is currently under clinical investigation. Modification of hASC properties by the tissue microenvironment could be a critical factor in patient outcome and is still not well understood. Our aim was to characterize the APRIL/BAFF system in hASC by analyzing the ligand and receptor expression patterns, the effects mediated by APRIL and BAFF on hASC, and the underlying signaling. We found that hASC express the tumor necrosis factor proteins APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) and BAFF (B cell-activator factor) as well as their receptors TACI (transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor), BCMA (B cell maturation antigen) and the BAFF-specific receptor (BAFF-R). APRIL and BAFF secretion was differentially enhanced by CXCL12 and interferon (IFN)-γ, implicated in hASC-mediated migration and immunosuppression, respectively. In addition, APRIL and BAFF induced rapid phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Akt kinases and promoted an increase in hASC proliferation, without affecting the immunosuppressive capacity of these cells. The use of specific chemical inhibitors indicated that the PI3K transduction pathway is involved in hASC basal growth and that APRIL- and BAFF-mediated effects are ERK-dependent. These results provide new information about the molecular mechanisms that underlie APRIL and BAFF secretion and signaling in hASC, and are of special relevance for the use of allogeneic hASC as therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Zonca
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, UAM Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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32
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Wolf AI, Mozdzanowska K, Quinn WJ, Metzgar M, Williams KL, Caton AJ, Meffre E, Bram RJ, Erickson LD, Allman D, Cancro MP, Erikson J. Protective antiviral antibody responses in a mouse model of influenza virus infection require TACI. J Clin Invest 2011; 121:3954-64. [PMID: 21881204 DOI: 10.1172/jci57362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antiviral Abs, for example those produced in response to influenza virus infection, are critical for virus neutralization and defense against secondary infection. While the half-life of Abs is short, Ab titers can last a lifetime due to a subset of the Ab-secreting cells (ASCs) that is long lived. However, the mechanisms governing ASC longevity are poorly understood. Here, we have identified a critical role for extrinsic cytokine signals in the survival of respiratory tract ASCs in a mouse model of influenza infection. Irradiation of mice at various time points after influenza virus infection markedly diminished numbers of lung ASCs, suggesting that they are short-lived and require extrinsic factors in order to persist. Neutralization of the TNF superfamily cytokines B lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS; also known as BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) reduced numbers of antiviral ASCs in the lungs and bone marrow, whereas ASCs in the spleen and lung-draining lymph node were surprisingly unaffected. Mice deficient in transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), a receptor for BLyS and APRIL, mounted an initial antiviral B cell response similar to that generated in WT mice but failed to sustain protective Ab titers in the airways and serum, leading to increased susceptibility to secondary viral challenge. These studies highlight the importance of TACI signaling for the maintenance of ASCs and protection against influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaya I Wolf
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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33
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Pathological role of tonsillar B cells in IgA nephropathy. Clin Dev Immunol 2011; 2011:639074. [PMID: 21785618 PMCID: PMC3139900 DOI: 10.1155/2011/639074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Although impaired immune regulation along the mucosa-bone marrow axis has been postulated to play an important role, the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is unknown; thus, no disease-specific therapy for this disease exists. The therapeutic efficacy of tonsillectomy or tonsillectomy in combination with steroid pulse therapy for IgAN has been discussed. Although randomized control trials for these therapies are ongoing in Japan, the scientific rationale for these therapies remains obscure. It is now widely accepted that abnormally glycosylated IgA1 and its related immune complex (IC) are probably key molecules for the pathogenesis, and are thus considered possible noninvasive biomarkers for this disease. Emerging evidence indicates that B cells in mucosal infections, particularly in tonsillitis, may produce the nephritogenic IgA. In this paper, we briefly summarize characteristics of the nephritogenic IgA/IgA IC, responsible B cells, and underlying mechanisms. This clinical and experimental information may provide important clues for a therapeutic rationale.
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34
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Jiang C, Loo WM, Greenley EJ, Tung KS, Erickson LD. B cell maturation antigen deficiency exacerbates lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity in murine lupus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:6136-47. [PMID: 21536804 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1001931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus and its preclinical lupus-prone mouse models are autoimmune disorders involving the production of pathogenic autoantibodies. Genetic predisposition to systemic lupus erythematosus results in B cell hyperactivity, survival of self-reactive B cells, and differentiation to autoantibody-secreting plasma cells (PCs). These corrupt B cell responses are, in part, controlled by excess levels of the cytokine BAFF that normally maintains B cell homeostasis and self-tolerance through limited production. B cell maturation Ag (BCMA) is a receptor for BAFF that, under nonautoimmune conditions, is important for sustaining enduring Ab protection by mediating survival of long-lived PCs but is not required for B cell maturation and homeostasis. Through analysis of two different lupus-prone mouse models deficient in BCMA, we identify BCMA as an important factor in regulating peripheral B cell expansion, differentiation, and survival. We demonstrate that a BCMA deficiency combined with the lpr mutation or the murine lupus susceptibility locus Nba2 causes dramatic B cell and PC lymphoproliferation, accelerated autoantibody production, and early lethality. This study unexpectedly reveals that BCMA works to control B cell homeostasis and self-tolerance in systemic autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Jiang
- Department of Microbiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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35
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Jacob N, Guo S, Mathian A, Koss MN, Gindea S, Putterman C, Jacob CO, Stohl W. B Cell and BAFF dependence of IFN-α-exaggerated disease in systemic lupus erythematosus-prone NZM 2328 mice. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2011; 186:4984-93. [PMID: 21383240 PMCID: PMC3074466 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1000466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
IFN-α is a potent activator of innate and adaptive immunity, and its administration to preautoimmune (NZB×NZW)F1 mice promotes virulent systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) disease. Given the known contributions of B cells and BAFF to SLE, we evaluated the ability of IFN-α administration to induce disease in wild-type (WT), B cell-deficient, and BAFF-deficient NZM 2328 mice. Whereas WT mice rapidly developed proliferative glomerulonephritis, marked proteinuria, and increased mortality in response to IFN-α administration, B cell-deficient mice developed neither renal pathology nor clinical disease. Moreover, BAFF-deficient mice, despite developing limited glomerular IgG and C3 deposition, also remained free of histological glomerulonephritis and clinical disease. Strikingly, similar T cell expansion and serum IgG responses were observed in adenovirus (Adv)-IFN-treated WT and BAFF-deficient mice despite their disparate pathological and clinical responses, whereas numbers of activated B cells increased in WT mice but not in BAFF-deficient mice. Nonetheless, B cell, plasma cell, and T cell infiltration of the kidneys in Adv-IFN-treated WT mice was similar to that in WT mice treated with Adv-control. Its ability to promote SLE disease in WT mice notwithstanding, IFN-α administration failed to drive the preferential expansion of CD4(+) memory T cells that occurs during the natural course of disease, and glomerular infiltration of macrophages failed to associate with development of disease. These results collectively suggest that therapeutic targeting in SLE of BAFF and/or B cells in SLE could be successful even in states of IFN-α overexpression. Moreover, our results document important biological differences between IFN-α-driven and spontaneous natural SLE disease.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/blood
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- B-Cell Activating Factor/genetics
- B-Cell Activating Factor/immunology
- B-Cell Activating Factor/metabolism
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Female
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Interferon-alpha/genetics
- Interferon-alpha/immunology
- Interferon-alpha/metabolism
- Kidney/immunology
- Kidney/metabolism
- Kidney/pathology
- Kidney Glomerulus/immunology
- Kidney Glomerulus/metabolism
- Kidney Glomerulus/pathology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/genetics
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/immunology
- Lupus Erythematosus, Systemic/metabolism
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NZB
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type I/metabolism
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/genetics
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/immunology
- Receptors, Tumor Necrosis Factor, Type II/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Jacob
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Shunhua Guo
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Alexis Mathian
- Service de Médecine Interne 2, CHU Pitié-Salpêtrière, APHP, Paris, France
| | - Michael N. Koss
- Department of Pathology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - Simona Gindea
- Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Chaim Putterman
- Division of Rheumatology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461
| | - Chaim O. Jacob
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
| | - William Stohl
- Division of Rheumatology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90033
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36
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Outer membrane protein complex of Meningococcus enhances the antipolysaccharide antibody response to pneumococcal polysaccharide-CRM₁₉₇ conjugate vaccine. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2011; 18:724-9. [PMID: 21450979 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00053-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial polysaccharides (PS) are T cell-independent antigens that do not induce immunologic memory and are poor immunogens in infants. Conjugate vaccines in which the PS is covalently linked to a carrier protein have enhanced immunogenicity that resembles that of T cell-dependent antigens. The Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) conjugate vaccine, which uses the outer membrane protein complex (OMPC) from meningococcus as a carrier protein, elicits protective levels of anti-capsular PS antibody (Ab) after a single dose, in contrast to other conjugate vaccines, which require multiple doses. We have previously shown that OMPC robustly engages Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and enhances the early anti-Hib PS Ab titer associated with an increase in TLR2-mediated induction of cytokines. We now show that the addition of OMPC to the 7-valent pneumococcal PS-CRM₁₉₇ conjugate vaccine during immunization significantly increases the anti-PS IgG and IgM responses to most serotypes of pneumococcus contained in the vaccine. The addition of OMPC also increased the likelihood of anti-PS IgG3 production against serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 18C, 19F, and 23F. Splenocytes from mice who had received OMPC with the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine produced significantly more interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) than splenocytes from mice who received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) plus the conjugate vaccine. We conclude that OMPC enhances the anti-PS Ab response to pneumococcal PS-CRM₁₉₇ conjugate vaccine, an effect associated with a distinct change in cytokine profile. It may be possible to reduce the number of conjugate vaccine doses required to achieve protective Ab levels by priming with adjuvants that are TLR2 ligands.
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37
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Cerutti A, Puga I, Cols M. Innate control of B cell responses. Trends Immunol 2011; 32:202-11. [PMID: 21419699 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2011] [Revised: 02/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mature B cells generate protective immunity by undergoing immunoglobulin (Ig) class switching and somatic hypermutation, two Ig gene-diversifying processes that usually require cognate interactions with T cells that express CD40 ligand. This T cell-dependent pathway provides immunological memory but is relatively slow to occur. Thus, it must be integrated with a faster, T cell-independent pathway for B cell activation through CD40 ligand-like molecules that are released by innate immune cells in response to microbial products. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the interplay between the innate immune system and B cells, particularly at the mucosal interface. We also review the role of innate signals in the regulation of Ig diversification and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerutti
- ICREA, Catalan Institute for Research and Advanced Studies, Barcelona Biomedical Research Park, Av. Dr. Aigüader 88, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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38
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Fletcher CA, Groom JR, Woehl B, Leung H, Mackay C, Mackay F. Development of autoimmune nephritis in genetically asplenic and splenectomized BAFF transgenic mice. J Autoimmun 2011; 36:125-34. [PMID: 21216131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
B cell activating factor belonging to the TNF family (BAFF or BLyS) is a critical B cell survival factor essential for B cell maturation. BAFF transgenic (Tg) mice develop autoimmunity resembling Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in a T cell-independent but toll-like receptor (TLR) signalling-dependent manner, requiring TLR-induced innate B cell-derived pro-inflammatory autoantibody deposition in the kidneys. Importantly, neutralizing BAFF in the clinic shows efficacy in patients with SLE, confirming its critical role in the progression of this disease in both humans and mouse models. The specific B cell types that produce autoantibodies in BAFF Tg mice are TLR-activated innate marginal zone (MZ) B cells and B1 cells, but not follicular B cells. Interestingly, in BAFF Tg mice MZ-like B cells infiltrate salivary glands whereas B1 B cells infiltrate the kidneys. To ascertain the relevance of B1 and MZ-like B cells in the development of nephritis in BAFF Tg mice, we generated genetically asplenic as well as splenectomized BAFF Tg animals. BAFF Tg mice born without a spleen lack MZ B cells, have very reduced B1a B cell numbers but a normal B1b B cell compartment. Loss of these B cell subsets failed to protect BAFF Tg mice against nephritis indicating that B1b B cells are an important subset for the development of autoimmune nephritis in BAFF Tg mice. Thus the spleen is dispensable for the development of autoimmune nephritis in BAFF Tg mice and points toward a pathogenic role for innate B1 B cells. Identifying similar innate B cells in humans may offer the possibility of more targeted B cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie A Fletcher
- Autoimmunity Research Unit, Immunology and Inflammation Research Program, The Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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39
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Mackay F, Figgett WA, Saulep D, Lepage M, Hibbs ML. B-cell stage and context-dependent requirements for survival signals from BAFF and the B-cell receptor. Immunol Rev 2010; 237:205-25. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.2010.00944.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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40
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Rottman JB, Willis CR. Mouse Models of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Reveal a Complex Pathogenesis. Vet Pathol 2010; 47:664-76. [DOI: 10.1177/0300985810370005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian immune system is remarkable in that it can respond to an essentially infinite number of foreign antigens. The ability to mount a long-lasting (adaptive) immune response against foreign antigen requires the participation of cells selected from an enormously diverse population of B and T cells. Because the B and T cell receptors expressed by these cells are generated at random, a significant percentage of B and T cells are invariably directed against self-antigen. Under normal circumstances, autoreactive B and T cells are eliminated, reprogrammed, or inactivated in the primary and secondary lymphoid organs. Despite these checks and balances, a small but significant number of people and animals still develop autoimmune disease. One such autoimmune disease—systemic lupus erythematosus—is characterized by the loss of B- and T-cell tolerance to self-antigens (principally nuclear), culminating in multisystemic inflammation. Multiple genetic defects, drug exposure, infectious agents, and environmental factors can contribute to the pathogenesis of the disease. Loss of B- and T-cell tolerance precipitates activation of plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells; collectively, these cells cooperate to form a complex positive feedback loop, continually stimulated by the persistence of self-antigen. Novel treatment strategies now focus on specific inhibition of various aspects of the feedback loop. These specific inhibitors have the potential to be more effective and lack the side effects associated with generalized immunosuppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. B. Rottman
- Pathology Department, Amgen Inc, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - C. R. Willis
- Inflammation Research, Amgen Inc, Seattle, Washington
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41
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Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLR) play a central role in the initiation of the innate immune response to pathogens. Upon recognition of molecular motifs specific for microbial molecules TLR mediate pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and enhance antigen presentation; in B cells they further promote expansion, class switch recombination and immunoglobulin secretion. As a result of their adjuvant properties, TLR ligands have become an integral component of antimicrobial vaccines. In spite of this, little is known of the direct effects of TLR engagement on B-lymphocyte function. The scope of this review is to outline the differences in TLR expression and reactivity in murine and human B-cell subsets and to provide an overview of the currently available literature. We will further discuss the possible roles of TLR in regulating B-cell effector functions and shaping antibody-mediated defence against microbial pathogens in vivo.
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Investigations of a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) model of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), BAFF and its receptors. PLoS One 2009; 4:e8494. [PMID: 20041151 PMCID: PMC2794537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell activation factor belonging to the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) is a major contributor to survival of B lymphocytes during development and maturation. A relationship between circulating BAFF levels and disease activity has been reported in patients with the autoimmune disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE). Clinical trials targeting BAFF or its receptors are currently in progress. In order to further characterize a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) model of SLE, we investigated the expression of BAFF and its receptors in non-inbred, pedigreed rabbits derived from breeding and selection based on autoantibody responses. We immunized rabbits related to previous groups that developed autoantibodies and inflammatory responses after immunizations with peptides synthesized on multiple antigen-branched polylysine backbones. Blood and sera collected before immunization and after boosts were used for health monitoring, analyses of serum autoantibody responses by ELISA and immunofluorescence. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were studied by flow cytometry and were the source of mRNA for quantitative PCR analyses. We hypothesized that BAFF mRNA expression and serum BAFF levels measured indirectly through BAFF receptor binding might increase in autoantibody-producing rabbits. Immunized rabbits developed elevated levels of leucocyte populations, anti-nuclear, anti-dsDNA and other autoantibodies. BR3 mRNA levels in total PBMC decreased and BAFF levels remained low and unchanged in most immunized rabbits. By flow cytometry, percentages of BAFF positive cells decreased. Percentages of transmembrane activator and CAML interactor (TACI) decreased in most rabbits from all the immunized groups. The rabbit is an important model for human autoimmune and infectious diseases, and a high quality draft rabbit genome assembly was recently completed. Human disease models developed in non-inbred pedigreed animals are better able to reflect the complexities of diseases such as SLE with familial patterns of inheritance. Although no consistent pattern of elevated expression of BAFF mRNA or protein was found in the rabbits studied, the data collected and reported here build upon previous data to refine understanding of a rabbit model of SLE.
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43
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Abstract
Recent advances in understanding the mechanism(s) of how IL-6 trans-signaling regulates immune cell function and promotes inflammation in autoimmune arthritis are critically reviewed. Serum and/or synovial fluid (SF) IL-6 is markedly elevated in adult and juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriatic arthritis (PsA), ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and osteoarthritis (OA). IL-6, in concert with IL-17, determines the fate of CD4+ lymphocytes and therefore TH17 cell differentiation. IL-6 also plays a critical role in modulating B-lymphocyte activity. The recognition that IL-6 trans-signaling regulates inflammation resulted in the development of tocilizumab, a fully humanized monoclonal antibody that neutralizes the biological activity of the IL-6-receptor (IL-6R). Significant clinical benefit was demonstrated as well as reduced serum IL-6 levels with suppression of X-ray progression of disease in several clinical trials in which juvenile or adult RA patients were treated with tocilizumab monotherapy or tocilizumab plus methotrexate. However, levels of serum and/or SF IL-6 cytokine protein superfamily members, adiponectin, oncostatin M, pre-B-cell colony enhancing factor/visfatin and leukemia inhibitory factor are also elevated in RA. Additional studies will be required to determine if anti-IL-6 trans-signaling inhibition strategies with tocilizumab or recombinant soluble IL-6R reduce the level of these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles J Malemud
- Division of Rheumatic Diseases, Case Western Reserve University, School of Medicine and University Hospitals Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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44
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Abstract
The tumour necrosis factor (TNF) family members B cell activating factor (BAFF) and APRIL (a proliferation-inducing ligand) are crucial survival factors for peripheral B cells. An excess of BAFF leads to the development of autoimmune disorders in animal models, and high levels of BAFF have been detected in the serum of patients with various autoimmune conditions. In this Review, we consider the possibility that in mice autoimmunity induced by BAFF is linked to T cell-independent B cell activation rather than to a severe breakdown of B cell tolerance. We also outline the mechanisms of BAFF signalling, the impact of ligand oligomerization on receptor activation and the progress of BAFF-depleting agents in the clinical setting.
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45
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Transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor mutations in common variable immunodeficiency. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 8:520-6. [PMID: 18978466 DOI: 10.1097/aci.0b013e3283141200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW TNFRSF13B, the gene which encodes transmembrane activator and calcium-modulator and cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), is mutated in nearly 10% of patients with common variable immune deficiency (CVID), an antibody deficiency syndrome characterized by loss of memory B cells and plasma cells. This review discusses the normal function of TACI and the role of TACI mutants in CVID. RECENT FINDINGS TACI activates isotype switching, mediates immunoglobulin production in response to type II T-independent antigens, and plays an inhibitory role in B cell homeostasis. Recent evidence indicates that TACI synergizes with CD40 and Toll-like receptors for immunoglobulin secretion and promotion of plasma cell differentiation. The two most common TACI mutants associated with CVID--C104R and A181E--are primarily found as heterozygous mutations suggesting that they either cause haploinsufficiency or exert a dominant negative effect. TACI mutations in CVID are associated with an increased susceptibility to autoimmunity and lymphoproliferation. SUMMARY TACI has a dual function in promoting B cell antibody responses and inhibiting B cell proliferation. The observation that TACI mutations are present in healthy participants suggests that modifier genes may play an important role in the development of CVID. The discovery of these genes will help understand the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Expression of B-cell activating factor enhances protective immunity of a vaccine against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Infect Immun 2009; 77:3044-55. [PMID: 19364838 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00927-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
B-cell activating factor (BAFF), a member of the TNF family, is a potent cytokine with stimulatory effects on B and T cells. To evaluate the potential of transient overexpression of BAFF to enhance vaccine immunogenicity, a replication-deficient adenovirus expressing full-length murine BAFF (AdBAFF) was tested in a mouse vaccine model against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. When coadministered with heat-killed P. aeruginosa, AdBAFF mediated a significant increase in anti-P. aeruginosa-specific serum and lung mucosal antibodies and resulted in improved protection against a lethal respiratory challenge with P. aeruginosa. This effect was independent of the site of administration of AdBAFF and was observed both when AdBAFF was given simultaneously with heat-killed P. aeruginosa as well as when AdBAFF was administered 4 weeks after immunization with heat-killed P. aeruginosa. These data demonstrate that a temporal increase in systemic BAFF levels is able to augment a P. aeruginosa-specific immune response upon immunization with heat-killed P. aeruginosa, suggesting that the immune-stimulatory effects of BAFF may be exploited as a molecular adjuvant for genetic vaccines.
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Zarnegar BJ, Wang Y, Mahoney DJ, Dempsey PW, Cheung HH, He J, Shiba T, Yang X, Yeh WC, Mak TW, Korneluk RG, Cheng G. Noncanonical NF-kappaB activation requires coordinated assembly of a regulatory complex of the adaptors cIAP1, cIAP2, TRAF2 and TRAF3 and the kinase NIK. Nat Immunol 2008; 9:1371-8. [PMID: 18997794 PMCID: PMC2676931 DOI: 10.1038/ni.1676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 508] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that nuclear factor kappaB-inducing kinase (NIK) is suppressed through constitutive proteasome-mediated degradation regulated by TRAF2, TRAF3 and cIAP1 or cIAP2. Here we demonstrated that the degradation of NIK occurs upon assembly of a regulatory complex through TRAF3 recruitment of NIK and TRAF2 recruitment of cIAP1 and cIAP2. In contrast to TRAF2 and TRAF3, cIAP1 and cIAP2 seem to play redundant roles in the degradation of NIK, as inhibition of both cIAPs was required for noncanonical NF-kappaB activation and increased survival and proliferation of primary B lymphocytes. Furthermore, the lethality of TRAF3 deficiency in mice could be rescued by a single NIK gene, highlighting the importance of tightly regulated NIK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Zarnegar
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, 609 Charles E. Young Drive East, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
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48
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Abstract
Systemic autoimmunity such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with the loss of B-cell tolerance, B-cell dysregulation and autoantibody production. While some autoantibodies may contribute to the pathology seen with SLE, numerous studies have shown that dysregulation of T-cell function is another critical aspect driving disease. The positive results obtained in clinical trials using T-cell- or B-cell-specific treatments have suggested that cooperation between T and B cells probably underlies disease progression in many patients. A similar cooperative mechanism seemed to explain SLE developing in mice overexpressing the B-cell-activating factor from the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF). However, surprisingly, T-cell-deficient BAFF transgenic (Tg) mice develop SLE similar to T-cell-sufficient BAFF Tg mice, and the disease was linked to innate activation of B cells and production of proinflammatory autoantibody isotypes. In conclusion, dysregulated innate activation of B cells alone can drive disease independently of T cells, and as such this aspect represents a new pathogenic mechanism in autoimmunity.
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49
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Abstract
The gut mucosa is exposed to a large community of commensal bacteria that are required for the processing of nutrients and the education of the local immune system. Conversely, the gut immune system generates innate and adaptive responses that shape the composition of the local microbiota. One striking feature of intestinal adaptive immunity is its ability to generate massive amounts of noninflammatory immunoglobulin A (IgA) antibodies through multiple follicular and extrafollicular pathways that operate in the presence or absence of cognate T-B cell interactions. Here we discuss the role of intestinal IgA in host-commensal mutualism, immune protection, and tolerance and summarize recent advances on the role of innate immune cells in intestinal IgA production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cerutti
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, and Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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50
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Abstract
IgA class switching is the process whereby B cells acquire the expression of IgA, the most abundant antibody isotype in mucosal secretions. IgA class switching occurs via both T-cell-dependent and T-cell-independent pathways, and the antibody targets both pathogenic and commensal microorganisms. This Review describes recent advances indicating that innate immune recognition of microbial signatures at the epithelial-cell barrier is central to the selective induction of mucosal IgA class switching. In addition, the mechanisms of IgA class switching at follicular and extrafollicular sites within the mucosal environment are summarized. A better understanding of these mechanisms may help in the development of more effective mucosal vaccines.
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